Phn I:

C IM PHT SNG TRUYN HNH VIT NAM

1.Gii thiu Cng vi s pht trin ca x hi, nhu cu trao i thng tin, gii tr ca con ngi ngy cng cao v tht s cn thit. Bng cch s dng cc h thng pht,thu v tuyn phn no p ng c nhu cu cp nht thng tin ca con ngi cc khong cch xa mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc.Bt c mt h thng v tuyn no cng phi s dng anten pht hoc thu tn hiu. Trong cuc sng hng ngy chng ta d dng bt gp rt nhiu cc h thng anten nh: h thng anten dng cho truyn hnh mt t, v tinh, cc BTSdng cho cc mng in thoi di dng. Hay nhng vt dng cm tay nh b m,in thoi di ng, radio cng u s dng anten. Qua vic nghin cu v l thuyt v k thut anten s gip ta nm c cc c s l thuyt anten, nguyn l lm vic v c s tnh ton, phng php o cc tham s c bn ca cc loi anten thng dng. l l do ngi thc hin chn ti Thit k v thi cng anten Yagi. Mc ch ca ti l tm hiu v l thuyt anten, phng php tnh v thit k anten Yagi thu c cc knh ca i truyn hnh Vit Nam Nh th, gii hn ca ti ch trong phm vi hp l nghin cu anten Yagi v cc phn l thuyt c lin quan. Tuy nhin y l c s rt quan trng c th tip tc nghin cu v pht trin k thut anten. Bi vit cng trnh by thm v tng quan cc m hnh k thut truyn dn pht sng pht thanh, truyn hnh v hin trng qun l nh nc i vi lnh vc ny nc ta. Tham kho kinh nghim ca mt s nc trn th gii, bi vit a ra mt s xut v qun l cht lng v tiu chun ho truyn dn pht sng pht thanh, truyn hnh Vit Nam trong thi gian ti. 2. Cc M hnh truyn dn pht sng pht thanh v truyn hnh

Hnh 1. Cc m hnh truyn dn, pht song

2.1. Pht sng qung b mt t: Tn hiu hnh/ting c khuch i ri truyn i bng sng v tuyn n my thu, phng thc pht sng qung b mt t c mt s nhc im nh: Knh b gim cht lng do hin tng phn x nhiu ng v b mt mt t cng nh cc to nh; Tp m ln; Phn b tn s tng i cht chi. 2.2. Truyn dn qua v tinh: V tinh a tnh c s dng truyn dn tn hiu pht thanh/truyn hnh cc bng tn: C (tuyn ln: 5,925GHz - 6,425GHz; tuyn xung 3,700-4,200GHz), Ku (tuyn ln: 14,0GHz - 14,5GHz, tuyn xung: 11,7-12,2 GHz), v pht trc tipDBS (tuyn ln: 17,3 GHz, tuyn xung 12,2-12,7GHz). H thng phi s dng cc trm mt t pht tn hiu ln v tinh v thu tn hiu t v tinh xung. Vic s dng v tinh cho h thng CATV v h thng qung b c bt u t nhng nm 70. H thng truyn dn qua v tinh c nhng u im sau: C ly di; khng b nh hng a hnh; thit lp nhanh chng; c ng dng im-a im. Trong mt h thng truyn dn v tinh, trm mt t pht tn hiu ln v tinh bng anten c bp sng hp. Tn hiu c thu nhn, khuych i v i tn xung qua

b pht p trn v tinh. Vng v tinh bao ph c xc nh bi gi tr cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng (EIRP) 2.3. Truyn dn cp: ng trc, quang, MMDS, Internet: H thng truyn hnh cp CATV c kh nng phc v cho mt khu vc ng dn c, hoc nhng ni kh c th nhn c tn hiu truyn hnh do khong cch ti i pht qu xa hoc do nh hng che chn ca i ni. Truyn hnh cp s dng cc knh truyn nm trong phm vi di thng cn di ca bng UHF. Cc knh truyn hnh c chia ra thnh cc bng VHF thp, VHF trung, VHF cao v siu bng (superband). Mt c im ca h thng truyn hnh cp l c th s dng cc knh k nhau truyn tn hiu trong tt c khu vc m khng xut hin hin tng nhiu ng knh.

Hnh 2. M hnh h thng truyn hnh dng cp ng trc 2.3.1. Cp ng trc: - C cc tham s: Suy hao do phn x, tr khng vng - Cc b khuch i v n nh - Mch trung chuyn - u thu tn hiu - Mch hai chiu

2.3.2. M hnh h thng cp quang bao gm cc b phn nh: ngun quang, iu ch, b lp, gii iu ch, trong cn ch cc tham s v suy gim, tn x, ngun quang v thit b cm quang.

Hnh 3. M hnh h thng truyn hnh dng cp quang

2.3.3. H thng MMDS: Tn hiu c a ti trm gc ca h thng vi ba im-a im pht xung c cc my thu ca ngi s dng. 2.3.4. Truyn dn qua Internet: Trong vi nm gn y, ngi ta cn s dng mng Internet lm ng truyn dn tn hiu pht thanh, truyn hnh. Tu thuc vo bng thng m cc tiu chun nn cng nh cht lng m thanh hnh nh s thay i khc nhau.

3. Qun l nh nc v truyn dn pht sng Vit Nam hin nay 3.1. M hnh truyn dn pht sng hin nay Vit Nam: - Hin nay Vit Nam, cc i Pht thanh, Truyn hnh thc hin truyn dn tn hiu pht thanh, truyn hnh t i ny n i khc, trong nc v nc ngoi. - Nhiu h thng my pht thanh, truyn hnh v h thng truyn dn tn hiu ring r (hot ng c lp).
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- Mt s h thng truyn dn pht sng khc cha c s liu thng k: pht chun (tn s, thi gian); nh v, o c t xa; o hng; ra a; cnh bo, iu khin t xa bng sng v tuyn in; hng hi; hng khng; v tuyn in nghip d. 3.2. Phng thc truyn dn pht sng: - Cp quang: truyn tn hiu pht thanh, truyn hnh nhng thnh ph ln v ng trc quc gia. - Cp cp ng trc: truyn tn hiu truyn hnh cp ti nh thu bao. - Vi ba s (hay vi ba bng rng, khong cch lp 40-50 km): dng truyn tn hiu pht thanh, truyn hnh tuyn Bc, Nam. - V tinh (1994): Knh v tinh c thu truyn tn hiu pht thanh theo k thut s; chuyn tip cc tn hiu truyn hnh gia cc trm pht hnh (hin nay truyn theo k thut s). - Truyn hnh, Truyn thanh qua mng Internet: t 12/2002, i TNVN thc hin sn xut v truyn m cc chng trnh pht thanh trn mng my tnh (phn mm Dalet); T 10/2002, i Truyn hnh H Ni truyn hnh qua Internet, Cng ty VDC c knh truyn hnh VDCMedia hin ang pht sng qua Internet cc chng trnh truyn hnh ca i truyn hnh Vit Nam v i truyn hnh H ni. i Truyn hnh Vit Nam ang chun b truyn th nghim qua Internet knh VTV4, Bo in t VietnamNet ca VASC, mt s i pht thanh, truyn hnh cc tnh cng ang ln k hoch truyn hnh qua Internet). - Pht sng qung b mt t: + Pht thanh: Pht sng pht thanh iu ch AM (sng ngn SW, sng trung MW) v FM (sng cc ngn). S dng cng ngh analog (MW, SW), PCM (MW, SW, FM) v Digital: DAB, DRM, DMB ( Vit Nam ang th nghim cng ngh DRM nhm tit kim tn s, nng cao cht lng pht thanh, thnh gi thu c c Analog v Digital) + Pht hnh: Pht sng truyn hnh theo cng ngh analog; MMDS; Truyn hnh s trc tip t v tinh (i THVN trin khai); Truyn hnh s mt t theo chun DVB-T (VTC trin khai).

3.3. Hin trng cng tc qun l cht lng, tiu chun truyn dn pht sng: Vit Nam, B Bu chnh, Vin thng l c qun qun l nh nc i vi vn tiu chun, cht lng trong lnh vc truyn dn pht sng da trn Ngh nh s 90/2002/N-CP ngy 11/11/2002 ca Chnh ph v Ngh nh s 160/2004/N-CP ngy 3/9/2004 hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Php lnh Bu chnh, Vin thng v vin thng. Ngoi ra, cc c quan lin quan khc nh i truyn hnh Vit Nam/i Ting ni Vit Nam cng c chc nng trong vic ngh ban hnh cc vn bn quy phm php lut v tiu chun, quy trnh, quy phm chuyn mn, nghip v, nh mc kinh t - k thut, cc quy nh v qun l thng nht k thut truyn hnh/pht thanh c p dng trong phm vi c nc. Hin cha c cc quy nh ring v qun l tiu chun cht lng trong lnh vc truyn dn pht sng. Php lnh Bu chnh, Vin thng v Ngh nh ca Chnh ph hng dn Php lnh BCVT v Vin thng quy nh qun l v tiu chun, cht lng i vi lnh vc vin thng ni chung, theo cc nguyn tc sau: ban hnh tiu chun (t nguyn, bt buc) i vi thit b, mng li, kt ni mng, dch v v cng trnh; qun l cht lng theo hnh thc chng nhn hp chun i vi thit b, cng b cht lng i vi dch v, mng li v kim nh cht lng i vi cng trnh. 3.4. Cc tiu chun lin quan n truyn dn pht sng: a) Tiu chun Vit Nam: Khng c tiu chun Vit Nam v truyn dn pht sng (ch c cc tiu chun cho sn phm k thut in v v tuyn in t, tiu chun thit b: my tng m truyn thanh, my thu thanh) b) Tiu chun ngnh ca i truyn hnh Vit Nam: Tiu chun pht sng truyn hnh s: tiu chun chu u DVB-T (Quyt nh s 259/Q-THVN ngy 26/3/2001). c) Tiu chun ngnh ca B Bu chnh, Vin thng (nay l B TT-TT): - Tiu chun cho thit b thu pht v tuyn ni chung (phc v chng nhn hp chun):

- Tiu chun kt ni mng (truyn dn): theo cc tiu chun kt ni vin thng. - Tiu chun thit b truyn dn hu tuyn: Tiu chun h thng thng tin cp si quang, thit b PCM, thit b ghp knh s 34 Mbit/s, 140 Mbit/s, thit b nhn knh s, h thng thng tin quan v vi ba SDH... (a s cc tiu chun ny hu b hiu lc bt buc p dng). - Tiu chun v dch v truyn dn, pht sng: cha c. 3.5. Qun l cht lng 3.4.1. Chng nhn hp chun: Cc thit b thu pht v tuyn phi c chng nhn hp chun theo quy nh ca B Bu chnh, Vin thng. Danh mc vt t thit b bu chnh, vin thng bt buc phi chng nhn hp chun (Quyt nh 477/2001/Q-TCB ngy 15/06/2001 ca Tng cc Bu in). bao gm: thit b pht, thu-pht sng v tuyn in chuyn dng cho truyn hnh qung b; thit b pht, thu-pht sng v tuyn in chuyn dng cho pht thanh qung b; thit b thu pht v tuyn in dng cho cc nghip v v tuyn in khc (pht chun; nh v, o c t xa; o hng; ra a; cnh bo, iu khin t xa bng sng v tuyn in). Yu cu k thut cho chng nhn hp chun cc thit b ny l: Quy hoch ph tn s v tuyn in ca Vit Nam cho cc nghip v, TCN 68-192:2000, Th l thng tin v tuyn th gii ca ITU, Ch tiu k thut p dng cho chng nhn hp chun thit b thu pht sng v tuyn in (ban hnh theo Quyt nh s 478/2001/QTCB ngy 15/06/2001 ca Tng cc Bu in). 3.4.2. Qun l cht lng dch v truyn dn pht sng: Cha xc nh cc dch v truyn dn pht sng, cha xy dng tiu chun cht lng dch v v cha qun l cht lng dch v. 3.4.3. Qun l kt ni: B BCVT quy nh bt buc p dng cc tiu chun kt ni, doanh nghip bt buc phi thc hin v cng b ph hp tiu chun. 3.4.4. Qun l cht lng cng trnh: hin ang xy dng d tho Quy nh qun l cht lng cng trnh vin thng v Danh mc cc cng trnh vin thng phi qun l cht lng.
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Phn 2: Thit k anten Yagi

- Anten Yagi l anten do mt ngi Nht ngh ra, n c thit k t nhng vt liu n gin nh mc qun o, dy ng c s dng cho h thng dy in trong nh. Di y l hnh nh ca anten Yagi c 6 chn t:

i vi cc anten Yagi ch c mt phn t c kch thch in ( chn t ch ng hay gi l chn t li c l= mt dipole vng dt
) , n c th l mt dipole thng hay 2

- Cn cc chn t khc khng trc tip c tip in m ch c ghp tng h in t ( thng gi l cc phn t k sinh). - Phn t pha trc phn t li gi l cc phn t hng x, mang tnh cm khng. - Phn t pha sau gi l phn t phn x, mang tinh dung khng. - Anten Yagi dn dng dng cho bt sng i truyn hnh.

- th phng hng ca anten Yagi gm 15 phn t:

- H s hng tnh theo bng thng ca anten Yagi 6 phn t:

- u im ca anten Yagi l : + Trng lng nh + Gi thnh thp. + n gin trong ch to. + Bp sng n hng ( da vo thng s Front to back ratio ). + Tng h s hng tnh so vi cc li anten thng khc. + ng dng thc t cc bng tn : HF ( 3-30 MHz), VHF ( 30- 300 MHz), UHF ( 300MHz- 3 GHz).

- Cc thng s tiu biu ca dy anten Yagi: + Phn t li : c chiu di 0.45 - 0.49 , ty thuc vo bn knh, phn t ny c dng tng tr khng vo. + Phn t hng x : c chiu di t 0.4 - 0.45 ( Ngn hn chn t li t khong 10% n 20%), cc phn t khng cn c cc kch thc ging nhau.

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+ Phn t phn x : c chiu di khong 0,5 khong 10% - 20%).

( di hn phn t li , khng

+ Khong cch gia cc phn t hng x t 0,2 0,4 cn u nhau. + Khong cch gia cc phn t phn x : 0,1 - 0,25 .

- in trng ca dy anten Yagi vng xa l: tng cc in trng ca N phn t, mi phn t c chiu di ln :

Vi :

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Dng trn mi phn t c th phn tch bng chui Fourier vi s mode l M:

- Tr khng vo dy anten Yagi ph thuc nhiu vo khong cch gia cc phn t phn x v phn t li. V d :

- Do cn c s phi hp tr khng gia anten v ng day truyn sng. *Thit k dy anten Yagi : - Da vo bng 10.6 vi t s ng knh ca phn t anten trn bc sng l
d = 0,0085.

- Phn t li l 2 . Khong cch gia cc phn t li v phn t phn x l 0,2

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- Hnh 10.7 biu din chiu di cha b ca ca cc phn t phn x v hng x l vi 0.001 d/ 0.04. - Da vo hnh 3 chiu di b tng thm ca cc phn t phn x v hng x cho trng hp tr anten bng kim loi v 0.001 D/ 0.04. vi D l ng knh ca tr . - Thng s vo thng l tn s trung tm, h s hng tnh, d/ , D/ . Cc phn t lm bng nhm . - Cc gi tr cn tim l : cc chiu di v khong cch gia cc phn t.

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Hnh 10.8

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V d thit k mt anten Yagi gm 6 chn t Trong thc t: - Su chn t cn c ct vi nhng chiu di thch hp v khong cch gia cc chn t cng cn chnh xc. ( Tham kho ti a ch: http://www.skyscan.ca/dimension_table.htm http://www.skyscan.ca/6_element_yagi.htm ) - V d :

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- To su khi lm t g c chiu (20 * 20) cm, dy khong 2cm - Sau khot mt l trn sao cho c th cho cc chn t i qua d dng ( nhng cng khng c ln qu). - Dng sn bn ngoi cc khi g ny tranh tc ng ca thi tit.

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- Mi khi ta dng 2 c vt c nh cc chn t.

- Cui cng

Phn Kt Lun Trong bo co trn nhm em trnh by gm 2 phn chnh +Phn 1: Trnh by v c im ca sng Truyn hnh Vit Nam + Phn 2: Trnh by s lc v cch thit k anten Yagi n gin. Do thi gian c gii hn nn nhm em cha th tim hiu su v ti, c bit l cch thit k anten Yagi v xy dng phn mm. Trong thi gian ti, nu c tip tc nghin cu, nhm s c gng tm hiu su hn. Qua y, em cng trn trong cm n thy Lm Hng Thch gip chng em hiu v ti.

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