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oxoiou rrJv bLO{xrJaqaveAafle rJafJeAq»jrov MaQ. I{p.ov, oouqxova ue r1JVesuOvp.{a rov btaOerrJ. Ano rrJ artyp.rj exe{VrJ aextaav nQayp.aionotoVp.evot ot

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aVJlrpwvo ue m exacn'01:e tOxvovra aVaAVTtXa 7leoyeaJlJlam rov YEN, 1jmv 1] 7laeox1j noo; rov~ onouoaate; rwv Nasmxdw 2'XOAWV ALJ2'EN xai Naimxow Avxefwv rwv avayxauov ron: eX1CatOWTtXwVxeuuivan; ra anoia avrtarOtxovv noo; m Jla01jJlam 1COV otoaaxovrat otu; 2'xoU~ autti; E7l{G1]~A1jcpOrj e tOtairee1]noovota, ware m {3t{3Afa vra va eivai yevixoiea oa xe1jmJla vux OAoV~rov~ al;twJlanxoV~ rov Eunooixo» Ntnruxoii, 7l0V aaxoiiv to e7layyeAJla 1jel;eAfaaovrat ocnv teeaex{a rov XAaOOVrov~, xwe{~ avro va onucuve! on e7liexemt Wm{30A1j otn araOJl1]rov 7leetexoJlivov rov~. Me tnv V1C.ao. 1168Ir /14.6.99 V7loveYtx1j a7locpaG1]to Ynoveye{o EJl7l0etx1j~ Nairaua; aviOwe oto 'JoeVJla Evyev{oov tnv avyyearp1j xai ixooG1]rwv otoaxnxWv erxpetOtwV rwv Nairaxoiv Axao1]Jltwv' 1jo1]1] e1Ctre07l1j exooaewv rov JoeVJlarO(;,otnv onoia Jlerixet, 07lW~xavta; xcu 0 otevOvvr1j~ Navnx1j~ Exncuoecoeox rov YEN, 7leoex1jevl;e avJlrpwvw~ 7leO~ arakpaan rov YEN tnv avyyeacp1j 15 {3t{3Mwv 7leO~ XaAV'IjJrJ metyovawv avayxwv rwv anovoaarwv {3aaet rwv wxvOvrwv aVaAvnxwv 7leoyeaJlJlarwv. Ta {3t{3Afa va ui ixovv avyyearpef 1jo1] We{aXOVTat oto araolO r1]~ exoooeox; xcu Ot avyyearpel~ xcu 1] Entreon1j Exooaewv rov JoeVJlaroc:;El;axoAovOOVV va xam{3illovv xaOe 1CeOa7laOeta,ware m {3t{3Afa eivcu enunnuovtxd»; va turtu: aMa xai nooaaouooueva otu; avayxe~ xai tu; ovvaror1]n:~ rwv a7lovoaarwv. Tt' avto ixovv 7leoaeYJliV1]YAwamx1j otarv7lwG1] rwv XElJlivwv rov~ xai 1] ota7leaYJlarwG1] rwv OeJlarwv etvcu avaAoy1] noo; r1] araOJl1]r1]~ EX7latOevaewc:;, ta tnv onoia neOOettovrat. y Me r1]v neoacpoea arov~ xaOrjY1]ric:;, rov~ anovoaari~ r1]~ vavnx1j~ a utu; exnaioeeoeox; xtu oe OAOVC:; al;twJlanxov~ rov E.N. rwv exoooerov~ WVrov, ro 7o{!vJla avJl{3illet otnv 1CeaYJlaro7lo{1]G1] aX07l0V rov tOeVrov r1j rov EVYEV{OV EVYEV{OOV.

EllITPOllH

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IAPYMATOl:

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..:1

r E N I,A 0 Y
NAYTIKOY

BIBAIOE>HKH

TOY

NA YTIKH TEXNH
rEQP~IOY
KA8HfHTH

IQLH«l> «l>AMHAQNI~H

ITAOIAPXOY A' E.N. A~IEN ITAOIAPXQN AIITPOITyprOY

A0HNA 2006

A' EKllO~H 1989

npoAoro~
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Ta neorccorspc oxolvul TWV nAoiwv slvat (5e~16mpocpa. H (5leu8uvOT1 npoc; rnv onoia exouv nA&x8ei ro eIJ60Aa urtopet va 6p&8ei £UKOAa orcv (5oUlJe TO oxolvi an6 1l(lVW (OX. 1.16).

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Kat lKaVOTIlTa aVTlOTOOeWe; one TplBte; KaTOTOVKaAlJTepOTpOnO Yla OAee;Tie; yevlKte; spvcotec. ITa axOlVlO ue j.laKplO nM~Il Il ywvia nM~ewe; elvm j.llKpOTepll ana rnv KavovlKti, 1l eUKallqlia Kat oe j.llKPO BaSj.lo TO q>opTio Spauoewe; aU~OVOVTal, aAAa ueuovsnn 1l eAaOTlKOTllTa.To axolvi crtoppotpd eUKOAaTOVEpOKal Xovel TO axtij.la TOU. ITO axOIVlO pe KOVTti nM~ll 1l ywvia nAt~ewe; slvcr j.leyaMTepll ana rnv KavovlKti. H cnoppoenon TOU vepou ueuoverm, evw au~oveTOl 1l ucavornrc 5laTllPtioewe; TOU axf}j.laTOe; TOU orcv eVTaSeL EVTOUTOle; l eUKaj.lIPia KOl TO 1 eoorto Spauoewe; j.lelWVOVTOl,au~ovel OJ.lWe; eAaOTIKOTllTa. 1l Ta axOIVIO ue reocepo tj.lBOAa KaAouvTOl &VTtTapTQ (shroud laid ropes) Kal axllj.laTi~oVTal ono rsccepo tj.lBOAa nou crptsovror rtpoc ro 5e~lo yupw ana tva oMo KevTplKo tj.lBOAO ana TO i510 UAIKO,nou KaAeiTal j.lf}Tpa (core) (ax. 1.1V). 'Exouv j.lIKpOTepll aVToxi) ana TO j.lOVOnAOKO tVTPITO (j.le rpto tj.lBOAa) TOU i5l0U j.leytSoue; xm tXOUV uucporepn eAaOTIKOTIlTO,51lAa5i) TeVTWVOVTal Aly6Tepo. Ta axOlVIO aUTO XPllOlj.lOnOlOUVTalorrovio OTa nAoia (j.lOVOvio rnv KaTaoKeuf} ~apTlwv os j.lIKPO OKOq>ll). Tpia i) rreptooorepo j.lOV6nAOKaevrprro axOIVIO av OTPIq>SOUV j.leTa~u TOUe; ue 51euSuv01l cvrtaern ana curnv nou txel axllj.laTioSei TO KaStva, 51lAa5i) npoc ro aplOTepo, axllj.laTi~ouv tva 5inAOKO axOlvi an6 rotc i) neptooorepc j.lOV6nAOKa tj.lBOAa (ax. 1.15).

IX. 1.1V. EVTETaPTO oxoLvL

IX. 1.1~. t..[nAOKO oxoLvL

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IX. 1.1&. nAEKT6 OXaLvL

IX. 1.1aT. ~xaLv[ IlE nAEKTJi Enev~uOTl.

1.2 YAIKO KaTaOK&ul'lc; OXOIVlciJV an6 CPUTIKtC;iv&C;. Ta axOlVlO aUTO KaTaOKEUO~OVTat an6 <pUTO,TWV onoiwv Ol iVEe; ola<ptpouv

oe aVTaXI'], Bopoe;, euxcuuao, OKAl1P6Tl1TO,QVTiOTQOll OE <p8opo, EAaOTlK6Tl1TO,

cvrtorcon ortc KalplKte; ouv8l']KEe; I'] OTl1 cuunepupopo TOUe; orcv Bpaxouv. H EKAOYI']TWV KaTaAAI']Awv lVWV vro Tl1V «crcoxeun evoc axOlVlOU E~apTOTat an6 Tl1V epvooto vro Tl1V onoia rtpoopttertn va XPl1Olj.lOnOl118El. I:uvI']8wc:;, vro va lllaKpivovTal j.lETa~U TOUC:; -lllo<popa axOlVlO an6 <pUTlKte; ro iVEC:;,TOTT08ETEtTal tva KAWOj.la ue lllo<popa XPWj.lOTa ueou OTa tj.l60Aa Ko8E axOlVlOU. Or tVEe; TWV llla<p6pwv <pUTWVnou XPl1Olj.lOnOloUVTat vic Tl1V xureOKEUI'] TWV axOlVlWV lllaKpivovTal OE OKAl1pee; Kat j.laAaKtc:;. 1.2.1 :EXOIVIQ o7T6 OKA'IptC; lpUTIKtC; ivec. oj :EXOIVIQpoviAo (manila ropes). Elver rn rno OUV118l0j.ltva Kat KaTaOKEUO~OVTal an6 TIC:;tVEe; TOU <pUTOU abaca, nou avl']KEl OTl1V oucoveveio TWV <pUTWV.

5 lvee; ncpcvovror Kuplwe; one <l>tAmnlvee; Kat Vl' aUT6 ro OXOlVla cptpOUV TO ovouo TOU AlllavlOU an' 6nou Vlv6TOV Tj e~avwvr; TWV lVWV. Ot lvee; ourec elver Ol rno loxupte; Kat aKpl6te; cpUTlKte; lvec Kat l'llaTlSevTat ce l'llacpOpee; rrotornrec. Ot eowTeplKte; tvec TOU cpuMou an6 TO ortolo rtcoovovror, elvm Xerrrorepec an6 curse OTa e~WTePlKa aKpa TOU cpUAAOU. H aVTOxr; TWV OXOlVlWV an6 cpUTlKte; lvee; e~apT6Tal lleplKWe; an6 TO Ilr;KOc; TWV ave~apTr;TWV lVOlV. To oxolvi uovtxo elver Aelo, OTlAnv6, aVTOxr;e;, euxcurrro, us apKeTr; l'llaPKela ~wr;e;, euxoxouercxelptoro Kat ertumxuverm (TeVTWVeTat) IltXPl rtsplrtou 15% TOU Ilr;KOUe; TOU, ecp600v ecpapllooSel TaOTJwe; TO aocpaMe; CPOPTlOepvcotoc TOU. Fro xpr;oele; 6nwe; oe puuouxxic, OXOlVla npool'ltoewe; TOU nxolou, cvouevo oe owol6lee; 6apKee;, IllKpa OXOlVla vto TTjV aVaPTTjOTJ OTJllatWV r; rtcvuov, ro 9XOlVla uovtxo txouv cvnxorcorceet KaTa lleVaAO Iltpoe; an6 OXOlVla us OUVSeTlKte; lvec. KUplWe; oe IllKpa OKacpTj. 8) IxolvI6 ol{6A (sisal ropes). KaTaOKeUa~OVTat an6 TIe; lvee; TOu CPUTOU aMll'TTje; oixoveveioc TWV KaKToel5wv nou eu50KlllOUV KuplWe;OTTjVAvaToAlKr;ACPPlKr; Kat TTjV l66a. 'Eva KaM oxolvi Ol~aA txel TTjV 15la aVT0x...r;_p'~ tva O)«()lvl IlQVlAa usoctcc rtotornrcc. To oxolvi Ol~aA cpSelpeTOl vpnvopo, elver OTlAnv6 Kat 5l0VKwveTat rteprooorepo ana TO oxolVI llavlAa OTOV 6paxEL H emcpaVela TOU elver ovouoxn Vl' aUT6 Tj ncocrsrouevn Xpr;OTj TOU us VUIlVa xtpla elver eVOxATjTlKr;. reVlKa TO OXOlVI Ol~aA 5ev SewpelTat KaTaAATjAO vic VaUTlKr; Xpr;OTj orrou unaPXel oxolvi llavlAa. Ano nAEUpae; aVTOxr;e; SewpouvTOl osurspc IlETa ro OXOlVla llavlAa. y) KopuooxolVo (coir ropes). KaTOOKEUa~OVTat ana TIe; tvsc nou urtopxouv eric cpAou5ee; TOU xoxocotvucc. Ot tvec rtcpcvovror ortc Ivl'llee; Kat TTj ~Pl l\aVKa an' 6nou e~aVOVTat oe 1l0pcpr; KAWOllaTWV (ocplMma) .:

unovcvoc. Ot

Elvut ro ocasvscreoo an' 6Aa rn OXOlVla, txouv K6KKlVO XPwila Kat slvm 5uoKoAolleTaxelploTa. 'Exouv uucpo 6apoe;, rteplrtou TO IllOO 6apoe; ana rn OXOlVla ucvtxn r; Ol~aA us TO 15lO IltveSOe;, Vl' aUTO Kat ernnxeouv OTTj 8aAaaaa. tsev nrtopporpouv TO vepo, elver aV8eKTlKO OTIl ol'JIVIl ana SaAaoOlvo vepo Kal txouv llevoATj eAaOTlKoTTjTa. H aVToxl'J TOUC; elver rteplnou TO 1/6 rnc aVTOxr;e; TWV OXOlVlWV llaviAa us i5l0 IltveSOe;. 1.2.2 Ixo1vI6 orro pOAOKtC; CPUTIKtC; ivec.

0) Kovv68IVo 0xo1vl6 (hemp ropes). KaTaOKeUa~OVTOl ana TIe; ivee; TOU KOToaviou TOU CPUTOUKavva6Tj. APXlKa Tj llevaMTepTj n006TTjTa TWV lVWV curov

npoepxornv

ana TTj ~06leTlKI'J ·EvwOTJ. ~l'Jllepa e~aVeTat an6 TIe; Iv51ee;, ITaAla, Nta ZTjAav51a. H Kavva6Tj TTje; Ntae; ZTjAav51ae; 5ev napOUOla~el apKeTr; aVTOxr; Vl' aUTO XPTjOlIlOnOlelTal Kuplwe; Vla TIe; urrrpec TWV OUPllaTOOXolVWV. H lTaAlKr; Kavva6Tj SewpelTal Tj KaAUTepTj. 1\6vw TTje; ortcvrorrrroq 0IlWe; TTje; npWTTje; UATje; Kat TOU UIVTjAOU K6OTOUe;, onueoo tXOUV onocuoaet ro Kavva6lVa OXOlVla. AUTO I'JTav OUvr;Swe; Ke~PllJT6, 5TjAa51'J aAelcpovTav ue KOTpalll vto va nPOCPUAaOOOVTOlana TTjV uvpooto. To IlOVO XPTjOlIlOnOlOullevo Kavva6lVO OXOlVl OTa nAola onuepo elvct TO TPIOiAIO,nou etvor cprorepoOTpOCPOKe5pWTO ue 5uo t1l60Aa, AenTO oxolVI Kat XPTjOlIlOnOlelTat vic TTjV nepltAl~Tj (ncrpovcprouc) Kuplwe; TWV cupucroovotvev I'J Kat TWV OXOlVlWV.

8) 8ap8aKspa O](olvla (cotton ropes). KOTooKeUa~OVTQl orto ivee; TOU 601J60KlOU. EivQl nOAu lJahOKa axOlvla KOl purmtvovrm eUKoAo. XPI1OllJonOlOuvTQl IJOVO onv Aema axolvla KOl exouv KOTa nOAu OVTlKoToOT08el onuscc orto TO vauAov. Y) :4AAo si6oC; IVlIJVrrou XPllalporro/siTal y,a TIIV KaTaaKsuq O](OIVllIJVelval II YlouTa (jute), rtou XPI1OllJonOleiTol YlO rtc IJrlTpee; TWV OUPIJOToax01vwv A6yw TI1e;IJlKpOTepl1e; OVTOXrle;TI1C:orto rnv Kavv0611. Ano Aivapi (flax) xcrcoxeuc~eTQl TO lOTlOPOIJIJO, TO lOTlO KOl Ol uouocucoeq,

1.3 Mey&9oc;

axOIV1WV.

To lJeye80e; TWV axOlVlWV, onwe; KQl TWV oupunrooyolvrov, npoo6lopl~eTQl onueoc orto TI1 6laIJeTpO oe XLAlOOTa TOU lJeTpOU (mm). H OWOTrl lJeTP11011 YIVeTQl lJeTO~U 600 OVTl6l0IJeTplKwv onuetev TI1e; lJeYlOTI1C:6l01JeTpOU, anwe; octverm OTO axrllJO 1.3. nOAQlOTepO TO lJeye80e; TWV axOlVlWV TO npoo6loPl~OV ue TO IJrlKOe; TI1e; neplcpepelOC; oe 6aKTUAOUe; (tvroec). Me rnv ecpoPlJoYrl TOU usrpucou OUOTrlIJOTOC;nMov TO axolvla XOPOKTl1pi~ovTol us TO lJeye80e; TI1e; 6l0IJtTPOU oe mm.

1:x.
Tporroc

1.3.

I.l&Tpf)O&W<; OXOlVlOU.

0) IWOT6c;. 6) Meoc;.

To axOlVlO XOPOKTI1PI~OVTQluno TO lJeye80c; KOl TO UAlKO KOTOOKeurle; TOUe;, n.x. 36mm 1J0viAo. To IJrlKOC; TOUe; unoAoyi~eTol oe uerpo KQl uero rnv KOTOOKeUrl TOUC; nop06lvovTol ce KOpKlIJpaTa (coils), TWV ortokov TO IJrlKOe; nOlKIAAel ovaAOYO ue TO lJeye80e; TOU axOlVlOU. rlO TO OUV118loIJevo axOlVla npo06eoewe; TOU nAoiou TO IJrlKOe; evoe; KOPKWIJOTOe; lver 220m rl120 opviec. e rlO TI1 uerorporm orto TO OYYAlKO OTO uerpuco OUOTI1IJOXPI1OlIJOnOlOulJe TTl axeol1:

8 x y (os tvrcec)

=6

(oe mm)

onou y TO IJrlKOe; neplcptpelOe; KOl 6 11 6lalJeTpOe;. H noponavw axtOT'J OT'JIJOiVelOTl ov 11 nepupeperc svoc axOlVlOU oe tvrosc nOAAOnAOOl008ei ertt OKTW 80 lOOUTQl ue TTl 6laIJeTpa TOU qe XlAloOTa. AVTlOTPOCPO,ov 116lalJeTpOe; evoc axOlVlOU oe XLAlOOTa 6lQlpe8el 6l00KTW 80 lOOUTOi 11£ rnv rtepupepem oe tvrcec.

'Eva oxolvl n.x. IlE Ili)Koe; nEpupepElae; 8 lVTOWV tXEl CSuIIlETPO8 x 8 = 64mm, 6VW ovrtcrpoec, eva oxolvl CSlalleTpou 64mm eXEl Ili)Koe; rtspupepemc 64 : 8 = 8 lVTOEe;. npEnEl rtcvro va EXOIlE uno4J'l OTl 0 OUvTEAEOTi)e; uerorpormc 8 lOXUEl 1l0VO vio IlETP'lO'l OXOlVlWV rtou TO Ili)Koe; T'le; nEplcpEpElae; Kal T'le; CSlallETpou TOUe; EXOUV EKcppa08El OE lVTOEe; Kal XlAlOOTa cvrtcrorrc.

1.4 AacpaAtc; cpopTio &pyaaiac;,

Y&VIKa.

Ko8E IlEOO rrou XP'lOlI..lOnOIElTOl vio TO XElPl0l..I0 6apwv, n.x. avu4JW01l 6opoue; i) EA~'l 6opoue;, onwe; OXOIVIO, OUPl..laTOOXOlVa, TPOXtAOI, KAEICSlO,yOVT~Ol, aAuolCSEe; KAn. eXEl uto n:AlKi) TOO1l i) OPIO aVToxi)e; nepo ana TO ortoto 8a 8pau08EL H TOO'l aUTi) OVOI..IO~ETOl TaU" i) tpopTio 8pauu£1IJt; (breaking stress). EnElCSi) TO eoorto 8pauoEwc; EVOC;I..IEOOU,n.x. TOU OXOlVlOU, E~apToTal ana T'lV noiornrc TOU UAlKOU xcrcoxeunc TOU xrn rtpoxeuievou Yla I..IETaXElpl0I..IEVa OXOlVIO ana TO 6a81..10 cp80poC; TOUe;, CSEVelver CSuvaTo va TE80uv aKpl6Eie; xcvovec (rurtoi) unoAoYl0I..I0U TOU cpopTiou 8pauoEWe; EVOe; OUYKEKPll..IEVOU OXOlVIOU, EKTOe; av TE8E! OE CSOKll..li). AUTO YlvETOl I..IETa T'lV xcrcoxeun Ko8E OXOIVIOU, onOTE eva TI..li)l..Ia TOU unOKEITOl OE TOO1l l..IeXPI va 8pau08El KOl 'l Ta01l aUTi) avacpEpETal OTO mOTOnOl'lTlKO nou OUVOCSEUEl oxolvL TO To aacpaAtc; cpopTio &pyaaiac; (Safe Working Load - SWL) elvor TO KaTOAA'lAO ooorto l..IeXPl TO ortolo urtopsl xcvovucc va XP'lOlI..lOnOIElml Eva I..IEOO. IuvT&A&aTr;c; aacpaA&lac; (safety factor) elvct 0 Myoe; TOU eoprtou 8pauoEWe; rtpoc TO aocpaMc; ooprto spvootoc (ovoxovo TOU I..IEOOU vto TO ortolo avacpepETOl etvm evoc apl81..10c; ouvi)8we; I..IETa~U 4 xm 8). rla ro OXOlVlO 0 OUVTEAEOTi)e; aocpOAElae; slvot 6, vro ro oupucrooyowc 5 i) 6 Kal vic rtc aAuolCSEe;5. AKol..I'l KOl Yla TO iCSIOI..IEOO0 OUVTEAEOTi)e;aocpOAElae; I..InOpE! va slvrn CSlacpopETlKOe; vcxovo us rn XPi)01l. ~Ta ououoroororvc n.x. 0 ouvrexeu OTi)e; aocpoAElOC;Yla ro aY0I..IEVa TWV oW0l61WV MI..I6wv ElVOl IlEyaMTEpoe; ana ourov TOU enop'm (povcpn), To cpopTio liOKIJJfJC;(proof load i) test load) elver noManAOOlo TOU aocpaAOUe; rpoprtou epvcotoc. MEXPI aUTO TO eoprto CSOKll.la~OVTalOAa ro ueoo nou npoavacpEp8'lKav rtptv TE80uv OE xerroupvto KOl xcroruv OE xcvovucc CSlaOTi)unrc Yla va 6lamOTw8E[ TUXOV I..IE[W01l rnc aVTOxi)e; TOUC;. METo ana ouvEXi) XPi)01l i) Myw naAOloT'1Tae; eva I..IETaMo unopet va paYloel i) va 8pau08El Myw KaKi)e; xpi)oEWe;. ria TO oxorto aUTO 0pI0I..IEVa I..IETaMa OE nEpl06lKO 6laOTi)l..IaTa rtupcxrcovovrct OE 8epl..I0Kpao[a n.x. 600-650°C, aVOAoya I..IETO ei6oe; TOU l..IeToMou KOl l..IeTOacpi)vovml va 4JuX80uv noM apyo. M' cum rn 6la6lKaola ortouoxouvovrcr ro povtoucro KOl TO l..IemMo onoxro T'lV apXIKi) TOU OKA'lPOT'lTa. EnlO1le; nOAAo I..IETaMlKo cvnxetuevo, orcv unoxervrci oe Tooele; I..IEyaMTEpee ana TO 11100TOU <P0PTlOU 8paUOEWC;, unooet va napallop<pw80uv uovuic orov 'l TOO1l unepaet TO OPIO EAaOTIKOT'lTac; TWV I..IETOAAWV. v OUVEXL08E[ 'l A Ta01l va au~avETal xrn rlA'lOlOOEl TO OPlO unoxwpi)OEwe; i) aVToxi)e; TOU I..IETaAAOUapX[~El 'l OUv8Al4J'l.

rla

TO l\ovo

aUTO ~ev

epvcotcc 6l\wv TWV fJtowv Jvtl\Kuoll rtpoccpnvuevou

rperter

va

uvouevoue rnv

rtperter nore va unepectvoue TO acr<paMc; <popTio eKT6c; an6 tKTaKTec; aVOVKec;, 6nwc; n.x. vic rnv nl\oiou. KOl 0' nurec OfJWC; Tle; neprrrrtocetq 8a maovornrn uovuuov ncpcuopqxoceorv ore ueoc nou

(PllOlfJOnOllioafJe. nptnel rtcvrc va tXOfJe unoljJll ucc on TO ao<paMe; <popTio spvcotcc evoc uscou, onou aUTO ~iveTal, ceopc aUTO TO eoprto fJtXPl TO ortolo urtopsl va XPllOlfJOnOlT]8ei ue ao<pol\ela tva KOIVOUPYIO (axpT]OlfJonoiT]TO) ueoo.

1.5

AVTOXI'J axOlV1WV Kal nlarOnolllT1Kc.

H oxenKTi aVToxTi fJeTa~U TWV OXOlVlWV ana ouv8enKte; Kal <pUTlKte; ivee; elver xcrc oeipd: polyamide (nylon), polyester (terylene) I polypropylene, polyethylene,
fJavil\a, 0Il;0l\. Kapuooxolva. rIa TOV urtoxoviouo, KaTo rtpocevvron, TOU fJavil\a KOl 0Il;0l\ XPT]OIfJOnOlOUfJe TOV runo:

eoortou

8pauoewe;

TWV OXOlVlWV

coprto
ortou rIa

8pauoewe;

= ---

~2

200

oe TOVVOUe;,

~ T] ~lofJeTpOe; OXOlVlOU ce mm. OUV8eTlKO OXOlVlO XPT]OIfJonOlOuVTal

~2

01

ertouevoi runoi:

OXOlVlO vcuxov

60
~2

polyester

75
~2

polypropylene

100

To ao<paMe; coprto spvcotoc TWV OXOlVlWV elver TO 1/6 TOU <popTiou 8pauoewe;. rla va unoxovtoous TT]V ovrom TOU OX01VlOU nou txel <p8apei al\l\o Bploxercn os KaM KaTOaTaOT], e<paPfJol;ofJe TOUC;rtponvouuevouc runouc, nou IOXUOUV vic ro xcrvoupvrc OXOlVlO, al\M XPT]OIfJOnOlOufJe TT]V "POYPOTIKIj xrn 0Xl TT]V OVOfJaaTlKTi ~lofJeTpo. PVOPOUTIKIj a",pSTp0C; TOU OX01V10U slvm T] ~lofJeTpOe; nou npoo~lopil;el TO fJtve8oe; TOU KaTo TT]V KaTaoKeuTi TOU. LTOV rtlvuxo 1.5.1 <paiveTOl TO rpoprlo 8pauoewe; oe kg KOl TO sopoc avo 100m fJTiKoue; OXOlVlWV ~la<popwv fJeve8wv ana polypropylene. vcuxov KOl fJavil\a. Vnev8ufJil;eTal on TO <popTio spcucetoc nou 6p[oKeTOl ana TOUe; runouc Ti TOUC; rnvoxsc nou npoava<ptp8T]KaV slvm TO 8eWpT]nKO ooprto aTO onolo tva OXOlvl av un06l\T]8ei Sa Spauo8ei. To npcvucnxo coprtc apcuoeoc evoc OXOlVlOU !'J oUPfJaTOOXOIVOU Bploxsrtn fJOVO OTOV aUTO un06l\T]Sei ce npaVfJanKTi ~OKlfJ!'J fJtXPl va SpauoSei. K08e OXOlvi Ti OUPfJaTOOXOlVo nprv XPT]OIfJonolT]Sei uetcrorcr ~OKlfJTi VIa va

9 ntNAKAI1.5.1 Kal 8apoc; ~/alP6pwv

q,opTio

8pauo£wc;

0XOIVIWV

Il£Yf:eOt; OXOIVIOU
rtspr-

nOAunponuA£vLO <pOPTiO epauof:wt; Of: kg

400 1000 1625 2230 2950 3900 4950 5850 7200 8400 11200 14000 17 700 21340 25740 29800 34600 39600 45300 49600 52600

NOUAOV 60pOt;
kg/100 m
2 4 6 9 12 16 21 26 31 37 50 65 82 100 123 148 173 200 230 260 300 33~ 375 410

MaviAa 60pOt;
kg/100 m
2.60 4.~O 7 9.50 13 17 21 26 32 40 52 68 86 107 135 160 185 210 2~ 274 310 348 388 428

L':.IOIlf:60pOt; 1pOt; <p£pf:la kg/100 m Of: m~iVTOf:( Ivmac.

6 8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 28 32 38 40 1/4 5/16 13/32 15/32 9/16 5/a 23/32 13/16 71s 15/18 1 1/8 1 1/4 1 7/18 119/32 1 1 1/4 1 1/2 13/4 2 2 1/4 2 1/2 23/4 3 31/2 4 41/2 5 'i 1/2 6 61/2 7 7 1/2 3/4 1.~0 3 4.50 6.~0 8.~0 11.~0 14.50 17.~0 21.50 25.50 34.50 45.50 ~7.50 70 85 102 120 1<10 161 182 205 230 258 284 345 410 480 558 640

<pOPTiO epaUOf:wt; Of: kg

800 1400 2100 3000 4100 5300 6800 8400 10200 12300 16100 21000 26000 31600 37000 44000 52200 60000 68900 80000 89000 99~00 111000 122000 149000 172000 201000 222000 235000

<pOPTiO epaUOf:wt; Of: kg

300 ~50 7~0 1100 1500 2000 2~00 3250 3900 4600 6100 7800 9700 12000 14200 16800 19600 22400 27000 29100 32000 36000 39000 43600

44 I 3/4
48 129/32 52 2 1/18 56 60 2 7/32 2 3/8

64 21f32 68 211/16
72 22f32 76 3 80 88 96 3 5/32 315/32 325/32 1/8 1/2 3/1

8
81/2

9
91/2 10

90500
66000 75000 88000 106000 120000 140000 160000

11
12 13 14 15

500
598 695 815 930

104 4 112 4 120 4

iSlamOTwSei TO coprto Spauaewe; TOU. H iSOKllJTl vtverci oe IJlKp6 TIJTllJa TOU OXOlVlOU Tl aUPlJaTOOXOlVOU an6 e~ouOloiSOTlllJtvo epvcornpio ~Ilpae;. MeTa Til iSOKllJTleKiSiiSeTOl maTOnOlIlTlK6. LTO OXTllJa 1.5 rpulverrn rnorortomruco nAeKTou OXOlVlOU pe 8 tIJ60Aa an6 polypropylene uevesouc 72mm rtou txel uno6AIlSe[ os eliSlKTl ene~epvaaia Vla rnv ovnuercrnon Tile; untpuSPIle; aKTlvo6oA[ae; TOU l1Aiou KOl nou txel aoouoset os rnon 69575kg.

10

TEST No.:

CERnflCATE 7499

CERTIFICATE OF TEST AND EXAMINATION OF FIBER ROPE BEFORE TAKEN INTO USE
Supplier of Rope Tvpe/Constructton of Rope: =.8_-:;sTRAND=:.=::.....;P::.;LA=.:I:.TED=:::...._ Rope Raw Material : HIGH
TENACITY POLYPROPYLENE _ _Y;:;E=S=_.::.6=-9.:.,;. 5:::..7!..:5:.......:K~G::!:S~ _ _ _

Specific Gravity Colour/Rope Identification :WH:.:.:=:I::.:T::.:E=-Ultra-Violet Stabilization at Polypropelene Breaking Strength Name and Address of Buyer - MN Length Date of Shipment:
2 COILS X 120 FATHOMS :;2:;1.:.,;.0::...4.:.,;.:....:8::..:8=--WITH EYES AT BOTH

Size-Diameter in mm/Circumference in inches: _7'-2_MM

ENDS _

We certify that the above particulars are correct and that the test and the examination were carried out by a competent person.

SIGNATURE: ~~<i?

DATE: 21.04

.88

-==-

~------------------------Tesma FacilIIies: SKAND. TALURIT HORIZONTAL TESTING BENCH 250 Ton. approved and certified by the Polytechnic University 01 Athens (Ccrt. No. 61637/1.9.81) and Classification Societies LRS (Ccrt. No. 107275/16.9.81l GL (em. No. 20287) AT. DNV (Ccrt. No.81-221/6.11.81) BV (Cm. No. 838016/21.2,83)' ABS (Cm. No. 81 - PR6264 - 633/23.11811

l:x.

1.5.
OXOlVlOU.

nlOTOnOll1TlK6

11

1.6 r&YIKO xapaKTl'lplGTIKO

TWY axOlY1WY ana CPUTIKtC;fY&C;.

Ta tll60Aa TWV OXOlVlWV txouv rnv TOO11va ~eOTpiljJouv, eKTOe; av TO OKPO TOU OXOlVlOU CPlllW8e( (rmtpovcpioael) ue Aemo vtilla. Ta OXOlVlO ana cpUTlKte; (vee; orcv evroaouv ernunxuvovrm, TOOO rtsprooorepo 000 uevcxurepn etvm 11TOO11oe oxt011 ue TO eoprto 8pauoewe; KQl ~ev ertcvnrtoxrouv nAtipwc; TO apXlKO TOUe; IltiKOe;. AUTti 11 emlltiKUV011 vtveroi cvnxnrrm Kal ana TTJlle(W011 TI1e; ~lalltTpou, orov ncuoer va ecpapllo~eTal 11 TOO11.H eAaOTIKOTTJTaKal 11aVToxti TOU OXOlVlOU eAaTTwveTallle TTJvI1AlKla TOU KQl TI1 cp80po TOU. 'Ornv tva OXOlVl 6paxel ouvti8WC; oUOTtMeTal K-<lTO IltiKoe; oe ovcxovto ue TTJVaU~I1011TI1e;~lalltTpou TOU, aMo ertcvcnoxrc TO apXlKO IltiKoe; TOU orov OTeyvwoel KQl uerc TI1 xPti011. Ta OXOlVlO nou etvcn eKTe8ellltva ouvexwe; oe uljJl1Ate; 8eplloKpao(ee; KQl oe uvpcotc, onwc; n.X. OTa rpornxo KAlllaTa, XOVOUV rnv eAaOTIKOTTJm KQl TTJv aVToxti TOUe; ouvrouorepc ana ro OXOlVlO nou XPI1OlllonolouvTal oe xcvovucec ouv8tiKee; 8eplloKpao(ae; KQl uvpcotoq. Ta OXOlVlO ana cpUTlKte; (vee; unopouv KaTo TI1V KaTaoKeuti TOUe; va vtvouv a~lantpaOTa ana TO Vi:PO (waterproofing) ue tva ern nAtov IllKPO KOOTOe;.'ETOl au~OveTQlI1 ~lopKela ~wtie; TOU OXOlVlOU, crtoesuveror n anoppoCPI1011 oxcacoqlWV ana TO 8aAaoOlVO vepo. ueuovovrcr 01 ouorpocec (6epivee;), 11OKAtipUV011 KQl '11 15'IOYKW011.To 60poe; KQl TO eoprto 8pauoewe; TOU OXOlVlOU ~ev enl1peo~eTal KQl naptxeml tva npooeero nAeovtKTl1lla 01'0 OTl orov TO OXOlV( KaTa~IKa08ei, unopet eUKoAa va nouA118ei OTIe; 6101l11xaviee; xapTonoliae;.

1.7 npOcp"Aa~1'I Kal OUVTt;PI'lOI'l axOIYIWY ana CPUTIKtC;IYtC;. .

Enel~ti 01 cpUTlKte; ivee; ae oVT/Bea" ue TO ptToAAo ~ev txOUV 1l0VIll0 0PlO eAaOTIK6TTJTae;, IltXPI TO onoio unopouv va AelToupyOUv en' a6pIOTo, YI' aUTO ~ev rtpertsr ro OXOlVIO va evretvovrci IltXPI TTJ IltYIOTI1 TOO11 elrs slvm KQlVOupYla etrs txouv evrcaet OTO ncpexaov IltXPI oxe~6v TO CPOPTIO 8pauoewc;. H aVToxti Kal 11 ~wfJ evoc; OXOlVlOU e~apToTal uno Tl1v 1'0011 nou ecpapllo~eTal c'ouro ecp600v 01 tvec, nape TTJ OUOTPOCPfJTOUe; KaTa rnv KaTaoKeuti TOU OXOIVIOU, rstvouv va YAUOTPtioouv (va ~ecpuyouv) lleTa~u TOUe; KaTo IlIKpr; anOOTa011 KaTw ana rnv eni~pa011 rcoeoc. Ta ox01v1a orcv 6paxouv oUOTtMovTal. Av ~ev acpe80uv eAeu8epa va cuorcxouv, n.x. AaoKapovTOC; rc oxolvia npoo~toewe;, Sa evrceouv emKiv~uva npoKaAwvmc; l;111l1a.ria TOV i~IO Myo ue uypo KQlPO AaoKapolle ro ovouevc TWV TpOXiAWV. Mnopoulle 0IlWC; va exueroxxeuaoupe aUTr;TTJ OUOTOAr; TWV OXOlVlWV vtn va ocpI~olle ~eoillaTa (IlnoTOOUe;) 6ptxovTOe; rc, Oi ouvnaecreoec cmec nou cpSeipouv ro oxolvia elver: 11un~60AlKr; 1'0011,11 Tp16r; oe alXlll1pa cvnxeurevo, 11tK8e011 os o~ta r; aAKoAla Kal 11anOSr;KeU011 ue ovencpxn cspicuo, 1~laiTepa orcv Ta OXOlVIO onoanxeuovrcr oe uypr; KaTOOTa011, onere oani~ouv. H or;ljJl1 ouxvo apxi~el OTO eoerrepuco TOU OX01VIOU KQl eVTonil;eTal ~uoKoAa eKT6e; av avOlXSouV ro t1l60Aa. 'Eva 6t6Qlo 0111l0~1 or;ljJewe;, slvor n xaMpwOTJ TWV IVWV orov TPlcp80uv ti 11unap~11 apKeTr;e; OKOVI1e; (nou~pae;) OTO eoerrepixo. Av TO OXOlvi uypavSei apKeTO, TO eOWTeplKO TOU vtveror nOAll oxoreworspo ana TO e~WTeplKO, evw YKPI OKOVI1 OTO eoorrepuco

12

elver EVOEIKTlKf] 1l0UXAae; Kat nTWXOU cepicuou. Ta OXOIVIOrtpertei va anOB'1KEUOVTal O"TEVVO sncvco oe OIKTUWTO(Ko<pOata) f] KpEllaO"TO. 'Otuv aTOI60~OVTat oe Ka<poma rtpertei va avanooovupi~OVTQI KaTO olaOTf]llaTa OlOTETO 6opoe; TOU KopKOlllaTOe; va <ptPETat oe ola<popETlKO Iltpoe; TOU OXOIVIOU. H anoBf]K'1 ripener va elvm OTEVvf] , v' aEpi~ETat Kat va rtpoouxcoosrm cno TOV «noo. H l15avIKf] aspuoxoocto elvm IlETa~u 10° Kat 20° C EVOl'1 rno euvoucn OXETlKf] uvpcotc etvcn IlETa~u 40% Kat 65%. Ta OXOIVIO av orevvdioouv TEXV'1TOIlE unEp60AIKf] BEPIlOT'1Ta Ba KaTaOTOUV OTEVVO(o'1Aa15f] Ba OTEVVOlaEITO AmaVTIKO TOUe;)Kat EuBpaUOTa. ~TO AIIlOVI Kat OTO KaTOOTpWlla ro OXOIVIO ripener nOAI va OTOI6o~OVTat oe OIKTUWTO Kal va nooouxcocovrcr ana TO <pwe;TOU '1AlOU, T'1 6poxf] Kat TOV rtovsro. To novwlla TWV OXOIVIOlVElVOI 6Aa6Epo VlaTI Ta fJlKpOaKomKo Ilopla TOU ncvou Ko60uv Tie;

lvec.
01 6EpIVEe; cvolvouv rn tll60Aa xcr rpuuucrkouv 1l0vIIla TO oxolvL 01 xouno. nooxoxouv 6EplvEe;, fJEIOlVOUVT'1V aVToxf] Kal VI' aUTO Via T'1 aUVOEO"'1OXOIVIOU nou tXEI xortet f] Via Til auv15EO"'1Mo OXOIVIOlVnpertei va vlvovrm urrnotsc. H IlIKpf] (omAf])

ucnoic etvoi IlEvaMTEP'1e;

aVToxf]e; ana

ilia

IlEVOA'1 (anAf])

ucnoto.
H TPI6f] TWV OXOIVIOlV oe atXIl'1PO ovruceluevo Kat '1 Un060ATJ TOUe; oe

cnorouec KOlllJJEIe;(OTpO<ptC;)rtpenet v' cnoosuvovrm. H anOlAEla T'1e;aVTOxf]c; nou nooxcxetror uno T'1V TPI6f] unopel va EKTIIl'1BEI ana T'1V cvoxovto TWV
KAWall(ltWV nou txouv KaTaOTpa<pEI a' tva t1l60Ao. 0 opiauoc TWV KAwalloTwv avo tll60Ao IlnOPOUIlE va oEXBoUIlE OTI EIVat Via rc OXOIVIOllavlAa 0,04 02, onou 15 ElvOI '1 OIOIlETPOC;TOU OXOlVIOU oe mm. Av '1 TPI6f] f] Ot cnorouec KOlllJJetC;TWV OXOIVIOlV slvm cvcrtceeuxrsc, Ba rtperter va ·XP'1atl.lOnolouvTal npOO"TaTEUTlKO EmBtllaTa (uoucnudc, IlIKPO xouucno uno naAlte; 1l0VIKEe; nupKa"ioe; KAn.), .onou TO OXOlVI rtepvo rtcvro ono aIXIl'1pte; OKpEe; f] aVWllaAEC; ernecvetec. To a'1IlElO TPI6f]c; TOU OXOIVIOU IlE ilia erneoveic npensr va aAAo~ETat Via va ortooeuvsrcr f] va IlEIOlVETat '1 <pBopo a' tva O"'1IlElO TOU OXOIVIOU. H OIOIlETpOe; TWV KUAIVOpwv, OTOUe;onotouc OTpt<pOUV ru OXOlVIO, npenet va etvci 10 ue 12 <popte; IlEvaMTEP'1 ana T'1 ololleTpo TOU OXOIVIOUnou rtpoxerror va nepdoet vupw ana aUTOUe;. To 1010 loxuel vto TIC; 15tOTpEe; (uruvrsc) Kat TO ruuncvo TWV 6apouAKwV. Ta X'1IlIKO rtpocevouv 6M6ee; OTa OXOlVIO. nOAM aVTlaKWpiaKo 1l1YllaTO txouv 600"'1 TO <pwa<popIKO O~U nou tXEI KaTaOTpEmIKf] Enlopaa'1 OTIe;<pUTIKte; tvec . Ta OE~lodrpo<pa OXOlVIOrtpertst va ruxtvovrcrxcrc T'1 <popo TWV OEIKTOlVTOU POAOVIOU OTIe; avtllEe; f] vupwano ro ruuncvo TWV 6apouAKwV f] OTOUe; e:PVOTe:e;,EVOl ro cpurrepocrpooo aVTlBETa. ria va ~eTuAl~ofJE tva KopKWfJa OE~IOOTpO<pOUOXOIVIOU ronoaerouue TO KopKwlla ue TO OKPO TOU OXOIVIOUrtpoc ro KOTWKal Tpa60llE TO OAAOOKPO TOU OXOlVIOU ueoo ana TO cvorvuc orousoo TOU KopKOlllaTOe; ~ETuAlvovTae; ue <popo aVTlBET'1 aUTf]e; TWV 15EIKTOlvTOU POAOVtOU , o'1Aaof] npoc ro coicrepc. To cvrtcrpooo IOXUEI Via aptcrepoorpoqio oxolvl, rl' aUTO TO OE~tOOTpO<pO
,
"

13

OXOlVI ruxlverm (VTOUKlOpeTat) KaTO TTl q>OPO TWV ~elKTWV TOU POAOYLOU (rtpoc ro ~e~lO) Kat cvrtorooco TO cptorspocrpooo. 'Ornv KOaOj.le tva xouucn OXOlV[ ana tva KOpKWj.la rtpertei va onuctvoue oe KonOlO onuelo KOVTO etre TO j.lTJKO<;nou aq>atptaaj.le errs TO j.lTJKO<;nou rtcpsuetve. 1.8 KaTaOK&u!\
Kal xapaKTr"lPIOTIKcl 0X01V1WV an6 OUV9&TIK&C; Iv&C;.

Ta OXOlVlO ana aUV8eTlKt<; (vee, avoAoya us TO UAlKO 'KaTaaKeuTJ<; TOU<;, tXOUV ~loq>opa xapaKTTlPlOllKO Kat XPTlOlj.lOnOloUVTat Yla opiouevec TJel~lKt<; spvcotec. Ta OXOlVlO n.X. ana nOAUaj.l[~Tl (VOUAOV)txouv uevoxurspn eAaOllKoTTlTa ana ro OXOlVlO ana noxuecrepo Kat Yl' aUTO elver KaTaAATlAOTepa vio PUj.lOUAKla Kal aKaTOAATlAa aav ovouevo TWV aWOla[wv Mj.lawv. H aVTOXTJ TWV aUV8eTlKWV OXOlVlWV etvoi usvcxurson ana OnOlO~TJnOTe oxolvi ana q>UTlKt<; [ve<; OAM TO uerovexmuo TOU<; elver TO xaj.lTlM onusto TTJ~ew<;ana 135°C YlO TO OXOlVlO ana noxurtoorruxevio j.ltXPl 260° C Yl' OUTOana nOAUOj.l[~Tl Kat rroxuecrepc (rrtvoxcc 1.5.1). To aUV8eTlKO OXOlVlO ana q>UOlKOUTOU<; elver OVTlOTlnTlKO Kat O~lontpoOlO ana TO vspo. Av rsvnoaouv j.ltXPl TO q>0pT[O 8pouaew<; ernunxuvovror ana 25-30% TOU 0PXlKOU j.lTJKOU<; OU<; TO OXOlVlO ana noxunoortuxsvio KOl j.ltXPl T 45-55% TO OXOlVlO ana nOAUOj.l[~Tl. To rtsptocorepc aUV8eTlKO OXOlVlO KOToaKeuo~OVTat uno auveXTJ VTJj.lOTaTJ ana KAWaj.lOTO us ~lOq>OpO j.lTJKTllVWV. To j.lOVOnAOKo OXOlVlO ana auv8eTlKt<; ive<; KaTaaKeuo~OVTat oruoc OUTO ana q>UTlKt<; tvsc, ~TlAO~TJ rpto tj.laOAO crpteovrcr j.leTa~U TOU<;rtpoc TO ~e~lO. Ko8e tj.laOAO cnorexetrm ana npxero coieuo ouoiouopqxov VTlj.lOTWVel~lKou UAlKOU, nou npoa~i~ouv OlO oxolvi TTlV cnorrouuevn OVTOXTJ.To tj.laOAO orpeeovror j.leTO~U TOU<; rtepicoorepo ono 000 OlO OXOlVlO ana q>UTlKt<; lvsc Kat TO OXOlVlO urtoxeivrm a' tyo ei~o<; 8epj.llKTJ<;ene~epyaaia<; vic vo eVloxu8ei Tl nAoKTJTOU OXOlVlOU, j.lelWVOVTO~tTal TTlV TOOT]nou tXOUV TO tj.l60Ao vo ~lOXWPl0"80uv KOTOTI1 xpi]OT] TOU OXOlVlOU. To O"UV8£TlKOnAeKTo OXOlVlO Kat OUTO ue nAeKTTJertsvouon KaToaKeUO~OVTat oruoc TO OXOlVlO orto q>UTlKt<; ive<; . .D.inAoKo Kat eVTtTopTO OXOlVlO ana cuvasnxec ive<; ~ev KOTOo"K£UO~OVTOlcuvnsec.

1.9
oj

Ellir"l OUV9&TIKWV axOIV1WV. 0"6

Ixolvlti

vtiuAov.

To OXOlVlO orto ive<; noAuoj.liiSl1<; (VOUAOV) txouv j.leyoAI1 oVTOXi], eAoOllKoTI1TO KOl euxouqno . .D.ev orroopocouv TO vepo Kal crsvvrovouv vonvopc . .D.ev aani~ouv OUTe j.lOUXAlO~OUV. /\oyw TTl<; xaj.lTlAT]c: aepuoxpootcc TTJ~ew<;ro cxoo TWV ej.laOAWV urtopouv vo KAeiaouv av ro «pcrrtooue cnvuicto rtdvto ana q>Aoya. "ETOl cnoqieuvoue TO ncrpovcotouo. Or lvsc TOU<;etvci O"uvexei<; a' OAOTO J..ITJKO<; TOU<;OXOlVLOU.Av cuvxpraouv us ro OXOlVlO j.lOViAo, TO OXOlVlO VOUAOV ue TO iiSlO uevssoc txouv rputxnorc aVTOXTJKal rtevrcrtxcoto ~lopKela ~WTJ<;, evw KoaT[~ouv rteplrtou rpeic eccec neoroooreoo. /\oyw TTl<;aVTOXTJ<;TOU OJ.lw<;urtopouue va XPTlOlj.lOnOlTJaOj.le

14

OXOlvi VOUAOV ,.U: J.ltve80c; rtsplnou too us TO Mo TpiTO TOU OXOlVlOU J.lOviAo K08IOTWVTOe; TO ETOI 0IKOV0J.lIK6TepO. Av TeVTW80uv J.ltXPl TO eoptto 8pouoewe; emJ.lTJKUVOVTOl KOTO 50% TOU 0PXlKOU J.lrlKOue; TOUe; rl KOTO 25% ov revncaouv J.ltXPl TO OO<poMe; <popTio epvcotcc TOUe;. EniOT)e; tXOUV e~OlpeTlKrlIKOVOTTJTO OVOKTrl0eWe; TOU J.lrlKOUe; TOUe;. AUTrl TJeAOOTlK6Tr,TO etvoi eJ.l<POVrle;J.lOVOOTO J.lOV6nAOKO OXOlVlO us rplo EJ.l60AO KI 0XI OTO nAeKTO OXOIVlO J.lE:OKTW tJ.l60AO rl OTO OXOIVIO ue nAE:KTrl snevouon. To OXOlVlO VOUAOV elvni TO loxup6TepO OXOlVlO VIO OUVTJ8l0J.lEVee;XPrlOE:le;. 'OTOV 6poxouv XOVOUV TO 10% TTJe;OVTOXrle; TOUe;. H OXeTlKrl nUKVoTTJTO TOUe; elvm 1,14 VI' oUT6 6ev emnxeouv OTO vspo. To cnusto Trl~eWe; eivOl 240-260° C KOl 6ev enTJPeo~OvTol oe ncvevic -80° C. 'Exouv J.levOATJoVTiOTOOTJOTO OAKOAIO, oAM J.llKPrl oe J.lepiKO O~EO onwe; n.X. TO 8eIK6 O~U nou 6l0Mel Tie; ivee; TOU OXOlVlOU. H lKOVOTTJTO artoppoqmostoc TWV rcoeov elver E:~OlpeTlKrl KOI 6l0TTJpeiTOl oe 0TJJ.l0VTlKO 6081l0. 8) XXOIVIO 0"6 "OAU&UTtpo (TE:pUAtV). Ot ivee; TOUe; elver ouvexeie; oe 6AO TO J.lrlKOe;TOUe; KOl TJOVTOXrl TOUe; elver 6mAOOlO on6 TO OXOlVIO J.loviAo ue TO i6l0 J.ltve80e; KOl 65% TTJe;OVTOXrle; TWV OXOlVIWV ana noAuoJ.li6TJ (VOUAOV). Av revreaouv J.ltXPl TO <popTio aocuceroc emllTJKUvOVTOI KOTO 35% TOU 0PXlKOU J.lrlKOUe;TOUe; rtptv ortcoouv rl KOTO 15% ov rsvncaouv J.ltXPI TO oo<poMe; eoprto epvcotcc, 610TTJPWVTOe; e~OlpeTlKrl lKOv6TTJTO OVOKTrlOeWC; TOU J.lrlKOUe; TOUe;. H OVTOXrl TWV OXOlVlWV ana noxueorecc 6ev enT)peo~eTol on6 TO 6pE~lJ.l0. H oxeTlKrl nUKVOTTJTO TOUe; etvci 1,38, TO onueto Trl~eWe; 240-260°C KOl 6ev enTJPeO~OVTOl ce novwvlo -80°C. 'Exouv e~OlpeTlKrl OVTIOTOOT)OTO O~EO oAM. 0Xl OTO OAKOAlO. To OXOlVlO ana VOUAOV KOl orto noxuecrsoc txouv e~OlpeTlKrl OVTiOTOOT) OTTJV TPl6rl. Or e~wTeplKte; ivee; ov rpupeouv OXTJIlOT[~OUV tva xueuevo OTPWIlO lVWV nou rtpoororeuer onOTeAeOJ.lOTlKO TTJV ncponepo TPI6rl. H OVTOXrl TWV eOWTE:pIKWV IVWV OUTWV TWV OXOIVIWV 6ev enTJPeO~eTOl e<p600v 6ev unoPxel lleVOATJ TPI6rl lleTa~u TWV IVWV Kal lleTa~u TWV ell60Awv oav cum nou Ouvrl8we; ncpcmpetror OTa OXOIVIO on6 <pUTIKte; Ivec, To OXOIVIO VOUAOV rl ana rroxuecrepo XPTJOIJ.l0nOlOUVTOl noM ocv runucro OXOIVIWV evwllEva OTO OKPO TWV OUPIlOTOOXOivwv npooMoewe; TCJ)V rtxokov Via va cnoppocouv ro ortorouo TlVOVJ.laTa. To J.lrlKOe;ourov TWV TIlTJIlOTWV etvoi ouvnaec nsplnou 12m KOl 6p(oKeTOl OTO npoc T1'lV ~I1PO OKPO TOU oupucrooxofvou npooMoewe;. H vcoc TOU nooeuxccceror ana TTJVTPl6rl OTIe; 5tOTpee; nepITUAlVOVTOe; TI1V cuvnacc us MpJ.lo. y) XXOIVIO 0"0 "oAuBtvlo (po/ythene). H aVToXrl TOUe; elvm rteptnou 51nAOOla ana TO OXOIVU] uovtxo us TO (510 Iltve80e;. H emJ.lrlKuvafJ TOUe; av revnoaouv elvcn 33% Kat 14% IltXPI TO <p0pT(O 8pauoewe; rl TO oo<poMe; <p0pT(O epvaoioe; OVT(OTOlxa. Anoppooouv noM AIVo vspo OTOV 6paxouv, 610TI1POUV TTJV aVTOXrl TOUe; KOl enel5rl 11 oxeTlKrl nUKVOTTJTOTOUe; etvrn 0,92 J.ltXPl 0,95 erunxsouv oxe50v en' coprcro. To onueto Trl~eWe; TOUe; elver 120-135°C. ll.ev enTJpeo~ovTol ana rc rtsprcoorspo 610J.lTJxaVIKOXTJJ.lIKO KOI J.lIKpOOPvaVI0J.l0Ue; KOI etvcn aV8eKTIKO OTO <pwe; TOU I1AlOU KOI TTJV TPI6rl.

15

~) Ixo1vI6 arr6 rroAurrporruAtvlo (polypropylene).

Eivat

ro EAQ(pp6TEpa

OUV8eTlKa OXOlVla. 'Exouv

oxe~ov

bmAaOla

aVTOXTJana

llaviAa pe TO i~lO IlEVE80e;. H enLllTJKuvaf) TOUe;av rsvreaouv elver 44% Kat 17% IlEXPl TO q>opTio 8paUOEWe; TJ TO aoq>aMe; q>opTio epvaoiae; ovncroeeo. ~laTIlPouv TIlV aVTOXTJ TOUe; orov Bpaxouv Kal txouv IllKpTJ cnoppoonnxornrc. H oxeTlKIl TiUKVOTIlTa TOUe; elver 0,91 Kal snmxeouv OTO vsoo en' copioro. To onueto TTJ~eWe;TOUe; stvm 160-170°C Kal txouv IlEVaAIl

ru OXOlVla

nvrtorcon OTa o~ta Kal aAKaAla. Ta OXOlVla ana noxurtponuxsvro XPllOlllonoloUvTat

eupuroro

OTa eurtoptxn

nAoia VlaTi napOUOla~OUV IlEPlKa nAEOVEKTTJllaTa OE oxton IlE ro aAAa OXOlVla ana OUV8ETlKEe; IVEe;. Elvat OlKOVolllK6TEpa ana 'ro OXOtVta VaUAOV Kat ana nOAUEOTEpa (rspuxev) Kat EXOUV IlEvaAUTEPll aVTOXTJana ro OXOlVta noAu8Ev10U. 1.1 0 npocpuAo~1l
KOI GUYTI1PIlGIl Q)(OIYUdY

on6

GUyetTlde;

iV&e;.

Ot nEptOOOTEpEe; ana TIe; npoq>uM~Ele; Kat TIe; O~Ilv[Ee; Vla OUVTTJPllon nou tOXUOuv Vta rn OXOIVta ana cpU,tKte; [VEe; rtpenei va Ecpapll6~oVTat Kat vio rn OXOlVta ana VaUAOV. Ta 1l0VOnAOKa (IlE rplo tllBoAa) OXOlVta VaUAOV KaVOVtKa elver ~e~tOOTpoq>a Kat npsne: va TUAiVOVTOl OTa ruuncvo (KEq>aAapta) TWV BapOUAKWV TJ TOU ePVaTIl Kat TIe; aVEllee; KaTa rnv q>opa TWV ~etKTwv TOU POAOVtOU. H ouvemc neplEAl~Il (vrouxrcpiouo) TWV 1l0vonAOKWv OXOlVlWV xcrc rnv [~la ~lEU8uvon relvei va Oq>i~Et rnv nAE~Il (OTpElVIl) TOU OXOlVlOU TJva xaMoel rnv toopportio KaTaoKeuTJe; TOU. rla va anoq>eux8e[ aUTO rtpener nepto~tKa va nepteAiooeTat aVTi8eTa (TO ~e~lOOTpoq>O oxolVI rtpoc T' cprcrepc). Ta OXOtVta us nAeKTTJ enev~uoll, enel~TJ ~ev txouv tllBoAa nou orpsoouv, unopouv va nEptEAtX80uv TJva ,uAtX80uv vupw ana TO KEq>aMpt OE onoiconnoTE ~lEu8uVOll xwp[e; TO oxotVI va XaOEt TIlV toopponto TOU. Ta OXOtVta ana OUVSETlKte; iVEe; orcv TEVTWSOUV EnLllllKUVOVTal. EVTOUTOle; EnavanOKTOUV TO xuvovuco lleVESOe; TOUe;, ornv Il TOOll aneAEuSepwSE[, OE aVT[SEon us ro OXOlVta nrro cpUTlKte; IVEe;. 'Orov xcrvoupvio OXOlVI ana OUVSETlKte; lvee; TEVTWVETOl aKoUYOVTat tOXUPOI 8opuBOt nou rtooxcxouvrcn ana rnv Enava~tEu8tTIlon TWV EIlBoAWV. EnEt~TJ -Et~tKa TO OXOtV[ ana VaUAOV- orov KonEI 8a tXEt TEVTW8Ei KaTa 50%TOU IlTJKOUe; TOU, TlVa~eTOl rtpoc ro rtloto oav EAaTf)plo. Fin TO AOyO aUTO orcv TO OXOtVta TEVTWVOVTOl 8a rtpertei or aV~pEe; nou rn XElpi~oVTal va 6ploKOVTat llaKPla ana rnv «creusetcv ypallllTJ tA~EWe;. Ta OXOlVta VaUAOV, onwe; Kat T' aAAa OUV8ETlKa OXOtVla, EnLllllKUVOVTat yupw ana TO ~EUVOe; KIOVWV (Iln[VTEe;) nou tXOUV ~E8Ei orcv TEVTW80uv. Fro va IlEtw8El aUTTJ Il EnLllTJKUVOll Kat TPl6TJ Ton08ETOUIlE uro OTpOq>TJ(60ATa) Vupw ana TOV xlovn Tile; unlvroc nou slvm nAIlOlEOTEpa npoc TO onueto TPI6TJC;(n.x. rovoenvcc) npw Ton08ETTJoOllE 60ATEe; OXTJllaTOe; 0XTW one untvrsc; (OX. 1.10). 'ETOl, Il rcon KaTaVEIlETat KaT' apxr'J OTOV K[ova rtpoc rtpuuc Kal 6Xt OTOV rtotopulo, 6nou ea unopouce va ortoxortet 6Tav TJTaOll E[VatIlEyaATJ, 6nwe; n.x. OE PUIlOUAKTJon.

16

IX. 1.10.
rOOCTt"OC; rponoc npooMoeooc; OXOLVLOOV CTt"OUC; IdoveC; (IJn(vTeC;).

'Eva K6pKWIJa OXOLVLOUvauAov ~ev ~eTuAiyetOl 6nwe; oro Ct.Mo OXOLV1Ct. Tpa6wVTae; TO OKPO TOU usoc an6 TO 6vOIv~a TOU KOpKWlJaTOe;, aAAO 6nwe; oro oup ucrooxorva. Av TO OXOLVLOVOUAOV VLVOUV VALOTepo on6 Ao5LO ri AlTlaVTlKO npener va Ka8apLo8ouv. MIKper;; KI1MiSer;; unopouv va aq,aLpE8ouv XPI10LIlOnOLWVTGe; eAa<ppo MiSla 6n~ KIlPO~(VTl neTp€AaLO vTT'l~eA. Av navwoouv KOTO HI XPT']OTl TOUe; 8a npenel va AlWOOUV npooexrucc oe IJ€:Tplee; 8eplJOKpaoiec; KOI v' orrocrpcvvroaouv rtptv crrol6ax8ouv. OL napaTIlPnoele; nou oeocouv TO ~eTuAIYIJO, TT]V ano8riKeu0l1 KOI TOV KaBapIOIJ6 TWV OXOlVIWV VOUAOV lOXUOUV Kal YlaTa oMa OUV8eTlKO OXOLVIO.

B) IUPPOTOaxOIVO 1.11 Tponol KOTOOktuflC; OUPIlOTOOXOfvwv.

Ta OUPlJaTOOXOlvO (wire ropes) KaTOoKeuo~ovTOl ana oplBlJo OUplJOTWV nou eKTelVOVTOL ouvexwe; K08' 6AO to IJriKoe; TOU OUPIJOTOOXOLVOU.To xOAu6iSLva OUPIJOTO OXTllJaTL~OVTOIon6 oeuorortcvn x6Au6a, nou lJeTo6aMeTOI os AeTlT€:e; pCt6iSoue; ue ouvexe(c; KUALoelC; ovoueco ono KuMv6pouC;. AUToL 01 po66oi np006eUTlKO nupoKTwVOVTOl KOI KOT6mv tpUXOVTOI BaBI.lloia lJeXPl va y(vouv OUPIlOTO oorouevnc iSLOlJeTpou. To OUPIlOTO arp[BovTOl yupw on6 I-U'lTPO on6 Kovva611, ViOUTO Ti 'OUpIJO ouvil8we; npoe; TO cpurrspc YIO vo OX'lIJOTioouv to €:IJBOAO. To ellBoAo, ouvTi8wC; €~L, orptsovror npoc to 6el;La yupw on6 lJiO KUPLOIlTitpa an6 KovvaBI1 Ti YLOUTO yia va OXTJIJOTioouv TO 6el;16crrpocpo oUPIJoT6OXOlVO (OX. 1.11).

17 'E~~oXo

Kupla

~~tpa ami ~ YlO\Ha

xcivva~1J

LUp~ta M~tpa ami YlOUta ~ aup~a

IX. 1.11
Tp6noc; KQtaOKEUl']C; OUPIlQTOOXO[vou.

'Onox; Kat OTa OXOIVIO, ETOl Kat OTa OUPllaT6OXOlVa, 8qpa Yi IlYiKOe; nXE~illaTOe; EIVat 'l crtoorcon napaAA'lXa rtpoc TO ~laIlYiK'l a~ova, OT'lV ortolc EVa oupuc oUllnX'lpwvEI ilia nXYip'l OTPO<PYiyupw an6 TOV a~ova TOU EIl66Xou Yi Eva EIl60Xo yupw an6 TOV a~ova TOU oupucrooxoivou. EI~IKa vic ro oUPIlaT6OXOlva ~lvovTat 01 napaKaTw 0PIOIlOI: ~UVOA'K6 <popTfo 8paua£wc; (aggregate breaking load). To ouvoXo TWV 1p0PTlWV SpauoEWe; 6Xwv TWV aVE~apTYiTwv oupucttov nou XP'lOlIlOnOloUVTat vro va OX'lllaTloSEi Eva oupucroororvo. EA6X.aro <popTio 8paua£wc; (minimum breaking load). To IllKp6TEPO eoprto OTO ortolo Eva oupucrooxotvo onder 6TQV ~oKIlla~ETatIlEXPI KaTaOTpO<PYie;.AUTYi 'l TlIlYi EIVat ouvYiSwc; TO EYYU'llltvo 1p0PTl0 SpauoEwc; TOU KaTaoKEuaOTYi. ArrwA£.a rr£p.arpo<pqc; (spinning loss). H ~Ia<popa TOU OUVOXIKOU eoortou SpauoEwc; evoc oupucrooxoivou an6 TO npaYJ..laTlK6 <poPTIO SpauoEwC;, nou slvm novrors IllKp6TEPO an6 TO npWTO X6yw T'le; napaIlOP<PWOEW<; TWV ave~apTYiTwv oupucrtvov EJ..l66Xwv KaTa rn ~lapKela T'lC; KaTaoKEuYic;. ~"p£io urroxwpqa£wc; (yield point). To onueto 6nou 'l avaXoyia T'lC; ~uvallewC; tX~EWC; npoe; T'lV xcrcnovnon au~avEI crtorouo. To onueto 6nou TO oUPJ..laT6OXOlVO urropel va napallopQ>w8ei uovuic. Ta neorooorepc ououcrcovowc KaTaoKEuol;ovTal ana xoXu6a aMo J..lEPIKO KaTaOKeuol;oVTat an6 <pwo<popOUXo opeixaAKO, (Kpolla xaAKou, xcorrepou Kal <pwo<p6pou), nou elva oKX'lP6 Kal ouvcuo eXaOTIK6. Ta rteprooorepc xaM6~lva oupucrooxowo elvor yaA6aVl0J..lEVa yLQ va ueuoverm 'l i5la6pwol') TOUe;. yaX6avlOJ..l6e; TWV OUPJ..laTWvyiVETQI nOVTa npiv OX'lJ..laTlOSei TO EJ..l60Xo. 0 OuyxpOVoe; yaA6aVlOJ..l6e; ue 'lAeKTp6XuOll J..lelWVel KaTa noM IllKp6 nooocro T'lV aVToxYi TOU oupucrooxoivou Kal rnv l~loT'lTa TOU va smurpcuvercr AEmUv6J..lEvO. Ta OUPJ..laTOOXOlva nou XP'lOlJ..l0nOIOUvTar OTO J..l'lxaVOOToOlo Yi OE aXXoue; KXElOTOUC;xwpoue; elvoi ucuoo, ~'lXa~Yi xwpie; yaA6avloIl6. EKT6e; an6 J..leplKa ei~'l ertcprov, 6nou 'l TPl6Yi TOU OUPJ..laT6oxolvOU KaTaOTpE<pEl TO yaX6aVl0J..l6. ro neprooorepo oUPJ..laT6OXOlva nou XP'lOlJ..lOnOloUvTat OTa nAola Kat OTa aXIEuT IKcl elver yaX6avlOIlEva. Ta aVE~clpT'lTa cupucrc Kal ro EJ..l60Xa npOKaTaOKEUa~OVTQl ue eXIKoel~Ee; oxYiJ..la nptv nXexSouv OTO OUPllaT6oxOlVO. 'ETOl ro oupuorc Kal ro EIl60Xa sptoxovrca OTIC;npaYJ..laTlKEc; TOUe; StOEle; eXeuSEpa an6 Eown:pIKEe; TOOELe;Kal ' ~EV ortouoxpuvovrm IlETa~u TOUe;, av TO cupucrooxorvo xortel Yi onccei.

18

H KUpla I-UiTpa ana YlOUTa Ii Kovva6Tl e~u~pen:i TOU~ e~li~ oxonouc: 1) Aerroupvsl aav OTpWlJa enovw OTO onolo aKOUlJnOUv rc t1J60Aa, smrpertovroc TOU~ va nopouv TTl CPUOlKIiTOU~ 8tOll, orcv TO aUPIJaT6oxOlVo KOlJmeTal Ii unoxerrm oe Toael~. 2) Anoppocpo TO AlvtAato Ii aAAo AmavTlK6 us TO ortolo nperter va aAeicpeTat neplO~lKO TOaUPlJaTOOXOlVO. 'Orov TOaUPIJaT6oxolVO KOlJmeTat r'l revroveTat, TO AmavTlK6 OTi6eTal lJeTa~U TWV aUPIJOTWVAmaivovTo~ Ta Kal lJelWVOVTO~ TTlV TPl61i lJeTa~u TOU~. 3) Au~ovel rnv eUKalJlJlia"Kat eAaOTlK6TTlTa TOU oupucrooyoivou. rla epvootec, 6nou nptnel va aVTIIJeTWma80uv lJ&yoAe~ Toael~, ovrtcrcon oe uIJITlAt~8ePIJOKpaaie~, aU~TllJtvTl avTOXr'lIi eMXIOTTl eAaOTIKOTTlTa PTlOlIJOnOlX OUVTOIaUPlJaTOOXOlVaue Kupla IJIiTpa ana aUPlJoTlva tIJ60Aa il ana tva aVe~OpTTlTOoupucrocgowo. Ta aUPlJaTOOXOlVanou txouv Kupla IJIiTpa ti lJilTpa eIJ60Awv ana CPUTIKt~ ive~ nperter va npocpuMyovTOI an6 TTlV uypaaia, Tl onoto av ro ~Ianepoael unopsl va npoKaAta&1 ~lo6pwOll OTTlV Kap~lo TOU oupucrooxoivou Ii TOU eIJ66Aou Kat TTlypliyoPTl aXPTlOTiaTOU.'OAe~ 01Kavvo6lve~ lJilTpe~ 6u8il;ovTal, npiv Ton08eTTl80uv OTOaUPlJaT6oxOlVo, Yla lJeyaAa ~laOTfllJaTa oe 8eplJalvouevc AmavTIKo wOTe va 1J0UaKtlJlOuv TeAeiw~ 01 ive~. To cupuorooxorvo AmaiveTat KaTo TTl~lopKela OXTllJaTlalJOU TWV&1J66AwV TOU,orcv KaTOaKeuol;eTal. 'ETOI TuAiyeTal OTTlv avtlJTl txovTO~ Amav8d nAlipw~.

1.12 n&plypaCPft, pty&9oC; Kal &ii51"1 uppaToaxofvwv. o

'Eva aUPlJaTOOXOlVoavayvc.opil;eTat IJ& TO IJty&80~ Kat TTlV KaTaaKeuil TOU rmpuxstnovrnc TOV rpono KaTaaKeur'lc; TWV&1J66Awv' n.x. 24mm 6 x 24 SWR (steel wire rope, XaAu6~lvo aUPlJaT6oxOlvo). 0 ap181J6~ 6 eKcppal;el TOV apl81J6 TWVeIJ66Ac.ovnou txel TO aUPIJaT6OXOIVO Kal 0 24 TOV apI8IJo TWVaUPIJOTWV avo E1J60Ao.Ta aUPlJaTOOXOlvanou XPTlOlIJOnOlOUvTal TOelJnOplKO vcunxo O txouv KaTo xovovo t~1 t1J60Aa. To IJtye8o~ TWVoupucroogofvov npoa~lopil;eTatlJeTpWVTO~ TTl~lalJ&TpO 0& mm. H IJETPTlOll tvenn ue naXUIJ&TpOoe onoioonnore onueto TTlC; v neplcptpelec; Kat Ko8eTa OTTl lJeyaAuTepTl ~IOlJeTpO, onwc:: Kal OTa OXOlVla (OX. 1.3). Ta IJIiKTl rov aUPlJaTooxoivwv uerpouvrcr 0& IJtTpa Kal napa~iVOVTat 0& KOpKwIJaTa rov onokov ro lJilKTl nOIKiAouv IJ& TO ei~~ Kat TO IJEye86~ TOU~. '000 IJIKpOTepo eivat TO IJty&80~ rooo lJ&yaAUT&PO elvor TO IJtiKO~ TOU KOpKWlJaTO~. a ~locpopa ei~Tl aUPlJaTooxoivwv nou Kupic.o~XPTlOlIJOnOlouVTat T etvm 6x12, 6x19, 6x24, 6x36 Kat 6x41. lJeyaAuT&po~ ap181J~ aUplJOTc.oV avo tIJ60Ao au~av&1 TTlV aVToxti TOU oupparooxoivou, aAAo 6Xl oncpcrmro Kal TTlV&uKalJlJlia. H eUKalJlJlia au~oveTat cv XPTlOlIJOnoltiaOIJ&aUPIJaT6oxOlvo IJ& tIJ60Aa,' TWV ortokov 01 lJilTpec; ortotexouvrcr an6 CPUTlKt~tvec. ~TTlV neptrnoon aUTti vio TO i~lO IJty&80~ aUPlJaTOOXOlvOU lJelwVeTat Tl aVToxti TOU. E~oMou, Tl aVToxti Kat Tl eUKalJlJlia aU~OVeTat av TO aUPIJaT6ox01Vo OXTlIJaTla8ei ana lJeyoAo apl81J6 aUPIJOTWV IJlKPIic; ~laTOIJIi~ yupc.o an6 cuppcnvn lJilTpa.

19

Iup~aT6axolvo ue 12 oupucro avo t~60Ao enovw an6 ~f)Tpa an6 <pUTlKte; (vee;oe Ko8e t~60Ao unopel va elvrn nepiocorspo euxourrro an6 oup~aT6axOlvo ~E (lilO ~tye80e; nou tXEl 24 oupucrc avo t~60Ao enovw an6 ~la [lila urrroo os 6Do OTpw~aTa OUp~OTWV.AUT6 o<peLAeTalOTO on l1 ~f)Tpa OTO npdrro oupucrcoxowo elval axeTlKo ~eyaAuTepl1 an6 aUTf) TOU6euTtpou. 'ETOl, orov M~e 6n l1 eUKa~lIIla elvm eu8twc; avoAoVl1 ~E TOVapl8~6 TWVOUp~OTWVavo t~60Ao, EVVOU~Ecupucrooxoivc TWVonokov ro t~60Aa txouv Mo f) nepioooTEpa OTpw~aTa (OTpWOEle;)OUp~OTWV. ITa oup~aT6axOlva 6x19, 6x26, 6x36 Kat6x41 Ol ~f)TpEe;TWVE~66Awv E(Vat an6 ououc Kal KoBe t~60Ao urtopel va txel 2 f) 3 f) oxouc Kal 4 orpepcro OUp~OTWV av6.Aoya ~E TO~tye80e; TOUoupucrooxoivou Kat TTJV KaTaoKEuf) TOU. AUT6e; 0 rponoc KaTaoKEuf)e; npooli(6el OTa oup~aT6axOlva ~EyaMTE:pl1 aVToxf) ana ro cupucrooxoivc ~E ~f)Tpa an6 Ivsc, aMo 6Xl onw06f)noTe nepiooorepn eUKa~lII(a, eKT6e;av txouv e~atpeTlKO ~ey6.Ao apl8~6 OUp~OTWV oe Ko8E t~60Ao. napaKOTW ava<ptpoVTat ro e(6l1 TWVououorooxotvev Kal Ol epvootec Yla ne; ortolsc ouvf)ewc; Xpl10l~OnOloUVTat. a) raA8avlaptva auppaT6C1}(OIVa (galvanized wire ropes). Xpnourortotouvtm oe epyaoiee; nou unoPxel meaV6TTJTa va 6la6pweouv Myw uypao[ae;, 6nwe; n.x. OTa ~opna TOUnAoiou. Enel6f) OTa yah6aVlo~tva oup~aTO l1 tntv6uOTJ TOU lIIeu6opyupou onoucxpuveror ypf)yopa Myw <p8opoe;,rn oup~aT6axolva aUTOyevlKo 6ev nptntl va xpl1Ol~OnOlOuvTOlvto avulllwOTJ 6apwv. 8) EUppaT6C1}(olva XflJpfC;rrpoaraafa (uncoated wire ropes). Xpnouronorouvrm oe xwpoue; nou nooorcreuovror an6 TTJVuvpcotc f) oe epvootec 6nou <p8e(poVTat ypf)yopa Myw TWV TPl6wv, anwe; Yla ouvexe(e; avulllwoele; 6apwv. Mnopouv va xpl10l~Onoll18ouv eKTe8el~tva OTl1Vuypaoto, 6nwc; n.x. oav OAKO((YKolliee;) <pOPTWTi)pWV, Kahu<p80Dv ~t npooroav reunxn emK6.Aullll1 ana AmavnKo OUVTl1pf)OEwc; KaTo KavovlKo 6laaTf)~aTa. y} EUPPOT6C1}(OIVOarr6 tpfIJatpopouxo ope/xaAKo (phosphor-bronze wire ropes). 'Exouv ~lKp6Tepl1 aVToxf) ana ro XahD66lVa oup~aT6axolva TOU (lilOU ~eyt80ue;, Yl' aUT6 Kal TO ao<paMe; <p0pT(Oepvcotcc TOUe;slvrn ~lKp6TtpO. E(vat avn~aYVl1nKO Kat ouvf)8LI>e;xpl1Ol~OnOlOUVTat os ~lKPO nAo(a. Av6.Aoya ue TOVrpono KaTaoKeuf)e; TOUe; o oup~aT6axolva lilaKp[vovTal oe: r a) 6x7. E(val ro rno 6uoKa~ma Kal KaTaoKEuo~ovTal uovo yaA6avlo~tva. Kup(WC;xpl1Ol~OnOlouvTal Yla ~6Vl~0 e~apno~6 Kat slvm aKaToMl1Aa Yla avulllwOTJ 6apwv. 8) 6x12. Enel6f) l1 Kupla ~f)Tpa Kat l1 ~f)Tpa Ko8e t~66Aou elvot ana (vee;, ro oupuorooxoivc aUTO, elvm rtepiooorepo eUKa~ma an6 rn cupuorooxoivc 6x19 f) 6x36 eMo ue ~lKpaTep'l aVToxf). Xp'lOl~OnOlOUVTat KupiWC;Yla 6tOl~0 <p0pT(WV(ax. 1.12a(a)]. y) 6x19. Ta un yah6aVlo~tva oupucrocsowo ana xoAu6a txouv ~ey6.Al1 aVToxf) Kal Xpl10l~OnOlouvTal KuplWC; to avulllwOTJ~eyoAwv 6apwv, l6laiTepa v oe <popTwTi)pee; Kal 6UeOKapOUe;.E[vat rno MOKa~ma Kal ue ~tYahUTepl1 aVTOxf) an6 TO ei6'l nou ava<ptpovTal Kat stvm KaToMl1Aa Yla yevlKte; epvootsc avulllwoewe; [ax. 1.120(6)].

20

6} 6x24. 'Exouv AlYO uixporspn eUKa~tJlla ana Ta oupucrooxowc 6x12 aAM uevcxurspn aVToxi]· Kupkoc XPTJOll10nOlOUVTaieKe( 6nou TJ aVToxi] TOU OUPl1aTOOXOIVOU 6x12 us TO (~10 l1eye80c; ~ev etvoi IKaVOnOITJTIKi]Kalil lleyc:iAll eUKal1tJ1(a~ev elven 0 KUpIOe;napc:iywv eMoyije; [OX. 1.12a(y)]. £} 6x36. Elvnt noM suxcurrro Kal xwp[e; yaA6aVlOl1o. XPllOll10nOlOUVTaI vic avutJlwOTJl1eyc:iAwv6apwv, el~IKc:i orcv 01 ouv8i]Kee; epvcotcc elvm apKeTc:i 5lioKoAee;, onwe; n.X. oe vspcvouc, onou 1l ~la~eTpOe; TWVpaouAwv elvor KaT' avc:iYKTJ 111KpOTePTJ an6 rnv eruauunrn [OX. 1.12a(~)]. (TT) 6x3x19 (spring lay wire rope). Elvrn el~IK6 oUPl1aT6oxOlVo [OX. 1.12a(m)]. ~Xlll1aT[~eTat an6 e~l Kupla &1160Aanou TUAlYOVTaIyupw ana ilia Kupla I1i]TPa ana q>UTlKee; vsc. Kc:i8e £1160Ao cnorsxetrm t orro rpic t~6oAa orro q>UTlKte; vee; Kal rpln tl160Aa ana 19 OUPl1aTaTOKa8tva vujxo ana unrpo ana [ q>UTlKte; Ivec. Elval noM suxcurrro, euxoxo moue; Xe1p10110Ue; at OTO K TuAlYl1a. H ovrom TOUetvci rsrpcnxcoic ana ourn TWVOXOIVIWV ano q>UTlKte; (vee KatSO% l1eyahlnepTJ ana TOOX01vivnuxov ue TOiOlO I1tye80e;. Av8£KTlKa

6 x12

•
24

6 x 19

G)

6 x 36

6 x 41

6x 3 x 19

CD
IX. 1.120. KaTaoKt:uli ouppcrooxolvov ue 6 £1l6oAa.

.21

OTT)q>80po ana TO 8aAaoOlVO vsoo KOl nc; KatPlKS<; ouvanxec, XPT)Oll-l0nOle[Tat vio TT)V noooccon TWV nAO[WV Ii vic PUJlOUAKT)OT) Myw TT)<;uevcxurspnc wKallljJ[a<; Kat eAaaTlKOTT)Tac;. Enel51i elver ouvouoouoc OXOlVlOU Kat oupucTOOYO[vou noenei va TO q>povTi~oJle ovcxovo.

{) To

aUPPoT6UXOIVO 7x7, 7x19 KOI 7x37 (OX. 1.126). txouv OUPJlOTlVT) JlliTpa Kal enouevoc usvoxurspn aVToxTi aAM JllKp6TepT) euKaJlljJ[a. XpT)OlJlOnOlOUVTOl vio avoAoyee; spvcotec, onwe; vic uovuio e~apnoll6 (~opTla) Ti we; eVloxuTlKOI OAKO[ (petpoproo).

7x7

7x 19

®
IX. 1.126. KaTaoKEUr; oup~aToaxoivwv ~E 7 t~6o"a.

1.13 AVTOX!\ oUPtJ0ToCJ)(ofvwv KOI RlaTOnOI'lTIKO. rpono xcrcoxeunc

8pauoew<;

H aVTOxTi TWV oupucrooxotvcov e~apToTOl an6 TO Iltye90e;. TO UAlK6 KOl TOV TOUe;. Or enouevoi rurtor otvouv TO KaTO npOOSYYlOT) q>0pT[O
Yla OUPllaTOOXOlva i5laq>6pwv KaTaoKeuc.i>v. <!l0pT[O 9pauoewe;

Turtoi OUPllaTOOXO[VWV
6x12

(os TOVVOUe;)

152
34

6x24

152
25

6x36 .ortou 5 11 5lolleTpo<; oe mm. ITOV rnvoxo 1.13.1 q>a[veTOl TO q>OPTIO 9pauoewe;

152
17

ce kg KOl TO 6opoe; eve

100m IlTiKoue; oupucrooxotvev Ile i5loq>opa lleyt911 KOl KaTaoKeuTi, 6nwe; 6x19 Ile Kupla IlTiTpa an6 tvec, 6x2S ue aVe~OpTI1TI1 IlTiTpa an6 ououcrooxorvo oe Koge SJl60AO, 6x24 ps Kupla IlTiTpa Kal aVe~OpTI1TI1IlTiTpa oe Ko8e tll60AO an6 Ivec, 6x36 ue Kupla IlTiTpa ana [vee; Kal 6x37 Ile Kupla IlTiTpa an6 lvec, 'Onwc; KOl ore OXOlVlO ETOl Kal oro OUPllaTOOXOlva, TO q>0pT[O 9pauoewe; nou 6p[oKeTOl ana TOUe; rurtouc Ti TOUe; ntvoxsc elvm gewPI1TlKo. To rtpovucmxo q>opTio 8pauoewe; 6p[oKeTOl uovo OTOV TO OUPllaT6OXOlVO un06Al18ei os npaYllaTlKTi i50KlilTi IlEXPl va 9pauogeL

~pTlo sr -g

9poucn:t«;
6x19+FC

KG'

ntNAKM 1.13.1 8IIpCX; auPPGTOOXO{V6IV lJlGtp6p61V peye9cilv

6x25+IWRC 6X24+7 FC 6x36+FC

KG' KGTG(JI(euq,.

8.E
<l

6x37+FC
00

t; E
::low 0

vE

-0-

a.O

00

CDC,
9.4 13.1 16.6

-0-

8.8
~

vE

vE

~
1600 2.200 2.800 3.500 5.000 5.900 6.900 9.000 11.400 15.500 20.300 23.800 29.600 33.800 40.700 45.600 56.000 62.100 67.800 74.500 87.600 95.200 102.100 118.500 125.500 135.400 18.5 26.5 31.6 45.1 51.6 59.5 86.0 106.1 140.6 165.5 208.0 238.4 288.3 298.0 382.7 426.3 445.2 486.5 615.7 622.0 671.0 721.0 828.0 884.0 942.0 1.002.0 1.127.0 1.192.0 1.259.5 1.400.0 3.200 4.300 5100 7.300 8.400 9700 14.000 17.200 22.600 26.900 33.800 38.700 47.000 51.200 62.200 69.300 76.500 83.700 100.100 106.900 115.300 124.000 142300 152.000 162.000 172.200 193.700 204.800 216300 240.400 8.4 12.4 17.3 21.8 27.0 32.6 38.9 45.6 60.7 85.0 97.4 130.7 155.5 182.5 227.0 244.2 276.5 313.8 369.5 412.8 470.0 516.0 564.5 622.0 675.0 730.0 787.3 846.7 908.2 989.6 1087.1 1 124.6 1.400 2.000 2.800 3600 4.400 5.300 6.400 7.500 9.900 13.600 16.000 21400 25.500 29.900 37.200 39.800 45.300 54.200 60.600 69.700 77.000 84.600 92.500 101.900 110.600 119.600 129.000 138.700 132.300 160.800 177600 183000

CDC,

-0CD--

a.o

~
8.5 1.400 2.070 2.500 3.600 4.300 5.500 6.700

6 8 9
10 11 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60

12.7 15.6 24.0 29.5 36.0 43.0 50.0 69.5 96.0 119.0 143.6 173.9 212.5 251.0 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.200 8.500 11.700 16.200 20.000 24300 30.100 35.700 42.100 48.100 324.0 375.0 420.5 476.0 525.0 576.0 637.6 692.8 752.2 836.0 923.7 991.5 1061.0 1.144.0 1219.0 1.296.0 54.500 63.100 70.300 80.200 88.400 97.000 107.300 116.700 126.500 138.200 155.600 167.000 178.800 192.600 205.300 218.400 22.2 26.0 33.0 40.7 49.0 68.4 91.1 113.8 138.5 163.0 196.0 233.0 274.0 318.0 352.0 409.0 461.2 511.5 558.0 633.0 683.0 722.8 792.2 865.6 933.0 1012.0 1.095.0 1.180.0 1.259.5

20.9 29.5 34.6 41.0 53.5 67.7 92.2 120.4 141.4 175.9 201.0 241.8 271.0 320.0 361.6 396.9 442.6 512.5 565.6 597.8 703.7 738.0 804.0

a.ooo
11.200 14.900 18.700

27100 32.200 38.300 45.000 52.200 57.900 67.100 75.800 84.000 93.800 104000 108.900 118.700 130.000 142.200 153.300 168.400 180.000 194.000 206.600

'Omoc Kat ro OXOlVlO ETOl Kal ro cupucrooxorvn, nptv XPTJOlllOnOlTJ8ouv ~OKlIlO~OVTallEXPl TO CPOPTIO 8pauaew<:; TOUC:;Kal auvO~eUOVTQl n6 aVGAoyo I a nlOTOnOlTJTlK6. ITO OXrllla 1.13 cpalveTat nlOTOnOlTJTlK6 ouvnaiouevou ~e~l6OTpOCPOU oupucrooxofvou 6x24 rtou cnorexetrm an6 aVe~OpTTJTaaM6~lva x ououcro aVTOXrlC:; oe TOOTJ ecpeAKuallou 160-180kglmm2 Kat TOU onolou TO ~eiYlla Exel 8paua8el KaTO TTJ ~OKlllrl oe TOOTJ 25 800kg. To aacpaAtc:; eoprto epvcotoc TWV cuoucroovotvov elver TO '/6 TOU eoortou 8pauaewc:; (ouvrexsomc aacpGAelac:; 6) Yla TO uovuro e~apTlall6 Kat vro aUPIlaT6OXOlva npoaMaeeu<; TWV nAoiwv xm yevlKrlC:; XPrlaewc:;. rla TOV xrvouuevo e~apTlall6 Kat TlC:; cprevec (ocuncvic) TO aacpaAtc:; CPOPTIO epvcotoc nepLOpi~eTal OTO '/8 TOU eoprtou 8pauaewc:; Kal '/'2 Yla TTJV avuljJwOTJ 6apwv.

23

TEST CERTIFICATE
No.: 7491

CERTIFICATE OF TEST AND EXAMINATION OF WIRE ROPE

This form is based on the standard international form of certificate approved by Ihelnternational Labour Organisatial for

the

test

and exaJ';ination

of wire ropes

used in the loading

and unloading

of ships

Name and Address of Maker or Supplier of the Rope: Construction of Rope: Number of Strands Number of Wires per Strand
Lay ~6~X~2""4"___

_
_ ~ __

Size-Diameter in mm/Circumference in inches: _"'-2-"-4MM='--:6 : 24

:

RIGHT HAND REGULAR

160-180 25.800 KGS/MM2 _ KGS

Tensile Strength of Wire Date of Test of Sample of the Rope : Load at which the Sample broke Proof Load Safe Working Load (subject
staled quaJif ying conditions) to any

_,._1~9-,--. 0"'4'"-."--'8".,8"----

Name and Address of Buyer - MN : Quantity Date of Shipment :

2PCS X 200 M
&

_
1PC X 175 M _

~1~9o..:.'__'0'_'4"_'.'--'8'__'8=___

We certify that the above particulars are correct and that the test and examination were carried out by a competent person and that the items described herein were tested and thereafter examined and were found to be free from cracks. flaws or other defects. DATE: 19.04.88

IX. 1.13. Ihorortornruco aupj..IQToaxo[vou.

1.14 npocpuAo~1'I KOI OUVTl\pl'IOI'l OUPlJoToaxolvwv. Ta aUPlJaTOOXOlva xpeul~ovTal lJevaAlJTepec; npOqlUM~elC; Kat ouvrnpnon ana ro OXOlVlOana qlUTlKtC; lvsc. nptnel va TUAivovTat oe cveuec. orcv 5ev XP'lalIJOnOlOUVTal, evw uic anAr, ouorooen (6epiva) unopet va KaTOOTptljJel TO KaMTepo aUPllaTooxolvO. To aUPlJaTOOXOlva5ev crtoppooouv TlC;ouctpooec rooo euxoxo onwc; TOOXOlVlO, nel5r, ovatcrcvrm OTlC; OlJljJelC;, cnorexeouo e K ue va cuorpeoovrm (6eplvlo~OUV) Kat va nepmAeKOVTal eUKoAa. Av oUll6ei oUT6 ~ev nperrei vo rsvreooue TO aUPlloT6OXOlVO VlO va cnoucxpuvoue T'l OUOTP0qlr" vurrt aUT6 Sa urtocrst 1J6VllJ'l ~'llllO (Sa aU~'lSei TO6r,lJa TOU0' Eva onueto, OX. 1.14a). H ouorpoon nou qlOiveTat aav xouxouoc r, S'lAelo IJlKPr,C; l0IJETPOUcnoucxpuverm movovroc TO aUPlJaTOOXOlVO ro 5 pe 500 XEPlO oe KoSe nAeupo Kat onpwxvovTac; npoc ro IJEaa Vla va lJevaAWael '1 5lolleTpoc; T'lC;ouorpoenc, onere OUTr,SO ~eOTpiljJel1l6v~ TT'J<; ~O<PVlKO un6 T'lV rtoounoaeon 6n ro oupucro 5ev txouv KalJqlSei r, urtooret 1J6VllJ'l ~'llJia (OX. 1.146). ..

®
l:x.
1.14a.
OnOlJoKPUVO&W<; oUOTpoqnic; OUPIJQToO){oivou.

Aa6oc; rpenoc

l:x.
IWOT6C; rportoc

®
1.148.

onolJoKpUVO&W<; oUOTpoqn;c; oupucrooyolvou.

25 Kan] T11XP!'JOT]TOUC;ro OUPIlaT6OXOlVa rtpertei va Ka8api~oVTat, va e~eTa-. ~ovTal Kal va AmaivovTal. Ynapxouv nOAAa AmavTlKa VIa T11 OUVT!'JP11OT] TWV oupucrooxotvov. ~11llaoia txel TO onorccennore ouvaeoetoc AmaVTlK6 va slvm apKeTa Aem6, VIa va eloxwp!'Joellltoa OTa IllKpa ~laOT!'JllaTa TOU OUPllaT6OXOlvou Kat au vouo va txel apKeT!'J OUVOX!'JVIa va npooKoM118ei 0' aUT6 VIa upxsrd 51aOT11lla. nplV XP110l1l0nOI118ei TO AmaVTlK6, 8a rtparter TO oupuoroovowo va Ka8apl08ei Kat va OTeVVWOel. Ta OUPIlaT6OXOlva rtpertei ouveXWC; va eAtvxovTal VIa eOWTeplK!'J ~la6pw011, KOlllltva oupuorn, unep60AlK!'J cp80pa Kat oI'JlJI11 T11C;l!'JTpac;. MeplKa xouuevo I oupucro oe IllKP!'J an6OTaOT] lleTa~u TOUC; 0' tva tll60AO ortorexouv noM llevaMTepo Kiv5uvo an6 TOV i510 apl81l6 KOlllltvwv oupucuov, nou txouv KaTavell118ei ce 6AO TO Il!'JKOC; TOU oupuarooyoivou. To oupuctoovotvo rtpertst va cvnxctcoroaet, orov 0 OUVOAlK6C;ap181l6c; TWV xouuevev oupuorov oe ilIa an6OTao11 iOT] ue TO 6!'Jlla TOU ououcrooxoivou eivatllevaMTepoc; an6 TO 4% TOU OUVOAIKOU cpiauou TWV oupucrov TOU. 'Eva oupucrooxowo n.x. 6x 19 nepltxe1 114 ave~apT11Ta oupucro. Av lleTP1180uv 5 xouuevo oupucro oe Il!'JKOC; too ue TO 6!'Jlla TOU, T6Te TO OUPIlaT6OXOlvO 8a rtpertsi va aVTlKaTaOTa8eL 01 onorouec orpoeec, OTIC;ortolec unoxetvrcr ro OUPllaT6OXOlva, ornoc 6TOV aAM~ovTOC; T11 51eu8uvo!'J TOUC; nepvouv usee an6 aVKUAla (KAeI51a) !'J an6 nopnec (ucnec) KaTaOTpwllaTOC; !'J ertcve an6 TIC;aKpec; sxooucnov, txouv oav T11 1l6vlll11 6M611 TOUC;. Ecp600v aUT6 elver ~uvaT6v, ro OUPIlaT6OXOlva 5ev rtpertei va KallnTOvTat cnorouc oe avanO~11 KalllJl11, ornoc TO vpalllla S, 511Aa~!'J rtepvovrac; sncve an6 tva paOUAO OTptcpOVTOC;cpurtepo Kat alltowc; OTptcpOVTOC;5e~la ndvto an6 tva aAAo paouxo. 'OTOV TO OUPIlaT6oxOlVO 51eu8uveTat an6 tva Tp6X1AO O· tva ruunovo 6apOUAKOU, 11vevto ~leu8uvoewc; 5ev rtpertei va uneosclver TIC;5° an6 TO erttneoo TOU pcouxou TOU TpoXiAOU. To TUAlVlla TOU ououcrooxolvou OTO ruuncvo sopouxxou oe rteprooorepo an6 tva orpeucro slvm 6Aa6ep6 VIa TO OUPllaT6OXOlvo aAAa ~UOKOAO v' anocpeux8eL 'OAOl Ol «crcoxeucorec oupucrooxolvev opi~ouv uro eAaXlOT11 ~lalleTpo VIa ro paouAa TWV TpoXiAWV, TO ~e coprto aocuoeec Kat TO exnueuevo aocpaAtc; eoprto epvnotcc elver VI' aUT!'J T11v eMXlOT11 ~lalleTpo TpoXiAOU Kat VIa uetpro TOXUT11TO.H llevaA11 TaXUT11Ta au~avel T11cp80pa OTO OUPIlaT6OXOlvO 6X1 uovo A6vw T11C; aU~11lltv11C; TPI6!'JC;OTO auMKl TOU pcouxou, aAM aK61l11 rtepioccrepo A6vw T11C;TPI6!'JC; TWV OUPllaTWv TO tva encve OTO aMo. H ~lalleTpoc; TOU ocouxou, srtdvco an6 TO ortolo rtspvc TO ououcrocgorvo, ~ev rtpertsi va etvoi IllKp6Tep11 an6 TO eucoocrtxcoio T11C; lalltTpou ~ TOU au puorooxoivou Kat T600 uevoxurspn 600 neprcoorspo MOKallmo elver TO OUPllaT6OX01vo. To aUAaKl TOU pcouxou rtpertet va txe1 TO KaTaM11Ao Iltve80c;, WOTe TO oupunrooxoivo nou rrepvo encve an6 aUT6 va unv txe1 apKeT!'J eAeu8epia Kat Kupiwc; va ll11v Tpi6eTat OTIC;nAeuptc; TOU auAaKlou. To auMKl TOU ocouxou, TOU TpoXiAOU !'J TOU ruuncvou TOU scoouxxou, soocov 51aTi8eTat, npenei va unOOT11pi~el TO tva TpiTO T11C; eoupepetcc TOU oupucrooxcivou. n H 51alleTpoc; TOU aUAaKlOu rtpsner va elver 5%-10% uevcxurepn an6 aUT!'Jv TOU au pucrooxoivou (§ 2.1.3, ox. 2.111)·

crtorexeouo

26

H <pSopa TOU OUPIlOTOOXOIVOU elver uevcxurspn 000 usvcxurson elver TJ TOXUTTJTaspvcotcc TOU. ria uevcxurepn anOOOOTJ xrn OIKOVOllia elver rtporurorspo va au~tioolle TO coprto. napa TTJVTOXUTTJTaepyaoiac:; TOU oupucrooyoivou. H OlalleTP0C:; TOU TUllnaVOU ti TTJC:; otOTpac:; vupto ono TO ortolo ruxtvercn tva OUPIlOTOOXOlVO rtpsrter va elver TOUAaXIOTO 12nAaOla an6 TTJOlall£TPO TOU oupucrooxotvou, evw an6 TOV KUAIVOPO vupto orto TOV onolo rtpoxerrot va neoooer tva OUPIlOTOOXOIVO TOUAaXIOTOV 1 Ortxnom. Ta cuppcroovoivc OTIC:; noStiKec:; TOU nxolou rtpenei va OTOI6a~OVTOI sncvco a oe OIKTUWTa (Ka<paOla) Kal va uvcrrooovupkovrcr KaTa o laOTti ucro , WOTe TO scooc TOU KopKwllaToc:; va <pEpeTat oe ola<popETlK6 IlEPOC:;TOU OXOIVIOU Kat vto va orcucrc TJ anOOTpaYYI011 TOU AmaVTIKOU. 'OTaV TUAiYOIlE (VTOUKlapOUIlE) Eva oupucrooxorvo OTO KaTaOTPWlla, TUAiyOIlE TO OE~16OTpO<p0npoc:; TO OE~IO IlE TO EAEUSEPO aKPO TOU va nEpIOTpE<pETal, ETIEIOti KaTa TO TUAIYlla Sa cvorrrureouv OUOTPO<PEC:; (6EpiVEC:;). Av TJaKPTJ OEV urtopel va neptcrpcoel, TO OUPllaTOOXOlVO Sa TUAiYETat IlE KO<PTEC:; 60ATEC:;. Aurec EiVat60ATEC:; npoc:; ro OE~la aMo IlE TO OTUAIKTO runpo vo 6pioKETai KaTW nrto TTJVTEAEUTa(o 60ATa nvrl nrto rtnveo (OX. 1.14y). 'ETOl, urtoucxpuvovrm 01 OUOTpO<PEC:; . 'Eva KatVOUPYIO cupucrocxorvo Yla va npWTOXPTJOlIlOnOITJSei Sa rtpertst va ~eTUAlxSEi TO KopKWlla orto TOV KUAIVOPO ti TTJV OVEIlTJ EiTE uno TaOTJ ti KUAWVTOC:;TO KaTa IltiKOC:; TOU KaTOOTpwIlOTOC:;. Av TO OUPllaTOOXOIVO etvoi TUAlYIlEVO OE KUAIVOPO IlE orm OTO KEVTPO, nepvcus ilia lleTaAAIKti pa600 IlEOa uno TTJVKEVTPIKti orm Kat cvuuncvous TO KopKWlla us YPUAOUC:;OTa OUO oxoo TTJC:; pa6oou. 'ETOl IlnOPOUIlE va KPEIlOOOIlE TOV KUAIVOPO ue TTJpa600 an6 TOV ETIaPTTJ(oovcpn) evoc <pOpTwTtipa IlE TTl 60tiSEa apTOVTJC:;oounovrou) IlE OlIO ( OKEATj, ~ETUAiyOVTOC:;TO OUPIlaT6oxolVO npOOeKTlKO. 'Evac:; KUAIVOP0C:;xwpic:; onn OTO KEVTPO rtpertsi va TOnoSeTTJSei encvco oe orpeoouevn 60011, EVW OTO enovco uepoc TOU KUAivopou TonoSETOUVTaI OTaupwTEC:; pa600l, vio va nPO<pUAaVE TlC:; 60ATEC:; TOU oupucrooxoivou va ovormonoouv (OX. 1.140). Av TO OUPllaTOOXOIVO OEV ~ETUAIXSEi oruoc neprvpc-

nf.platp£l\)(i~EVll

(3aall

Ix. 1,14y.
TUhlYIJO OUPIJOTOaxOivou IJE KoqlTli 60hTO J...6yw OUOTpOq>iJC;6EpivoC;). (

IX. 1.14l>.
=ETUhIYIJO oupunrocyotvou OE nEpIOTpEq>OIJEVTj 6oOTj.

27

$Olle

Fro va TUAI~olle cupucrooxowo

OAAO. Oq>OlPWVTOe:; Ie:; 60ATee:; XOAOpa, So axT]1l0TlOSOUV cuorpooec. T oro ruuncvo 60POUAKOU, elver rtponuorspo

va 0PXloolle TO TUAlYIlO we:; e~f]e:;: Av TO TUAlYIlO vlvet ana TT]V snovc rtxeupo TaU ruuncvou, ooq>oAI~olle TT]V aKpT] TaU OUPIlOTOaxOlvou opicrspc OTT]V eliSlKf] unoiSoxf] TaU ruurtcvou (ax. 1.14e) KOl TO ruxtvous ana cororsoc rtpoc TO iSe~la (ax. 1.14m). Av TO TUAlYIlO vtvei ana TT]V KaTw nxeupo TOU ruuncvou, ooq>oAI~olle TT]V aKpT] TOU OUPllOTOax01vou iSe~la ornv eliSlKf] unoiSoxf] TOU ruurtovou KOI TO ruxtvoue ana iSe~la rtpoc TO uptorspd (ax. 1.14~). To rtponvouuevc iSlVOVTOl YlO iSe~lompoq>o OUPIlOTOaxOlVO, evw TO oVTISeTo laxUOUV YlO cptorepoorpotpo. Ot iSleuSuvoele:; iSlVOVTOl YlO crouo nou 6Mnel TO ruunovo KOl rrcocxoxouset TO oupucrooyorvo va TUAlyeTOl rtpoc aUTO.

®
Ix.
Tportoc

1.14&.
aTO ruurtcvo.

ao<pa}..[aewc; aKPI1C; oupucrooxolvou

IX. 1.14oT.
TU}..lYlJa oupucrooxoivou ana TI1V ertovco n}..eupa TOU ruurtcvou.

IX. 1.14~.
TU}..lYlJa aUPIJOToaxO[VOu ana TI1V KaTw n}..eupa TOU TUlJnavou.

28 1.15 ZrU.IItc; 0& aUPPOToaxOIVO. ITO OXrll.lO

1.15

cpO[V£TGL T) cp80pa

oupucrooyoivou

nou

ocpelAeTGL os

i5lacpope~ GLTi&~ an6 cvnxuvovoot xPiJOT) fJ ouvrripnon. H ~T)llia OlT)V rrsptrrrecn (a) ocpelA&TGL OlO IllKp6 ll&y&80~ TOU pcouxou srtcvro an6 TO onoto xtvelrm auvexw~ TO OUPllaTOOXOlVO. AnoT&AeollO TWV lleYclhwv Konwoewv an6 Tl~ ouveXEi~ Kalllt!&l~ iJTOv va xoncuv rn ououcro KGL va KaTaOlpacpEi TO OUPIlOTOOXOlVO. H ~TlI.lia OlT)V rreptrrncon (6) ocp&lAeTal OTT)v TPl6iJ TOU oupuarocyoivou OTT)v eninei5'l enlcpaVelO TOU ruurrcvou KOI ornv TPl6iJ Ka8~ aUT6 yAIOlpa snavee oe npoT)youlleve~ 66ATe~; ITT)V neptrrneon (y) 11 ~Illlia ocpelAeTOI oe OUOlpOCPfJ,nou i5EV cnoucxpuverpce an6 jnv aKPIl TOU oucucrooxofvou. oMa aUT6 TeAIKa IOlW8'lKE IlE cnorexeouo rnv aVIOT) cp80pa TOU oupucrooxofvou OlO onueto, ortou iJTav T) ouorooon. ITT)v nEphlTWOT) (1'5) T) n&pltAl~ll TOU aUPlloToOXOlVOU yupw ano TO ruunovo nrcv aVWllaATl, IlE unorexeoua aUT6 va auv8Al6ei Kat va Loonei5w8ei. ITIlV rtsplrrtuxrn (E) Tl ~Tlll[a ocpeiA&TOl oe enii5poOT) o~tWV. AUT6 TO OUPllaTOOXOlVO txel npo08AT)ge( EVW AelToupyouae ueoo 0& vepo KOl cxcrepvcoro neTpthOlo us Ult!llAiJ nepl&KTlKOTT)Ta oe 8eLo.· ria va anocpeuxgei noooxoroc aUTiJ Tl 6Aa6epiJ eniI'5paOT) npeneL TO OUPIlaT6OXOlVO va ALnaivETOl cpxsrc OlO eOWTeplK6 TOU. ITIlV neptrrrcoon (OT) TO aUPllaT6oxOlVO Myw aTuxtillaTo~ KaTa TT)xPiJOT) TOU €XEI auv8Al6ei KOI K0111'lKOVnoMa ana TO OUPllaTa TOU, IlE anOT€heal.la va KOTOOTpacpei.

~~-~:i;=-~c~~
®
=-

®/

IX. 1.15. ZTlI.Il&<; oe OUPIlOT6OXOlVO.

29
ntNAKAZ

~UYKPltT"

tT)(OlVI';'V

1.15.1 KOI tTUPlloTOOXalvwv ~XOINIA nOAYAMIf1H~ (NAYAON)

-_.

~YPMATO~XOINA

~XOINIA

MAN 1M

4-7 <pOpEe; lJeyah(lTepT] aVTOxfJ ana rc OXOlVlO lJaviAa ue TO [~IO IJEye90e; Kat ana 1'/2 EWe; 2 q>OpEe;leyaAllTepT] aVTOl xfJ ana ra OXOlVlO llaviAa Ile TO [~IO 6opoe;.

ANTOXH KAI neptnou T] i~la lJe ro OXOlVlO OI~Oh us TO [~IO IJEye90e; Kat lJe 5nM.Ola aVToxfJ Kal 2nhOOlO 6opoe; ano

ru Kapu6oxolva
[~IO IJEye90e;.

BAPO~ nep[nou 3nMola aVTOxfJ an6 ro OXOlVlO lJaV[ha lJe TO [~IO IJEye90e;. A[yo IJIKp6Tepo 6opoe; an6 ro OXOlVlO lJaV[ha Kat 0ll;6A' Kat neplnou )(2 TOU 6opoue; TWV oupucTOOXO[VWVIle TO 1~IO IJEye90e;. (H aVToxf) slvtn nsplue TO TWV OXOlVlWVana rtoxueorepo nou 65% an6 aUTfJ nou EXOUV ro oxolvui an6 nohuall[~T]).

EMHIKOTHTA ~TT]11 npo~T] ~ev Exel Eha- rIa TOOT] IJEXPI TO OTIK6TT]Ta fJ aUTfJ stvci ao<paMe; <pOpT[O epyaolae; (SWL) neptnou noM IJIKpfJ 1-2%. 1~% TOU apXlKoO IJfJKOUe; TOUe;. AnOAEIA nep[nou ANTOXH~ 15% MEXPI TO SWL neplrtou 25% TOU IlfJKoue; TOUe; Kal rtpiv xonouv rteplrtou 50% TOU IlfJKoue; TOUe;(TO OXOlVlO an6 nOAuEOTEpa nsptrtou 15% TOU IJfJKoue; TOUe;).

KallIo.

Flcporeruuevn

61lwe; 6091afJ TOUe; OTO vepo 90 rc ~la6pwoel ue aVT[OToIXT] ypfJyopa uekoon TOUe;. TT]e; aVToxfJe;

OTAN BPAXOVN 5 EWe; 10%. To OXOlVlQ an6 noxueorepc ~ev enT]peO~ovTOl.

AnOPPOCl>H~H TINArMATON KallIo. Myw eAhe[ljJewe; ehaOTIKOTT]Tae;. KahfJ. 01 Tooele; nou e<papIl6~oVTat onoro110 xcrccrceeouv TT]V Tpl6fJ lJeTa!;u TWV ave~apTfJTwv lVWV uerWVOVTOC; T]V aVToxfJ. T TpOlJaKTlKfJ lKav6TT]TO anoppoq>fJoewe; TWV TlvaYIJOTwv Kal cnoeuvnc ~T]IJIOUpy[ae; ~a<pvlKwv uevlonov rcceev Myw TT]e; enlllT]KUVOeWe; Kal TT]e; TehlKfJe; cvoxmoewe; OTO apXlK6 IJfJKOe;.

noM IJIKp6TepT] ana auT'" TWV OXOlVlWV.

EYKAMlIJlA ~xe~6v KahfJ. orcv et- nOVToTe KahfJ val orevvc, ahhO rrrteXTJ OTOV uvpcvacuv. HH ~HlIJH KAI MOVXM nAfJpT]e;

ANTIHA~H noM KahfJ av OUVTT]pe[- nTwxfJ Tat Kat hma[veTat KaVOVlKO.

npOBAEnOMENH

f1IAPKEIA

ZOH~

MeyOhT]. av XPT]OllJonOl- rIa ro OXOlVlO 1J0V[ha stroi OWOTO Kal OUVTT]- 3/10 Kal vio rn OI~Oh '/4 petrci xcvovixd, aMo AI- an6 curnv TWV OXOlyo IJIKpOTepT] an6 aUTTJ VlWV an6 nohuall[l)T]. TWV OUVgeTlKWVOXOlVlWV.

MeyahOTepT] an6 OUTfJV TWV ouplJaTOoxo1VWV Kal noM lJeyaAUTepT] ana uurnv TWV OXOlVlWV an6 <pUTlKEe;[vee;. scooov xelp[~ovTat KavovlKo. H ~wfJ TWV OXOlVlWV an6 rroxueorsoc etvci 90% TT]e;~wl')e;TWV OXOlVlWV an6 nOhUalJ[~T].

KE4>AJ\AIO ll.EYTEPO lYlTHMATA ANYlIJOlEOl BAPON

2.1 Anlto; Kal noAAanltoi TpOXlltOI.

2.1.1 neplypotptj
KOI

ovopoToAoyio

TpoXiAwv.

a TPOXlAOC; (j.laKapOc;, urtccrsxc, block) crtorexetrcr ana TT) 8t'] KT), TO KOpUO (pOOUAO), TOV o~ova Kal TOV aVTLTpl6lKO (')aKTUAlO t'] Tpl6ta j.leTQ~U TOU xcouou Kat TOU o~ova. To srtdvto j.ltpoc; TOU TPOXIAou MyeTal Aatj.lOC;, TO KOTW t(')pa Kat Ol nAwptc; TT)C;8t']KT)C; rtopeiec (ucvouxc). lTO cvorvuo j.leTQ~U TWV rtcpeuov rorroesretrcn TO KOPUO, evw 0 o~ovac; rtepvo ana orm OTO ueoo TWV rtcpeuev (ax. 2.1a). lTOUC; ~UAlVOUC; TpoXiAOUC; Ol napEltc; oepouv aUAOKla, an' onou rrepvo TO oKouAaplKl vro T'lV cvaprnon TOU TpoXiAOU (ax. 2.16). Or 8t']KEC; TWV TpoXiAWV ouvt']8wC; KaTaoKEUO~OVTQl ana ~uAEia <pTeAloc; t'] 6EAavl(')loc; Yla j.lEyaAUTEP'l aVTIOTaOT) OTlC; KatPlKtc; ouv8t']KEC;, E<pOOOV6EPVlKw80uv t'] XPwj.laTlo80uv. Ta Kopua KaTaoKEUO~OVTQl ana aYlo~uAO t'] ana j.ltTaAAo. To aYlo~uAO slvm noxu OKA'lPO ~UAO J..lEucovorrrrec curoxmovoecoc. 0 OVTLTPl6lK0C; i50KTUAlOC; TOU xopuou unopet va elvm anA6c;, (')'lAa(')t'] uto orm ue €OWTEPlKt'] j.lETaAAlKt'] ertevouon nou KaAEITal nAt']J..lV'l. lTOUC; j.lEyOAOUC; TpoXiAOUC; 11 nAt']j.lV'l <ptPEl O<patPOTPl6EiC; (pOUAEj.lOV). Or O~OVEC; OAWV TWV TpoXiAWV KaTaoKEuo~ovTal ana xOAu6a.

napElU ( ~6.YO\JAO )

KuplJO (paOlJAo)

neplypaql1'l

IX. 2.1a. TPOXlAOU.

31

IX. 2.16. ::UALVOe; Tp6xLAOe; (lloKopae;).

2.1.2 Eia" TpoXiAwv. YnoPXouv olo<popa EloT) TPOXlAwv IlE OlO<pOpEe;ovouootec, avoAova IlE TO UAlKO KOTaoKEUtie; TOUe;, TO oxorto vic TOV ortolo XPT)olllonolouvTOl, TT) 8eoT) onou Ton08ETOuvTOl ti xcnorc lOlOppu81l0 oxtilla ti xnrcoxeun. 'Oruv T) 8tiKT) KOl TO KOpUO KaTaOKEuO~OVTOl ana lleTaMo, 0 TpOXlAOe; KaAElTOl lleTaAAlKOe; (urtoorsxn), OE aVTi8EOT) npoc TOV f;UAlVO (llaKapOe;). Or f;UAlVOl TPOXlAOl nOAMe; <popee; <pepouv oxouxupu« (xaAu60lvO oeOlllO vupto ana TOV TpOXlAO) E~WTEPlKOTT)e;8tiKT)e;, nou KaTaAtiVEl OE aVKUAlO, vto TT)V aVOpTT)OT) TOU TpoXiAOU. AUTol Ol TPOXlAOl KaAouvTOl OlOT)pOOKEnEle;. Av TO OKOUAapiKl nsovo EOWTEPlKO ana TT) 8tiKT) , 0 TpOXlAOe; KaAElTOl OlOT)ponavtie; KOl etvci 0 lOXUpOTEpOe; ana TOUe;~UAlVOUe;TpoxiAOUe;. ~TO oxtilla 2.1 V 0 TpOxlAOe; TOU oxtillaToe; 2.1 a eXEl cnoouvoeaet vro va <pavELTO oeolllO. EmnMov Ol TPOXlAOl olaKplvovTal OE ortxouc (uovouc), OlnAOUe;, TplnAOUe; KAn. ovcxovc IlE TOV cpieuo TWV «cpueov (pcouxeov) nou exouv. AvoAova IlE TOV rpono avapTtioEwe; TOUe; Ol TPOXlAOl olaKplvovTOl OE xopcxcrrouc, 4JEAlWTOUe;i aVKuAWTOUe;, E<POOOV t <pepouv 0VKlOTPO, orm ti vcoo

uvrtororro.

Ix. 2.1y. ~LiSrlPonoyt1e; Tp6xLAOe; (0 [iSLOe; TOU oxt11l0TOe; 2.10).

IX. 2.16. AUK[OKOe; (OTlomt1 unacrexo,

ucrocrtxl).

32

rIC va crroeeuvovrcr Ol OUOlPOCPEe:;, nOAAol TPOXlAOl CPEPOUV KopaKa (OYKlOlpO) nou urtopel va OlpEcpel ue Tll BoftSela orperrrnpn, AUTQl Ol TPOXlAOl KaAOUVTQl orpsrrrol. o AUKlOKOe:; (orrcorn unoorexc, ucrocnat, snatch block) elver ouvftSwe:; J..leTaAAlKoe:;ft ~UAlVOe:;anMe:; TPOXlAOe:;,TOU ortolou 11uto ncpeic Tlle:; SftKlle:; OlO srrdvco J..lEPOe:; unopet va avol~el, Yla va rtepnoous TO J..lEOO svoc aYOJ..lEVOUana rn J..llanapelO TOU TPOXLAOU,XWPle:;va xpelaoSel va rtepcoous OAO TO aY0J..leVO, ana rnv OKPll TOU. Acpou rtepacoue TO ovouevo, TO OVOlYJ..la KAelveTQl KQl aocpaA[~eTQl us rtelpo ft ue elt'>lKo J..lllxaVl0J..l0 J..le eAaTftplo (OX. 2.1 t'». o AUKloKoe:; t'>ev npenei va XP1l0lJ..l0nOlelTQl oe epvcotec, onou urtopel va XPllOlJ..lOnOlelTaI' KavovlKft (ouJ..lnaYfte:;) unccreso. Onwot'>ftnoTe t'>ev rtpenst va XPllOlJ..l0nOleLTQl .oTav e~apTWVTQl avSpwmvee:; ~WEe:;ana curnv vurrl unopel va «avol~el» av aOKllSel nAeuplKft t'>uvaJ..lll. ~Ta oxftJ..laTa 2.1e xm 2.1Ol ectvovrcn Ol J..leTaAAlKOi TPOXlAOl (urmcrsxec) oxftJ..laToe:; pOJ..lBou Kal us KUAlVt'>PlKOUe:;TplBele:; uvrtororrc. ~TO coucreuc vto xelplOJ..l6 eoortev 0 rtperoc TPOXtAOe:;ouvftSwe:; XPllOlJ..lOnorsfrm oav TPOXlAOe:;TOU opaormpo, evw 0 t'>euTepoe:; ue TOUe:;KUAlVt'>PlKOUe:; TplBele:; ft «TPOXlAOe:; TaXUTllTae:;» oav OVW Kal KOTW TPOXlAOe:; TOU ertdprn (povnpn). ' 2.1.3 MtyefJoC; TpoXfAwv. To J..lEyeSoe:; TWV TPOXLAWV npoot'>lopl~eTal ue rn t'>l0J..leTpO TOU xnpuou (pOOUAOU) oe XlAlOOlO. H t'>l0J..leTpoe:;uerpurm ana TO eOWTeplKO TOU aUAaKlOU nou rtepvner TO cvouevo. MeTa~u rnc t'>laJ..lETpOUTOU xcpuou KQl TOU J..leyESoue:; TOU cvousvou (t'>loJ..leTpoe:;OXOlVlOU ft oupucrooxclvou) rtpertst va unoPxel uto OXE01l. 'Evae:; KaMe:; xovovoc nou unopel va XPllOlJ..l0nOlllSel vto rnv eupson TOU KaTaAAftAou J..leyESoue:; TPOXlAou slvm 11XP1l0lJ..l0noll101l xcpuou ue t'>l0J..leTpO 20nAOOla Tlle:; t'>laJ..lETpOUTOU cuppcrooxotvou. Enelt'>ft Ol TPOXlAOl ue cvouevo OUPJ..laTOOXOlvOt'>ev EXOUV aKOJ..la runonomeet nAftpwe:;, ro t'>e OUPJ..laTOOXOlVa KaTaOKeuo~ovTal ue npot'>laypacpte:; nou rtoudxAOUV rmpc rtoxu, 0 xnvovuc ouroc t'>ev elvm aKplBfte:; Kal Sa rtpertst va AaJ..lBovoVTal unourn ro aKoAouSa. rla Tll OUVTa~ll TWV npot'>laypacpwv svoc TPOXLAOU Sa npenet va aKOAOUSllS0UV Ol OUJ..lBOUAEe:; TOU KaTaoKeuaOlft we:; npoc rn t'>l0J..leTpOTOU POOUAOU ennvco ana TO ortolo nspvc TO cupucrocxowo KQl TllV TaXUTllTa Xerroupvloc (ypaJ..lJ..llKft TaXUTllTa OUPJ..laTOoxolvOU). Av t'>ev aKOAOUSllS0UV aUTEe:; Ol OUJ..lBOUAEe:;, ~wft TOU OUPJ..laTOOXOivou Sa 11 J..lelwSei Myw BMBlle:; TOU UAlKOU, nou elvrn anOTEAeOJ..la TWV ouvexwv xorortcvnceev (K0J..lljJewv KQl «nccudnov) KaSwe:; TO OUPJ..laTOoxOlVO nepvo rmvco ana TO KOpUO (pOOUAO). 'Orcv TO OUpJ..laTOOXOlvOrtepvn KQl KOJ..lmeTQl yupw ana TO KOPUO, ro EJ..lBoAa KQl ro OUPJ..laTa nou BplOKOVTQl ucxpurepo ana TO KtVTPO Tlle:; KupTwoewe:; an0J..laKpUVOVTQl, evw aUTO nou BploKovTal nAllOlEOlepa rtpoc TO KEVTPO Tlle:; KupTwoewe:; nAll0l0~OUV J..leTa~U TOUe:;. AUTO Exel·anoTtAeoJ..la rn QllJ..lloupyia J..leyOAwv TPlBwv J..leTa~UTWV OUpJ..lOTWVKal TWV eJ..lBOAwv. '000 uucporepo elver TO POOUAO TOOO J..leyaMTepll Sa elvm 11 TPlBft. H TPlBft aU~OVeTQl enlonc ortorouc ue rnv TaxuTllTa AelToupyiae:; (ypaJ..lJ..llKft TaXUTllTa cupucrooyotvou).

33

.g
w 'w

'-"
;>-

0 tl ;>-

a.
w

2:

,9 a.

...

e-

,9 a.

...

34

35

H oxe011l)la~eTpou ououcroovotvou npoc HI ~lO~ETPO TOU xcpuou 1 npoc 20 ~ae; ~iVEl TTJ~lKpOTEPTJl)lO~ETPO nou OUVlOTOTat Yla npoxrucec Eq>ap~Oyte; Kat Yla ~lOq>Opa Eil)TJ cvouevcov, nou KlVOUVTat ~E TaXUTTJTa ~lKpOTEPTJ ana 60 m/min. rla Ko8E aU~TJoTJTTJe;TaXUTTJTOe; aTo 30 m/min TJOXt011 8a rtpenei va K au~oVETat KaTo 5%. EKTOe;ana TO KaTOAATJAO uevssoc 8a rtpsrter va XPTJOl~OnOlEiTat Kat 0 OWOTOe; rurtoc aUAaKlOU TOU xcpuou, vio va ~TJq>8EipETOl TO oupucrooxotvo. To aUAoKl npsne. va TatPlO~EI Kat va unoOTTJpi~EI TO OUp~OTOOXOlVO Ka8ti>c; rtspvd yupw an6 aUTO, l)laq>opETlKO 8a aU~TJ8Ei TJEOWTEPIKi] TPI6i] Kat TJE~WTEPIKi] q>8opo TOU ououcroovotvou. !-ro oxi]~a 2.1~(a) cctveroi KOpUO ~E noM ~EyOAO (nxoru) aUAOKI ~E onorexeouc TTJVEnlrnOTuv011 (loontl)w011) TOU ououcrooxotvou Kat apKETi] ncoouooeoon Kat EOWTEPIKi] TPI6i]. !TO oxi]l..Ia 2.1q6) EIKovi~ETat KOpUO I..IE nOAU OTEVOaUAOKI ~E cnorexeouo va ~TJVurtoornpksnn TO ououcroovowo, TO cupucro TWV E~66AWV va urroxeivrcn OE apKETi] q>8opo Kat va ~TJ~IOUPYEiTat TPI6i] ~ETa~u TOU oupucroovolvou Kat TWV nAEUpwv TOU auAaKlou. To auMKI TOU OWOTOU «cpuou npertst va OXTJ~aTi~ETat (OE EYKopOla TO~i]) an6 TO T6~o KUKAOUYla anOOTaOTJ i011 ~E TO tva TpiTO TTJe; tepupepetcc (120°) r TOU cupucrooxotvou Kat TJ cxrlvo TOU aUAaKIOU rtpertei va elver 5-10% ~EyaMTEPTJ ana TTJV oxrtvo TOU cupucrooxolvou (OX. 2.1 TJ).

®
IX. 2.1~.
Kapua (pnouxo) us aKaTOAAT)AO ).IEye9o<; aUAaKlou Yla TT)VunoOTl'Jpl~T) TOU cupuarooyotvou. a) noM ).IeyaAO (nAaTu) aUAOKI. 6) noM OTev6 auAOKl.

I ____ J
)

\ \~S2'"-<.{

\
\ \/
v

/
/

IX. 2.11).
Knpuc ue TO KaTOAAT)AO).IEye9o<; auAaKlOu.

36

2.2

IuanGaTG

KGI noA(.lOftOCJYO.

To ouortccro (naAoVKo, tackle) cnorexetrm an6 ouv~uaotl6 TpoXiAWV (KlV'lTOU Kal aKlV'lToU) KOl aplBtl6 avoJ.1evwy J.1&TO~UTWV TpOXiAWV J.1Eoxono TOV noAAanAaOlaJ.16 T'le; ~UVOJ.1&WC;A~EWe;. t To av6J.1EVO (OXOlvi ri oUPJ.1aT6oxolvO) crrorexetrm an6 TO aKiv'lTO TJ.1riJ.1a, TO KlVOUJ.1EVO TO TJ.1riJ.1a KOl tA~EWC;. To aKiv'lTO Tt.u'tJ.1a TOU MVETal OE eva ana TOUe; TpoXiAoue; Kal ceou rtepaoe. an6 6Aa TO Kopua TWV TpOXiAWV KaTaAriVEl OTO EAEUBEPO OKPO TOU, nou anOTEA&i TO TJ.1r;J.1a tA~&WC;. To 6opo<; KpeJ.1ETOl ana TOV KlV'lT6 Tp6XLAO (ox. 2.2a). Ta cuortooro ~laKpivovTOl avciAova J.1ETOV aplBJ.1o TWV Kapuwv OE KoBE TPOXLAO n.x. J.1ov6, ~mM, TPlnA6 ouoncoro, orcv 0 K6BE Tp6XLAoe; cpepEl eva, ~UO, rpto Kopua ovrtororxc K.O.K. Ta TJ.1riJ.1aTaTWV cvouevev J.1ETa~U TWV Kapuwv KaAouvTCl OTriJ.10VEe;. Evw VIa J.11KPO60P'l XP'l0ltl0nOlOUJ.1E ouonocrc nou cnorexouvrm ana ~UAlVOUe; TpoXiAoue; Kal we; ay6J.1EVO oxolvl, VIa J.1EvOAa60P'l XP'lOlJ.10nOlOUJ.1E J.1ETaMlKOUe; TpOXiAoue; J.1EoUPJ.1aT6oxOlVO KaTO xcvovc we; avOJ.1EVO. Ta ouoncorc nou XP'l0ltl0nOlOUVTOl VIa rnv avulPwCJ11 J.1&VOAWV6apwv OV0J.10~OVTal "OAUorrOClTO (purchases) . . KOl 01 ~uo Tp6XLAOl TOU OUonOOTOU cptpouv OYKIOTPO ri aVKuAlo· ETOIO J.1EV aKiv'lTOe; Tp6xlAOe; MVETOl OE KaTOAA'lAO CJ11J.1&io, EVW OTOV KlV'lT6 TO 6opoe;.

1:x.
n&plypacpf)

2.20.
(naMYKOU).

ouorteerou

37

2.2.1 nAeoveKTflpoTO

0"6

Til XPIlO'PO"OlllOll

ouarroOTflJv.

To ouormoro slvm ~T)xavri ue TT)Vonoia eoorto (6opoe;) ri cvrtorcon va unepvlKT)Bei e<pap~6~ovTQe; Mva~T) ri noooncaem. To ~T)xaVlK6 Ktp6oe; ~lae; ~T)xavrie; 6pioKeTal anc TO Myo: <p0pT(O e<pap~oo~tVT) 6uva~T) cvrtorcon rrcooncaerc

urtopel

nelpa~aTlKO YlaTi uovo KaT' aUT6v TOV rpono unopouv va 6peBouv Ol 6uvo~ele; Tpl6rie;. To ~T)xavlK6 Ktp6oe; TOU ouortocrou elver 0 aplB~6e; ern TOV ortolo nOManAaOlO~eTat T)6uva~T) oro T~ri~a tA~ew<; TOUouortoorou. Av ovvonooue rtc Tpl6te; aUT6e; toourcn ue TOVaplB~c nov omuovov TOU KlVT)TOU TPOXiAOU. H Be~eAlW6T)e; ~ioWOT) TT)e; T)XavlKrie;,nou e<pap~6~eTat moue; TpOXiAoue;Kat e M ro cuortcorc elvm: t:.xA = Bxa 6T)Aa6r')TO vivouevo TT)C; 6uvo~ew<; t:. nou e<pap~6~eTal ent TT)6la6po~ri TT)C; A lOOUTat ~e TO vivousvo TT)C; vnorcceec o B ern TT) 6la6po~ri TT)C; . a Ie KoBe ouonccro T)Mva~T) tA~ewc; nOAAanAaOlo~eTat, evw TOT~r')~a tA~ewc; xivetrm oe ~eyaMTepT) cnoorcon an6 cum nou KlveiTal TO 6opoc;. ITT)V e~iowOJ') TO a naplmo TT) ~lKp6TepT) cnccroon, Me TT) xpT)Ol~onoiT)OJ')TWV cuoncorev Kep6i~o~e 6uva~T) oe 6opoC; TT)C; TaxuTT)Tac;(ortocrnon Klvrioewc;). rla anA6 Euanamo n.x. (ax. 2.26), av T) Mva~T) t:. 6lavuoel 6l0mT)~a svoc

xm KavovlKo npoo6lopi~eTat

50 kg-

-----1. ___ t
1 I1ETPO

50 kg

~-.._...---------.------_.!-

.----.

0,5 I-ltTpa

~x. 2.28. XP'l0IIJOno['lOl"l amoll

ouonoorou.

38

I1tTPOU A, 8a KIVI')OEI (aVUljJWOEI) TO 60poe; B KaTo 0,5 uerpo a, 118EI1EAIW~I1C; E~ioWOIl Sa ypaq>Ei: !J. x A

=Bxa

Kat

!J. x 1

= B x 0,5

r;

!J.

B 2

an' ortou ouurtepolvoue OTl 11Mval111 !J. tXEI noAAanAaOla08Ei 2 q>opte;. illlAa~1') av TO 60poe; elver 100 kg, 11 Mval111 rtou crtorrstror vro rnv cvuqxoon elver: !J. = B 100
-=

50 kg

ria TOV unoxoviouo Tlle; ~UVOI1EWe;tA~EWC;, oUI1q>wva I1E rc nponvouuevn, ~EV 01 TpI6ee;, TO ~E 60poe; 8EWPEiTat OTI elver oxtvnro. 'Orov TO 60poC; KaTE6aivEI 11analTOUI1EVll Mval111 elver I1IKp6TEPI1, EVW OTOV avuljJwvETal elvcn I1EyaAUTEPll an6 rnv npOI1YOUI1EVI1 8EwPllTlKI') Mval111. EniOlle; 11 aU~I101l I') 11 uskoon E~apToTat ana rnv TaxuTI1Ta ovuurecstoc r; KaTa61600EWC;. H anatTOUI1EVI1 Mval111 vtn K08E neotrmoon, ovcxovo I1E TOV apl8110 TWV Oll1l1oVWV TOU KIVI1TOU TPOXlAOU, unoAoyi~ETat aKpl6we; ana rnvcxsc Kat OUVTEAEOlee; onwe; E~I1YEiTat OE oAAo KEq>OAatO. 'OAOl 01 OlI')110VEC;ornv npuvucnxcrnrc ~EV MxovTal, rnv [~Ia TOO11.'Ornv avuljJwvETat TO 60poc;, 0 nporoe; npoc TI1V apxl') TOU nvouevou Ol1')110Vac; MXETat TI1I1IKPOTEPI1 TOO11,EVW 0 rexsurotoc (aq>ou npoorseouv Ot Tpl6ec; ana KOpUO OE KOpUO) ortou Eq>apI10~ETal 11 tA~11 MXETal rn I1tYIOTIl TOO11. 'Orov KaTE6a[VEI TO 60poe; 01 TOOELe; KaTaVel10VTai aVT[8ETa. LTO oxl')l1a 2.2y ootvovrcr 01 TOOELe;OE Ko8E runuo TOU aYOl1eVOU KaTO rnv ovuqxoon Kat KaTa6[6a011 6opoue; 1000 kg I1E ~mM cuortooro Kat mv OKPll TOU cvousvou OlOV cxtvnro TPOXIAO a J..lllxaVIKo Ktp~oe; 4 Kal OlOV KIVllTO TPOXIAO 6 J..lllxaVIKo Kep~Oe; 5. 01 Tpl6te; txouv unoxovioaet OE 10% TOU npoc avuljJW011 scoouc vic K08E KOpUO. LToue; rttvcxec J..lnOpOUI1E 6pOUJ..lETIe;TOOELe; E ~IOq>OpOUe;OlI')J..l0VEe;I') OlO va O runun eA~EWe; KaTO TllV avUljJw011 I') KaTa6[6a011 TOU scpouc. Elvrn noocovec OTl av 11 apxr; TOU nvouevou 6pioKETat OlOV KtVllTO Tp6XtAO, TOTE 0 apI8J..l0e; TWV omuovov Kat TO J..ll1xaVIKO Kep~Oe; aU~OVEI KaTO ulo uovcoo. 'ETOt J..lEtva limAO ouormoro J..lnOpOUJ..lE va 100ppon1')00J..lE 60poC; 4nAOOlO I') 5nAOOlO an6 T11 MvaJ..l11 tA~EWC; I') I1E TPlnAO cuorrcoro 6nMOlO I') 7nMOlO cvoxovo I1ETO av 11 apxl') TOU aYOl1eVOU 6pioKETat OlOV oxtvnro I') OlOV KIVllT6 TpOXLAO.AUTI') 11 EKAOyl') elvm EUKOAI1 orcv npOKEITat va tA~OI1E KonOIO 60poC;, OpI~OVTla (OX. z.ze). 'Orov rtpoxerrm Yla avUljJw011 60poue;, TOTE, av 11 apxl') TOU ovouevou 6P10KETat OlOV aK1V11TO TPOXLAO,EnLTUVXOVOI1EEuvoIKI') cope eA~EWe; (rrpoq TO KOTW). ME KaToAAllAO ouortcoro unooouue va EnLTUXOI1Eeuvoucn q>opo EA~EWC; I1E rnv apxl') TOU ovouevou OlOV KIVllTO Tp6XLAO (nou q>tP£1 TO 6opoC;).

unoxovtoenxcv

2.2.2 Tpl8t~ KQTO Til XPIlOlpo"ofllOll

TWV ouarroOTwv.

01 TOOELe; E iSloq>opa O11J..lEla OU aYOJ..lEVOU O T EVOe;OuonOOlOU E~apTWVTat Kat

39 A= AvuljJwol] K = KaTa~(~ao'!]

A=325 K=192 A=275 K=227

A=350 K=178

A= 260 K= 154 A=200 K=200

A=250 K=250

1000 kg

1000 kg

IX. 2.2y. xpncurortotncn iStnAOU OUonOOTOU. a) 'AKPTl aYOIJEVOU OTOV cxtvnro Tp6XlAO. 6) 'AKPTl aYOIJEVOU OTOV KlVTlTO Tp6XtAo.

M1JXav(xO

xipbo<;

IX. 2.26. Opl~6vTla EA~Tl IJ& anM ouortcoro.

a) MTlXavlK6 KEpi5oC; 2. 6) MTlxavlK6 KEpi5oC; 3.

40

ana TO IJtye80e; TWV TPl6wv nou uvorrruooovrcr. To IJtye80e; TWV TPl6wv e~apTaTOl ana TO oxenKO IJtye80e; TOU ovouevou xm TWV xnpucov, ana TOV apl81J0 TWVKapuwv OTOouortcoro. ana TO av Il aKPll TOUcvouevou 6pioKeTOl OTOVKIVIlTOi) nxtvnro TPOXlAOKal ana TO av TO ouortooro XPIlOllJOnOleiTOl vio va ovuipeoei, KaTe6aoel i) va KpaTi)oel tva 6apoe;. EniOlle; Il TPI6i) e~apTaTOl ana TIlV KaTaOTaOll TWVTpOXiAWVKOl TO 6a81J0 Amavoe<i>c;TOUe;,ana TO av XPllOlIJOnOIOUVTal Kapua ue i) xwpie; mpOlpOTpl6peie; (oouxeuov) KOl Til XPllOlIJOnOillOll OXOIVIOUi) OUPlJaTOOXOivOuwe; cvousvo. rIa rtpcxnxouc OKonOUe; 8ewpouIJe TIlV TPI6i) OTO ouortcoro KaTa TIlV avulJ,lwOIl 6apoue; ton us TOC5tKaToTOU6apoue; Yla Ka8e Kapuo TOUcuoncorou, ouurrepixcuecvouevou Kal TOU TUXOVol)IlYou TPOXiAOU,av unapxel. To a8pOl0IJa TWVlJeplKWVTPl6wv oe Ka8e Kapuo cnorexet TIlv OAIKi) TPI6i) TOUoUOTi)lJaTOe;lou noocrtaercr OTOnpoc avulJ,lwOIl 6apoe;. Av npoxerror n.x. ! va avulJ,Iw8ei 6apoe; evoc TOVVOUXPllOIIJOnOIWVTae; uortooro us 6 Kapua, Il o OAIKi) TPI6i) 8a etvot t~l l)tKaTa TOUe;TOVVOUi) 600 kg. ITIlV rrpcvucnxornrc Tpl6te; elJCPavi~ovTOl TOVTpl6ta Ka8e xnpuou lJeTO~U O TOUovouevou KOl TOUaUAaKlou TOU «opuou KOl lJeTa~UTWVeIJ60AWV Kal TWV IVWVi) OUPlJaTWV TOUovouevou oe OAOTO IJi)Koe;TOU.ITIlV npa~Il un08tTOIJe on Tpl6te; eIJCPavi~OVTOl IJOVOOTa Kapu~. To uevesoc TWV TPl6wv OTa ouortcorc rtou XPllOllJOnOIOUvTOloe 6ap10Ue; CPOpTwTi)pee;tpensr va TIlPll8ei OTO uucporspo l)uvaTo. 0 oxel)laOIJOe; TOUe; r etvoi TtToIOe;, wOTe lJae;ernrpenei va 8ewpi)00lJe TPI6i) iOll npoc TOtva elKOOTO TOU 6apoue; rtou avulJ,IwveTOl ava Kapuo. To Bpsmvixo IVOTITOUTO npOTunwv (881) C5txeTOlnocooro 2 i) 6% TOU6apoue; ava Kapuo, avaAoya ue TOVruno TOU TpoXiAOU [lJe OCPOlpoTpl6eie;(pouxeucv) i) aVTlTpl6lK6 l)aKTuAlo uvrlcrorm]. ITO oxi)lJa 2.2e ectverm, Yla l)lacpopa ouonccrc, 0 Myoe; TOU6apoue; 8 rtpoc TIl l)uvalJIl II nou crtcrretrcr vro TIlV avUljJwOIl TOU Bapouc; ayvowvTac; ti Kat unoAoyi~oVTOe; rtc TpIBte;.

2.2.3

~uVT£A&C1T"f; Q"o66a&CtH; au~6C1Tou.

'Ornoc os 6Aee;ne; IJIlxavte; eroi KCllOTa ouoncoro nooooro.

Il cncoocn

eKcppa~eTOloe

Anol)0011 etvci 0 Myoe; TOU wcpeAlIJOUtpyou rtou rtcpcvercr ana TO scooc npoc TO tpyo nou ecpaPIJO~eTOl ana rnv KaTa6aAMIJeVIl MvalJIl (rrpoortcaem). AnMo011
=

Wq>&AIIJO&pyo nou napaY&Tal an6 TO 6apo<; ( &pyo nou &q>aPIJ6~&Talan6 T~V KaTa6aAA61J&v~ 6uvalJ~

100)

IuvTeAeOTi)e; anoMoewe; cuoncorou slvm 0 ap181J0e;tou lJae;l)eixvel rnv ern r TOle;eKaTO anol)0011 TOU IJIlxaVIOIJOu. AnMoOll 100% i) ouvrsxecrnc nnooooewe; 1 l)eixvel on Il IJIlxavi) eivOl xwpie; Tpl6te; YlaTi TOtpyo nOll napayeTOl Yla va unepvuotoer TIlV TPI6i) l)ev elver WcptAllJO tpyo. Ie uro TtAela IJIlXavi) TOtpyo rtou napayeTal ana TOcpopTio 8a eiv,Olioo ue TO tpyo nou napayel Il KaTa6aMoIJeVll l)uVaIJIl (nooortcaetc). Enell)i) OTO ouorrcoro unapxouv anwAelee; Myw TWVTPIBwv Il cnoooon etvm uucoorecn TOU 100% KOl 0 ouvrexecrnc anoMoewe; IJIKpOTepOe;Tile; 1J0val)ae;. 'ETOI, orcv MlJe on tva oucrtocro txel OUVTeAeOTn cnooooeec 0,9 svvoouue

41

wm ::!:a:::
I--

:c T-IO
T-

T-

T-

NIO
II

T-

MIO
II

T-

VIO
II

T-

~IO
~

II

II

0' ::::> a. -e
I<:

<lIm

<lIm

<lIm

<lIm

<lIm

-e I<:
0

CD

cu

>a:::m
W:C

m
II <l

T-

010
II

T-

010
II

010
T-

010
T~

U" ::::>

0
'0 CD ::::>

a.
0

a a::: XI--

II

II

<lIm

<lIm

<lIm
iO

<lIm
c:J

.... '# 0 .,~

a-

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CD

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i5. ....
::1.

cu
,~

-c: CD i5. ....

0u" W,_ N

N~

a.

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0

Xo

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~ ~

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6"

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~

<l'X

42

on TO ouortcoro ano5[5EI TO 90% TTle; 5uVOIlEWe; nou KaTa60AAETat unOAOmO 10% ovnrtpocemeuet rtc anwAEIEe; AOYW TpI6wv). 2.2.4 npo8AtjpaTa UUcmOClTlIJV £tpappoytc;. Kal

(TO

Ana TTl 8EIlEAlW5Tl E~[OWOTJrnc MTlxavIKiJe;: 'Epvo nou napOYEI Tl nooortceerc t.xA=Bxa 5TlAa5r; TO 5lavuollEva EnE15iJ: Kat txollE: = 'Epyo nou napOYEI TO 6opoe;

A a

B
t. cvoxovo TWV 5uVOIlEWV.

5laOTiJIlaTa elver ovnorpoqxoc Myoe;

A a
B t. Myoe;

TWV 6laOTTlllOTWV iJ TaxuTiJTwv

= IlTlxaVIKO Ktp6oe;, TOXUTiJTWV = IlTlxaVIKO Ktp6oe;

LTTlV npovuorucornrc unopXEI uic ertmxsov aVT[oTaOTl, nou ripener va avnOTa81l108E[ (unEpVIKTl8E[) IlE TTl 1l0pq>iJ rnc TpI6iJe;, TO scooc TWV TpOX[AWV Kal TOU cvouevou. Av OVOIlOOOIlE ourn TTlV aVTIOTaOTl T Kat E<P0PIl000I-U: nOAI TTl 8EIlEAlW6Tl E~IOWOTl: t. x A = (B + T) x 0 OlatPWVTOC;6la a t. x ~

a
t.

(B

+ T)
A

= ..:_(B_+_T....;.}
a

o Myoe;-OnaTE

A
a

= --

B
t.

= IlTlxaVIKO Ktpooe; B+T t.=---

(Mechanical

advantage = M)

Av cvruccrocmcoue TO T IlE TO IltYEBoe; TWVTPl6wv unoxovttovrnc 10% TOU rtpoc avuljJwOTJ 6opoue; yLO KoBE KOpUO Kat OVOIlOOOIlE V TOV coisuo TWV xcpucov tXOIlE: 10 t.=---M 'Ornv Tl apxiJ TOU ovouevou elver OTOV KIVTlTO TPOXIAO, TOTE TO IlTlxaVIKO Ktpooe; M = V + 1 Kat ornv elver OTOV aK[VTlTO M = V. nplV 8tOOllE OE AEIToupy[a tva ouoncoro, IlnOPOUIlE va unoAOY[OOIlE TTl MvallTl nou rtpertei va Eq>aplloOOIlE OTTlVOKPTlTOU cvousvou XPTlOlIlOnOlWVTOe; TOV rtcpcnovci rurto. B+--

VxB

43

np68A'Ipa 1. Ae; unoaeooue on erueuuouue va cvuiptoooue 6cipoe; 60kg XPllOlj..lOnOlWVTOe; l>LnM ouortuoro ue j..IIlxaVlK6 Ktpl>oe; 4. YnoAoY[~OVTOe; TPI6i] 10% TOU rtpoc avuljJwOIl 6cipoue; vio Kci8e xcpuo, Il OAIKi] TPI6i] y[veTaI40% TWV 60kg i] 24kg. To OAIKO 6cipoe; nou rtpertst va urtepvucnael 80 elvm 60+24=84kg. Enoj..ltvwe; Mvaj..lll nou rtpertei va eecpuooeet 8a elver 84/4=21 kg. L' aUTi] rnv rreptrrrcoon rtcpnmpouue on xpela~6j..1aOTe Mvaj..lll 21kg vrn va ovuunoooue 60kg KOl Yl' aUTO TO j..IIlxaVlK6 Ktpl>oe; elver nsplrtou 3.
XPllOlj..lOnOIWVTOe; TOV

runo txoj..le:
60

4x60 10 = 21kg

/1 = ------

Av urtoaeoous 6T! TO 6cipoe; xrvettm (cvuiptovsrcn) 1m, TO WcptAlj..lO spvo nou txel napax8e[ ana TO 6cipoe; 80 elvm 60x1=60 XIAloypaj..lj..l6j..1eTpa. H Mvaj..lll TWV 21kg nou ecpapj..lo~eTOl OTO ciKPO TOU cvousvou 80 rtpertst va Klvll8e[ 4m (Myoe; l>laOTIlj..lciTWV = j..IIlxaVlK6 Ktpl>oe;). 'Oors TO tpyo nou txel napax8e[ an6 Til Mvaj..lll 8a elver 21 x4=84 XIALOypaj..lj..l6j..1eTpa. Enoj..ltvwe; Il crrooocn TOU ouortdorou 80 slvm: 60/84 x 100% = 71,4%

H ortoooon cum TOU cuoncorou ocpe[AeTOl OTO yeyovoe; on uepoc Tile; l>uvcij..lewe; nou KaTa6ciAAeTal, Yla va avuljJw8e[ TO scooc, XPllOlj..lOnOle[Tal vio va urtepvucnoar TO 21kg TWV TP16wv, rtpovuo nou l>ev elver WcptAlj..lO tpyo. H ortoooon TOU ouormcrou unopst srttonc va rrpoocroptoeet we; 0 Myoe; TOU j..IIlxaVIKOU Ktpl>oue; j..IeTOrnv npooaU~IlOll TOU rtpoc ovuuaocn 6opoue; KaTci rnv noo6TIlTO TWV TPl6wv rtpoc TO j..IIlxaVlK6 Ktpl>oe;. LTO napcil>elYj..lci j..Iae; 60/21 =2,857 elver TO j..IIlxaVIKO Ktpl>oe;, etpooov vio va uneovuoicoue TO 6cipoe; TWV 60kg xpela~Oj..laOTe Mvaj..lll 21 kg.
AnMoOll = TeAlK6 j..ITlxaVlKo Ktpl>O<; ---------j..IIlxavlKo Ktpl>oe; 2,857 x 100%

Artoooon =

x 100 = 71,4%

np68A'Ipa 2. No 6pe8e[ Il Mvaj..lll

T6vvwv

nou ortorretrcr vro rnv avuljJwOIl 6cipoue; 2,5 XPllOlj..lOnol<ilvTae; l>LnAO ouortooro M = 4, V = 4. 4x2,5 2,5+ 10 3,5 /1=_. ----= -"=0,875TOV. i] rreplnou 900kg

np68A'Ipa 3. No 6pe8e[ TO 6cipoe; nou unopouue va cvuqnocoue XPllOlj..lOnOIWVTOe; TpLnM cuortcoro M = 6, V = 6, av l>la8tToj..le Mvaj..lll 2 TOWWV.
6xB B+ 2=----10 Kdl B=7,5 TOWOI

44

np68Aqpa 4. Na 6pe8ei Tl ouonooro npenei va XPI1OlI.lOnou;oolle Vla v' avuljJwoolle 66poC; 3 rovvciv, av l5la8tTolle Mvalll1 0,8 TOVVWV. Av 11 apxTi TOU cvouevou etvor OTOV aKivI1TO TpOXlAO, TOTe M = V, evw OTaV slvm OTOV KlVI1T6 T6Te M = V + 1.
~TI1V npWTI1 rteplrrncon:

3+--0,8=----V

Vx3 10 KQl V = 6

ertouevec 8a XPl10l1l0nolTioolle ouoncoro ue 6 pnouxc, l5l1Aal5Ti rpmxo oucncoro KQl lll1xaVlKO Ktpl5oC; 6 . .. ~Tl1 l5euTepl1 neptrrnoon, 6nou TO 1l11xaVlKO Ktpl50C; elvm V + 1:

3+
0,8=-----

Vx3 10 KQl V=4

V+1

l5l1Aal5Ti 8a XPl1OlllonOlTioolle l5mM ouonocro KlVl1TO Tp6XlAO KQl Ill1xavlK6 Ktpl50C; 5.

ue Tl1V apxTi TOU cvousvou

OTOV

np68Aqpa 5. Na 6pe8ei 11Mvalll1

nou cncrrslrm Kat TO Iltve8oc; TOU OXOlVLOU ana polypropylene vic Tl1V avuljJw01l scoouc 8 TOVVWV XPl1OlIl0nOlWVTaC; TPmAO ouortcoro ue Tl1V apxTi TOU cvouevou OTOV KlVl1TO TPOXlAO Kat ue ol5l1VO TPOXIAO OTOV lOTO. (M = 7, B = 8, V = 7). 8+--7x8 10

ll=
To j.ltve8oc;

-----=1,94

7
l5iVeTal an6

Ti nsptrtou 2 TOVVOl TOV

TOU OXOlVlOU ana

SWL=---2
Enoj.ltvwc; polypropylene

polypropylene l52

runo:

6x100 l52 6x100 l5uvalll1 Kal l5=34,6mm 2 T6vvwv Kal OXOlvi

8a rtpsrter va XPl1Olll0nol118ei l5lalltTpou 35mm.

np68Aqpa 6. Na 6pe8ei Tl ouortcoro rtpertet va XPl1Olj.lOnOl118ei vic Tl1V avuljJw01l 66pouC; 8 TOVVWV XPl1Olj.lOnOlWVTac; oupj.laT6OXOlvo 6x24 uevsaouc 16mm. H apxTi TOU ovouevou rtepvo an6 ol5l1y6 ip6XLAO OTl1V Keq>aATi TOU eoprcrrrtpc npoc TO ruurrcvo TOU 6apouAKoU. To aoq>aMc; eoprto spvcotcc (SWL) TOU oupuorooxolvou elver:
162 ---6x25 =1,71 T6vVOI

6x25

Enell5Ti 11apxTi TOU ovouevou nspvc

an6 ol5l1Yo TPOXlAO, 116KPl1 TOU 6pioKeTal

45

OTOV KIV11TOTPOXLAOKat TO ~l1xaVIK6 KtpiSoc; 8a etvor too ue TOV ap18~6 TWV KapUWV ouv 1 (M=V+1). Vx8

8+

1,71 = Eno~tvwc;

10

V+1

Kat V=6,91

l'J V=7

ro onoia 8a elvoi

TO OUOTT)~anpsrter va nepLAa~6aVel Tou.MXIOTOV 7 Kapua, tva an6 0 oiS11y6c;Tp6XLAoc;. To ouoncoro nou rtpenei va XP11Ol~onol118Ei slvm TPlTlAO oconcoro.

2.2.5 AotpaAtc; tpopTio epyaoiac; Kat ot'lPavoII TpoXiAwv. To ampaAtc; eoprto epvcotoc (Safe Working Load - SWL) svoc TpoXiAOU etvor TO ~tYIOTO <popTio spvcotcc ~tXPI TO onoio unopel va XP110l~onOl118ei 0 TpOXLAOe;xwpie; va Aa~6aveTal un6tp11 11 aVToxTi TOU cvcuevou. na anAo Tp6XLAO (~ovTi urtoorexc) TO eoprto aUT6 slvcn TO ~tYIOTO nou unopsl va avutpw8ei ue ao<paAela, orov 0 Tp6XLAoc; XP11Ol~onOleiTal xpeucouevoc ana TO oUOT11~a avapTTioewe; TOU Kal TO 6apoe; avutpwveTat orepeeuevo OT11vaKP11TOU oupucrooxotvou nou nepvcer an6 TO paOUAO TOU TpoXiAOU (OX. 2.2OT). To ao<paAtc; eoorto epvcotoc TpoXiAOU sxnucro, ncvro ouuqxovn us TOV nponvouuevo rpono e~apTlo~ou (ap~QTWOlac;) TOU TpOXiAOU Kat elvcn onusuousvo enavw c' nurov. 'ETOl, 11ouvrorcuevn Mva~l1 OTO oUOT11~a cvopmosec etvcn iSlnAaOla an6 TO ao<paAtc; eoorto epvootoc M nou etvoi cnueuouevo OTOV Tp6XLAo. 0 xcrcoxeuocrnc TOU TpOXiAOU npsnet va TOV oxeiSlaoel ue T&TOIO rporto, wOTe TO oUOTT)~a cvcomoscc, 0 a~ovac; xm TO oKOUAapiKI va unopouv va aVT&XOUV us ao<paAela aUTTi T11 cuviorcuevn iSuva~l1. Av TO ao<paMc; ooprto spvcotcc n.X. ortxou TpoXiAOU slvcn 5 rovvoi Kal 0

LvOtlJlLa

apt~oEUJ~

---+r""
TII.n; SWL
( lJap)(.QPI!'j.l.EVlJ OtOV tPOXI},.o)

L)(.o\J}..apl)('1

----7"",.

llvvalJlJ

=M

IX. 2.2m. Apl.laTwolcl anAou TpOXIAOU (l.Iov!'J I.InaOTeKa) nou Kpel.l&TQI an6 TO oucm1l.lQ QPTTJo&cix;TOU.

46

TpOXLAOe; prlOll.lOnOlElml vro rnv ovuunoon aUTOU TOU 6opoue;, TOTE 11TOOll OTO X oucrruic cvopmocec 8a unepeotver l\lyo TOUe; 10 TOVVOUe;(Myw TWV Tpl6wv). o OXEC'5laOIJOe; oUOTt;lJaTOe; ovcpmoetoc Kal TO aYKUAlO (KAElC'5i)nou 8a TOU XPllOlIJOnOl1l8El vic Til OTEPEWOTlTOU TPOXIAOUrtperter va EIVQl TETOlOe;,WOTETO ao<paMe; q>oPTIO spvcotcc TOUe; va ElVQl AlYO noocnovro ana 10 TOVVOUe;. o anMe; TpOXlAOe; IJnOpEI va opucnoaet KQl KaT' aAAO rpono, onox; rt.x, we; KOTWTpOXlAOe; TOU srmprn (povupn). LlllAaOt; TO 6opoe; aVTI va ouvosercr OTO OUPlJaTOOXOlvO nou nspvnet yupw ana TO POOUAO, ouvoeercr KaTEu8elav OTO .oucmpo nvcprttcecoc onOTE 0 Tp6xlAOe; EIVQl aVaOTpaIJIJEVOe; (OX. 2.2~).
M 2
TlI.l~ SWL ( I.lOP"I!.OP10I.l€Vl) ctov tPOX1AO) R::M

IX. 2.21;.
AP!.lOTWOla onAou TPOXLAOU (!.lovl') urtcorexo) OVOOTp0!.l!.leVOU OUOT'l!.lO OPTI')O&WC; TOU TpOXLAOU). (TO 6apoc; OUViSt&Tat OTO

~' cum rnv rteptrmoon 11 ouvtorouevn OUvalJll nou EVEPYE[ OTO OUOTlllJa cvcprnoetoc slvm Ion us TO 6opoe; KQl eq>ooov TO 6opoC; E[VQl [00 ue TO aoq>aMe; q>0pT[O epvaotcc ourn 80 E[VQl Kalil TOOTl OTO OllfJEIO cvcprnoetoc. EnE lOt; OIJWe; 0 TPOXlAOe; EXEl OXEC'5la08EI Yla v' aVTEXEl IJE aoq>OAEla OE oUVlOTalJEVll C'5uvalJll OTO cucrnuc avapTt;oEwe; C'5mAoOla ana TO aoq>aMe; q>0pT[O spvcotcc, OTllJa[VEl on 0 Tp6xlAOe; stvcr aoq>aAt;e; va avu!pwoEl 6opoe; C'5mAoOloana TO ao<paMe; C'511lJlOupywvTae; TOVTp6XlAO ric [C'5lEe; O TOOELe; tou 8a r C'511lJlOUPYOUOE sopoc [00 IJE TO aoq>aMe; q>0pT[O epvcotcc, orov 0 TPOXlAOC; etvrn apfJOTWfJEVOC;onwc; OTO OXt;lJa 2.2OT. Av rtpoxerrci n.X. va avu!pwOolJE 6opoC; 5 TOVVWV IJE ouortooro nou crtorexstror ana Eva anM oxtvnro Kal Eva cnxo KlVllTO TPOXlAO, TOTE 0 sncve TPOXlAOC;(nxlvnroc) 80 EXEl aoq>aMc; q>0pT[O epvcotoc 5 TOVVWV aMo 0 KOTW (KlvllTOC;) 8a EXEl aoq>aMc; eoprto epvcotcc 2,5 TOVVWV. ~ulJq>wva fJE ro rtpcnvouuevo KavEvac; TPOXLAOC; oev rtpertst va XPllOlfJOnOlEITQl vic rnv avu!pwOTl 6opouC; IJEyaAlJTEpOU ana TO aoq>aMc; q>0pT[O epvcotoc TOU, EKTOC; ana TOV anAO TPOXlAO nou urtopet va XPllOlfJOnol1l8Ei vio TIlV avu!pwOTl 6opouC; C'5m.MOlou an6 TO aoq>aMc; eoprto spvcotcc TOU, orov TO' 6opoC; ouvoE8El KaTEu8E[av OTO OUOTlllJa apTt;OEwC; TOU. To aoq>aMc; ooorto epvcotcc nOAAanAou TPOXIAOU (fJnaOTEKa IJE rtepiccors-

47 pa ana eva Kopua) elver 11uevurrn Mvaj.lT) nou ertrrperterm va ecpapj.l008el OTO E~OpTT)j.la apT1;OEWe; TOU. rIO TOV unoxoviouo aUTOUTOU cpoPTlou Aaj.l6oveTal un04Jl1 11 ueviorn TOOll nou Ecpapj.lO~ETatOTOTj.li]j.la EA~EWe; OU ovouevou. T "Eva ouortucro us aocpaAte; cpoPTlo spvcotcc 10 TOVVWVnou XP110lj.lOnOlel nOAA-anAOUe; TpoxlAoue; 8a ortorexetrcr ana eva cxtvnro Kat eva KlVl1TO TPOXlAO aocpaAOUe;eoprtou epvcotoc 10 TOVVWV0 Ka8Evae;. npEnEl ncvro va yvwPl~Oj.lE OTl a' eva ueoo avu4JwoeWe;6apwv, onwe; etvor 0 TpOXLAOe;, aocpaAte; eoprto epvootoc TOUouornuoroc e~apToTat ana sxslvo TO TOU ccsevecreoou onuetou, onwe; n.X. crperrrnpnc, KAEl61, noprm , yOVT~Oe;. "ETOIorcv cpucrovoue eva OUOTT)j.la, o8e runuo TOU etvoi ~WTlKi]e;onuootcc K Kat 8a rtpertst va elver opxsro lOXUpO. "Eva aMvaTo Tj.li]j.la urtopsl va npoKaAtoEl xnruorpoon, evw Eva urtsoeoxiKi]e; aVToxi]e; npo08ETEl cvsmauunro 6opoe; OE OAO TO OUOTT)j.la. To ooorto 60Klj.li]e; (proof load i] test load) TWVTPOXlAwv(urtccrexc i] uoxoooc) rtpertsi va urtepsotver TO aocpaAte; eoprto sovootcc we; e~i]e;: AnAol TPOXLAOI ortorouonrtors coecxouc eoortou eovcotoc: 4 x SWL nOAA-anAOI POXLAOI T j.leXPl 20 TOVVOlSWL: 2 x SWL nOAA-anAoiTpoXlAOl ana 21-40 TOVVOlSWL: SWL +20TOV. nOAAanAol TPOXlAOlrtovco ana 40 TOVVOlSWL: 1,5xSWL Ko8E TpOXLAOe; rtpener va exel onucvset ue TO aocpaAte; eoprto epvcotoc, TO ovouo i] Tl1V ernovuulo TOU KaTaoKEuaOTi] Kat 6laKplTlKO onueto nou 8a ouoxeTl~el TOV TPOXLAO TO mOTonOlT)TlKO60Klj.li]e; Kat em8ewpi]oewe; TOU. us Ko8e TpOXLAOe; CPOpTwTi]pa rtpertst va exelj.lOVlj.lT) rnvnxlou nou va avaYPocpEl . ric e~i]e; nAl1pocpoplEe;: 1) AocpaAte; cpoPTlo spvcotcc TOU oe uerpucouc TOVVOUe;. 2) Il1j.lelo avayvwploewe; nou 8a ouoxeTl~el TOVTPOXLAO TO mOTOnOlT)TlKO ue 60Klj.li]e; Kat em8ewpi]oewe; TOU. 3) Il1j.lelo avayvwploewc; nou 8' cvnororxet OTl1V 8EOll TOU TpOXiAOU OTO oxe6lo e~apTloj.lou TOU rtxolou, av cum etvci Ka80plOj.leVT). 4) Tl1 6l0j.leTpO TOU OUpj.laTOOXOlvOU vto Tl1V onolo Exel oxe6la08eL 5) Av Konolo j.lepOe;TOUTPOXlAOU etvm KaTaOKeUaOj.lEVO ono el6lKo xOAu6a. 2.2.6 EmSefiJp'lu'I KQI UUVTljp'lU'I TpoXfAlIJv.

'Ornv 0 TpOXlAOe;em8ewpElTat rtpertei va em6e6atwveTat OTl: 1) Ie xovevo KOpUO6ev unopxouv pWyj.lEe; Tl1Vnepupepeio Kat OTl6ev Aeinel O
xcvsvc KOj.lj.laTOKlrnc. 2) Ie xcvevc KOpUO TO aUAOKl 6ev elver unep60AlKO cpaywj.levo. 3) Ta xcpuo yupi~ouv ue TO xepl exeuaeoo Kat oj.laM. ,~. 4) 0 orperrrnpnc TOU e~apTi]j.laTOe; avapTi]oewe; etvor yepo crepeouevoc, xwpie; cpavepo eAanWj.laTa Kat 0 O~OVoe; OU6ev napouOlo~el ncocuopceT ostc, yupi~el eAeu8epa us TO XEPl Kat 6ev elvm eAeu8epoe; (unooucoc) OTl1 CPWAlOOU. 0 o~ovae; Kal 0 Tpl6eae; TOUorperrmpc rtpenei va ALnaivoVTal. T 5) H exeuaeoto cvcueoc OTa Kopua Kat rn 6laxwplOTlKO i] nAeuplKO eMOj.laTa (j.l0youAa) TOUTpoXiAOU 6ev elver unep60AlKi] ours EXOUVnapaj.lopcpw8ei ro 6laxwplOTlKO i] nAeuplKo eMoj.laTO. Av EXOUV napaj.lopcpw8ei, TO ovouevo 8a j.laYKw8ei j.leTa~UTOUxcouou Kat TOUeAOOj.laTOe; urtopsl va Kal

48

ou~60uv aTux~~aTa. 6) 0 rtslpoc Yla TTlOT~Pl~11 TaU o~ova elver OTEpEOe; at 5EV urtopel va CPUYEl K ana Til StOll TaU. 7) Ol5laTo~Ele; (OI1~Ela)AmovOEWe;etvouxcvortomnxec. H AinavOl1 rtpertet va elver EnapKTie;Kat va YlVETat KaTOxcvovuco 5laOTTi~aTa. Elvat npOTl~OTEPO va AmalvO~E rtc EnLcpOVElEe; TaU TPOXlAOUnapa va rtc xpw~aTl~o~E. To xpw~a urtopsl va CPPO~El ante; AmovOEWe;(ypaoaMpoue;) va oxencoer rtc ro OI1~Ela Ti rnv nLvaKl5a nou rtpertst va slvm eucvcvvcooro Ti va KpUljJEl EAaTTw~aTa. 8) To oKouAaplKl etvor YEPO Kal l5laiTEpa OTl 5EV tXEl pwy~te;. 9) Or ~UAlVOl TPOXlAOl 5EV txouv ourttoet ~ 5EV txouv axlo~te;. nOTt 5EV rtpertei Ol TPOXlAOl va PlxvoVTat OTO KaTaOTpw~a.
2.3 MI1XOVIKO auanoOTo.

Ta ~l1xavlKa cuortcorc (~l1xavlKo naMYKa - geared blocks - chain hoists) elver ~ETOAAlKO ouormoro ~E oprouevo nAEOVEKT~~aTa OE axtOl1 ~E ro anM ouoncorc. To KUPlO nAEovtKTll~O TOUe;elver OTl ernrpertouv rnv EUKOAll Kat an050TlK~ avuljJwOI1 6apwv ~E TO xtpl. YnoPXouv rsocepo E1511~l1xavlKwv ouortacrcov: 1) t;lacpoplKo ouortcoro (differential purchase). 2) ME 050VTWTOUe;TpOXOUe;(spur gear blocks), 3) ME crsouovo KoxAia nou E~nMKETal OE050VTWTOTPOXO(worm gear block). 4) ~uanaOTo ~E ~OXAO Kal «ccrcvro (lever and ratchet purchase). Ta Mo rtpdrrn E1511slvm rc cuvnaecrepo Kat TO ~l1xavlKo Ktp50e; TOUe; nOlKlAAEl ana 5 ~tXPl 250 cvcxovo ~E TllV avuljJwTlK~ TOUe; uccvomro. nou xuumvernt ana 1/2 ~tXPl 40 TOVVOUe;. To ~l1xavlKo Ktp50e; TaU ouortcorou ~E ~OXAOKat KaOTOVlaE~apToTat an6 TO ~~KOe; TaU ~OXAOU Kal Yl' aUTO TO aocpaMe; cpoPTlo epvcotoc TaU etvoi rtsproprouevo. ~uvTiSwe; Xpllol~onOlElTat OE rtepiopiouevouc xwpoue; vio EAacppte; epvootsc. To ~/alPoplK6 ooonaoro cptPEl OTOV srtcve TPOXlAO 5uo Kopua evouevo ~ETa~u TOUe;neprorpeoouevc yupw ana KOlV6 a~ova, EVWOl 5lo~ETpol TOUe; 5lacptpouv KonWe; (ax. 2.3a). H 5l0~ETpOe; TaU KlVllTOU TpOXiAOUelver lOll ~E TO ueco opo TWV5la~tTpwv TWV Mo encvo TPOXlAwv. To cvouevo elver aAuol5a xwple; OKPll Kat rtspvd encvo ana TO Kopua nou cptpOUV050VTWOEle;(MvTla), WOTE Ecpap~o~ouv Ol va KPlKOl Tile; aAuol5ae; Kat va ~11yAlOTpOUV. To ~l1xavlKo Ktp50e; an6 Til xpllOl~onoll1011 TaU 5lacpoplKOU cuormorou etvm: 2P/P-p, ortou.P 11 csrtvo TaU ~EyOAOUxcpuou Kat p 11 aKTlva TaU ~lKPOUxcpuou OTOVertcvco TpOXlAO. AVTl Yla TO ~tYESOe;TWVcxrtvov unopouue va xpllOl~onol~oo~E TOVaplS~6 TWV 050VTWOEWVnou cptPEl ornv nEplcptpEld TaU KaSE pnouxo. ~Uv~Swe; TO uevoxurspo Kapuo tXEl tva 50VTl nEplOOOTEPOana TO ~lKpO. 'ETOl, 0' tva cuoncoro nou tXEl 15 Kal 16 050VTWOEle;cvrtororxo OTO~lKPO Kat ~EydAO Kdpuo TaU ertcve TPOXlAOU,~E ~la nA~Pll OTpOCP~ TaU Sa avtASEl

49

IX. 2.30. t.lo<popIK6 ouortccro,

oAuoii5o IJriKoue; 16 KpiKWV IJtow TOU IJEYOAOUKOpUOU Kat So KOTt6El oAuoii5o IJriKoue; 15 KpiKWV IJtow TOU IJIKpOU. To 6opoe; rtou xpeuerut on6 TOV KOTW Tp6XlAO 80 ovtA8El KOTO '/2 KpiKO. Av tA~OIJE oAuoii5o IJriKoue; 32 KpiKWV, TO 6opoe; 80 ovtA8El KOTO 1 KpiKO, i51lAOi51lKEpi5i~oIJE 32 q>opte; OE MVOIJIl EVW xaVOIJE 32 eocec OE i510i5POlJri. H oPYri OVUljJWOT] JE OAO TO IJIlXOVlKOOUonOOTO ertrrperter IJlKpte; KlVriOEIC;I XElplOIJOUe; Kat OKpI6Eie; pu8lJiOEIe; TOU U4JOue; TOU 6opoue; rtou XElPl~OIJOOTE. 'OAO TO IJIlXOVIKO OUonOOTO etvci OUTOOUYKpOTOUlJevO, i51lAOi5ri TO 6opoe; rtcpcusver KPEIJOOlJtvo OTOV 11 oAuoii5o i5EV tAKETat. MEPlKOi rurtoi OUonOOTWV slvm Eq>0i5100IJtVOI IJE IJIlXOVIOIJOKOT061600EWe; TOU 6opoue; IJE Til 60pUTIlTO. llllAoi5ri TO eocrto KOTE60ivEl on6 TO ii510 6opoe; TOU IJE i5UVOTOTIlTOEAeYXOU Tile; TOXUTIlTOe; KOT061600EWe; OT08EPO OE 8 twe; 9m1min. Aoyw TWV IJEYOAWVnAEOVEKTIlIJOTWVTOUe; TO IJIlXOVlKO cuortcorc XPllOlIJOrrorouvrm noM OTO IJIlXOvoOTaOlo TWVnxokov, KIVOUIJEVOKOTOTO i510IJIlKEe;KOl EYKOPOIO encve OE Oli51lPOTpoxlte; IJE Til 6ori8ElO KIVIlTriPO. MAO KOl OTO KOTOOTPWIJOXPllOllJOnOIOUvTOI nOAMe; q>opte; 1J10Kat enrrpertouv TIlV OVU4JWOT] Kat rtcpouovn OE oKiVIlTIl seen. xwpie; vo OTEPEW8Ei, IJEYOAOU6opoue; ana tvov ov8pwno. 01 Tpl6te; nou cvurrruooovrm OTO IJIlXOVIKOOUonOOTO elver nOAu IJEYOAEe;,Yl' oUT6 11 MVOIJIl OVU4JWOEWe;unoAoyi~ETol OTO i5lnAOOlO Tile; 8EWPllTlKriC;. Iuvri8we; TO IJIlXOVIKOOuonOOTO KOTOOKEUO~OVTatIJE 008EVtOTEPO onueto TO yOVT~O, onou KptlJETat TO 6opoe;. "ETOI noocuxcocstcr 6AOe; 0 IJIlXOVIOIJOe;,

50

YIOTI ov um:PCPopTw8ei TO OUonOOTO, TOTe 0 xcrorrepoc yavT~o<; 80 rstvei v' ovoi~el npdrru. Le xcvovucec ouv8iJKe<; 11 iSuV01J1l tA~ew<; nou ooxetror 0' eve IJIlXOVIKO ouortcoro ana tva iJ iSOo cvapenouc iSev 80 TO urtepooprtocet. KOTa rnv smseopncn TOU ouoncorou ov iSlomOTWetl aVOlYIJO iJ unep60AlKiJ cp80po TOU yOV1~OU rtpenst OlJtow<; OU10<; vo OVlIKolOuT08eL H oTpt6AWOll TWV KPIKWV 111<;OAuoliSo<; elver tviSel~1l 011 TO OUonoOTO txel aOXlllJO um:PCPoplw8ei. Em:liSiJ 11no pont po xpiJan TOU iSev elver oocpoAi]<;, 80 rtpertet 10 ouoncoro vo OVlIK010OT08eL Ll0 IJI1XOVIKQ ooonaor« IJ£ 060VTWTOUc; TPOXOUc; 10 IJIlXOVlKO KtpiSo<; ortoxrcrcn ueoco IJlKPWV OiSOV1WTWV TPOXWVnou KIVOUVlJeyoMTepou<; OiSOVTWTOU<; TPOXOU<;. LTO oxiJlJO 2.36 eotvercr eve TtTOlO OUonOOTO KOl oe Xerrrouepeic 0 IJIlXOVlOIJ0<; AeITOUPYIO<;lOU ue iSuVOTOTlllO OUTOOUYKpOTiJoew<; TOU 6opou<;. o OiSOVTWTO<; lPOXO<;, on' onou nsovo 11OAuoiiSo nou xelpl~OIJOOTe YIO TIlV OVU4Iwan lOU 6opou<;, ronoaererror OTO OKPO lOU O~OVO IJt cnetptoun KOXAIO KOl tXtl Til iSUV0161IlTO VO xtvelrrn K010 lJiJKO<;lOU O~OVOrtpoc TO uson iJ t~w, OVOAOYO ue Til cpopo nepurrpocru; TOU TpOXOU. o OiSOVTWTOC;TPOXOC; ue erttoxeorpo (KOOTOVIO) xwettrn eAeu8epo OTOV O~OVO, 11 KOOTOVlO OIJW<;TOU srtrrpenet VO OTptcpel IJOVO KOTO Til iSleueuVOIl ovu4Iwoew<;. To WOTIKOneprxcuno (KoMpo) crtorsxel eve TlJiJlJO pe TOV o~ovo.
MlJxaVlOIlOC; aUToouyxpaT~o£wc;

X£lPOX,lVT]T1] aAUOloa

K. Vl]T~PlOC; OOovTwtOC; TPOXOC;

KlVlJT~PlOC; OoovTwTec; Tpoxec;

",_ __

AAuoloa QVuljJwOEwC; ~6pouc;

X£lPO)(IV1]T1] OAUOlOO

a VUtjJl.lJOEWS
~apouC;

AAUOLOO

®
IX. 2.36.
Ml1xaVIKO ouoncoro 11& O~OVTWTOU<; TPOXOU<;.

51

'Ornv orpeooue TOV TPOXO ue TTlV aAuoii5a Yla va aVU4JWOOlle TO 6apoe;, 0 TpOXOe; xtvelrtn KaTa IlJiKoe; TOU aE;ova evw 6li5wveTOl a' ourov IlEXPl va EA8el os enacpJi ue TOV TPOXO ue TTlV xoorcvm. AUToe; ue TTl oelpa TOU ocpiyyel TO i5aKTuAlO Tpl6Jie; Kat TO oxrnxo xoxcoo ETOl, WOTe TO OUVOAO TWV TPOXWV va OTPECPOUV Ila~i. 0 aE;ovae;, IlEOW TOU IllKPOU TPOXOU OTO aAAO aKpo TOU, Klvei TOUe; uevoxursoouc ooovrorrouc TpOXOUe; Kat TOV TPOXO nou cpEpel TTlVaAuoii5a ortou KpElleTat TO 6apoe;. 'OTOV orcucmoous TOV EAE;Tl,TO 6apoe; ouvxpcrsttm ana TTlV KaOTaVLQ Kat ana TTlV TPl6Ji lleTaE;u TOU TPOXOU TTle; Kat TOU toorucou KoMpou. 'OTOV orpeooue TOV TPOXO vro va KaTe6aoOlle TO scpoc, aUTOe; cnouoxpuvercr ana TOV TPOXO us TTlV xuorcvro Kat TO cooruco KOAapo eAeu8epwve:Tal ana TOV nponvouuevo TpOXO. 'ETOl, TO ooorto KaTe6aivel ana TO ii5l0 6apoe; TOU IlEXPl va rteptorpnoet 0 aE;ovae; KaTa TTlV ii5la nOOOTTlTa cpEpOVTOe; ce enacpJi TOV TPOXO ue TTlV xucrcvro Kat aUTOV ue TTlV aAuoii5a. ~Ta /.II1XaV1KQ ooonaora /.1& atepuova KoxAia Kat 0i50VTWTO TPOXO, os uio nAJiPTl OTpoCPJiTOU KOXAia uvnororrst KiVTlOTlTOU 0i50VTWTOU TPOXOU KaTa Eva i5ovn. To IlTlxavlKo KEpi5oe; uurou TOU ouonccrou lOOUTat ue TOV apl81lo TWV i50vnwv OTOV Oi5ovTWTO TpOXO. ~TO oxJilla 2.3y ectveror ouortooro ue crsouovc KOXAia Kat 0i50VTWTO TPOXO Kat oe AemOIlEpela 0 IlTlxaVlOIlOe; Xerroupvloc TOU ue i5uvaTOTTlTO ouroouvxpoTJioewe; TOU 6apoue;. rla TTlV aUTOOUYKPCtTTlOTlTOU 6apoue; XPTlOlIlOnoleiTat IlTlxavlOlloe; rrcpouoroc ue curov TOU nponvouuevou ouortdorou,

K IV1']"[~PIO~ oboVT(lJt6~ tpOXO~

ObOV1WtO~ "[pox6~

OOOV"(WTO~ "(poXO~ QOtl"KO "KOAOPO

AAuoloo avulj!woEwc; ~apouc; LI.(JOlpO 0n:6 o0..1']pO XciAU~O 060V1Wl0~ IlE "Ka01(lVIO AAUOl aVUI.jJWoEW~ ~apou~ XEIPO"KIV1']l"!l OAUOloa

@
Ix. 2.3y.
MllxaVIKO ouortuoro us crepuovo

®
Koxll.[a KQl OiSOVTWTOTpOXO.

52 OZSOVTWT6C; TpoX6C;, an6 TOV ortolo nspvc 11aAUO[ZSa vio rnv avu4JwOll TOU 60pouC; (KlVllTTJPlOC; TpoX6C;) OTp&q>el yupw an6 TOV o~ova rtou onorexet eva runuo us TOV crspuovu KoxAia. H neplOTpOq>TJ aUTOU TOU TPOXOU KaTO Til ZSleu8uvOll aVU4Jwoewc; avaYKO~El TOV creouovo KoxAia va Klvl18e[ npoc; ro opurrepc Kat va oq>[~el TOV TPOXO ue rnv KaOTOVla Kat TO ~aKTUAlO TPl6TJC; encve OTIlV Keq>aAi), WOTe va orpeoouv 6AOl lla~L 'Otnv orcuomooue rnv eA~I1, TO 60poC; rtou KpelleTat an6 TIlV aAuo[~a Ileow TOU OZSOVTWTOU TPOXOU avaYKO~El TOV o~ova va KlV118ei aK61l11 nspiocorepo rtpoc ro cprcrspo. H KaOTOVla ZSevenrrpertei OTOV aVTiOTOlXO TpoX6 va orpcoel Kal 11 TPl6i) lJeTa~U TOU TPOXOU ue rnv KaOTOVla Kat TaU' WOTlKOU KOAOPOU ouvxpcrst TO 60poC;. H rtepiorpoqm TOU KlVllTi)Plou TPOXOU KaTO Til ~leu8uvOll KaTa6l600ewc; urtepvucd TIl MvalJll KpaTi)oewc; TOU ZSaKTuAiou TPl6i)C; Kat srnrpener OTOV o~ova va KlV118Ei ZSE~lO,eAeu8epwVOVTac; nAi)pwc; TO IJllxaVlOIJO TPl6i)C; vio va KaTe6el TO 60poC;. To IJllxavlK6 Kep~oc; TOU oucmOUTOU IJ& lJoXA6 KOI KOOTaVIQ (OX. 2.3~) e~apToTat an6 TO IJi)KOC; TOU IJOXAOU nou AeLToupyei oav TO IJOXM aVTAiac;. KaTO rnv KiVllOll auTi) Illa KaOTOVla, nou oUVMeTallJe TO IJOXM, OTpeq>El eva 0(50VTWTO Tpox6, EVW 11 KaOTOVla unopet va cvoorpceet ernrpertovroc Til OTpe4J1l TOU IJOXAOU KaTO TllV o 0(50VTWT6C; TpoX6C; ue rnv KOXAia KaTO IJi)KOC;TOU o~ova, KpelJeTat TO 60poC;. 0 o~ovac; AelToupyel 6nwc; OTO cuormoro OAAll ZSleu8uvOll. KaOTOVla xiverrcr ue Til 60i)8ela orteroeucroc nou q>epel TOV TpoX6 ue rnv aAuoi~a an' onou xtvetrm ue IJllxaVloIJ6 curoouvxpcrnceoc rtou IJE 0(50VTWTOUC;TPOXOUC;rtou exel neplypaq>eL

06ov"CWtoc; "CPOXOc; xootavlo I1E I1llXOVI0l10V O\JtOO\JVXPOnlOEWC;

IX. 2.36. MllxavIK6 oucnooro 1.1& l.IoXM Kal Kao-ravla.

53

2.4 E~apTfn.laTa avullJwo&WC; Bapwv. 2.4.1 AYKUAIQ (#CA£16"j - shackles). Ta aYKuAla (KASI61o.) XPT)OIIlOnOlouvTal Yla TT)ouv6son 61a<p6pwv cvnxeiuevwv IlsTa~u TOUc;,onwc; ilIa aYKUAT) (vcoc) ti uio aPTo.VT) ccurmvi) o· tva 6o.poc; ( (eoprto) Ii tva OYKlOTPO(yo.VT~O~)c' tva TPOXIAOti oe Illa aYKuAT) (yo.oa). EivQl crtopctrnrc yta TOVs~apTtOll6 (apJlOTwlla) TWVIltowv eoproexcoproosw~ xrn oe noMt~ o.Ms~ s<paplloyt~ snovw OTa nAoia. KaTaoKsUO~OVTQlouvtiew~ an6 o<puptiAaTo oi6T)po ti T)llioKAT)PO Xo.Au6a Kal 61aKpivoVTQl aVo.AOya IlS TO oxtilla TOU~ os KASl610 oxlillaTo~ U us iOlS~ nAsupt~ Kat o' aUTO. IlS KUPTt~ nAsupt~, nou XPT)OlIlSUOUVKupiw~ vro TT) ouv6son TT)~aAuoi6a~ IlS TT)Vo.YKUpa. Ta KASl61o.IlS KUPTt~ nAsupt~ txouv JllKp6TSpT) aVToxti an6 aUTO IlS iOlS~ nAsupt~ KQl IlS i610 Jltyseo~. Enion~ ro KASl6l0 61aKpivovTal avo.AOya ue TOV rpono OTSpswosw~ TOU rtslpou OTI~ nAsupe~ TOU KASI610U. To OUVT)eeOTSpO si60~ KASl610U etvoi aUT6 IlS rtelpo nou 6l6wVSTQl [OX. 2.4a(a)]. Av aUT6~ 0 runoc <pepsI KQl nSpLAailllO (KoMpo - <pMvT~a) OTT)Ilia OKpT)TOU rtelpou, OTT)v Ks<paAti TOU, aU~o.VSl TT)VOTsps6TT)Ta TOU KASI610U. Iuvf)ew~ 0 nslpoc MvsTal us Asmo oupuc vic va 1lT)~s6l6wesL Is oMa KASl610 0 rtslpoc elver OTpoyyuM~ xwpi~ onsipwlla KQl <pepsI OTO OKPOTOU oxlollti, an6 TT)Vonoia rtepvo IlIKPti nspovn [OX. 2.4a(6)]. H nepovn xpnnetm OTT) Seon TT)~ ue Asmti aAuoi6a. o nslpoc oprouevov KASl6lWV tXSl 600 npos~oxe~ nou nspvouv Iltoa oe cvrtororro KOLAWllaTa OTa o.Kpa TWVnAsupwv TOUKASl6l0U. 0 rtslpoc ao<paAI~sTal OTT) aton TOU oeou nepnoer OTOovorvuo Kal orpntpel KaTo. Illot'l OTpO<pti WOTS01 npos~oxt~ Kal 01 OXlollt~ (KOLAWllaTa)va IlT)V suSuypalllli~oVTQl [OX. 2.4a(y)].

dd~d
@
IX. 2.40.
E[l)l1 aYKuA[wV

®
(KAE:ll)IWV).

54

'AAAa KAelOUl exouv OTO eva OKPO TTlC;Illac; nAeupoc; TOUC; KWVlKr; orm. aocpaAi~eTOl OTTl SeOll TOU ue Atmr; lleTOAAlKr; ocpr;va nou nspvo an6 TTlV orm TOU KAelOIOU KOI TOU rrelpou KOI xpcmerm us eva KOIlIlOTl IlOAU6l, nou rortoaererrm srtdvco uno TTlV KecpaAr; TTlC;ocpr;vac; [ax. 2.4a(0)]. Le ooiousvo KAelOlO TO OKPO TOU nelpou 8epllaiveTOl KOI coou rtepdost OTO ovorvuo lleTa~u TWV nAeupwv xrumeror ue ocpupi wOTe va unv unopel KOT6mv va crtoucxouvast KAe[VOVTac; TO KAelO[ uovuio. To lleye80c; TWV KAelolwv unoAoy[~eTOl an6 TTl OlOlleTpo 0 (os XlAlOOTO) TOU lleTOAAOU OTO rtdvco uepoc TOU KAelolou. To usvroro aocpaMc; rpoprlo epvcotcc svoc KAelolOu ue [aLec; nAeupec; unoxovksrcr an6 TOV runo.

o nelpoq

SWL

02 160
--

oe rovvouc
neve an6 13mm) an6 TOV

KOI svoc KAelolou ue KupTec; nAeupec; (KOllleye80uc;

runo:
SWL
=

260

--

02

oe rovvouc

To aocpaMc; tpoprio epvcotcc TOU KAelolou oev nperter va urtspectver TO uioo TOU cpOpT[OUOOKlllr;C; lleXPl TO ortolo OOKlllo~eTOl Ko8e KAeloi crpou KOTaOKeuao8eL 0 ouvrexecrnc aocpa.Aelac; OTa rreorcocreoo KAelolo elver 6. Ta KAelolo rtpertsr va exouv onuovaet (llapKaplo!3ei) ue TO ovouo TOU «crcoxeuccrn, TO lleye86c; TOUC; Kal TO aocpaMc; ooorto epvnotcc TOUC;. 2.4.2 'AYKIuTpa (yavT{oi - hooks).

o yOVT~OC; slvm ouvr;8wc; TO onueto an6 TO ortolo xpeuerm TO 6opoc; oro OUOTr;llaTO avuljJwoewc; 6apwv. KaTaoKeuo~eTal an6 yaA6avlollevo TlIl[OKATlPO XOAu6a ce OlOCPOpOUC; axeOlaoIlOUC;. 1\6yw TTlC;aVOlKTr;C; xnrcoxeuqc TOU slvoi ouvr;8wc; TO ccasvsorepo uepoc TOU e~onAlollOU avuljJwoewc;. revlKO evac; YOVT~OC; exel KaTO nevre cpopec; IllKp6TePTl aVTOXr; an6 eva KAelO[ ue TO [010 lleye80c;. Yl' aUT6 rrponuouue va aVTlKa8lOTOUIle TO yOVT~O us KAelO[ vio TTlV cvuuxoon lleYOAOU 6opouC;. Ot yOVT~Ol TOU axr;llaTOC; 2.46(a) XPTlOlIlOnOlOUVTOl eupurorc OTO OKPO TOU ertoprn (povopn) TWV cpOpTWTr;pWV. MOlO~OUV noM KOI exouv lleyoAo cvorvuo vio va nepcoouv ro OKeATl IllOC; rerportxnc apTOVTlC; (oouncvrou). H npoe~oxr; OTOsncvo uepoc TOU yOVT~OU npocuxcocer TTlV OKPTlTOU va IlTlV rnncst Tuxa[a OTO OT61ll0 TOU KUTOUC; ; ce KonOla npoe~oxr;. 0 oeuTepoc; yOVT~OC;ouvoeeror r ce OUO endorse cpOpTWTr;pWV nou xsrroupvouv ce ouvouoouo lleTa~u TOUC; (union purchase). o yOVT~OC; TOU axr;llaToc; 2.46(6) KPOTO TlC; oKpec; Illac; apTOVTlC; XWPlOTO anoKAeiovTac; va ellnAaKouv lleTa~u TOUC;. rla TTlVaVOpTTlOTl6apeAlwv XPTlOlIlOnOleiTOl 0 YOVT~OC; TOU axr;llaToc; 2.46(y). nOAAO[ yOVT~Ol cpepouv orperrrnpec (orpuprcprc) vtc va cnooeuvsrcr Tl lleTOOOOTl TWV OUOTpOCPWV TOU endprn OTO yOVT~O [ax. 2.46(0)]. Ot yOVT~Ol aocpa.AeLOC; xouv IlTlxaVlOll6 nou AeLToupyei ue eAOTr;plO vto va e

55

co
:,H-.-.J

'

TOIl~ y-x

l:x. 2.46. E(511 aYK(<JTpwV (yavT~wv).

crtorpeuverm TO ~aYKimpwlla TOU 60pouC; I'J TOU KpiKOU TOU oounoviou av T] TOOT]aneAw8epw8ei unorouo [ax. 2.46(e)]. To i(')lO urtopsi va EnLTEux8£1 av KA£ioOIlE TO ovorvuo EVOC;KOlVOU yOVT~OU IlE AEmo axolvL Oruooonncre aUTO TO MOIIlO (')EV60T]80 va anoq>Eux8Ei TO ovorvuo TOU yOVT~OU OTQVEq>aplloo8Ei unEp60AlKI'J TOOT]. EnEl(')1'JT] evxopoto TOIlI'J TOU Il£ToMou ana TO ortolo cnorsxerrcn 0 YOVT~OC; (')EV etvm KUKAlKI'J,(')ev urropsl va xapaKTT]plo8£i TO lley£8oc; TOU 11£lleTPT]oT]. Ot yOVT~Ol rtpertet va exouv onucvast IlE TO ovouo TOU «crcoxeuccrn Kat TO aoq>aMc; rpcprto eovootcc TOUC;. To aoq>aMc; coprto spvcotcc yOVT~OU, av Xemouv oMa crorreto unopel va 6PE8£i ana TOV runo: SWL = B x H OE TOVVOUC; ortou: B KOl H Ol (')lamooElC; OE iVTOEC;TT]C;evxcpotoc TOIlI'JC;TOU yOVT~OU onwc; qxitvercr oro axl'Jlla 2.46(m) OE TOIlI'J YX.

56

2.4.3 Apnivec;

(aop11QVIO - slings).

H aPTo.VTI (ocurtcvi) XPTlOlIlOnOlelTal vio TTl OUYKpo.TTlOT)Kal avutlJwOT) TOU 6o.pouc:;. Ta ~lo.CPOpael~TI TWV ooprkov ancrrouv TTlXPTlOlIlOnOITlOT)TTlC:; OWaTric:; apTQVTlC:;KaTo. TO OWaTO rpono (ocunovmptouu) vic Ko.8e el~oc:;. ITa Alllo.Vla OAOU TOU KOOIlOU ecpapllO~OVTat ~lo.CPOpec:;npaKTlKtc:; Yla TTIV avutlJWOT) TWV CPOPTIWVe~apTWllevec:; aKOIlTl Kat ana t8llla ri napa~ooelC:;. To aocpaAtc:; eoprto spvcotcc TWV cprovev unopet va cp8o.OellltXPl TOUC:; 0 3 TOVVOUC:;. eKAoyri TTlC:; aTo.MTlATlC:;aPTo.VTlC:; at 0 rponoc XPTlOlIlOnolrioewc:; H K K TTlC:; e~aPTo.Tat ana TO av rtpoxerrm va avutlJw8el tva ri rteprooorepc cvrucelueva, us utn avu"""fTT!. TO 6o.poc:; curov TWV cvnxeuievov Kat av aUTO. elver oUllnayri ri eu8pauaTa. rla TTIV GVo.PTTlOT) WV cpoPTlwv KaTo. KUPlO AOyO XPTlOlllonolouvTal T OXOlVlo., oupucrooyotvo ri aAuol~ec:;, uovo TOUC:;ri oe ouvouoouo. EVTOUTOlC:;el~lKo. eopno, onwc:; eunopeuucroxiedmo (containers), cpopTla XUlla, ~uAela, Xo.Au6ac:; KAn. crtcrrouv l~laITepec:; ~leuKoAuvoelC:;. H aOcpo.Aela TOU rtpootornxou txel KuplapXTI onucoto, Yl' aUTO ortoroonnore ueoo avutlJwoewc:; Kal av XPTlOlllOnOlTl8el rtpsrrer va cvrortoxolvercn oro rrporuno xcvovtouov nou np06AtnoVTal. Me TTl XPTlOlIlOnOITlOT) TTlC:;KaTo.MTlATlC:;aPTo.VTlC:;ue TOV KaTo.MTlAO rpono cnoeeuvercn TI ~Tllllo. aTO CPOPTIO,onoc n·x. TI OUV8AltIJri TOU. ITa enouevc avacptpoVTat rc ~lo.CPOpa e(~TI cprovev Kat ro cpopTla vic ro ortolo unopouv va XPTlOlIlOnOlTl80uv. 1) ApTQVec; 0116 axo1vf[OX. 2.4y(a)]. KaTaOKeUo.~OVTOl ana oxolvi 24mm-36mm IlriKOUC:; 10-12m nou txouv ouv~e8ei ro nxpo TOU ue allllo.TlOT) (ucrnoic). Xpnmuortorouvrm eupurcrc, onwc:; Yla TTIV aVo.PTlOT) vsvucou CPOPTIOU ouoxeucouevou oe ~l:llaTa ri Kl6wTla, cpoPTlo oe Oo.KOUC;, popTio OUOKeuac 0I.lEVO os 1.l0vo.~eC;, naAtTec;, ouoxsucouevn ~uAela. 2) ApTQVec; 0116 pouaoPQ [OX. 2.4y(6)]. KaTaOKeUo.~OVTat ue TO po.tIJlllO evoc xouuonou uouooue lleTa~u TWV TIlTlllo.TWV svoc ocunoviou ana OXOlVi. XPTlOlI.l0nOloUVTat vic cpopTla OlTTlPWV, Pl~lOU ri Kacpt oe Oo.KOUC:; ouoro ri coprto ortou TO neplexollevo TOU Oo.KOUeiVatAemo. To eoprto rtou TUXOV xuveTat ~ev anaTaAo.Tal eoooov KpaTll:Tal aTO uouonuc. H To.OT) rtou ~EXOVTat Ol e~wTeplKoi Oo.KOl 1.l0lpo.~eTat ruo oucxo Kat ETOI neplopI~eTal 0 KIV~UVOC:;va OXlo80uv. 3) ApTQVec; 0116 axOIV; " auppoT6axOlVO [OX. 2.4y(y)] ue ilia vcoo OE Ko.8e o.KPTIevoc oupucrooxotvou 16-20mmri OXOlVlOU 50-60mm IlriKOUC:;4-Sm. To IlEOO TTlC:; aPTo.VTlC:; nspvc Ko.TWana TO CPOPTIO, O Eva o.KPOTOU nepvc ueoo T ana TTl vcoo OTTIV6M.TI o.KPTIKal !9n08eTelTal aTO yo.VT~O TOU eno.PTTI. To 66poc:; ocplyyel TTIV aPTo.VTI yupw ana TO eoprlo. Xpnouiortotouvrm vto TTIV aVo.PTTlOTl 6aplWv Kl6wTiwv, ~ello.TWV, uypwv, aKOTEpyo.aTWV ~ePllo.TWV, ~UAelac:; Kat Ol~TlPO~OKWv. 4) ApTQVec; 0116 oAua;~o [OX. 2.4y(~)1. Anorexouvrm ana tva rurum aAuoI~ac:; nou EXellleyo.AO ~aKTuAlo (KpIKO) aTO tva o.KPOTTlC;Kal yo.vT~O ri uucpcrepo KPIKo aTO o.AAOo.KpO. Xpnotuortoiouvtut Yla TTIVaVo.PTTlOT)6aplwv cxorspvccnov coprkov onwc:; 0l~TlPo6epyec:;, eMOl.laTO Ol~ripou, KOPIlO[ ~uAe[ac;, OlKO~OlllKo. Kal yeWPYlKo. UAlKo..

57

,)

®
IX·2.4y.
E[Zil1 apTaVWV (oourmvuev).

rIa TTlOUYKP(lTTlOTl TOU6apoue; rtspvcue TTlVaAuoit'.ia yupw ana TO eoorto Ilia f)liuo cpoptc; av stvrn cncpctrnro xm yaVt~WVolle TO aKpo yupw ana TTlVaAuoit'.ia. To aMo aKpo nou cptpel TO lleyaAo KpiKO ronoseretrm OlOV sncpm TOU CPOpTwTf)paKal TO 6apoe; Ka8we; avulIlwveTOl ocplyye I ne; 6aATee;TTle; Auoit'.iae;yupw ana to cpOPTIO. a 'Otnv avulllwvetOl TO6apoe; t'.iev rrpsner va OXTlllaTi~ovTOl oucrpooec (6epivee;) vujxo an6 TTlV aAuolt'.ia. 5) ApTQV£t; Y'O TIJV ovul/JlIJOIJ 8opd/(iJv [OX. 2.4y(e)]. H cprovn urtopsl va

58

cnorsxetrcr ana oxolvi ri OUPllaTOOXOlVOKal OTa aKpa TOU tXe:l e:l(')lKO vaVT~Onou rncvei KaTWana T11vaKP'l TOU6ape:AlOUKat ocpiyye:l KaMTe:pa 000 rno 6apu etvrn TO cpoPTlo. nOAAte; cpopte; unapxouv 4 ri 5 OElpte; vavT~wv a' tva KPIKo ertrrpsrtovroc TO vPrivopo XElplOIlO. I1Ev OUVlOTWVTat ro T'lV avuljJwOll 6aplWv v ~uAivwv 6apEAlWV VlaTI urtopsl v' avoi~ouv Ol oavl(')ee; TOUe;. 6) EuAlvol T£TpaYfAJVOI, op8oyriJvloI q KUKAIKOi ~iClKOI [OX. 2.4V(OT)]. Avopnovrm Ile IllKpa IlrlK'l OXOlVlOUrl oupucrooyolvou ro OKtA'l, rtou npoooproVTat one VWVlEe;.Xpnouronotouvrm vic T11v cvuuxoon IllKPWV cpoPTlwv, onwe; (')oXEla Aa(')lou ri XPwllaTwv, Kl6wTla nou nEpltxouV cplaAEe; ri IlETaAAlKo (')oXEla Kat OAAa(')tllaTa rtou unopouv va avuljJw80uv EUKOAaKat va Ton08ET118ouv OTO (')iOKO ana tva aV8pwno. AvuljJWvouv 6apoe; ouvnaec IltXPl 1,5 TOVVO. 7) KouTla [OX.2.4V(~)]. Eivalollola IlE TOUe; ')iOKOUe; ( aAM txouv ~UAlV'l nAEupa OT'lV nepupepsio. Xpnmuortotouvrm vic TO Xe:lPlOIlO e:KP'lKTlKWV Kat EmKlV(')UVWVcpoPTlwv. 8) iliKTUO orr" C1){olvi q ClUPPOT"C1){OIVO [OX.2.4V('l)]. XP'lOlIlOnoLOUVTatvic T'lV avuljJwOll Ecpo(')lwvf} aAAwv eoprkov nou 8a unoorouv ~'llllte; oe (')uvaIlEle; ouv8AlljJEWC; . rla T'lV avuljJwOll euaocuortov EAacppwv Kl6wTlwv Ton08ETEiTat usee OTO (')(XTU ~UAlVO oavi(')wlla (')lalltTpou 1,8 m. To i5IXTu cvoprcrui ncvro ana oprcvn IlE rsooeoo OKtA'l vro va IllKpaivEl 'l vwvia Ile:Ta~u TWVOKEAWV T'lC; oprnvnc. Fin T'lV uvcprnon «cruuruvuevcov KpeaTWV XP'lOlllonOlOUVTOl IlEPlKtC; cpopte; cSlXTuacrto uouocuc. 9) ~CPIYKTqp£C; &AoClpaTfAJV (OX. 2.4V(8). Vnapxouv i5lacpopa e[i5'l ourtov TWV 0CPlYKTriPWV. apxri Xerroupvloc ~i\lnl TO Ocpi~lllO TOU EAaollaTOC; IlOAlC; H avu~w8E[ TO 6apoc; xwpic; va YAIOTPtlOEI,6noo<;8a ouveaowe av XPIlOlJ.lonOloucoue cpruvn ana aAuoii5a.
10) ipavT£C; orr" T£XVIITa vqpOTO rroAuopi611C; (vauAov) t1 ttosueorepa (T£pUAtv) [OX.2.4V(l)]. Ta rexeurato XPovla XP'lOlIlOnOlouvTal euourcro, KupiwC; VLQT'lV avuljJwO'1 eoprtov nou 'l EmcpavElo TOUe; pener va npoOTaTEUETat, n onwe; 6apKEe;, Kou~lvtm ll'lxaVWV, OWMVEe;, POAOl xapTOu. Ot uicvrec E~ao<paAi~ouv AEia enupnvem Enacpf}e;vupw ana TO 6apoe; xrn xcroveuouv TIe; rneoe«; rno ouoxc, un06aOTO~OVTae;TO 6apoc; KQTOIlTJKOe; AOUTOU O nAaTOUe;TOU lllavTa. To nAaTOe; TOUe;urtopet va cp8aoel ro 300mm. Ot lllavTEe; KaTaAf}youv OTa aKpa OEvaoEe; rrou OX'lllaTI~OvTal IlE avai5inAw0'l TOU Ii5LOuUAlKOU KaTaoKeurie; TOUC; } OE IlETaAAlKa E~apTf}llaTa. f Fro T'lV avuljJwO'1 6apwv IlE uurec Tle; oprcvec nspvcue rn Illa aKP'l TOU uicvrc ueou ana rn vcoc T'le; aAA'le; aKP'le; TJ cvuunovoue TO6apoe; OTa (')tio TIJf}llaTa TOU lllavTa. 11) ApTav£c; OUTOKIVqTfAJV [OX. 2.4 Y(la)]. Artorsxouvrm ana cSiXTUa rtou rorto8ETOUVTat KOTWana TOUe;TpOXOUe;IlE oprcvec ana cupucrooxorvo ri aAuoli5a IlE rsooepo OKtA'l Kat i50Koue; OTOennve uepoc, rtou KpaTOUVrc OKtA'l TWV corcvov llaKplQ ana TO OX'llla [OX. 2.4Y(LQ1 'Ornv OIlWe; )]. rtpoxerrm va avuljJw80uv 6apla cpopT'lya Kat AEwcpopEia r; IlEVclAOI OKEAETOi uuroxivnnov (ocot), ronoaerouvrcr npoe~oxte; OTOUe; a~OVEe; WV T

59

co

=t, L_--'I _J
L_

_=========_

......=!-=.;==!~!I =!!........ ~

~a

IX·2.4y.
E{5'1 apTaVWV (ouurtovusv).

60

TPOXWV TOU OxiU.laTOC;. ~nc; npoe~Oxec; rtpoouprcovrcn aPTo.VeC; ana OUpj..laTaOXOIVO. ~TO no.VW uepoc Ton08eTOUVTOI t5oKoi, anwc; rtponvouuevwc; [OX. 2.4y.(la2)]. 12) naAtT£C; [OX. 2.4Y(16)). EivOl ~UAIVT) KaTaOKeUTt rreplrrou 1,5 x 1,5 m nou coou cpopTw8ei unopet va avu4Jw8ei ue nepovooopo aXT)j..la Tt aPTo.VT) xwpiC; va elver crtcpctrnro va nepcosr T)apTOVT) Ko.TWana TT)VnaMTa rtpiv aUTTt cpopTw8ei. 01 naMTec; yej..li~OVTal one an08TtKeC; eurtopeuucrtov, eoorovovrcu oe CPOPTT)Yo. UTOKivT)Ta Kal eeoovrcr OTO nAoio onou a aVU4JWVOVTOl Kal CPOPTWVOVTOl wpiC; TlC; ouvnsiouevec x Ka8uOTepTtOelC; ana ro XWPIOTo. ccpncvrcotoucro. H xpT)0"lj..lon01T)0"T)rtepovooopov 0XT)j..lo.TWV(fork lift trucks) Yla TO xelplOj..lO TWV cpoPT1WVouvexwc; aU~o.VeTal. nOAAO nxotc i'ha8eTouv t5lKo. TOUC; OXTtj..laTa, evw oAAa ecpot5lo~ovTal ana TOUC;OToI6at56pouc;. rla TT) XPIlO"lj..lonoillcrft TOUC;crtorrouvrcr ernneec KaTaOTpwj..laTa xwpiC; ej..lnot5la KOl enapKwc; eVIOXUj..leva urroepcvucro. 01 naMTec; rtou aVU4JWVOVTOl, j..leTacpepovTOl KOl OTOI6o~OVTOl us aUTO. ro OXTtj..laTO,KaTaAaj..l6o.vouv rteprooorepo Xwpo an' on av Ko.8e runuo TOU eopttou OTo16a~oTOV XWpIOTo.. 'O!JWC;T) TaXUTT)Ta xelpIO!JOU avnOTa8!Ji~el nATtPWC;TT)V anWAela xwpou. Me TT)XPT)O"l!JonoiT)O"T) neTpeAOloKlvThwv 0XT)!Jo.TWV rtpensr va e~aocpaAi~eTal Ko.nOlOC;!JT)xaVIKOC;e~aeplo!Joc; AOYW TWV eruxwouvev xortvccv nou eKMoVTal. rt' aUTO TO AOyO ro rtepovoeooo OXTt!JaTa nou KIVOUVTal us ouocooeurec E(VOl KaTaMIlAOTepa Yla XPT)O"lj..lonoiIlO"T)OTa nAoia. MePIKo. nAoia exouv oxet5lao8ei elt5IKo. yla va cpopToeKcpopTwVOVTOl ue rtepovooopc OxTt!JaTa. AUTO.ro rtxoto ovrl TWV oU!J6anKWv OTOI. tiwv KUTWV exouv rtoprsc OTIC;nAeupeC; Tt OTT)Vnpuuvn KOl aVeAKUOTTtpec; usee OTO nxoto rtou cpepouv TIC; naMTec; oe t5l0cpopa erttrtsoo KaTaOTPW!Jo.TWV. 13) ApTav£c; Yla TI1Vavul/lwal1 lI£yaAwv 8aptiJv [OX. 2.4Y(lyl]. XpnoiuortorouVTOl yLQ TT)V avu4JWOIl !JT)xavwv O"lt5T)pot5pOj..lWV KOl rtcpououov eocrkov. ria TO i5laXWplOj..lO TWV ocuncvuov rortoaeretror !JeTa~u TOUC; j..leyo.AT) 0"lt5IlP0i50KOC;. ria TT)V aVU4JwO"T) WV eunopsuucroxteorrkov T (containers) xpT)O"lj..lonolouVTOl t5lo.cpopa ueoo avu4Jwoewc;. ~TO oxTtj..la 2.4Y(lY) cpaiveTal 0 ouvnasorepoe rportoc avu4JwoeWC; ue ric rteptooorspec ecpapj..loytc:;. 01 yo.VT~Ol OTa reooeoc o.Kpa TOU nAOlO[OU ecpapj..lo~OUV KOl yavT~wvoUV ue aOcpo.Aela acpou crpcoouv ueoo OTIC;onsc nou uno.pxouv OTIC;vovtec KOl OTO rtovtc !JtpOC; TOU eurtopsuucroxrecrrlou. ~TO ueoo aVU4JWOEWC;6apwv avacpepovTal Kal 01 curcucrec apno.yeC; (xoucpTec;) rtou XPT)O"l!JonolouvTOI vro TT) cpopToeKcpPopTWOT) coorkov XU!Ja KOl 01 T)AEKTpo!JaYVTtTEC;Yla npotovrc O"li5TtPOU,XOAu6a Tt naAlooii5Epa. 2.4.4 AacpaAtc; cpopTio £pyaaiac; Kal atlllaVal1 apTaVcIJv. To aocpaMc; eoprto spvcotcc uno.pxouv rteprooorepc ana 'Mo TWV cprcvov E~aPTo.Tal ana TT)V aVTOXTt TWV OKtAT) T) ywvia nou 8a AT)<p8ei un04JT) vic TT)V

runudrtov (OKeAWV) nou ortorexouv TT)V apTOVT) Kal TT) ywvia j..leTa~U TOUC;.Av

61

IX·2.4y.
E[~'1 apTaVWV (ocurmvucv).

eupson TOU coeoxouc cpPpTiou epvcotoc 8a etvor TJ lJeyaAUTepTJ ana ourec lJeTa~U TWV ~laywviwv. o cuvrexeornc aocpOAelae; Yla oprovec ana oxolvi ti OUPlJaTOOXOlVO slvm 8. rIa TOV Ka80pIOIJ6 TOU txouv ATJCP8ei unourn 01 emTaxuvoele; Kal em6pa~uvoele; KaTO TO XelPIOIJO TWV cpopTiwv, 01 cvcnooeuxrsc anWAelee; TTJe;aVToxtie; A6yw TWV KOlJljJewv TIle; apTOVTJe;yupw an6 TO yOVT~O ti oe OMa e~apTi]lJaTa. 01 XelPIOlJoi TWV cpopTiwv ue an6TOIJa TlVOYlJaTa rtpartet va urtooeuvovroi, ~lacpopeTlKO 0 ouvrexecrnc aocpaAelae; nperter va aU~TJ8eL rIa TTJVeupeon TOU ooecxouc eocrtou epyaoiae; TWV cprovov an6 oxolvi ti oUPIJaT6OXOlvO XPTJOlIJOnOIOulJe TOV runo: ouv8 SWL=V--x 2 -"i..A

4>E>

oe rovvouc

6nou: V 0 apl8lJoe; TWV TIJTJIJOTWV (oKeAwv) TIle; apTOVTJe;, 8 TJ ywvia lJeTa~U TWV oKeAwv. <IlE> TO eoprto 8pauoewe; TOU OXOlVIOU ti oupucrooxolvou, "i..A0 ouvrsxeornc aocpOAelae; TOU OUOTtilJaTOe;. AVTi TOU ouv8/2 OTOV rurto unopouue

os rovvouc.

va XPTJOIIJOn01tioOIJeTO ouvrexeorn

nou

6pioKeTal

an6

TOV nivaKa:

r6Jvia lIeTa(u T6JVaKdfiJv

20° 40° 60°

auvTd&aTqt; a 1
0,94 0,86 0,75 0,64 0,5

80"

1000
1200 tTOl 0

runoc

yiveTOt:

SWL

x ¢i.3/I.A

napa6&IYlla:
Na 6pe8ei TO aocpaAtC; eoprto epyaoiac; (SWL) ·~.llac; apTavl1C; ue reooeoo OKtAl1 nou cnorexerror an6 oUPllaT6oxOlvo 6 x 24, 16mm, orcv 11ywvia lleTa~u TWV oKeAwv elvnt 40°. To cpopTio 8pauoew<; TOU oupucrooxotvou 6x24, 16mm elvoi:

<1>8= -KOl SWL

i52

25

--

162 25

= 10,24

rovvoi

= 4 x 0,94 x 10,24/8 = 4,8 T6vVOl va XP11011l0nOl118ei Yla rnv eupeon TOU aocpaAouC; eocrtou epvootoc ilIac; apTaVl1C; an6 aAuoii5a, aAM 0 oUVTeAeOTl;C; aocpaAelac; 8a KUllaiveTOl lleTa~u 4,5 KOl 9 avtlAoya us TOV apl81l6 TWV KalllJ'ewv Kal OUOTpOCPWV(6EplVWV) OTTlV aAuoii5a. H ywvia IlETa~u TWV oKeAwv apTavnc; etvcn cpavep6 6Tl nperter va rnpetttn 600 TO i5uvaT6v IllKp6TEPl1 xcn rrors va 1l11Vunsoeotver TlC; 120°. Av n.X. 11 ywvia IlsTa~u TWV Mo OKEAWV ilIac; apTavl1C; sivaI45°, 11TaOll as Ka8s OKtAOC; 8a etvor iOll IlS TO IllOO TOU 6apouc; nou nposerrcr va aVUlJ'w8si. Av 11ywvia aun; yiVSI 1200 11TaOll oe Ka8s oKtAOC; 8a sival iOll IlS TO 6apoc;, svw av cp8aoel TlC; 150° 11 TOOll oe Ka8e oKtAOC; 8a etvot i5mAaOla TOU 6apouc; "OU np6KslTOl va avUIJ'w8ei

ii510C; runoc

unopet

(OX. 2.4(5).
Ka8s apTavl1 rtperter va onuctverm us TlC; ertouevsc nAl1pOCPOpiEC;: UAlK6 KaTaoKEUric;, aocpaAtc; cpopTio spvcotcc as rovvouc, onueto avayvwpioewC;, ovouo «crcoxeucom Kal tTOC; KaTaoKsuric;· H onucvon urtopel va yivSI OTOUC; IlsyaAUTspouC; cxpctouc KpiKOUC;, aAM oe IllKp6Tepa lleye811 ourec Ol nAl1POcpopisC; unopet va onucvsouv oe I..ISTaAAIKri srucero nou rtpocoprcrm OTl1V

cprnvn,
H oJillavOll TWV cpruvtev ana IllaVTa vlverm ce eTlKeTO rtou po6eTOl OTOV IllaVTa. Ensli5ri Yla T1lV KaTaoKsuri ourov TWV umvrov XPl1OlI..l0nOlOUVTal UAI-KO i5lacpopSTlKric; aVToxrie; xm Myw Tl1e;i5uoKoAiae; avayvwpiosWc; TOUC;,i5sv noener nore va unep6aivol..le TO aocpaAtc; cpopTio epyaoiac; nou cvcvpceercr oe ourouc uno T1lV npouncaeon 6Tl11 ywvia lleTa~u TWV OKeAWV i5sv uneosctver TIC; 120°. 'Evae; lllavTOe; ".X. us ovouconxo nAaTOe; SOmm urtopsl va txel aocpaAte; cpopTio epvootcc an6 0,5 ewe; 2 rovvouc avoAoya IlE TO UAIKO KaTaoKsuric; TOU.

63

1:x.
rwvi&~ IJ&Ta~U TWV OK&Awv apnlvT1~

2.46.
Kal aVT[OTolX&~ TOO&l~ 0& KOe& oKtAo~.

2.4.5

ClJtA'Q (p06aVT{£C; - thimbles).

KOTooKeua<ovTol on6 '11l10KA'1po XOAu60, oil)'1Po Ti epuapo opelxoAKo KOt XPIlOlllonoloUVTOt Y10 vo np0<j>uAoOOOUV TIC; yom:C; oro OKPO TWV OXOlV1WVTi OUPIlOTOOXO[vwv on6 TIC; TPI6tc; nou npOKClAOUV TO KAell)lo Ti 01 nelpoi TOUC;. EnIOl'}C; np0<j>UAOOOOUVTO OX01V10 KOI TO OUPIlOT6OX01VO on6 TIC; eruxlvouvsc orpo<j>tc; (orpuptpcm) 6TOV OUTO evrcsouv. 01 lleyoAthepec; PO~OVT<ec; KOTOOKeUO<OVTOI os l)IO<j>0PO OXTiIlOTO O<j>OU KOIl<j>90uv, evw 01 1l1KptC; KOTOOKeUO<OVTOIXUTtC; on6 ecusco opeiXOAKO KOI tXOUV KUKA1K6 oxTiIlO. 01 po~aVT<ec; nou txouv oxTillo KOpl)IOC; tXOUV TO OKPO TOUC; aV01KT6 Ti

64

OUYKoAArll.1EVO. cvoivuc no.u' O'){l1~aTt~eTalOTO OKPO ovoucmc po~ovT~ae; To unopet va ~eyaM)OEl nepioccrspo Yla va rtepceer Il poiSovT~a ueou ana TO ~aKTljAlo cvcprnoetoc TaU TPOXtAOU ti OTIlV tiSpa TaU TpoXiAOU Yla TIlV npao~e011 TaU ovouevou. ITO O'){ti~a 2.4E q>aivOVTal pO~OVT~Ee;~laq>apwv El~WV. T a ~tYE90e; Tile; poMVT~ae; eKq>po~eTOl~E Til ~IO~ETPOTOU OXOlVlOUti oupucrocgotvou vrc TO anoia npoopi~eTal. To oup~QTaOXOlVOrtperter va eq>ap~a~el Kal va Oq>iYYElKaAo yupw ana Til PO~OVT~a, EVW .0 oxoLvi ana q>U.lKEe; lVEe; nptnEl va Eq>ap~o~ELxaAapo aq>tivovTae; EAEU9EPO Xwpo Yla rnv E~OYKW01'\ TOU. rl' ouro TO Myo rtpertei va XPIlOlllonOLEiTaL IlEyaAllTEPIl po~ovT~a vro O'){olvi ana q>unKte; tvsc ana o,n XPIlOl~onOLEtTOlYla OUPllaToOXOLVO TaU t~IOU IlEyt90ue; IlE TO ox01vL

1:x. 2.4£. Ei~l1 liJEAlwv (pOMVT~E<;).

To IlEYE90e; TaU OXOlVIOUti OUPllaTOOXOtvou nou MXETal uro po~ovT~a E~apTOTal ana TO nAchoe; Kal TO 6090e; TOU aUAaKlOU nou OXllllaTi~ETOl ornv E~WTEPIKtinAEUpO rnc. rIa va 6pOUIlE TTlVKaTOAATlATl PO~OVT~a XPTlOlllonOLOUIlE TOV npaKTlK6 xcvovc: av TO nAOTOe;TOU aUAaKlOO Tile; PO~OVT~ae; IVOl ~, E ourn slvor KaTOAAIlAIl va ~EX9Ei OUPIlaT6OXOlVOti OXOlVl an6 TEXVTlTte;iVEe; ~la~E.pou ~ ti oup~aTaO'){OIVOIlE m:pltAl~1l (ncrpovopiouc) ~la~ETpou 5/6 ~ ti O'){olvi ana q>UTlKte;iVEe; ~lalltTpou 11/12 ~. EnEl~ti TlaVToxti TaU E~apnOIlOU ~EV enTlPEO~ETOl ana TTlVaVToxti ortoicoonrtors poM.VT~ae; nou tXEl ronoaemaet OTOVE~apnOlla, Ol pO~OVT~Ee; ~EV txouv opiouevo aoq>aMe; q>OPTIOspvcotcc. 'OIlWe; ilIa po~ovT~a an6 XOAu6a ~EV rtpertsr va napa~opq>w9Ei an6 rnv Eni~pa011 tA~EWe;IltXPl ~2/128 rovvouc, 6nou is Il iSlOIlETpOe; TaU oupucrooxolvou OE mm vro TOanoia tXEl OXEiSla09ELH TOO11 .OTTlVanoia ouv1'\9we; aUTti 9a Ouv9Al6ei etvoi ~2/85 TaVVOl.

2.4.6 n6p11£t; (p(J11£t; - eyep/ates).

xcruoxeuec XPTlOl~OnOLOuvTal 1 nopnsc (~onEe;). r curec unopet va OTEPEW0

9EI a yOVT~Oe; TOKAEliSiTpoXiAOU.AnOTEAOUV.Olana iSaKTUAlO ti nou rtpoocproTOl novw OE tAao~a Kal OUYKOAAOTOl Kapq>WVETOl ti OTO KaToOTpwlla Yla va KaTavtllETOl Tl TOO11 ~Ey6ATl erueoveic [0'){. 2.4OT(a)). OE H Ilt90iSoe; TTle;Kapq>WOEWe; elver npOTl~6TEPTl uno TTl oUYK6Al1011KOl rc Kapq>lo EivOl ncvro ~EyaAUTEplle; aVTox1'\e;an6 TO ~aKTUAlO.

na

TTl OTEPtw011 iSaKTuA[wv OTO KaToOTpw~a ti OE OAAEe; IlETOAAlKte;

65

@
IX. 2.4CJT. n6pTl&~
KQTQcrrPWIlQTO<;

(llaTl&~).

To IltYE8o<; Illa<; rroprmc 6ivETQI ono TTl 610llETPO TOU IlETOAAOU nou OXTlllaTi~EI TO 6aKTuAIO. To Il£YIOTO ampaAt<; coprto Epyaoia<; 6ivETQI cno TOV rurto: SWL=62/100 OE TOVVOU<;. onou 6 Tl 6IOIlETPO<; TOU 6aKTUAlOU OE mm. H nOpnTlIlETO TTlV xcrccseun TTl<;unOKEITQI OE 60KIIlti IltXPI 0PIOIl£VO eoorto 60Klllti<;. EVW TO ao<paAt<; ecptto spvcotoc EiVQI TO 11100nurou TOU <popTiou. 0 OUVTEAEOTt;<; ao<poAEla<; elver 4. . Al.... rurtoc rtoprtnc <ptPEI OTO tva OKPO unouxov, IlE ortelpeuo Kal Ao<; XPTlOlllonolEiTal Kupiw<; OE ~UAIVE<; KaTaoKEU£<; [OX· 2.4OT(6)]. 2.4.7 i1aKTuA,o, (xaAK06£t;
- rings).

Xpnouronoiouvror ouvti8w<; ylQ TTl OUv6EOT) TWV apTQVWV IJE TOU<;yOVT~OU<;ti ro KAE1610.To IJtYE8o<; TOU 6ivETQI uno TTl 610IJETPO TOU IJETOAAOUOE mm KQI TO IJtYIOTO ao<paAt<; eoorto epvcotoc Yla xaAKO orto oi6TlPo EivQI rtsplrtou SWL=

62
320

OE TOVVOU<;

o rortoc EivQI aKpI6£OTEPO<; E<pOOOVTl EOWTEPIKti 6IOIJETPO<; TOU xaAKO 6EV urrepeotver TO TETpanAOOlO TTl<; 61aIJtTpOU TOU IJETOMou ~. To IJ£YIOTO ao<paM<; eoprto eovcotoc TOU<; EiVQI TO IJIOO TOU eoortou 60KIIlTJ<;. OTO onolo unoxeivror OAOI 01 XOAK06E<; IJETO T'lV KaTaoKEuti TOU<;.

KE!l>AJ\AIO EnOTltoEI IOIIBION

TPITO KAI IXEtolON

J\EMBON

3.1 EnwTU5f:c;owol6iwv

Attl6wv.

01 EnwTi6Ee; (xcrtovto, davits) XPTlOlIJEUOUV vto TTlV KaSaipEOll Kat ovcxpeuccn TWV OW0l6iwv MIJ6wv Kal ~laKpivoVTat OE ~UO runouc: ITle; EnWTi~Ee; 6apUTTlme; (gravity davits) xm TIe; EnWTi~Ee; npooaywyiJe; (luffing davits). 01 TEAEuTaiEe; nOAl ~laKpivovTal OE KOlvte; (radial ri round bar davits), ~mo~IKte; (crescent davits) Kat rouse (quadrantal davits). 3.1.1 E",IJTf~&C; 80pUT'lTOC;. 01 EnwTi~Ee; one ortolec TO 60poe; TTle; owoi61ae; MIJ60u OUVTEAEi OTTlV KaSaipEor; TTle;, KaAoUVTat EnwTi~Ee; 6apuTTlTae;. Anorexouvror ana ~uo IJtPTl, TO KlVTlTO xm TO cxtvnro. To KlVTlTO cnorsxetrci ana Mo aVE~OpTTlTOUe; 6paxioVEe; nou KaTaAriyouv OE KUAlOIJEVTl 60011 nou KlVEiTat IJE KUAlV~plKOUe; TpOXOUe;, ertcvto ri KOTW OTIe; Tpoxlte;. To cxlvnro uepoc cnorexetrm ana Mo xaM6~IVEe; Tpoxlte; napOAATlAEe; IJETa~u TOUe; Kat KaTO TO EYKOPOIO TOU nAoiou (roller track gravity davits) (OX. 3.1a). 01 Tpoxlte; OXTllJaTil;ouv ywvia 250 IJE TO opll;OVTlO erttnsoo Yla va unopet Tl M1J60e; va KaSatpESEi Kat IJE aVTiSETT] KAiOll TOU nAoiou IJ£XPI cum TTl ywvia. H M1J60e; Kp£IJETal ana cvousvo oUPlJaTOOXOlVa IJ£OW O~TlYwv TpOXiAWV OTOUe; 6paxioVEe; rtpoc TO IJTlxavoKivTlTO 6apoUAKO. na TTlV KaSaipEOll TT]e; MIJ60U a<patpOUIJE TIe; apnOYEe; (YO<pEe;) nou TTl OUYKpaTOUV Kal EAEU8EPWVOIJE TO q>ptvo. 'ETOI Tl M1J60e; Kal 01 6paxioVEe;, A6yw TTle;Bcpurrrrnc, KUAOUV npoc ro KOTWKaTO IJriKoe; TWV TpOXlWV. 01 TPOXl£e; tXOUV TtTOlO OXTJ o , WOTE orov Tl KUAlOIJEVTl 60011 TWV 6paXlovwv u <pSOOEl OTO OKPO va OTP£<pETat rtpoc ro £~w IJE TTl MIJ60 KPElJaOIJ£VTl £~w ana TT]v nAEupo TOU nxotou. METo ana aUTO TO onuelo Tl M1J60e; unopet va E~aKoAouSrioEl va KaTE6aivEl ana TTlV KE<paAri TWV 6paXlovwv, £<P000V TO <pptvo KpaT£iTat EAEUSEpO. 01 EnWTi~Ee; 6apUTTlTae; <pepOUV ~IOTa~Tl aO<pclAElae;, nou E~ao<paAil;El TTlV aVEmSUIJTlTTl KaSaipEOll TT]e; MIJ60U ana TT] StOll ororecotcc rnc. H ~IOTa~Tl anOTEAEiTat EiTE ana cpnovec TaXEiae; EAEUSEpWOEWe;, EiTE ana nEpOVTl nou rtspvn ueoo ana TTlV oni) OTTlV KUAlOIJEVTl 60011· To IJEYOAO nxsovexrnuo TWV EnwTi~wv 6apuTTlme; etvm Tl ~uvaToTTlTQ KaSatptoEwe; rnc MIJ60u IJE nAriPEe; eoorto OE EACtXlOTOXPOVIKO ~loOTT]lJa Kal IJE EAOXIOTO rroooernxo. IUIJ<Pwva IJE TOV KaVOVlOIJO TTle; tolESVOUe; IUIJ600EWe; SOLAS, owoi61Ee; MIJ60l IJE 60poe; IJEYaAUTEPO ana 2,3 TOVVOUe; IJE nAriP'l E~OnAlOIJO OTTl stOll aVaKpEIJOOEWe; e~w ana TO nxoto Kal oAa rn ~E~aIJEVOrrAOla IJE OAlKri

67

XWPIlTIK6TTlTa ,.u:yaAuU:PIl an6 1600 K6pouC;, avef;6,PTTlTa an6 TO 66,poC; TTlC; AtJ.l60U, nptn&1 va &f;UTlTlP&TOUVTal an6 &nwTil)ec; 6apuTTlmc;. na TO X&lPI0J.l6 AtJ.l6wv 6apouc; J.lIKP6T&POU an6 2.3 rovvouc, urtopouv va XP'1atJ.lonolT'J8ouv Kat enWT(l)ec; npoaaywvflc;. EKT6C; an6 TIC;enWT(l)&c; 6apuTTlTac; 1-1& KuAt6J.1&VI166,OT'J, un6,PXouv Kat &nwTil)ec; BapUTTlTac; J.I&OTpecp6J.1EVOUC:; BpaxioveC; (pivot gravity davits) (OX. 3.16).

IX. 3.1a.
EnwTI6EC; 6apUTTjTac; IJE KUhI6IJEV'l 6QaTl.

IX. 3.18.
EnwTI6EC; 6apUT'lTOC; IJE I1TpEql61J£vouC; 6paxlovEC;.

68

ITO oxf)l-Ia 3.1y cpa(VSTall1 ~la~lKaO(a Ka9alptoswc; rnc OWO(6lae; MI-I60U an6 TIe; SnWT(~Se; scoumrcc Kal 11sm6(6a01l TWV sm6anilv o' tva Sm6aTl1y6 nAo(o.

Llla6lKaoia

1:x. 3.1y. Ka9Qlptoec.o<; oCJ)(716Ia<; MIJ60U an6 enll)TIC5e<;6ap(rTT)Ta<; Kal em616aOTl em6anilv.

3.1.2 EmAJTI6sc; rrpoaoylAJyttc;

(C1TPStp6I1SVSC;).

an6 ~suyoe; 6paXl6vwv nou OTptcpOUV I-IS ~lOcpOpOUe; rporrouc, npoe; Tl1V S~WTSPlKf) nxeupo TOU nAo(ou Yla Tl1V Ka9a(ps01l Tl1e; owo(6lae; MI-I6ou I-Is aVT(9sTTl KAlO1l TOU nAo(ou I-ItXPl 15°. H M1-I6oe; ouvf)9we; emKo9sTOl oe unoOTOTSe; (uopou) OTO ertlneoo TOU «crccrpoucroc KOTW an6 Tle; snwT(~Se; Kal OTl1p(~sTal orcaepc OTO KQTOOTpW-

Anorexouvrcn

ovcxovo I-Is TOV rurto TWV snwT(~wv.

I-Ia I-Is apnoyse; (yocpse;). KavovlKo we; cvouevo XPl1Oll-l0nOlOuvTOl cupucrooxotvn' KOTW 61-1we;an6 opiouevec ouv9f)Kse; unopouv va XPl1Oll-l0nol1190uv OXOlVlO l-Iav(Aa(aAAo 6Xl OUV9STlKO A6yw rnc I-ISYOAl1e;sAaOTlK6Tl1TOe; TOUe;).

69

0) KOlvtc; £rr&JTI6£c;. . AUTte; ~ev XP'1011 ..IOnOlOUVTOIOTO OUVXPOVOnxotc; Anorexouvtm on6 ~EUVOe; EnWTi~wv. TWV ortokov 0 KOPI-I6e;TOUe;eiVOll-ieTOAAlK6e; KOI ouvti8WC; ouunovnc. o KOPI-I6e;OT'1pi~eTOI OTO KOT6OTPWI-I0I-Ie IOXUpti 66011 KOT6 TtTOlO rporto, WOTE VO ernrperter OT'1V K68E enwTi~o VO OTptCPEI EAeu8Epo nepl KOTOK6pucpo 6~ovo VlO T'1V Ko8oipEOl1 KOI ororecotc T'1e; MI-I6ou (OX. 3.1~). H OTpOcpti TWV EnwTi~wv ViVETOI I-IE OAKOUe;(vK61~Ee;) on6 onA6 OUonoOTO. To oo6op6 l-IelovtKT'11-10 TWV KOlVWVEnwTi~wv EivOI '1 OV6VK'1 onooxoAtioEWC; nOAu6pl81-1ou rtpootoruxou VlO T'1 AEllouPvia TOUe;. '1 ortolo rcurojpovo slvm apKET6 Xpovo66pa.

IX·3.1a. KOlvtc:; &rt(a)TI~&c:;.

8) Err&JTI6£c; TOptO. o runoc OUTWV TWV EnwTi~wv cptPEI OTO xnrdrrepo OKPO TOU 6poXiovo O~OVTWT6 T6~o evoc TETOPTOKUKAiOU. nou el-inAtKETol Kal KUAiETOI srmvto oe euaetc O~OVTWTti p66~o OTEPEWl-ltV'1 1-16Vll-loOTO KOT6OTpWl-la (~. 3.1E). H KIV'1Ol1 TOU 6poxiova EnITUvx6vETai I-Ie KOXAiO. nap6AA'1Ao Kat oe K6nOlO an6OT0Ol1 srmvro on6 T'1V O~OVTWTti 66011 OTO KOT6OTpWl-la. 0 6poxiovoe; OTepEwveTOI Via T'1 I-IET6~0Ol1 T'1e; KlVT)OEWC;-IE O~'1V6 p66~o al-ltowc; ertdvto I on6 TOV KOXAiO. ITO 6KPO TOU KOXAIO Ka8EV6e; an6 TO,Ue;Mo 6poxlovEe; un6pxel on6 rHO OTPEcp61-1ev'1 Aa6ti Via Ko8tva XElPlOTT). the; l-IevaAUT&pee; enwTi~ee; ~IOTi8ETQl OUOT'1l-1aO~OVTWTWVTPOXWV Mo TOXUTtiTWV. 01 enwTi~ee; curse XP'101I-lonOl-

70

OUVTal ~E: aVO~E:Va OXOIVIO ~aVlAa . OXOIVa Kat 6apOUAKa.

Kal K(OVE:C; ~n(VTE:C;) Ii aVO~E:Va OUp~aTO(

Eml)T(~E:C; TOU E:(~OUC; UTOU ~E: ~aKpIOUC; 6paxiovE:C; urtopouv va croiecoouv a !Suo M~60uC; Til ~ia E:nOVW an6 TIlV oMIl VIa KoBE: ~euvoC; E:nwT(!Swv.

8EaT!

I I I II

atol~aaiac;

,.-

_---t.---_
,I
II If

H
I:
II II

'~)I

- .... .....

\ \

!I

<;

----"';.----

" ::

-,'

I I I I

Ix. 3.1&. EnwTiliec; TOIJ&a. e"IIJTI6ec;. curse 0 K08e 6pax(ovac; ortorexstrm an6 Mo OKEAIl. To Eva ~E oxij~a ~IlV(OKOU Ouv!SEETal ~E:TO KaTOOTpw~a ~E ap8pwTij 60on. To oMo OKEAOC;elvm TIlAEOKOnLK6 Kat OUVcSEE:Tal E op8pwon OE:uljJllAO onuelo OTO OAAO OKEAOC;Kat ~ OTO KaTOOTpw~a (OX. 3.1OT). MEoa OTO TIlAE:OKOnLKOOKEAOC;UnOPXE:1KOXAiac; 0 onotoc, Ka8we:; OTPEq>E:Tat ~E Aa6ij, TO E:nL~IlKUVE:l W8WVTOe:;TO oMo OKEAOe:; poc rnv E~WTEPlKij nAEupo n vto 'rnv Ka8a(pEon Tile:; M~60u.

y) i!ln06IKtC;

3.1.3 E"WTf~&C; ((Miranda» (((Miranda» lowering

system).

AnOTE:AOUV rnv TEAEuTa(a E~tAl~1l TWV OUOTIl~OTWV Ka8alpEoEwe:; owol6iwv oKaq>wv. To oUOTIl~a anOTEAE:iTat ana !Suo orcespouc KE:KAl~EVOUe:; paxiovEe:;, 6 6apouAKo, KlvllTijpa Kal TIl M~60, rtou Ton08ETEiTat OE: AiK"O, TO orrolo KaTtpXE:TOl KaTO ~liKOe:; TWV KEKAl~EVWV 6paXl6vwv wonou 11 At~60e:; va E:nLnAE:UOE:l OX. 3.1~). H M~60e:; unopet va Ka8alpE:9E:i aK6~1l Kal OTOV TO nAoio ( KIVE:(Tat Ii tXE:l KAlon 30" npoc onoiconnore nAWPO ij Kal ~E: cSlavwvij 15°. H EnL6(6aon KavovlKo v(vETal an6 Til 9Eon ororeuotcc Tile:; At~6ou, EVW 11 Ka8a(pE:on, anEAEuBtpwon Kat aVEAKuoij TIle:; vtvercr ~toa an6 Til At~60. EnElcSij KaTo TIl cSlopKEla Tile:; Ka9alpEOEwe:; TIle:;Il'M~60e:; TIlPEiTat KOVTO OTIlV

71

___ Tll)..EolloTrnuio;; lWXAlUo;; (Evroo;;l

1:x.
61110(')lKtc;

3.101". enIllTI6&c;.

1:x. 3,1~ EnIllTIO~ ..Miranda~,

rV.Eupa TOU rV.oiou, I.IEtWVOVTaL 01 m8ov6l1'lTec; unEp60AlKWV TOAOVTWOEWV, ~'1jJio~ 0' ournv A6yw

nov

H l.I'lxavlKil

rtc

enwTlf)ec; (paOUAO),

a~tOmOT[a TOU oucrnucroc Miranda Elval aU~'llltv'1 OE OXtCTTlI.IE 60pUT'1TOC;. e:nEli5il i5Ev txouv KlV'1Ta I.Itp'l EKT6C; an6 TO KaPUa

72

H ovouooto Miranda ~68'lKE OTO ouornuc Ka80lptoEwe; an6 TO ovouo TOU nAOlOU «Miranda» 6nou tYlvav Ol ~OKll-lte; Ka8alptoEwe; T'le; Ael-l60u OE npaYl-laTlKte; OUV9TJKEe; 9aAaooae;.
3.1.4 EmIJTi6&t; &A&u8&p"t; rrrWC1&lAJt;(free fall survival system).

Or EnwTl~Ee; curse unopouv va Ton08ET'l80uv ornv rrpuuvn TOU nxotou Yla EAEU8EP'l rrnoon (OX. 3.1'l), orcv unapxouv owol6lEe; Ael-l60l nATJpWe; KaAUl-il-ltVEe;. Ta Kupla nAEOVEKTTJl-laTa TOUe; ElVOl 'l TaXEla Ka8a(pEO'1 T'le; Ael-l60U OE neotrmoon KlV~UVOU Kal 0 EAaXlOTOe; xP6voe; nou cnorretror Yla T'l crorscoto
T'le; Ae1-l60u. rla T'lV EAEU8tpwO'1 TIle; Ae1-l60u, rtou oAlo8a(vEl OE Tpoxlte;, XP'lOlI-iOnOlElTOl u~pauAlK6e; XElPOKlV'lTOe; l-I'lxavloI-l6e;, 0 onoloc evepvorrorettm aUT61-1aTa orov TO nAOlO 6u8l~ETal. Ot Tpoxlte; cnorexouvror an6 Mo napaM'lAEe; Ol~'lPO~OKOUe; I-IE TETpaywV'l ~laTOI-ITJ I-IE aUTOALnOlV6I-1EVOUe; vcuxov KuA[v~poue; xm ronoaerouvror I-IE ywvla 30° npoe; TO opl~6VTlO erttrteoo. H M1-I60e; I-InOpEl va Ka8alpE8El I-IE KAlO'1 TOU nAOlOU I-ItXPl 70° npoc OnOlO~TJnOTE nAEUpa. Ftc T'lV avtAKUO'1 T'le; Ael-l60u rtou tXEl rtecer 0TTl 8aAaooa XP'lOlI-iOnOlElTal El~lK6e; vspcvoc I-IE TOV ortolo <j>uOlKa I-InOpEl 'l M1-I60e; Kal va Ka80lpE9El I-ItXPl rn 9aAaooa.

IX. 3.1,.. En{JlTi6&~&A&Ue&p'l~ rnwo&wc;.

73

3.2 EnwTil5£c; O)[£l5ullv,

01 EnwTi5Ee:arnou 6paxiova (single arm davits), nou XpnOllJOnOIOUvTOI Larnv V Ka8aipEOTl owm6iwv axe5lwv, npenEI va exouv EAEVX6IJEVn "'[aXUTnTaaUT61Jarnc KaSaLpeOewc;, lJeOWXEIPO~OXAOU[ax. 3.2a(a) KaL (6)]. ITO OKPO TOU cvousvou npoocptcroi axOlV( VIa TIlV enavOKTnan TOU oupucrocyotvou uno rnv rnEupd TOUnxotou xwpie: va xpEIo~eTal va OLpa<pe[n enu)T{5a npoc TO lJeoa. To OKPOTOUovouevou <pepel VdVT~OVIa TnV aUT6~aTn anoKp{KWan TIle: axe5iae: 1J6A1e: aUT!') emrnEUOEI. M' au"'[ee:"'[Ie:EnwTi5ee: unooe! va KaSmpE8Ei pm axe5ia ue KAlOTl"'[ou rnoiou 15° npoc onOlaOl'tnoTe rnEupo.

rXOIVl
'----cTtava)(.t~OEwr;

® :Ex. 3.2a.
flLoliLKoo{a K08aLptOl:WC; owof6LOC; ox£:6[ac; Il£ TTl 601'18£:10£nwTiliac; QnhOU 6paxlova.

74 01 enooTii5Ee; onAou 6poXiovo auvn8WC; Tono8EToUVTOI ernv npul-iVIl I-IIKPWV nAoioov YIO Tl1V K080ipEOTl T11e;aoooi610e; MI-I6ou npoe; onoicennore nAEup6. ovUljJwvovTOC; rnv I-IE OPT6.vll (a0l-lnovl) OTO Mo OKpo Tile; M1-I60u. rTO oxtil-iO qlOivETOl11 i5toi5IKoaio Ko8olptaEWC; owoi610C; nvEUOTT']C; xEi5ioe; I-IE o enooTii5o onAOU 6poXiovo. Acpou OCPOlptOOI-iETO KOYKEAO(ptAla) OT11Vm:plOxn. OTptcpOl-ie TI1V £nooTi60 npoe; TO t~oo Kat TonOS£TOUl-le TO MI-IO 1-1£ TIlV rtveuern oxe6io OTIl StOll KOSatptoewc;. Tonoaercuue TO OXOlVtO aUYKpatT']aewc; 6tVOVTOC; TO' oe I-IIKpte; MOTpee; n KOToavtAo TOU KaTOOTpWI-I0TOC; Ot TO I-1I1XOVtOl-l6 K &A£u8epwaewc; TOU OUPI-IOTOOXoivou K080tpto£wc; OTT]V KOpUcpn TOU oxencorpou TIlC; oxe6iac;. Acpou avuljJwaOl-ie Aiyo TO aUPI-l0T6OXOIVO. CPOUOKWV0l-le T11OXe6io KOt em616o~ol-le TO OTOI-IO.AUVOI-I& TO oxotvta OUYKpaTnaewc; Kat KaTe66~01-le TI1 At1-l60. H oxe6ia unopsl vo eAeu8epoo8£1 KaTO TI1V Ko8oipean T11e; pa6wVToe; TO K6KKtVO oxolvi T nou cpaiveTOI 010 oxtil-lO. 3.2.1 .tJ./o6popoC; 610rpuytjC; (yAloTpa. escape slide). -

rTO OUotTil-iOTO K080tpto£wc; rtov OooOTlKWV I-Itooov ovocptpeTol KOt TO OUOlT]I-IOEKKEvwoewc; TOU nAoiou 1-1& OV OAlOSoivoVTO i5loi5POIJO i510cpUync;.nou T 6aoi~eTOI one li5tec; opxtc; AenouPyioC; 6nwc; OlO oeponMva (OX. 3.26). XPIlOlIJOnOlOUvlOI OTO em60TI1Yo nAoio ue uljJT]M t~aAo Kal fJ£YOAO opt81-1o em60nllv (n.x. em6oTTWo - 0XIlIJOTOYooyo) Yla TI1V onOfJOKpuvaT'] roue oe nepimooOll KIViSuvou n oTuXflI-lOTOC;. To OUOT11fJa slvcr oacpoMc; Kat onA6 OTI1 AenouPY(o TOU. 0 iSlo6pOlJ0C; 6tocpuyl']c; I-Ie T11VnAaTcp6PI-IO Em616oaeooc; 010 OKPO TOU cpouaKWVOUV oe 3-4 AEmo TIlC; wpOC;. An6 rnv nAoTcp6PIJo Ot em60T£C; em6160~OVTQl OTIC;aoooi6lec; oxe13iec; nou ev TOOI-IETal;u KaTe66.~ovLal an6 TO nAfJpwl-I0.

mroooooill oooornOOOOOOIll
OOil)W 00 III 0000

EX. 3.28.
6ulZipolJo'_ 6IQ!puYli,_.

KE<I>AJ\AIO TETAPTO ME~:A ArKYPOBOAIAI 4.1 Mtaa aYKupo6oAlac; Y&VIKa.

ME TOV OpO IJEOa aYKup060Aiae; (ground tackle) EVVOOUIJE071.0TOV E~OnAlOIJO nou XPl1olIJOnOlEiTat vic TI1V aYKup060Aia TOU nAoiou. AUTOe;nEplAaIJ6avEl 'nc aYKUpEe;, rtc aAuoii5Ee; TWV aYKUpwv Kat ro E~apTnlJaTQ OUVi5EOEWc;TOUe;, TO lJI1xaVlOIJO avutfJwOEW<; rnc aYKupae; Kat 071.0TO 60l1911TlKO E~OnAlOIJO cvxupo60Aiae; xm E~aoq>aAioEwe; (OTEpEWOEWe;)TWV aYKUpwv OTOUe; OTOpEie; TOUe;. Ta IJEOa aYKup060Aiae; elver ~WTlKne; onucotcc vio rnv aoq>aAEla TOU nxotou Kal anOTEAOUV nOAll aKpl60 E~OnAlOIJO. 'Oruv XPllOllJOnOlOUVTat OWOTa Kat OUVTI1POUVTat KaAa unopouv va otooouv TO rtxolo xm nOAMe; ~WEe;, EVW nvertopxn IJEOa aYKup060Aiae; n Kat KaKn EKTilJI1011 TWV nEpLOplOIJWV OTllV crtooonxornro TOUe; IJnopOUV va rtpoxuxeoouv IJEyaAEe; KaTQOTpOq>Ee;. 4.2 'AYKUP&C;. 4.2.1 revlKa. Xwpie; alJq>l60Aia Ol rtporrec aYKUpEe; nou XPllOlIJOn01n911Kav rrrcv IJEyaAEe; i5EIJEVEe;0' Eva urtorumcoec OXOlvi nou KaTE6atVE ana rnv rtxsuoc. AUTEe; Ol aYKUpEe;-nETpEe; xoorouonv TO oxccoc we; npoe; TO 6u90 IJOVOIJE TO 6apoC; TOUC;. Fleplnou TO 2000 n.X. 01 vounxol TWV Ivi51WV OXEoiaoav aYKup£C; nou urtopouoov va «porouv OTO Bu80 71.oywTOU OXnllaToc; TOUC;Kat 0Xl 1l0VO 11£TO Bapoc; TOUC;.AUTOi 01 vcunxot xcrcoxeucoov IlEyaAa ovxtcrpro 11£uro nepovn. IUpW OTO 600 n.X. 01 "EA.AllV£C; noooesoov uro O£UT£Pll nspovn T'j VUXI Kat crnrtxeov ilIa Ka9£Tll paBoo OTllV KOpUq>T'j rnc; aVKupac; VIa va oisuxoxuvouv TO vUXla va £IOXWPOUV OTO Bu80. AUTOC; rrrcv 0 runoc TllC; cvxupcc nou XPllOlllonoilloav rc rtxolo TOU Oouooec, opvorepo TOU K07l.61lBou Kat no 71. 71.6 rtxoto TWV rsxsurcuov ertov.

nerpsc

4.2.2 neplypaq"l 01 a) 6) V) 15) E)

aYKupac; - Turrol aYKupciJv.

aVKUpEe; XWpi~OVTQl OE 5 6aolKOUe; rurtouc: "EvOTUnl1 n KOlVn ovxupo TOU AYYAlKoiJ NauapXEiou. "AOTunl1 aVKupa. "AYKupa 1l1KPOU 6apoue;. MUKI1ToElone; aYKupa. "AVKupa IlEVaAlle; ouvall£WC; xpnrnosciq.

76

a) "EVOTurr" aYKupa

(stock anchor,

0)(.

4.20).

AUTte; Ol oYKupee; txouv npaKTlKO eYKaTaAeup8el OTa £l.lnOPlKO nAoia YlaTI elvoi unep60AlKO l)uoKlv11Tee; OTO xelplo~6 Kal MOKoAee; OT11 crorecotc. Anorsxouvrcr an6 OTpaKTO (shank) f) KaTaK6puq>11 p06l)o, onou npoccprdrcr KUKA'K6C; aYKciJvac; (crown) OT11600TJ Kat KpiKOC; (ring) OT11v KOpUq>f). Ano K08e nAwpo TOU aYKwva e~txouv Ol 8paxiovec; (arms) 6nou rtpoocprcovrm ro vux,a (flukes). AUTO ro nAaTlO eAoo~aTO nou anoAf)youv OTa aKpovux,a (bills) l)leloMouv OTO 6u86 xm l)lvouv T11v eruecvsm KpaTf)oewe; T11e;oYKupac;. KOTW ana TOV KPIKo ronoeeretrcr 0 OTurroc; (rotnoc - stock) nou nepva usee uno T11v crpoxro K08eTa npoc TO ertlneoo TWV 6paXlovwv. 0 orunoc nou ~uyi~el TO 1/4 TOU 60poue; T11C; un6AOlnlle; oYKupae; eivat ~aKpuTepOe; Kal6apuTepoc; ana TOUe;6paxlovee;. A6yw T11e; wvlaKf)e; ronoaernceec TOU crunou, OTOV 11oYKupa y xrurmos. OTO 6u86, aUTOe; 8a tA8el os opl~6vTla 8tOTJ. 'Otnv 11 OYKupa avaA06el T11v TOOTJ 8a avaYKao8ei 0 KaTWTepOe; 6paxiovae; ue TO VUXl va eloxwpf)oouv 6a8lo OTO 6u86, wOTe va anoq>eux8e( TO ~tmao~a f) TO OUpOlIJO Tile; OYKupae;. 0 orunoc ernonc l)ev ertrtpsrter TIlV neplOTpoq>f) (urtorcprouc) Tile; OYKupae; 6Tav eq>aPlJoo8ei lJeY<lA11 TOOTJ f) TOOTJ 1J11eu8uypalJlJ11 lJe T11v OTpaKTO. Aoyw T11e;e~atpeTlKf)e; lKav6T11Tae; KpaTf)oewe; TOUe; OTO 6u80, Ol evorunec OYKupee; XP11OlIJOnOlOUvTOl aK61J11oe noAAtc; M1J60ue; Kat oe IJlKPO nxorcpro. H oYKupa l)ev txel KlV11TO IJtp11 6nou unopel va e~nAaKOUV UAlKO ana TO 6u86. eroi av cvconooaet (~emooel) Tuxaia Sa eloxwpf)oel (mcoei) nOAI OTO 6uSo. To enovw 61Jwe; VUXl. nou npoe~txel an6 TO 6uSO. l)ev 601180 OT11v KPOT11OTJ 11e;oYKupae; Kal unopel va elJnAaKei ue T11v aAuoil)a ornv TO nxoto T OTptq>el. AK61J11oe a6a8f) vepc, tva IJlKPO nAoio unopet va unooret ~11lJlOOTa uq>aAa ana TO VUXl nou npO&~tX&l. Or C1tpaipec; one OKpee; TOU orunou &~Un11peTOUv Mo oxonouc: 6011S0UV T11 OTpOq>f) T11e;OYKupae; orov KTunf)O&l OTO 6u86 Kat ~tXPl evoc 011IJ&iou OT11v anoq>uyf) 6u8io&WC; TOU orunou OTO 6u86. orov eq>aplJoo8el TOOTJ OT11voYKupa. H oYKupa ourn &iVatl)UOKOAO va OTol6axSei IJ& TO cruno OT118tOTJ TOU. rla TO oxono aUTO 0 orunoc OTTJpi~eTat OT118tOTJ TOU ue IOXUpO nelpo orov 11OYKupa XP110l1JOnOleiTat f) aq>alpwvTae; TOV neipo q>tpolJe TO oruno napOAA11Aa IJ& T11v OTpaKTO vio va OTOl60001J& T11v OYKupa. H MvalJ11 KpaTf)oewe; Tile; tVOTUTIIle; OYKupae; stvm neplrtou TplnAOOla IJtXPl rsrportxccno TOU 60poue; TTJe;. avoAoya TOU eil)oue; TOU 6u80u. ~Ta elJnOplKO nAoia 11oYKupa cum, nou l)&V etvoi unOxpeWTlKf). unopst va 6p&8ei IJOVO oav 'OJ(o~a (mvtAl) OTOl6aYlJtv11 OT11v npUIJ11 Kat ue TO oruno napoAA11Aa lJe TTJv OTpaKTO.

8) "AOTurr" oYKupa

(stockless anchor,

0)(.

4.28).

YnoPXouv ouyxpovee; corunec OYKUp&e; l)laq>6pwv &ll)WV. nou txouv 6Aee; TO il)LO xapaKT11pIOTIK6, l)IlAal)f) l)ev q>tpouv oruno. AUT6 anOTeA&i IJ&YOAO nxeovexmuo enell)f) emrpertei TOV eUKOAO xelpIOIJ6 Kat crorscotc T11e;cnsuSeiae; ueoo OTO oropec, ortou unopel va aoq>aAloS&i f) va erourooaet vrc nOVTlOTJ·

77

-AY)('V~IO

'Atpaxto!;-

-AxpovvXIO

Ix·4.2a. 'Evorurm aYKUpa.

IX. 4.26. 'Aorurm aYKupa.

Ta eunopixc nxoto cncrrsrren va q>tpouv i5uo KaTa xcvovo ccrunec aYKupee; ornv nAti>Pll, Ilia oe KaSe nAeupa xcr uic eq>ei5plKTi rnv nAti>Pll. Ta IllKpa nAoia c ue IllKp6 i5eiKTll e~apTlOIlOU, 6nwe; e~l1yeiTOl OTa enouevn, q>tpouv uovo Mo aYKupee; ornv nAWPll. EmnMov urtopel va q>tpouv Illa aYKupa OTIlV rtpuuvn ue 6apoe; rteplrrou TO tva TpiTO TOU 6apoue; nou ortcrrstrm Yla rnv npeoctc. Ta IllKpa nAoia nou i5ev q>tpouv eq>ei5plKTi YKupa OTIlVnAWPll q>tpouv urtoxpeema Ka Illa oorurm aYKupa ornv npuuvn oUIlq>wva ue ro nponvouuevn. H corurm aYKupa crrorexetrci an6 rnv Keq>aAr;, rnc ortolcc 0 aYKwvae;, Ol 6paxiovee; Kat ro vUXla txouv oq>uPllAaTllSei oe tva TellaXlo. To 6apoe; Tlle; Keq>aATie; npertsi va eivat TOUAaXlOTOV 60% TOU OAlKOU6apoue; rnc aYKupae;. OMKAllPllll Keq>aAli OTptq>el an6 30°-40° rtpoc KMe nAeupa Tlle; crpcxrou. H ywvia rteprcrpoonc neplopi~eTat us eli5lKTi xcrccxeun OTOVaYKwva. Ta vUXla txouv opxero IlTiKoe;Kat nMTOe; Kat orn 6a011TOUe;txouv XUTeuSei npoe~txouoee; naMllee; nou 6011S0UVTOrncouio me aYKupae; OTO6uS6. 'OTOV i511Aai5Ti 11aYKupa OUpeTQlOTO6uS6 Ol naAallee; avaYKa~ouv TOUe; paxiovee; va 6 orpceouv Kat Ta vUXla va eloxwpTioouv OTOV6uS6. Or norunsc aYKupee; txouv i5uvallll KpaTfJoewe;TplnAaOla IltXPl rerponxcotc TOU scoouc TOUe;oe 6uS6 KaATie;rtoiornruc. Eneli5Ti11aYKupa txel xrvnro IltpOe;, onou unopsl va ellnAaKouv uAlKa an6 TO 6uS6, slvcn mSav6 va unv ~avamaoel av avaonaoSei (~eoupel) an6 TO6uSO. Ft' aUTO TO AOYOnpenei n aYKupa va nAtveTat KaAa ue apKeTTi rtteon, eli5lKa orov txolle cvxuoosoxncs. oe allllwi511 Ti Aaonwi511 6uS6. MelovtKTlllla Tlle; aYKupae; curnc elvci n aOTaSela Tlle; eneli5Ti i5ev txel OTUno. 'ETOl, orov cupaet ue apKeTTi Mvallll elver i5uvaTov va crpcoel 180° (va uncrcpei). Av OTIl ouvtxela ro vUXla i5ev KaTopSwoOuv va ~avamaoouv OTO 6uSo, n uovn Mvallll KpaTTioewe;nou Sa cnouetver Sa oq>eiAeTal e~ OAOKATiPOU OTO 6apoe; Tlle; aYKupae; Kal rnv TPl6Ti· ~e Aaonwi5116uS6 11nonmn aYKupa txel TllV Ta011va KUAltTat oav IlnaAa ue crtorexsouo va ovconcrm (~eotpvel). rla TllV aYKup060Aia IllKPWV oKaq>wv Ti MIl6wv XPllOlllonOleiTat ouvTiSwe; IllKPTi corurrn aYKupa ue reocepic KUpTOUe;6paxiovee;, TO Teaaapox6A,.

78

H npuuvoto oorunn aYKUpa ronoaerettm oe eliSlK6 orooso TI"}~npUfJVI"}~ce nAoia rtou Ta~liSeuouv oe AlfJaVla onou novTi~eTal aYKupa ano TI"}Vrtpuuvn. Ta uerovexrnpcrc TI"}C; corurmc aYKupac; aVTlOTa81li~oVTOlan6 rnv eUKOAI"} crorscotc TI"}~. t.OKlfJtC; TOU Ay'{AlKOU Nauapxeiou tiSel~av OTl: • H iSuvall'l KpaTTioewc; rnc aYKupac; au~aveTOl orcv aU~'l8ei 'l erueavero TWV VUXUl>v. • H iiSla MvafJl"} au~aveTal fJe Aeia KOl xwpi~ pa6iSwoelC; vUXla. • H Mvall'l KpaTTioewc;unopst va cp8aoel IltXPl TO iSeKanMOlo TOU 6apouc;. • H crceeoonotnon T'lC; aYKupa~ (va unv urmrcpei) urtopsl va emTeux8ei XP'lOlllonOlWvTOC; rrrepuvio crcesponomceroc. • t.ieiSP'l emecvero VUXlWV iSivel lleyaMTep'l Mvall'l KpOTTioewc;. • H iSiei5P'l emecvero OX'lllaTi~eTOl eUKOAOTepa OTOV rn vUXla exouv KOlAOT'lTa. y) 'AYKupa IIIKPOU 8apouc; (lightweight anchor, 0)(. 4.2y). H cvxupo aUTTi cpepel oruno orceeponomceec xall'lAa OTOV aYKwva KOl 6pax[ovec; rtou crpeeouv. KaTaoKeua~eTal an6 OUYKPlTlKO eAacppo lleTaMa Kal exel fJeyoAI"} aVTOxTi ce rcosic ecpeAKuolloU. H Mvalll"} KpaTTioe~ T'lC; e~aocpaAi~eTOlana T'l 6a81a i51eioiSuof)T'lC; OTO6u80 napa ana TO 6apoc; T'lC;. 01 oYKupec; 1l1KPOU6apouc; KaTaoKeua~ovTOl oe lleyaA'l nOlKlAia ruruov, OX'lllaTwv Kal 6apwv. H YVWOTtiana TO ovouo TOU xcrcoxeuccm Tl"}C; aYKupa Danforth, exel KUPIO xapaKT'lPlOTIKO T'lV Tono8eT'lOTJ lleyaAwv VUXlWV us TeTOlQ ywvia, wOTe va 6u8[~OVTQl 6a81o OTO 6u80 e~aocpaAi~ovTac; cpxern Mvall'l KpaTtioewc;. 0 aYKwvac; exel oxei51ao8ei eroi, WOTEva avuljJwveTOl n rtloto nxeupo TWVVUXlwv avaYKa~ovTac; TlC;Kopucpe~ TOUC; a KlV'l8ouv npoc ro KOTWueoo OTO 6u80. v EnEli5ti ro vUXla 6pioKOVTOl KOVTOOTI"}Vcrpcxro, 'l aYKupa eXel apKeTti OTa8epOT'lTa ECPOOOV e~aocpaAi~ETal opxero IltiKOC;OTOVoruno ti ovnomeror romorucn pa6iSo, OTO aYKwva. 0 crunoc unooet va acpOlpe8ei Kal va Tono8eT'l8ei napOM'lAa IlE T'lV orpcxro vio eUKOAI"} rotecoto T'lC; oYKupac;. o 01 aYKupEC; Danforth KaTaoKeuo~ovTOl OE iSlacpopa 6ap'l lleXPl 80kg. rEVlKO TJ oYKupa 1l1KPOU scoouc ElVOl nOAu XPtiolll'l onou ortcrretrcr aYKupa 1l1KPOU 6opouC; aAM KOl apKeTtic; i5uvallewc; KpaTtioEwc;. ~) MUK'1TO£/~"C;aYKupa (mushroom anchor,
Hcltt _.
0)(.

4.2~).

'Atpmno~-

l:x. 4.2y.
'AYKupa jJlKPOU 6apouC;.

l:x. 4.26.
MUK'lTO£16t'JC; aYKUpa.

79

Eival OYKUpa an6 6apu IltTaAAO oe oxi]lla uovrroprou Ile ucxpu Kat creve KOPll6 Yla OTpaKTO.A6yw TTle; ~alpeTlKi]e; rxcvornrcc KpaTi]oeWe;TTle; PTlOlIlOe X noretrm oe 1l6vllla aYKup066Ala Kat We; aYKUpa ce onllavTi)pee; ~laUAWV i) aAhWV 60TlBTlllOTWVvcuomxotoc. nlaVel OTO6uB6 Kal nopcuever orcaeon OTTl Bton TTle;OTIe;TIlO~uolleveie; ouvBi]Kee;, YlaTi KaBwe; uercxrvelrm npoc 6Aee;TIe; ~leuBuvOele; 6uBi~eTat neprooorepo. EnEl~i] ~EV tXEl OTUnO i] VUXla nou npoe~txouv Yla va ellnAaKOUV Ile TTlV aAuoi~a rnc, TO cvnxetuevo nou txel aYKup060ATlBei urtopet va OTpt<pel eAeuBepa yupw an6 TTlV aYKupa xwpie; va TTlV cvconcoer. e) 'AYKUPOpeyaAflC; ~uvapewc; KpoTt'loewc; (high holding power anchor, OX· 4.2£;). AUTte; 01oYKupee; txouv ~lnAaOla IltXPl rsrpcnxcoic MvallTl KpaTi)oewc; ana ilIa OUIl6aTlKi) oorurm aYKupa Il£ TO i~IO 6opoe;. METa an6 OEIPO ~OKlIlWV TO aYYAlK6 vauapxeio «orooxeeoce TTlV aYKupa AC14 IlE MvallTl KpaTi)oewe; 12nMOla TOU 6apoue; rnc. H 6eATiwOll OTTlV an6~ooTl TTle;oYKupae; o<peiAeTat OTa xapaKTTlPlOTIKa rnc, ornec ava<ptpovTal OTO TtAoe; TTle;§4.2.2(6}. rIa 6Aee;TIe;oYKupee; ourou TOUrurtou rtou txouv yivel ano~eKTte; an6 TOUe; vnovvouovsc ernrpenercr IlElWOll TOU 6apoue; TOUe;KaTa 25% an6 ourn nou crtorretrm oUIl<Pwva IlE TO ~EiKTTl e~apTlollou TOU nxotou, aAha Tl aAual~a rtperter va elvm an6 el~IKi] nOlOTTlTaKat TO 6apOUAKOaYKupae; ue lleyaAuTepTl IOXU.

'AYKupa

l:x. 4.2&. Il&YO:ATlC;6uvO:Il&WC; KpaTfJO&WC;.

4.2.3 Mt~8oC;

aYKuptlJv.

To IltyeBoc; TTle;oYKupae; ~iveTal ue TO 6apoe; rnc oekg. Enel~i] To.<6apoe; svoc otoucroc ~ev slvrn OTaBep6 0' 6AOUe; OUe; onouc 0' aVTi9EOll 1le-'f1'1 T r Ila~a, nou ~laTTlpeiTal OTaBepi]. 01 vTlOyvwllovee; XPTlOlllOnOlouv oav IltyeBoe; TTle; aYKupae; TTl Ila~a TTle;OE kg. H Ila~a KQ8e corunnc aYKupae; TTle;nAWPTle;nou iSivETat OTOVnivaKa 4.2.1

80 ntNAKAE 4.2.1 A"olTl'la&lt; "'I0YVWPO"O Lloyd's Register of Shippl"9 (LRS) Y'o &~0"Alop6 "AoiwII pe OUTU"et; oYKupet; "AWP'lt; KOI TIt; oAualiJet; TOut;
~&lKTl)c &!;apTIOIlOlJ

--~
e

,,,
'"
B

AOTUIl&c OYKU P&c IlAWPl)c

Muoll5&c 11&151015&TOPlKO K vio ric 6VKUP&<: l~wpn<: I ~IOIl&TPOC0& mm X~u6ac Xa~u6ac OK~l)pO<; &II5IKJic &!;OlP&TlKO l><~u6ac tnOlOTl)Tac &II5IKJic U1 U2 12.5 14 16 17.5 17.5 19 20.5 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 73 76 78 81 84 84 87 90 92 95 97 100 102 105 107 111 111 114 117 120 124 127 132 137 142 147 152 157 157 162 1l0IOTl)Tac
_U3_

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MtXPI

:10 :1_ 00>a. a.

g_

-0 :1
CD c(

sr

cr 000> ...,. a..>< 00 ~ :E " 00 '" 0

~g

Hlli-

'- ur e

ii

~" '§:~
220 220 247.5 247.5 275 275 302.5 302.5 330 357.5 357.5 385 385 412.5 412.5 440 440 440 467.5 467.5 467.5 495 495 495 522.5 522.5 522.5 550 550 550 577,5 577.5 577.5 605 605 605 632.5 632.5 632.5 660 660 660 687.5 687.5 687.5 715 715 715 742.5 742.5 742.5 742.5 742.5 742.5 770 770 770 770 770 770 770 770 770 770 770 770 770

50 70 90 110 130 150 175 205 240 280 320 360 400 450 500 550 600 860 720 780 840 910 980 1060 1140 1220 1300 1390 1480 1570 1670 1790 1930 2080 2230 2380 2530 2700 2870 3040 3210 3400 3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4600 4800 5000 5200 5500 5800 6100 6500 6900 7400 7900 8400 8900 9400 10000 10700 11500 12400 13400 14600

70 90 110 130 150 175 205 240 280 320 360 400 460 500 550 600 660 720 780 840 910 980 1060 1140 1220 1300 1390 1480 1570 1670 1790 1930 2060 2230 2380 2530 2700 2870 3040 3210 3400 3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4800 4800 5000 5200 5500 5800 6100 6500 6900 7400 7900 8400 8900 9400 10000 10700 11500 12400 13400 14600 16000

A C
0

E F G H

K L
M 0 P a

N R S

T U W X

Y Z At St Ct

Et Ft Gt Ht
Jt
Lt Mt It

01

Kt

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2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

180 240 300 360 420 480 570 680 780 900 1020 1140 1290 1440 1590 1740 1920 2100 2280 2460 2640 2850 3060 3300 3540 3780 4050 4320 4590 4890 5250 5610 6000 6450 6900 7350 7800 8300 8700 9300 9900 10500 11100 11700 12300 12900 13500 14100 14700 15400 16100 16900 17800 18800 20000 21500 23000 24500 26000 27500 29000 31000 33000 35500 38500 42000 46000

14 16 17.5 19 20.5 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 73 76 78 81 84 87 90 92 95 97 100 102 105 107 111 114 117 120 122 124 127 130 132 -

20.5 22 24 24 26 28 30 30 32 34 36 36 38 40 42 44 46 46 48 50 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 73 76 78 78 81 84 87 87 90 92 95 97 97 100 102 107 111 117 122 127 132 132 137 142 147 152 157 162

114

81

elvm vro aYKUpee; iOlle; lJa~ae;. Mnopei 61Jwe; 11 lJa~a Ka8e aYKupae; va elver CSla<popeTtKr1lJtXPI ± 7%, ue T11vnoounoescn 6n 11OAIKr1lJa~a TWV aYKupwv CSev stvoi IJtKp6TeP11 an6 oumv nou crtcrrsttm vio Tte; aYKupee; T11e;nAWP11e;ue ton lJa~a. 4.2.4 ileiKT"C; e{apTlDllou (equipment number).

o apI81J6e;, TO lleye80e; (Ila~a) TWV aYKupwv, TO I-niKO<; Kat TO lleye8o~ Tile; aAuoiCSa<; OU<;,ro O)(olvla npooMoew<; Kat TO PUIlOU"-KlO(usoo PUIlOUAKr1oeW<;) ou T n unorrstrm va <pepel tva nAoio, CSiveTOl uuqxovc ue TO CSeiKTIl ~apnOIlOU r1ypalJlJO o e e~apnollou (equipment letter). o e~OnA101l6<;TWVnxokov IlE TO rtcpcrrave E<p6CS10 avo"-oyo<; TOUEiCSoue; elver TOU nxotou (n.x. <P0PT11YO, bulk carrier, CSE~aIlEVOnAOlO, rtopaueto, a"-IEuTlKO, PUIJOU"-KO, nAoio e<poCStaOllou cvoucrou nE"-oyou<;, EnavCSpWlleve<; Kat 1111 <P0pT11yiCSe<; Kal nOVTOVla) Kat Tile; neploXr1<; anaO)(OAr;OEW<;TOU nxotou (xwpi<; neptoprououc, ue rteoropiououc, oe rtpootcreuousvo VEpO). 01 CSla<popOl V110YVWIlOVE<;XPIlOlllonOlOUV CSlO<P0PET1KOU<; rponouc vro TOV unoAOYlOIlO TOUCSeiKT11 E~apnollou. To Lloyd's register of shipping XP11olllonOlei TOV ertouevo unoAoY10lJO. A LleiKT11<;e~apTlolloU = Ll2J3 + 28H + -10
onou: Ll TO EKTOmOlla. oe IlETPlKOU<; TOVVOU<;,OT11Vioa"-o ypallllr; 8tpou<;. 8 TO IltYlOTO eOWTeplKO n"-6.To<;, oe m. H TO utJl0<; e~OAWV OTO ueoo TOU nxotou, ce mana T11v ioa"-o ypallllr; Btpoue; OTOuvdrrspo KOToOTpWlJaOU~lllltvo KaTO TO caooiouc TWVUtJlwv OT11 CSlallr;K11 KevTplKr; ypallllr;, OE m, KoBe oelpo<; unepKOTaOKEUWv nou txouv nAOTO<; IlEyaMTepo ana 8/4. A TO elJ6aCSov,oe m2, T11<; em<pavela<; e~QAwv TOUOKO<pOU<; nept"-aIl6anou vsrm OTOOUIl<PWVO TOUe;xcvovec TOU v110YVWIlOVO us IJr;KO<;TOUrtxotou Kat n<; urtepscrcoxeuec sncvco ana T11V[00"-0 ypallllr; Btpou<; xm nou txouv nAOTO<; lleyaMTEpo ana 8/4. ITOV mvoxc 4.2.1 CS[veTat,OE O)(tOll us TO CSe[KTTJ TO YPolllla e~apTiollou, 0 r; aplBllo<; KOI TO IJtyeBo<; TI1<;KoBE OOTunll<; OYKUpO<;TIl<; n"-WPIl<; OE kg Ilo~a<;. ITI1 CSlnAaVr;OTr;"-1l CS[veTalvio TI<; [CSle<; 0YKUPE<;TO O"-IKO IltiKO<; TIl<; a"-uo[CSa<;Kal TO IltYEBo<; TOU CSloCSeToupiKou Yla CSlO<pOPE<; K nOlOTI1TE<; QAu6a. rlO aAlEUTlKO n"-oia x lO)(uel OA"-o<; rttvoxcc. "Eva <P0PTI1YOnAoio n.x. IlE CSEiKTI1 E~apTlolloU lleTa~u 1790 Kal 1930, nou cvnoroiyet oe YPOIJIlO e~apnollou Ft rtpener va <pepel TPEl<;rtpepotsc oYKupe<; [Mo OE Xpr;Oll Kat Ilia allol6r; (pE~ep6a)], 11 Ilo~a TIl<; KaBE Illa<; npertet vo elver 5610kg. To OAlKOIlr;KO<;TIl<; aAuoiCSa<;(Kal vro n<; CSuo 0YKUPE<;)npertst va eivat577,5m KOI 11CSlalJeTpo<; OU KpiKOU T11<; AuoiCSae;ana I1llioK"-l1PO xo"-u60 (U1) rtpsrter va elver T a 73mm, r; ana xo"-u60 E1CSlKr;<; noiomrcc (U2) 64mm, r; ana xo"-u6a E~atpEnKo E1CS1Kr;e; nOloTI1Ta<; (U3) 56mm. Ana rn nponvouuevo <paiVETat on Mo nAoia IlE TO iCS10 xrornouc r; vexoo 6opo<; e CSev elvoi urmpolrrrro va exouv TO iCS10IltYEBo<; aYKUpwv r; Mo rtxoto ue CSla<popETlKO exrornouo r; veKpo 6opo<; unopet va exouv TO iCSlO lleyeBoe; OYKUpWV.

82

AUTO aUll6aivel. eKTO~ TWV CtMwv lleTa6AIlTWV nou npoa~lopi~ouv TO ~eiKTIl e~apTlalloU. vum 11 emq>ovela e~aAwv ornv nAeupo TOU nAoiou Kal rtc urtepxcrcaK£ut~ unopel va txelj..levaAll ~laQ>opo. rt.x. lleTa~u evoc nAoiou bulk carrier Kal evo~ nxotou ljJuveiou. EV~eIKTlKO tva nAoio bulk carrier 29 000 DWT onw~ tva nxoto uiuveto 16500 OWT ue aVTiOTolXO VP0J..llla e~onAlaJ..lOU Kal VIa rc ~uo nAoia Ft. rtpertet va q>tpouv 3 oOTune~ oVKupe~ ornv nAwPIl 5610kg 11 Ko8e um, ~e~allev6nAOlo 45000 OWT ue VPolllla e~onAlallou Mt. 3 oVKupe~ 8700kg 11 Ko8e um, evw ~e~allevonAolo 123000 OWT us VPolllla e~onAlallou Vt. 3 oVKupe~ 14 100kg 11 Ktl8e Ilta. LTOV rnvcxo 4.2.2 ~iVe:TOl. oe OXeOll us TO ~e:iKTIl ri TO VPoJlJla e:~apTlOJlOu. TO JlEVe:8oc; (Jl6~a) oe kg Tile; aorurmc npuuvciac 6VKupae;. TO e:MXIOTO JlriKoe; KOI TO ooorto aocuoetoc TaU ououoroovotvou ri Tile; aAuoi~ae; ournc Tile; 6VKupae;. EnioT]e; ~iVe:TOl TO e:MXIOTO JlriKoe; KOI TO e:A6XIOTO q>opTio apcuceec TOU PUJlOUAKiou (JlEOO PUJlOUAKriOe:WC;). 0 apI8JlOe;. TO e:MXIOTO JlriKoe; Ko8e: axOIVIOU Kat TO e:A6XIOTO q>opTio 8pauoe:we; TWV OXOIVIWV npooMoe:wC; (mooring lines) nou uncrrstrm va q>epe:l eva rtxoto. LTOU~ nivaKe~ TO q>opTio ~OKtJ..liJ~ ~iveTOl oe J..lovo~a ~uvoJ..lewc; kN (kilo Newtons) nlNAKM 4.2.2 AfJamtoelt; VIloyvriJpova LRS (Lloyd's Register of Shipping) y,a e(ofJAlop6 fJAol6Jvpe aorufJet; 6YKupet; fJPUPVIlt;,oUPpoT6oxolVO q aAuaf&l Tilt; 6YKupat; fJPUpvIlt;, pUpOUAKIO (ptoo pUpOUAKqO~) KOI oxolvI6 fJPoolJtoefll( TOUfJA%u
AdKTI1<; &~apTlolJou

1
Ana

I MtXPI
70 90 110 130 150 175 205 240 280 320 360 400 450 550 600 660 720 780 840 910 980 lOBO 1140 1220 1300 1390 1480 1570 1670

.s-':I5'1:J00. 0.0.
La
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r::::1. 60 80 100 120 140 165 190

IUPlJaT6a)(olvo ., aAuoil)a ayKupa<;

PUIJOUAKIO

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~ I:l ~ g-I 9 8 E 9 ~ I:J ~ g cP ::1. -" xo. oX" xo. 0 a ~i§:1:l~'~11:l~1~i§:1:l~ ~'~I:l~ -e W cP.t:.W w cP .t:.
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::1. 100 100 110 110 120 120 120 120 120 140 140 140 140 140 160 160 160 160 170 170 170 170 180 180 180 180 leo 180 190 190

<9-0. UJ CD 34.3 36.8 39.2 44.1 49.0 54.4 58.8 64.2 71.1 78.5 85.8 93.2 100.5 107.9 112.8 117.7 122.6 127.5 132.4 137.3 142.2 147.1 156.9 166.7 176.5 186.3 196.1 205.9 215.7 225.6

50 70 90 110 130 150 175 205 240 280 320 360 400 450 500 550 600 660 720 780

A B C 0 E

80 85 85 90 90 90 90

64.7 73.5 81.4 89.2 98.1 107.9 117.7

(6.601 (7.501 (8.301 (9.101 (10.001 (11.001 (12.001

180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 200 200 200 200 200 200 220 220

9B.l 98.1 98.1 98.1 98.1 98.1 111.8 129.4 150.0 173.6 2OB.9 223.6 250.1 276.5 306.0 338.3 370.7 408.0 441.3 480.0 517.8 559.0 603.1 647.2 691.4 738.4 785.5 835.5 888.5 941.4

(10.001 (10.001 (10.001 (10.001 (10.001 (10.00) (11.401 (13.201 (15.301 (17.701 (21.101 (22.801 (25.501 (28.20) (31.201 (34.501 (37.801 (41.401 (45.001 (48.901 (52.801 (57.001 (61.501 (66.001 (70.501 (75.301 (80.101 (85.201 (90.601 (96.001

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5

(3.501 (3.751 (4.001 (4.501 (5.001 (5.551 (6.001 (6.651 17.251 (8.001 (8.751 (9.501 (10.251 (11.001 (11.501 (12.001 (12.&:)) (13.001 (13.501 (14.001 (14.501 (15.00' (16.00' (17.0l! 11e.0(· (19.n, (20.0t (21.0'
(22,(1

G H I J K L M N

500

0 P

a
R T U

840
910 980 1060 1140 1220 1300 1390 1480 1570

V
W X
Y

Z At Bt Ct Ot

(23.('

8.')

6nw~ 0 rovvoc liuVGlleWC; (tonne-f) rl ton-f. loxuet 11 oxtOT] 1kg*=9,81N ~ 1000kg*=9810N ri 9,81kN. Luvn:AeOTtc; uercrpormc: 1 AYYAtK6<; T6voC; Hon-f= 1,016tonne-f=9,96kN. 4.3 AAuai6&c; aYKupWY (anchor chain, chain cable).

Ot aAuo[lie<; TWV OYKUPWV KOTOOKeUG~OVTOt n6 OtlieptvtouC; ri XaAu6litvouC; a KpiKOU<; (links) Kat lila<PopeTlKOU~ rponouc. Ot KpiKOt litaKpivoVTat oe KO,vOUt; (common) Kat ~,a~&Tout; (studded) [OX. 4.3(a) Kat (6)]. 01 ~,a~&TO' KpfKO' ri KpIKO' 8qTO, Myw TOU axrillaT6c; TOUC;, >tpOUV ~,6""yo(stud), q lillAaliri tva oUlmaytc; TellCtXlo nou txe1 oq>uPIlAaTIlSei ri oUYKoMIlSei OTOusoo TOU Kp[KOU. 0 litGn.,yaC; ellnolii~el TIC;OUOTpOq>tc;TIl~ aAuoiliac; Kat aU~GVel TIlV aVToxri TOU KpiKOU nepmou 15%. EniOT]C; ellnoli[~et mv emllriKUVOT] TOU KpiKOU. 01 KpiKOt KOTOOKeuG~OVTQt n6 oq>upriAaTO oilillPO, llaAOK6 Oq>UPriAOTO a XaAu6a, IlIl[OKAIlPO XGAu6a (U1), XGAu6a etlilKri~ rtorornrcc (U2) KOt XtlAu60 e~alpeTIKG etlilKIi~ rtorornrnc (U3), nou txouv lilaq>opeTlKri rcon eq>eAKuolloU. Enetliri 0 oq>upriAaToc; XCtAu6a~ elver rteplnou 40% rno toxup6C; an6 TO oq>upriAaTo oilillPO, yta ooieuevn tOXU TO IltyeSoc; TIl~ aAuoilia~ Sa eivat IllKp6Tepo Kat TO 6GPO~ TIl~ IltKp6Tepo (neplrtou 12%). Ot ouyxpove~ aAuoiliec; aYKupwv KaTaOKeUG~ovTal an6 KpiKOUC; nou onorsxouvrcr an6 liuo XWptOTG TellGX1a nou txouv

IX. 4.3. KpiKOI aAuoi~(a)v aYKupwv. a) KOIv6<; KpiKCX:;. 6) Kat y) ~laO&TOI KPIKOl '" KpiKOl SliTa.

ouv(')e8e( J.IeTol;u TOUe; (die-lock chain). AUTo( 01 Kp(KOI crtorexouvrm ana Mo 0CPUPtlAOTO TJ.ltlJ.lOTO KOI TO (')UO OXtlJ.lOTOe; rteplrtou U [OX. 4.3(y)]. To Mo OKPO TaU evoc TJ.lTJJ.lOTOe; exouv oelpo nopOMr;AooV ooovrecseov KOI J.I010~OUV J.Ie 6((')ee;. To elMo TJ.lTJJ.lO, TJ.lTJJ.lO TO uno(')OXtle;, exel onec ce Ko8e clKPO TaU U. ria va ouvosaouv TO Mo TJ.ltlJ.lOTO, wOTe va OXTU.loTlo8e[ tvo<; Kp[KO<;, TO rounnuevo TJ.ltlJ.lO TT)<; uno(')OXtle; 8epJ.loiveTOI KOI TO clKPO TaU clMou TJ.lTJJ.lOTOe; oo80UVTOI ueoo OTIe; onec. Kcrornv TO TJ.ltlJ.lO uno(')OXtle; xrurnercn J.Ie J.IT)XOVIKtl ocpupo oo8WVTOe; TO UAIKO TaU yupoo ana Tle; O(')OVTwoele; rov (')UO OKpooV. 01 (')lclnT)yee; TooV Kp(KooV OUTWV onOTeAOUV OKtpOlO TJ.ltlJ.lOTaU Kp(KOU. I:TO OXtlJ.lO 4.3(y) cpo[veTOI a Kp[KOe; die-lock rtpiv !(Ol J.IeTO TT) ouv(')eOT). I:e KOVOvIKte; OuV8tlKee; epvcotcc 01 Kp(KOI rtov OAUO((')ooV (')ev emJ.lT)KUvOVTOI tl nop0J.l0PcpWVOVTOI KOI xerrouovoov OJ.laAO enclvoo OTO aAUO£AIKTPO TaU 60POUAKOU OYKUpOe; nou cptpel eYKone<;. 01 aAua((')ee; ana el(')IKO XOAu60 oul;T)J.ltVT)e; OVTOXtle; XPT)OlJ.l0nOIOUVTOI oe clYKupee; J.leyOAT)e; (')UV0J.leooe; KpOTtl0eooe; OMcl KOI oe OUVT)8IOIlEvee; corurtec oYKupee;. To J.Itye80e; Tile; OAUO((')Oe;npoo(')lop(~eTOI ana Til (')lclJ.leTpO TIl<; pcl6(,)ou, ana TIlV ana (a KOTooKeuo~eTOI a Kp[KOe; oe mm. To J.ItlKO<; TaU Kp(KOU elvm 6 cpopt<; KOI TO nMTO<; 3,6 cpoptc; J.IeyaAUTepO ana Til (')10J.leTpO TT)<; pQ6(')ou. To eAoXIOTo 6opoe; OAUO[(')Oe;ana XOAu60 el(')IKtle; rtororrrrcc, oe kg/m (')(veTol KOTO nooosvvrcn J.Ie TOV Tuna 02/50, 6nou 0 Il (')lcllleTpoe; oe mm. To eoorto 8pouoew<; (breaking stress) reov aAuo((')oov el;opTclTOl ana TO e((')o<; KOI TO UAIKO KOTOOKeUtl<; TOU<;. 01 enOJ.leVOI Tunal urtopel va XPIlOlJ.l0nOI1l80uv YIO TOV urtoxoviouo rtov cpOpT(ooV:

• vro KOIVOUe; Kp(KOUe;, eocrto 8pouoeooe;

• Ylo (')lo(')eTou<; Kp[KOU<;, cpOpT(O 8pouoeooe; To aocpaMc; cpopTio epyoaiac; (SWL) slvm:

47 02 42 02

• vtn

KOIVOUe; Kp[KOUe; 9 02 • yLO (')lo(')eTouC; KpiKOUC; 14 02 onou

0 Il (')IOlleTpo<;

Kp(KOU os mm.

4.4 'AIJIJOTO (KA£llilll). H aAuo[(')a TIl<; clYKUpO<; xoopi~eTOl ce rununtn IltiKOU<; 27,5m (15 opviec) TO Ka8tvo, nou KOAOUVTOl clJ.lIlOTa (KAel(')lcl, shackles of cable). To ouvoxixo J.ItlKOC;TI1e;OAUO[(')Oe; KOI YlO rtc Mo rtpepctec clYKupee; el;opToTOl ana TO (')e(KTIl el;0pTlOIlOU TaU nAo(OU. E(vol lleTO~U 22'0 KOl 170m (8-28 0IlIlOTO). To ouvnaeoreoo OUVOAlK6 IlTJKO<; aAuo[l)o<; e(vOl 605 Il£TPO (22 0IlIlOTO). To OIlIlOTO ouvoeovrcr lleTol;u TOU<; J.Ie el(')lKcl 0YKUAlO (KAel(')lcl, shackles), 6noo<; neplYPclcpeTol OTO enouevc. 4.5 Iuvli£OIl OlJlJtlTwv.

rlO Til auv(')eOT) TooV 0llllclTooV XPIlOlJ.lOnOlOUVTOl tl el(')lKO[ AUOlleVOl KpiKOl nou unopouv va xoopla80uv KOI va ertcvcouvosaouv YlO va OXllllOTiaouv TOV Kp(KO tl el(')IKo 0YKUAlO. YnoPXouv (')uo el(')wv xuouevo. Kp(KOI. 0 rurtoc TaU Kp[KOU nou nepIypacpeTOl £xel TO ((')10 OXtlllO us TOUe; elMouC; Kp(KOUC; OTT)v ((')10 aAuo(l)o aYKupoC; el;oacpaA[~ovTOC;

85 TIlV eJl.£uSePIl Kat ollaJl.iJ KiVl1an 6J1.wv TWV KplKWV novw OTO aJl.uotJl.IKTPO TOU 6apouJl.KoU OVKUpO<;. AUOlleVOt; KpiKOt;(detachable link) cnorexstror an6 tva KpiKO OXiJIlOTO<;C us Mo eAoollOTa ouvlit.oew<; nou OX'1llaTi~ouv Til 1110rtAeupo TOU KplKOU Kal tva KWVlK6 neipo nou KpaTO TO Mo TlliJlloTa lla~L rreipoc aOqlQ)..i~eTat OTI1 stan TOU ore llevOJl.o TlliJlla TOU KpiKOU IlE TellclXIO lloJl.u6CSou iJ oqlaipa on6 j..IoJl.U61 (ox. 4.5a). KaTO Til ouvapIloJl.6vIlan OUTOUTOU KpiKOU nptnel va 6e6atwSOUIle 6TI TO TellclXla npooOP1l6~oVTOI oWatcl, VIOTI CSevelval aVToMo~llla. riO TO oxorro aUT6 txouv evrumoast OPISIlOi OTOV KpiKO C Kat oe KoBe tJl.ootJO ouvlitoew<;, WaTe va CSI£uKoJl.uveTalTO TO{plaoIlO. nplV encvccuvcpuoxovneouv TO TlJiJllaTa npenet va KaBaplatOUv Kal VO Q)..elqlBouv ue EICStK6 6.JI.elIJIla(Jl.ino<;).To clJl.EllllJOXPllO"llJeUEt w<; Jl.moVTIK6 Kat VIO T'1 ouvti}Pl1an TWV JleT6.Mwv. . AUTol 01 KpiKOI rortoaerouvnn OTI"JvaJl.uolCSa11£ to CSuoeJl.60IJOTa ouvCStoew<; aVTIKpu~OVta<; npoc rn Enclvw (CSI1AaCSr't eKT6<;TOUrt.A.olou), wOTe va IJllv elJrt.A.tKOVtat or npoe~oxt<; orcv E~tPXETat '1 aJl.uoiCSa. 'MAo<; Jl.u6IJevo<; KpiKOc; Via TI"J ouv6ean tWV alllJOTWV crtorsxetrm on6 a6to6pwTO vIKeJl.louxo Xclhu60 ce reocepo telloXlo, tva an6 to onoia eivol 6t0"'lV0<;. KpIKOC;ouvaPJl0Jl.ovelTat Kat aOqlQ)..l~etat ue trl 60iJ8eta lletaMtKOU oqmvosr60u<; nelpou Kat Oqlo(po<; an6 lloM6t. rtetcoc rortoaetettcr CStOvwvta tWV Mo rt.A.eupwv TOU Kp(KOU Kat TOU CStonl1va (OX. 4.56) .

.Ix.
l\u6llevo<;

4.50.
QllllelTwv.

Kp(KO<; ouvMoewc;

IX. 4.58.
Au6lJEvo<; Kp(KO<; ouv5toewc; QlJlJel-rwv.

86

ria T'1V unoouvoeon "leipo Kat OT'1ouvtX&la epyah&io nou naptX&1 emq>oV&I&~, OnOT& 6&

aUTOU TOU KpiKOU KTunwvTa~ aq>atpOUI-I&TO l-Iohu61 Kal TOV TO 6Ion'1ya. 01 6uo M&Upt~ TOU KpiKOU xwpil;OVTatl-l& &161KO 0 KaTaoK&uaOTTJ~ yla va anoq>&UXSOUV l;'1l-1lt~ OTI~ h&mt~ Sa TatPUll;ouv KaTo TIl ouvupuoxovnon.

AUToi 01 KpiKOI etvcr ouoror ue TOU~ 6106&TOU~ KpiKOU~, 1-1&IlI-IIKPOT&P'16101-l&TPO T i61a 1-1&aUTTJ TWV 6la6tTwv T'1~ i6la~ ahuoi6a~ ahM 1-1&l-I&yahUT&P'1 I-ItYIOT'1 610I-l&TPO 1,5D (D='1 6101-l&TPO~TOU 6106&TOU KpiKOU). ria TIl ouv6&0Il T'1~ aYKupa~ 1-1& T'1V ahuoi6a XP'1011-10nol&iTat &161KOaYKuhlo (Kh&16i, OX. 4.5y) nou tX&1 OXTJl-laD Kat 0 rtelpoc TOU OXTJl-la&M&lmIKO, xwpi~ va e~tX&1 nepn ana T1~M&Upt~ TOU aYKuhiou. 0 netpoc aoq>ahil;&Tat OT'1 SEOIl TOU 1-1& I-IIKPOrtelpo OTepeWO&w~ an6 OKh'1PTJ ~uheia l-IahaKO I-IEmMo, nou nepvn cvcueoc ana TOV rtelpo Kat TO tva oKtho~ TOU aYKuhiou.

r;

rponoc

ouv6toe~

T'1~ oYKupa~

I-Ie T'1V ahuoi6a

ectvetm

OTO OXTJl-la4.56.

l:x. 4.Sy.
AYKUAIO (KA&I~i) axillJaTOc; 0 ouvliEO&WC; aYKupac; IJ& aAuoi~a.

~Y')("l;~(O
ay;<upu<;

"'1)(':'1110
:JX'~~OTOC; I

GY)(UPac;

fViEya.,\o<;
Y.pIXOC;

D
KClvoC;
>!PIXOC;

,,_.=-'---.....

r< a VOVIXO
"OiXOI

l:x. 4.Sli.
!Uv~&OTJ ayKupac; IJ& aAuo[~a.

ria lTJ ouvoson TWV ajJjJoTwv IlETa~u TOUe; unopet va XP'1011l0nOlll80uv 01 hUOIlEVOI KpiKOI, onwe; npoava<ptp81lKE, i) rc EI61KO aYKuhla (KhEl5(0) ouvoeOEWe; Tile; OYKupae; IlE TIlV ahuoi5a. Av XPllOillonolll8Ei TtTOlO aYKuhlo vic Til OUV5EOll, EnEl5f) rn OKEhll TOU Eivat noxu Ileyoha vro va nepccouv ueoo ana tva 5105ETO KpiKO, aUTO Ouv5tETOl IlE tva KOlVO KpiKO (xwpie; 5lonllya). EnEl5f) ouroc 0 KpiKOe; 5EV tXEI 6lonllya, elver IlIKpOTEPlle; aVToxf)e; ana TO

87

1'>lo1'>eTOl' aUTO exel KOlllevaAlJTepo V lleve8oe;. H ouvoeon aUTOU TOU KpiKOU ue TO 1'>lo1'>eTo vtvsrci lleOW svoc 1'>lo1'>eTouKpiKOU ue llevaAUTepo lleve80e;, nou KaAeiTOl ev1'>lolleooe; xplxoc. LTO OXTJlla 4.5e ootvercn 0 rponoc ouv1'>eoewe; TWV cuunrtov us TOUe; cncpormrouc KpiKOUe;, aVKUAlO ouvoeoeoc Kal ro lleve8T) TOUe;KaTO rtpooevvrOTJ oe OXeOll ue TO 1'>lo1'>eToKpiKO. UD
1.2 D

UD

E V6'~J.~Eao

!.

I
~ npo~ T~V ay)(upa

)(Pl)(O~

nt,ciy,C(

oljJ~

\
tla.TtTJYa~ ~E IIETtTO oupu« ( )·TJyo.6oupa)

-,
IhpaiOI )(OIVOl
){PlXOl

[lLo.TtTJVac;

~E XETtTO oupuc

lATJya6ovpa)

Ix. 4.5£.
~Ovl)eOT] KOl OTij.lovOT] OJ.lj.lQTWV.

4.6 Mt90liol

GI'II,U1VG&WC; WV oJ.lJ.lClTwv. T

H aAuoi1'>a Tile; oVKupae; cnuotveror vin va vvwpil;olle nOVTOTE TO IlTJKOe;TT)C;, 1'>IlAa1'>TJ apl81lo TWV allllOTwv rtou exouv nOVTl08El. 0 apl8lloc; TOU nuucroc TOV unoxovttenn ana TO aVKUAlO Tile; oVKupae; rtpoc TO epecno. rla TT) 0TJllaVOll nEplTuAiVOIlE Aemo oupuc (AIlva1'>oupa) vupw ana TO 1'>lomwa TOU rrporrou KpiKOU npwpa Kat npUlla TOU EI1'>IKOUKpiKOU ouv1'>eoewc; TWV aIlIlOTWV, VIa va OTJlloVOIlE TO 10 O:lllla TJ vupw ana TO 1'>lo:nllva TOU 1'>EUTEPOUKpiKOU VIa va onucvoue TO 20 O:lllla K.O.K. (OX. 4.5£). Av ro cuucro OUVMOVTOI IlE aVKuAlo, 01 cxpolo. xotvol KpiKOI rtpepn KOl rtouuo ana TO aVKUAIO 1'>EVunoAovi<;oVTal (IlETPOUV) VIa TT) onucvon. EniOTJe; OAOI 01 OTlIlEIOUIlEVOI KpiKOl ouvnaec XPWllaTiC;ovTOl AEUKOi WOTE va napaTTlPOUVTOl EUKOAOTEpa orov rtovrksrcr 11 cvxupc.

88

o TpOnO<; O11I-10VOEW<; aAuoi~a<; OYKUpa<; nou XPl1Oll-l0nOlEiTOl OTO n.N. Tl1<; cpaiVETOl OTO OXTJl-la4.6. OMKAl1PO TO npOTEAEUTOio Ol-ll-la xpwl-laTi~ETOI KiTPIVO KOl TO TEAEUTaio Ol-ll-la KOKKIVO.

~©3
_

ciit@1Dl(Qc;::::0===:l
2° allllU _ 3° cllllla IX. 4.6. HlI.lavOTl aJ..lJ..l0TWV OTO nOA&J..I1K6NauT1K6 (n.N.).

1\ (\)XO

KOXXIVQ

I\(\)XO

4.7 IT&ptWOll Tile; OKPIle; Tile; aAuoU5ae; OTO CPP&OTIO.

01 l-IeSO~OI crspeoceoc (aocpaAioew<;) Tl1<; OKPl1<;Tl1<; aAuoi~a<; OTO epecno aAuoi~wv (orptroo) nOIKiAAouv apKeTO oe KoSe TtAoio. TeAeUTOio<; KpiKO<; Tl1<; aAuoi~a<; orspsovercr I-Ie netpo nou nepvo l-IeTa~U TaU KpiKOU KOl Mo eAa0l-loTWV I-IIKPWV ~laOTooewv, nou exouv oUYKoMl1Sei OTl1 cppaKTTJ ouvxpouceox; OTOV rrueuevo TaU epecrtou (OX. 4.7). KaT' oMo rporto a rexeuroloc KpiKO<; T'l<; aAuoi~a<; cptpeTOl OTO ovorepo uepoc TaU epecrtou KOl crepeevercr 0' eva IOXUpO aYKwva (I-InpaToOAI) KaTo TOV i~IO rpono.

IT&ptwOTl

IX. 4.7. OKPT]C:; Auo[l)ac:; OTO <PP&OTlo. a

Eni011<; a TeAeUTOio<; KpiKO<; urtopet va rtepcoer ueoo ana OXIOI-ITJ oe eVIOXUl-leVl1 nepIOXTJ TaU eAOOl-laTO<; e~eXOVTa<; ana TO KaTOOTpWl-la TWV anoSl1Kwv Tl1c; nAWPl1<;. Me TOU<; Mo rsxeurotouc rportouc OUVMOEW<; elver ~uvaTov evcc oVSpwnoc; va nAl1OlG~el TO 0111-1eio OTepewoew<;, Yla va anoKpIKwost TO OKPO T'lc; aAuoi~a<; xwpi<; va eloeASel OTO cppeOTIO. Enel~TJ 11 anoKpiKw011 KOl aneAeuStpw011 rnc aAuoi~a<; unopst va etvm erretvouoo TJ anpoo~oKl1Tl1, elvm npocpave<; OTt a uneuauvoc VaUTtKOC; Sa rtperter va yvwpi~el OTO OUVT0I-I0TepO ~uvaTo xpovo ana Tl1 vouroxovnon TaU TOV rporto OTepewoewc; Tl1<; GKPl1<; Tl1<; aAuoi~a<; OTO nxoto nou unnpsret, Ta ueoo aYKupo6oAiac; npsns. va OUVTl1POUVTOI KaAG, ~e~ol-ltvou OTt cnorexouv e~onAlol-IO ~WTtKTJc; onucotcc Yla rnv aocpOAela TaU nAoiou. Ta

-.;

89

OIJIJaTa rtpsner va Eva.v..OOOVTQlIJETa~U TOUe;IJETaKlVWVTOe;rc EOWTEPlKOnpoc rc E~W Kal aVTI8ETa. H aAAaVT) TTle; 8EOEWe; TWV aIJIJOTWV, 6TOV VlvETOl OUOTYllJaTlKO, E~aO(paAI~El 01J0l61J0pq>Yl q>80po 6AYle; TYle; aAuol~ae;. Or KPIKol rtpertei va ~OKlIJO~OVTOl orcv 6lPOPETQlYl oVKupa xm n aAuol~a va E~EPXETOl KaTO KaVOVlKO ~laOTT)lJaTa Vla Em8EwPYlOll Kal OUVTT)pYlOYl. 4.8 ~OKI"'11 aYKupwv Kal aAuoi6wv - 01l.,.aV01'J - mOTOnOII'JTlKo.

'OAEe; Ol 0VKUpEe; rtdveo an6 75 kg rtptv TE80uv OE UnYlPEOla rtpertet va ~oKlllao80uv an6 Konola APXT) T) Konolo vnovvouovc E~OUOlO~OTYlIlEVO an6 TTlv APxtl, 6nwe; n.x. 1"0 Lloyd's. Erti nMov ro nxoto urtoxeivrm OE nEplO~lKT) Em8EWPYlOYl KoBE TEOOEpa XPOVla ana KonOlO VYlOVVWlJova. KaT' aUTT) TYlV Em8EWPYlOll Em8EwpOUVTOl TO OKOq>Oe;, YlIlYlxaVT) Kal 0 E~apTloIJ6e; «orcorpoucroc IJE ro ueco aVKup060A[ae;. Ot OVKUpEe; npiv TE80uv OE urmpeoto un06o.v..oV1"0l OE ~OKlIJEe; Eq>EAKUOIJOU (OE IlYlXOVYllJa EVKEKPIIJEVO an6 TOUe;VYlOVVWIlOVEe;)nou nOlKlAAEl avoAova IJE TO 6opoue; TOUe;. fla oVKupa IJEXPl 1 rovvou Yl TOOll ~OKllJT)e; slvm neplnou 20 q>OpEe;TO 6opoe; rnc, EVW Vla 0VKupa 30 rovvov IJnopEI va elver neplrtou TO nEVTOnAOOlO TOU 6opoue; rnc, LTOV nlvcxc 4.8.1 ectveror TO eoprto ~OKllJT)e; OE rovvouc-t OTO ortolo un06aAAovTOl Ol 0VKUpEe; cvoxovo IJETO IJEVE86e; TOUe;(lJa~a) OE kg. H lJo~a nou XPYlOlIJOnOlOUIJEvic TYlV eloooo OTOV mvoxo EIVOl: a) vic rtc aorunec aVKUpEe;, Yl OAlKT) lJo~a TYle;aVKupae;, 6) vro TIe; EVOTunEe; OVKUpEe;, Yl lJo~a TYle;aVKupae; xwpie; va nEpLAalJ6oVE1"al 0 orurtoc, V) Vla aVKUpEe; IJEVOAYle; ~UVOIJEW<; KpaTT)OEW<;,IJla OVOlJaOTlKT)lJo~a iOll IJE 1,33 TYle;npaVlJaTlKT)e; OAlKT)e;lJo~ae; TTle; oVKupae;. METO TO TEAOe; rnc ~OKllJT)e;Yl oVKupa E~ETO~ETQlVIa TuX6v pWVlJte;, EnlIJYlKUVOEle; T) rtcpcuopodice«; TOU UAIKOU rnc. Eq>6oov Yl ~OKllJT) an06Ei lKaVOnOlYlTlKT), EK~i~ETal mOTOnOlYlTlK6 oVKupae; rtou nEplAaIJ6aVEl TOV aU~OVTa apl81J6 rnc aVKupae;, TO ovouo KOl ro ~laKplTlKO onueto TOU epvuornplou nou EKTEAEi TYl ~OKIIJ~, TO 6vOIJa Kal ro ~laKplTlKa onuetc TYle;ApXT)e; rtou EK~i~El TO mOTOnOlYlTlK6 Kal TO ovouo 1"OUsnorrm TYle; ~OKllJT)e; . Eni nMov OllIJEIWVETOl 0 runoc TYle;0VKupae;, 1"0 6opoe; TYle;OE kg, TO 6apoe; TOU orurtou. av unaPXEl, TO IJT)KOe;rnc aTpaKTOU OE mm, KQl TO IJT)KOe;TOU 6paxiova. EniOlle; rtpertei va OllIJElWVETalYl ~laIJETpOe; TOU AOlIJOU TYle;aVKupae;, ~YlAa~T) TO IJEpOe; 1"OU KOPIJOU 6nou apxi~ouv Ol 6paxioVEe;, Kal TO eoprto ~OKllJT)e;· LTo OXT)lJa 4.8a q>aivETOl mOTOnOlYlTlK6 aOTunYle; 0VKupae; rurtou Hall IJE ro En6IJEVa ororretc:
MtlKOC;urpcxrou: naXoc; nrpnxrou: MtlKoC; vuxuilv: 'AvOlYlJa vuxuilv: 8apoc; aYKupac;: 3110 mm 300 x 380 mm 1560 mm 1125 mm 6270 kg

To eoprto ~OKllJT)e; OE Eq>EAKUOIJ6OTYlV onolo un06Ar,BYlKE Yl aVKupa slvm 76900 kg-f oUIJq>wva IJE rtc cnorrnce«; TOU vnovvouovo (nivaKae; 4.8.1).

90 ntNAKAL Ma~a aYKupac; 4.8.1

kg
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100

eoprto Ma~a eoorto ¢lOPTio Ma~a lioKlllnC; cvxucoc lioKlllnC; aYKupac; lioKlllnC; rovvoi-t kg rovvoi-t kg T6vVOl-f
2,37 2,57 2,76 2,95 3,13 3,30 3,46 3,70 3,99 4,52 5,00 5,43 5,85 6,25 6,71 7,18 7,64 8,11 8,58 9,05 9,52 9,98 10,50 10,90 11,40 11,80 12,70 13,50 14,30 15.20 16.10 16,90 17,80 18.60 19,50 20,30 21,20 22,00 22,80 23,60 24.40 25,20 26.00 26,70 27,50 28,30 29,80 31.30 32,70 34,20 35,60 36,90 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000 4100 4200 4300 4400 4500 4600 4700 4800 4900 5000 5100 5200 5300 5400 5500 5600 5700 5800 5900 6000 6100 6200 6300 6400 6500 6600 6700 6800 6900 7000 7200 7400 7600 38,38 39,60 40,90 42,20 43,50 44,70 45,90 47,10 48,30 49,40 50,50 51,60 52,70 53,80 54,80 55,80 56,80 57,80 58.80 59,80 60,70 61,60 62,50 63,40 64,30 65.10 65,80 66,60 67,40 68,20 69,00 69,80 70,50 71,30 72.00 72,70 73,50 74,20 74,90 75,50 76,20 76,90 77,50 78,20 78,80 79,40 80,20 81.00 82.00 83,40 84,80 86.20 7800 8000 8200 8400 8600 8800 9000 9200 9400 9600 9800 10000 10500 11000 11500 12000 12500 13000 13500 14000 14500 15000 15500 16000 16500 17000 17500 18000 18500 19000 19500 20000 21000 22000 23000 24000 25000 26000 27000 87,80 89,40 91,00 92,60 94,00 95,40 96,80 98,00 99,40 100,60 101,80 103,00 105,60 109,00 111,00 113,00 115,00 118,00 120,00 123.00 125.00 128,00 130,00 133,00 136,00 139,00 142.00 144,00 147,00 150,00 152,00 155,00 160.00 165,00 170,00 175,00 180,00 184,00 189,00 194,00 198,00 203,00 207,00 211,00 220,00 229,00 238,00 246,00 254,00 262,00 270,00 278,00

zaooo
29000 30000 31000 32000 34000 36000 38000 40000 42000 44000 46000 48000

91

TEST CERTIFICATE
No.: 7293

CERTIFICATE OF TEST AND EXAMINATION OF ANCHORS

Anchor. Brand Type Shank. Length
-/1-

STOCKLESS HALL TYPE

ANCHOR

3110 300 X 380 1560 1125 6270 76900 (76.9T)

Thickness

rom rom rom mm kg kg-f

Flukes. Length
-/1Span Weight of Anchor

Proof Test Name and Address of Buyer:

Vessels Name: The test was carried out on the account of: andinthepr~ceof

_ _ ___

We certify that the above particulars are correct and that the test and examination were carried out by a competent person and that the items described herein were tested and thereafter examined and were found to be free from cracks. flaws or other defects.

SIG~A: .>: ~-~

»->: ~-

~ ----~

DATE: 16.3.88

~:;;>'m~g;;;F.;..a""'b'''''les=-S-K-A-ND-TA-L-U-R1-T-HO-R-IZ-O-NT-A-L-TES--T1-NG-BE-N-CH-2-SO--Tor.-.-, a-ppr-o-Yed--an-d-cm--,fl-ed-b-y-Ih-.-Po-ly-,ec-h-lUc-U-ru-Yers--lty-o-f-A'-hens(Cm. No. 61637/1.9.81) and Classifica'ion Societies LRS (Cert. No. 107275/16.981) GL (Cm No. 20287) AT, DNV (C.rt NO.81·221/611.81) BV <cm. No. 838016/212.83). ABS <eert No 81 . PR6264· 633/2311.81)

nlOTOnOlTlTlK6

IX. 4.80. norurrnc dYKupac;.

92

KaTa Til liOKll .. i Il MvalJIl n E<paPIJ6~ETal OTOV KpiKO Tile; aTpaKTOU, EVW ro VUXla Tile; aYKUpae; 0<PllVWVOVTat OE OTa8Ep6 aVTlKEilJEVO IJEyaAIle; aVToxTie; vio V' aVTlOTa8Ei O'T'lV TaO'1 nou E<paPIJO~ETal. METa TIl liOKllJTi Il aYKUpa Em8EwpTi81lKE Kat liEV 6pt81lKE va tXEl pWYlJte;, EmIJIlKUVOEIe; Ti aMa EAanWlJaTO. Ka8E aYKUpa nou tXEl ernonuc liOKlIJao8Ei nperter va 0'1IJaV8Ei IJE lilaKPlTlKa O'1IJEia. IE KaTO<pavte; O'1IJEio Tile; aYKUpae; O'1IJEIWVETat evoc KUKAOe;. Mtoa 0' ourov TOV KUKAO EIJ<Pavi~ovTOlliuo Eilill nAIlPo<poPlWV. To OUIJ60AO X nap IOTaVEL TOV aU~OVTa apl81J6 TOU mOTOnOlllTlKOU liOKlIJTie; Kat TO OUIJ60AO YYY rc ypalJlJaTa Tile; ApxTie; nou EKliiliEl TO mOTOnOlllTlKO (ax. 4.86).

Ix. 4.86. ~l'JlJavOT) aYKUpaC; IJETa Til C50KIIJl'J. rIa TIlV Em8EWPllO'll Kal liOKllJTi Tile; aAuoiliae; Tile; aYKUpae; aUTTi E~tPXETat an6 TO <pPEaTlO Kal EKTEivETal OE IJEyaAa IJTiKIl EnaVW OTOV nueuevo Tile; liE~aIJEvTie; KaTa TO liE~aIJEVIOIJ6 TOU nAoiou. 01 netpoi TWV aYKuMwv a<patPOUVTat Kat Em8EwpOUVTal, 01 KpiKOl KTumOUVTal EAa<ppa IJE oeupt vro va cxoucaet av liivouv lilaUYTi TiXO. Av ortmoonnore IJTiKoe; aAuoiliae; 6PE8Ei OTO rno <p8apl1tvo O'1IJEio va tXEl IJtO'1 lilalJETPO IJEIWlJtVIl IJtXPI 10% TaU apXlKou IJEyt80ue;, 8a rtpsrtsr va aMax8El. Ka8E IJTiKoe; (alJlJa) aAuoiliae; un06aMETOl OE liOKllJTi IJtXPI TO <popTio liOKlIJTie; OE IJIlXavIllJa liOKlIJTie; EYKEKPllJtVO an6 TOUe; VIlOYVWIJOVEe; Kal nperter va ovatcrcrcr OTa eoprto (liUVaIJEIe;) nou liivovTat OTOV rtlvoxo 4.8.2, aVaAOya IJE TO UAIKO KaTOoKEuTie; (XMu6ae; U1, U2, U3) Kat TO IJtYE80e; (lilaIJETpOe; aAuoiliae;) OE mm. METa TO TtAoe; Tile; liOKlIJTie; Ka8E alJlJa Em8EwpEiTal Kal liEV rtpertet va tXEl pWYlJte; Ti napaIJOP<PWOEIe; Ti aMa O'1lJaVTIKa EAanWlJaTa. H IJOVIIJIl EmlJTiKUVO'1 EVOe; alJlJaTOe; liEV rtpertst va uttepdnivet TO 5% TOU apXlKou IJTiKoUe;. Kcrornv lilaMyoVTat, napouoia TOU Em8EwPllTTi TOU vnovveuovo, ana 6AO TO IJTiKoe;Tile; aAuoiliae; liEiYlJaTa 3-7 KpiKWV (cvnxovo IJE TO VIlOyvWIJOva) Yla va urtoorouv liOKllJTi IJtXPI TO eoprto 8paUOEWC;. 0 apl8lJoe; TWV liElYlJaTWV nou un06aMoVTat OE liOKllJTi 8paUOEWe; elvm tva lieiYlJa an6 Ka8E tva Ti rsocepc IJTiKIl TWV 27,S m (alJlJaTa) Ti AlYOTEPO, aVaAOya IJE TO UAIKO KaTOoKEuTie; TIle; aAuoiliae; Kal Til IJt80liO KaTaoKEuTie; Tile; (8EpIJIKTi «crepvcoto Ti 6Xl). Av IlliOKllJTi 8pauoEWe; anoTuXEl (av lillAaliTi TO liEiYlJa 8pauo8Ei rtpiv <p8aOEl TO eoprto OTO analTOUIJEVO an6 TO vnovvouovc Yla TO IJtYE80e; Tile; aAuoiliae;), nperter va xonel tva liEUTEPO liEiYlJa an6 TO ililO TIJTilJa Tile; aAuoiliae; Kal va un06AIl8Ei OE liOKlIJTi. Av Kl aUTTi Il liOKllJTi anOTUXEl 8a rtpenet va cnoppupeet OAO TO IJTiKoe; Tile; aAuoiliae; an' 6nou nap81lKaV aUTO. ro liEiYlJaTa.