CHNG 1 NHNG KHI NIM C BN

1.Gii hn v phm vi ng dng ca l thuyt mch.

phn tch v kho st cc hin tng vt l cn m hnh ton. Cc m hnh ton
c xy dng cn c vo cc phng trnh trng thi ca cc hin tng c bn.
Cn c vo s ph thuc ca bin trng thi vo khng gian v thi gian c 2 loi m
hnh ton nh sau:
- M hnh trng: l m hnh ton c cc bin trng thi o qu trnh ph thuc
vo thi gian v khng gian.
- M hnh h thng: l m hnh ton c cc bin trng thi o qu trnh ch ph
thuc vo thi gian m khng ph thuc vo khng gian.
Vy m hnh trng bao trm m hnh h thng . Do yu cu tnh chnh xc ca bi
ton m la chn vic s dng m hnh trng hoc m hnh h thng.
- M hnh mch: l mt hnh h thng vi cc bin trng thi v(t) ch ph thuc
vo thi gian t, c mt dng chy tn hiu hoc dng chy nng lng th c
gi l m hnh mch.
L thuyt mch coi nh mt h thng cc l thuyt c xy dng ln nhm nghin
cu v phn tch mt qu trnh theo m hnh mch .
2. Mch in v m hnh
1. Mch in: gm cc thit b in ni vi nhau bng dy dn to thnh nhng mch
vng kn trong dng in c th chy qua.
- Thit b in c chia thnh 2 loi :
+ Ngun in: l cc thit b in to ra v cung cp in nng cho cc thit b
in khc.
+Ph ti: l cc thit b tiu th in nng do ngun in cung cp
2. Kt cu ca mch in
a. Nhnh: l tp hp cc thit b in mc ni tip vi nhau trong c cng 1
dng in chy t u ny n u kia.
b. nh (nt): l ni gp nhau t 3 nhnh tr ln.
c. Mch vng : l li i khp kn qua mt s nhnh.
1
3. Cc bin trng thi
Dng o lng, nh gi trng thi nng lng trong mch in.
1. Cng dng in i :
Dng in l dng cc in tch dch chuyn c hng.
Cng dng in( gi tt l dng in) l lng in tch chuyn qua mt n v
din tch trong mt n v thi gian
dq
i
dt

Chiu dng in l chiu chuyn ng ca dng in tch dng

Khi gii mch in i l i lng i s km theo chiu dng quy c.
Sau khi gii nu:
- i dng chiu thc ca dng in trng vi chiu dng quy c
- i m chiu ngc li
n v i: Ampe (A)
2. in p u : in p gia 2 im bng hiu s in th ca 2 im .
Chiu dng quy c chiu i t ni c in th cao n ni c in th thp
u
AB
= -u
BA
n v u: Volt (V)
Trong tnh ton in p u l i lng i s theo chiu xc nh, v d :
Khi u
AB
>0 th A cao hn th B v u
AB
<0 th B cao hn th A
3.Cng sut p
Trong mch in, mt nhnh, mt phn t c th nhn nng lng hoc pht nng
lng. Khi chn chiu dng in v chiu in p trn nhnh cng nhau th :
- Cng sut tip nhn : p = ui
Sau khi tnh ton cng sut p ca nhnh ta c kt lun sau v qu trnh nng lng ca
nhnh : - u,i cng chiu: p>0 : nhnh nhn nng lng
- u,i ngc chiu p<0: nhnh pht nng lng
2
AB A B
u
V d:
Khi in p n v (V) dng in c n v (A) th cng sut c n v (W)
4. Phng trnh trng thi
- l phng trnh biu din mi quan h gia cc bin trng thi.
4.Cc hin tng nng lng c bn trong mch in
v cc thng s c trng
Cc hin tng nng lng bng tng mt s cc hin tng c bn. Mi hin tng
c bn c phn t c trng v c biu in bng mt thng s c trng.
1.Cc hin tng c bn
+ Hin tng pht nng lng: l hin tng bin i cc dng nng lng
khc thnh in nng, xy ra trong ngun in.
+ Hin tng tiu tn nng lng: l hin tng in nng bin thnh cc dng
nng lng khc m khng bao gi hon tr li in nng cho mch.
+Tch phng nng lng t trng kho t( cun cm):
Tch: c thi im ngun in cung cp dng in cho cun cm v nng lng tch
li di dng nng lng t trng
Phng: c thi im kho t cung cp dng in cho ngun in.
+ Tch phng nng lng in trng kho in ( t in) .
2.Cc thng s c trng.
+in tr r, in dn g.
3
0
n
u
p <
0
n
u
p >
i
nh lut Ohm: u = r.i ( khi u,i cng chiu)
i =g.u
-Khi r =const th u,i c quan h tuyn tnh, r l in tr tuyn tnh
-Khi r = f(i) th u,i c quan h phi tuyn, r l in tr phi tuyn.
-n v:
-in dn :
1
g
r

n v ca g: (S)
Cng sut m in tr tip nhn: p = u.i = u
2.
i >0
in tr lun nhn nng lng v bin i thnh nng lng khc.
+ H s t cm L
Khi c dng in i chy qua cun dy L s xut hin mt t thng mc vng

i
xuyn qua lng cun dy :
Li

L: l hng s th quan h

(i) l quan h tuyn tnh, cun dy tuyn tnh

L=f(i) quan h

(i) l quan h phi tuyn, cun dy phi tuyn

Hin tng t cm: khi dng in i thay i theo thi gian th trn cun dy xut hin
in p cm ng u.
u c gi l in p t cm:
Phng trnh trng thi ca in cm L
d di
u L
dt dt

(u,i cng chiu nhau, L l hng s)
n v L : [H] Henri
4
+H s h cm M :
H cm: l hin tng xut hin t trng trong cun dy do dng in trong cun
dy khc to nn. Thng s dc trng cho hin tng t cm l h s h cm M
Xt cun dy L
1
(i
1,
i
2
thay i theo t)
1
11 1
di
u L
dt

(cng chiu i
1
)
i
2
chy qua cun dy L
2
sinh ra t trngc 1 phn ng sc t i xuyn qua lng
cun dy L
1
lm xut hin in p cm ng u
12
do ng in i
2
cun dy L
2
sinh ra
hin tng ny gi l hin tng h cm
u
12
: in p h cm
2
12 12
di
u M
dt
( c th cng chiu hoc ngc chiu vi i
1
)
Gi u
1
p tng trn cun L
1
, chn u
1
cng chiu vi u
11
( tc vi i
1
)
1 2
1 11 12 1 12
u = u u
di di
L M
dt dt
t
Tng t xt cho cun L
2

2 1
1 22 21 2 21
u = u u
di di
L M
dt dt
t
M
12
=M
21
=M H s h cm
H s ngu hp :
1 2
M
k
L L

5
c trng cho mc ghp h cm gia 2 cun dy
Trn mi cun dy s cng chiu hay ngc chiu ca in p h cm so vi in p
t cm ph thuc vo:
- Chiu dng in chy qua cun dy
- Chiu cun dy
-Cc tnh ca cun dy: l mt u ca cun dy c nh du * hoc ( . )
+ Nu cc dng in i
1
v i
2
cng i vo hay cng i ra du c nh du
khi ta c 2 cun dy cng cc tnh vi nhau, trn mi cun dy in p h cm v
in p t cm cng chiu vi nhau

+ Nu cun dy ny dng in i vo, cun dy kia li i ra cc u c
nh du khi 2 cun dy ngc cc tnh vi nhau, trn mi cun dy in p h
cm ngc chiu vi in p t cm

+ in dung
u-in p t ln t in
q- in tch trn bn t
6
u,q u thay i theo thi gian.
q = C.u
C l in dung ca t in
Nu C l hng s th quan h q(u) l tuyn tnh v t l t tuyn tnh
Nu C=f(u) , quan h q=(u) l quan h phi tuyn v t l t phi tuyn.
( ) dq d Cu
i
dt dt

C = hng s

( u,i cng chiu, C l hng s)
n v C: [F] Fara
Ngun sut in ng e(t): ngun c kh nng to ra v duy tr trn cc cc ca n
mt sut in ng e(t) khng ph thuc vo dng in ngun.
Khi gii mch in, chiu in p c gi thit th:
e = u - nu e, u ngc chiu nhau, ngun l tng khng c ni tr trong.
e = -u - nu e,u cng chiu nhau, ngun l tng khng c ni tr trong.
Nu ngun c ni tr trong : e = u +ri.
V d:
e = u+ri
Cng sut pht p = ei (e,i cng chiu )
7
du
i C
dt

1
u idt
C

p = -ui ( u,i ngc chiu)

Ngun dng : ngun c kh nng to ra v bm qua cc cc ca n 1 dng in j(t)
khng ph thuc vo in p t trn ngun.
j = i (j, i cng chiu)
K ti in tr trong ca ngun ta c:
i = j - g.u
Cng sut pht p = -uj (u,j cng chiu)
p = +uj (u,j ngc chiu)
Thng thng 2 cc ca ngun cng chnh l 2 nh ca mch in
5. Cc nh lut KIRCHOFF
Cc nh lut Kirchoff l cc nh lut c bn ca ngnh in v n cho php m t
mi loi mch in mi ch lm vic khc nhau .
1. nh lut Kirchof I ( nh lut ca cc nh)
Tng i s cc dng in ti mt nh hay mt nt phi bng 0.
Trong quy c: - Dng in c chiu n nh mang du (+)
- Dng in c chiu ri khi nh mang du( -) hoc ngc li.
0
k
i

Khi c c ngun dng bm vo nh th ta c th vit:

k k
i j

V d:
8
a
b
c
1
i
2
i
3
i
4
i
j
nh lut KI vit cho
nh a:
3 4
0 i i j +
nh b
1 2 3
0 i i i
2.nh lut Kirchoff II (lin quan n vng)
nh lut c pht biu nh sau: i theo mt vng kn vi chiu ty tng i s
cc in p trn R,L,C bng tng i s sut in ng trn mch vng
( )
R L C
u u u e + +

Trong u,e c chiu cng chiu vng th mang du (+) cn ngc chiu vng th
mang du (-).
1
( )
t
R C
di
Ri L i dt e
dt C
+ +

Nu i v e cng chiu vi chiu vng th mang du (+) , ngc chiu th mang du (-).
V d:
9
u
R1
+u
L1
-u
L2
-u
C2
+u
C3
+u
R3
= e
1
- e
2
2
1 2
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 1
2 3
1 1 di di
Ri L L i dt i dt R i e e
dt dt C C
+ + +

Gi s c hin tng h cm
1
1 1 1 L TC UC
u u u u +

2
2 2 2 L TC UC
u u u u +

u
R1
+ u
L1
- u
L2
- u
C2
+ u
C3
+ u
R3
= e
1
-e
2
1 1 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 1 3
2 3
1 1
( ) ( )
di di di di
R i L M L M i dt i dt R i e e
dt dt dt dt C C
+ + +

6. Phn loi mch in v cc ch lm vic
1.Phn lai mch in da vo tnh cht ca R,L,C
+Mch in tuyn tnh: tt c R,L,C v ngun u l cc phn t tuyn tnh
+Mch in phi tuyn: 1 trong cc phn t R,L,C no l phn t phi tuyn
th mch in tr thnh phi tuyn
2.Phn loi da vo tnh cht ca dng in trong mch
10
- Mch dng in khng i: Dng in trong mch c chiu v tr s khng
i theo thi gian
- Mch dng in bin i: C 2 loi :
+ Ch bin i v tr s, chiu th khng bin i



+ Dng in bin i c tr s ln chiu

11
3. Phn loi cc ch lm vic ca mch in
Ch xc lp:
- l ch lm vic lu di v n nh ca mch in. Quy lut
bin thin theo thi gian ca ngun in v ca in p, dng
in l ging nhau.
Ch qu :
- l ch chuyn tip t ch xc lp ny sang ch xc lp
khc xy ra trong khong thi gian rt ngn, ch qu xy
ra sau khi ng ct hoc thay i thng s ca mch. Quy lut
bin thin ging nhau theo thi gian ca ngun in v in p,
dng in khng xy ra ch qu .
CHNG II MCH IN TUYN TNH H S HNG CH XC
LP IU HA
1 I LNG IU HA (I LNG HNH SIN)
I. Khi nim:
i lng iu ha l i lng c tr s bin thin theo thi gian bi mt hm hnh
sin:
Biu thc tc thi:
( ) sin( )
( ) os( )
m
m
x t X t
x t X c t


+
+
X
m
, (rad/s), : hng s
- X
m
(hng s) bin
- (hng s) hng s gc (rad/s)
- (hng s) gc pha ban u (rad/s)
- (t+ ) gc pha ti thi im t (rad/s)
- Chu k T(s): T = 2 /
12
- Tn s f(Hz) f = /2
1
f
T

- V d :
2. So snh cp bin iu ha cng tn s.
Trong trng hp ch so snh cc cp bin iu ha cng tn s, th lc chng ch
khc nhau v bin v gc pha ban u.Vy chng c c trng bi cp s bin
- V gc pha ban u (X
m
, ).
So snh 2 i lng iu ha cng tn s l so snh bin ca chng gp nhau my
ln v gc pha ca chng sm hn hay chm hn mt gc bao nhiu.
1 1 1
2 2 2
( ) sin( )
( ) sin( )
m
m
x t X t
x t X t


+
+
So snh bin ca 2 i lng ta ly t s:
1
2
m
m
X
X
So snh gc pha, ta tnh s lch pha.
13
- S lch pha gia 2 i lng hnh sin l hin tng hai i lng hnh sin c
cng tn s t n gi tr cc i dng, gi tr cc i m v gi tr bng 0 khng
cng 1 thi im th gi l 2 i lng lch pha nhau.
- S lch pha gia 2 i lng hnh sin c nh gi bng hiu s gc pha ca
chng cng mt thi im .
1 1 1
2 2 2
( ) sin( )
( ) sin( )
m
m
x t X t
x t X t


+
+
0 1 0 2 1 2
( ) ( ) t t + +
Nu :
1 2
0 > >
th x
1
nhanh pha hn x
2
mt gc hay (x
2
chm pha hn x
1
mt
gc )
1 2
0
th x
1
, x
2
cng pha nhau
1 2
0 < <
th x
1
chm pha hn x
2
mt gc hay (x
2
nhanh pha hn x
1
mt
gc )
= 90
0
(/2 rad) : x
1
, x
2
vung pha nhau
= 180
0
( rad) : x
1
, x
2
ngc pha nhau
S lch pha gia dng in v in p (gc lch pha ) thng ph
thuc vo thng s mch, c 3 trng hp:
> 0 in p vt trc dng in (h2.2a)
< 0 dng in vt trc in p (h.2.2b)
= 0 in p cng pha dng in (h.2.2c)
14
Mt s ch :
- Khi so snh 2 i lng hnh sin ta so snh chng cng thi im,
cng tn s, cng dng hnh sin.
- cos = sin( + 90
0
); sin = cos( - 90
0
)
V d:

0
1
0 0
2
( ) 4 os(2t+30 )
( ) 2sin(2 18 ) 2 os(2t+108 )
u t c
u t t c

+
Vy u
2
nhanh pha hn u
1
mt gc 78
0
(hoc u
1
chm pha sau u
2
mt gc 78
0
)
3. Tr hiu dng ca hm iu ha
Vi mch in ta quan tm n cng sut, nng lng nhng cc bin li ph thuc
vo thi gian nn chng ta cn nh ngha mt gi tr trung bnh theo mt nh ngha
no gip cho vic o lng tnh ton c thun li .
Tr hiu dng I ca dng in i(t) bin thin tun hon theo chu k T bng vi dng
in khng i gy ra cng mt cng sut tiu tn trung bnh trn mt in tr R.
Theo nh ngha trn ta c :
2 2
0
1
T
Ri dt RI
T

2
0
1
T
Ri dt
T

l cng sut tiu th trung bnh trn in tr r trong mt chu k gy ra bi
dng in bin thin i(t);
2
RI l cng sut tiu th trung bnh trn in tr R gy ra
bi dng khng i I=const.
Suy ra tr hiu dng I ca dng in i(t) c tnh theo cng thc:
2
0
1
( )
T
I i t dt
T

T ta cng c th nh ngha tr hiu dng ca mt i lng bin thin tun hon
theo chu k T :
Tr hiu dng ca in p bin thin theo chu k u(t) :
2
0
1
( )
T
U u t dt
T

15
X
uur
0

Tr hiu dng ca S bin thin theo chu k e(t) :

2
0
1
( )
T
E e t dt
T

Quan h gia bin v tr hiu dng ca i lng iu ha:

4. Cc phng php biu din mt i lng hnh sin
Trong tnh ton th ta khng nghin cu 1 i lng hnh sin duy nht m ta nghin
cu 1 tp hp nhiu i lng hnh sin c cng tn s f, phn bit i lng ny
vi i lng khc ta s dng thng s : gi tr hiu dng v pha ban u . biu
din i lng hnh sin ng vi cp thng s c trng l tr hiu dng - gc pha ban
u ta s dng 2 phng php biu din :
+ Dng vect .
+ Dng s phc
1. Phng php dng vect.
( ) 2 sin( ) x t X t X +
uur
hoc ( ) 2 os( ) x t X c t X +
uur
c:
modul
X X
uur
16

( , 0) X
uur
V d :
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 2
( ) 2 sin( )
( ) 2 sin( )
x t X t
x t X t



+
+
>

V d biu din cc i lng hnh sin sau
di dng vecto:
0
2
( ) 10 2 sin( 60 ) i t t +
0
3
( ) 5 2 sin( 15 ) i t t
1 2 3
i i i +


1 I
r
0
1

2 I
r
1 2 2
I I I +
ur uur uur

2.Phng php s phc
- Khi nim s phc.
S phc V l s c 2 thnh phn: phn thc a v phn o b , vi a, b l nhng s thc
v 2 thnh phn ca s phc l c lp tuyn tnh.
V a jb

+
; 1 j
C th biu din s phc trn mt phng phc gm mt trc thc +1 v mt trc o j
vung gc vi nhau:
17
1 X
uur
0
1

2 X
uur
j
jb
a
V
V

0

C 2 dng biu din s phc:
- Dng i s :
V a jb

+
os +jVsinb
a= os ; Vsinb
V a jb Vc
Vc b

- Dng m:

os + j Vsin =
os + j sin
j
j
V V c V e V
e c

g

V gi l Mdun
2 2
V a b +

gi l Argument
b
arctg( )
a

- S phc lin hp:

V a jb V

gi l s phc lin hp ca
V

- Cc php tnh c bn ca s phc:

1 1 1
V a jb

+
v
2 2 2
V a jb

- ng thc ca 2 s phc

2
1
V V

khi a
1
=a
2
v b
1
= b
2
hoc V
1
=V
2
v
1
=
2
- Tng hiu 2 s phc:
2
1 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) V V a a j b b

t t + t
- Nhn, chia 2 s phc:
1 2 1 2
( )
1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
( )
j j j
V V Ve V e V V e V V



+
+ g g g g g
1
1 2
2
( )
1 1 1 1
1 2
2 2 2
2
( )
j
j
j
V V e V V
e
V e V V
V

2 2
1 1
1 1 1 1
( ( ) 0 V V V V

+ g
18
- Biu din phc bin iu ha .
Ta c i lng iu ha hnh sin nh sau:
( ) 2 sin( ) x t X t +
hoc ( ) 2 os( ) x t X c t +
c biu din di dng phc
- Dng m
j
X Xe

hay
X X

- Dng i s
os + j(Xsin )=a+jb X Xc

a=Xcos
;
b=Xsin
- Biu din phc tch phn, o hm ca hm iu ha :
( ) 2 sin( ) x t X t X X

+
( )
2 os( )
dx t
X c t
dt
+
2
2 sin( ) ( )
2 2
.
j
j
X t X
e Xe j X

+ + +

( ) dx t
j X
dt

1
( ) 2 os( ) x t dt X c t

2
1 1
2sin( ) ( )
2 2
1 1
.
j
j
X t X
e Xe j X

+

1
( ) x t dt X
j

19
5. Kho st mt nhnh thun tr
Nhnh thun tr l nhnh ch c thnh phn in tr R
I. Phng trnh trng thi
1. Dng tc thi: u(t)= r.i(t) hay i(t)=g.u(t)
2. Dng phc:
( ) i t I

( ) u t U

U rI

3.Dng vecto
( ) 2 sin( ) i t I t +
( ) ( ) 2 sin( ) u t ri t rI t +

Gi tr hiu dng U = rI
Vy u(t), i(t) cng pha nhau.
II. Cng sut
p(t) = u(t)i(t) = RI
2
.2.sin
2
(t+)
= RI
2
[1-cos2(t+)]
= RI
2
[1-cos(2 t+2)]
p(t) khng phi i lng hnh sin
p(t) c tn s ln gp 2 ln tn s u(t) hoc i(t)
p(t) 0 vi mi t
20
I
r
U rI
ur r
6. Kho st mt nhnh thun cm
Nhnh thun cm l nhnh ch c in cm L
I. Phng trnh trng thi
1. Dng tc thi
( )
( )
di t
u t L
dt

2. Dng phc
L
U j LI jZ I


X
L
= L [] in khng in cm.
3. Dng vecto
( ) 2 sin( ) i t I t
( )
( ) 2 os t
di t
u t L LI c
dt

( )
( ) 2 sin( )
2
di t
u t L LI t
dt

+
Gi tr hiu dng U = LI=X
L
I
u,i vung pha vi nhau, u sm pha hn i
II. Cng sut
p
L
(t) = u(t).i(t) = X
L
I
2
2sin(t)cos(t) = X
L
I
2
sin(2 t)
p
L
(t) l dng hnh sin tn s ln gp i u,i
21
T th ta thy trong khong t = 0 n t = /2 cng sut p
L
(t)
>0, in cm nhn nng lng v tch lu trong t trng. Trong
khong tip theo t = /2 v t = , cng sut p
L
(t) < 0 nng lng
tch lu tr v ngun v mch ngoi. Qu trnh c tip tc v cng
sut p(t) trong mt chu k bng khng.
0
1
( ) 0
T
L L
P p t dt
L

biu th qu trnh trao i nng lng ca in cm ta a ra

khi nim cng sut
phn khng Q
L
ca in cm, theo cng thc sau:
Q
L
= U
L
I = X
L
I
2
, n v (VAr)
7. Kho st mt nhnh thun dung
I.Phng trnh trng thi
1. Dng tc thi
1
( ) ( ) u t i t dt
C

2. Dng phc
C
U jX I

1
C
X
C

[ ] in khng in dung ( dung khng)

3. Dng vecto
i = I
max
sint
1 1
( ) 2 sin( )
C
U t i dt I t dt
C C


22
1
( ) 2 sin( )
2
C
U t I t
C

Gi tr hiu dng:
1
C C
U I X I
C

u
C
, i vung pha v u chm pha hn i
4. Cng sut
Cng sut tc thi ca in dung l:
p
C
(t) = u
C
i = 2.U
C
I.sin(t).sin(t-/2) = - U
C
Isin(2)t
Cng sut tc dng trong mt chu k l:
0
1
( ) 0
T
C C
P p t dt
T

biu th cng qu trnh trao i nng lng ca in dung, ta

a ra khi nim
cng sut phn khng Q
C
tnh theo cng thc sau;
Q
C
= - U
C
I = X
C
I
2
, kVAr, Var
8. S phc ha
Khi thc hin phc ha s ta c:
Ngun in:
( ); ( ) ; e t i t E J

in p:
( ); ( ) ; u t i t U I

23
in tr
; () .() ; . Rut Ri t RU I R


in cm, h cm:
( )
, ; ( ) ; ; . .
L M L
di t
L M u t L jX jX U j X I
dt


in dung:
1
; ( ) ; . .
C C
Cut i dt jX U j X I
C

Khi chuyn t s mch bnh thng sang s phc ha th ta gi nguyn kt cu

s , chiu u,i,cc tnh cc cun dy .
V d :

S phc ha s l:
9. Kho st mt mch in bt k
24
1
e
1
I
1
R
2
I
6
I
5
I
3
I
M
C
1
L
2
L
2
R
3
R
2
e
1
E
1
I
1
R
2
I
6
I
5
I
3
I
M
jX
C
jX
1
L
jX
2
L
jX
2
R
3
R
2
E
U
i
U

R
jX
I.Phng trnh trng thi
1. Dng phc
X
R
U U U

+

RI jX I

+

( ) U R jX I ZI

+
U Z I

Vi Z = R+jX [] tng tr phc

Z z vi
2 2)
( )[ ]
X
arctg
R
z R X

'

Hoc
U I
U
z
I

'

u,i cng chiu

Vit dng tng dn:
1
I U YU
Z


1
Y
Z

[S] Tng dn phc

Y= g+jb
2. Dng vct

X
0 arctg= 0
R
X > > u nhanh pha hn i mt gc
0
2

< <
mch in c tnh cm.
25
U
g
I

g
jb
0 >
U
ur
X U
ur
R U
ur
I
0 <
U
ur
X U
ur
R U
ur
I
0 arctg 0
X
X
R
< <
u chm pha hn i mt gc
0
2

< <
mch in c
tnh dung.
Tam gic tng tr:
2 2
X
arctg
R
z R X

'

II.Cng sut trong mch in

1.Cng sut tc dng P
c trng cho hin tng tiu tn nng lng
2
0 P RI
os R zc
v
U
z
I

os 0[W] P UIc
Gi s mch in c n in tr R
K
vi dng in chy trong tng in tr l I
K
cng
sut tc dng ca mch l:
2
1 1
n n
K K K
P P R I

2. Cng sut phn khng
c trng cho hin tng trao i nng lng trong mch.
2
sin Q XI UI [VAr]
Nu trong mch in c m cun cm L
K
, n t in C
K
, dng in c gi tr hiu dng
I
CK
:
1 1
m n
L C
Q Q Q

2 2
1 1
m n
Lk Lk Ck Ck
X I X I

3. Cng sut biu kin
26
X
R
z

2 2
. S P Q U I + [VA]
4.Cng sut biu kin phc
( )
. . . . .
u i u i
j j j j
S S e S e U I e e


:
S U I

:
(u, i cng chiu)
os sin S Sc jS +
:
S P jQ +
:
H s cng sut :
os =
P
c
S

2 2
Q
arctag
P
S P Q

'

III.Cng hng trong mch in.

Mch cng hng l mch trong xut hin, hin tng cng hng. Cng hng
xy ra ti tn s m tng in khng X hoc (B) ca mch trit tiu. Nh vy
iu kin cn xy ra cng hng l trong mch cha cc phn t in cm v in
dung .
Khi cng hng , X=0 nn Q=0 Mch ch tiu th cng sut tc dng v =0 nn u,i
cng pha. Dng ton c bn ca cng hng:
Dng1: cho bit kt cu mch in v cc thng s R,L,C xc nh tn s hoc tn s
gc trong mch xy ra cng hng
Dng 2: Cho kt cu mch in, cho bit hu ht cc thng s R,L,C v tnh mt
thng s cn li R hoc L, hoc C trong mch xy ra cng hng.
C 2 loi cng hng trong mch in:
- Cng hng ni tip
- Cng hng song song
27
S
P
Q

5. NNG CAO H S CNG SUT cos

1. ngha ca vic nng cao h s cng sut cos
Cos l mt ch tiu kinh t k thut c ngha quan trng trong nghnh in.Khi
nng cao c h s cng sut cos th s nng cao c kh nng s dng cng sut
ca ngun.
V d :
Ngun c cng sut nh mc S
m
= 1000 kVA
- nu cos= 0.6 th P
max
=600 kW
- nu cos= 0.8 th P
max
=800 kW
- Trong trng hp cng sut tc dng P v in p truyn ti U khng i
nng cao cos th gim c cng sut tiu hao
2
os
d d
P
I P R I
Uc

- Nng cao cos s tit kim c khi lng kim loi mu lm dy dn
I
S
j

Trong j l mt dng in
Vy nu gim c dng in ta s gim c tit in dy dn v t gim c
khi lng kim loi mu lm dy dn.
-Tng cos th s gim c chi ph lp t vn chuyn do gim c khi
lng dy dn.
Vy tng cos s tng cc ch tiu kinh t v k thut ca mng in.
2. Bin php nng cao h s cng sut cos
- Dng my b ng b ( ch s dng trong trng hp cng sut ti cc k ln)
28
,( )
B
P Q Q
Q
, P Q
MB
- Dng t b ( ph bin )
III. Phng php dng t b.
ng thm t b song song vi ti:

Khi kha K m:
t
U
I I
R jX

+
tng ng vi P,Q ca ti.
Khi ng kha K : Dng
t
I

chy qua ti vn khng i, xut hin thm dng in

chy qua t C :
C
C
U
I
jX

. p dng nh lut KF1 ta c

t
C
I I I

+
v cng sut phn
khng ngun cn cung cp sau khi ghp thm t b l :
ai sb t C cb
Q Q Q Q <
t th vect ta thy:
' '
os os c c < >
T b khng thay i cos
t
h s cng sut ca ti. T cng vi ti c to ra ti mi
c h s cng sut cao hn.
29
C
I
uur
t
I
ur
C
I
uur
t C
I I I +
ur ur uur
U
ur

'
U
t
I
I
C
I
C
Z R jX +
Ch : - gc lch pha gia u v i khng phi l gc lch pha gia u v i
ti
.
- cng sut mch P vn nh c.
Gi tr in dung ca t b:
'
2
( )
P
C tag tag
U

U: l gi tr hiu dng
P: cng sut ca ti
: tn s gc in p
V d:
( ) 10 2 sin100
ab
U t t V
R
1
=R
2
=1
L=10mH; C= 10
4
F
a) Hy cho bit c im ca s lch pha gia dng in i in p u .
b) Tnh in p u v dng in i trn cc nhnh
c) Hy xc inh cng sut P,Q,S cung cp cho mch in v kim tra s cn bng
cng sut trong mch in
d) Xc nh t b C cn mc gia a v c nng h s cng sut ca on mch
cos=0.707
e) Gi s R
1
, R
2
, L c gi tr nh c, hy xc nh gi tr C cng hng xy ra
trn on mch ac
Gii
a) Tnh tng tr phc tng ng ca ton mch:
Chuyn s mch v s phc ha
30
U
a
b
c
i
1
R
2
R
C
ab
U
U

a
b
c
I

1
R
2
R
C
jX
ab U

L
jX
Tng tr phc:
0 2
1
2
.
1.5 0.25 1.52 9.5
L
C
L
R jX
Z R jX j
R jX
+ +
+
()
u nhanh pha hn i mt gc 9.5
0
b) u(t), i(t),i
R
(t), i
L
(t)
10 ab U V

10 ( ) 10 2sin100
ab
R
R
U
I A i t t
R

(A)
10 ( ) 10 2sin(100 )
2
ab
L
L
L
U
I j A i t t
jX

(A)
0
10 10 ( ) 14.14 2sin(100 45 ) L
R L
I I I j A i t t

+
(A)
0
. 17.5 12.5( ) 21.5 35.5 ( ) U z I j V V


0
( ) 14.14 2 sin(100 45 )( ) i t t A
0
( ) 21.5 2 sin(100 35.5 )( ) u t t V
c)
. 21.5 35.5 14.14 45 300 50 S U I j

+
:
304 9.5 ( )
o
S VA
:
Kim tra s cn bng cng sut trong mch in
P
ti
=
1 2
300W
R R R
P P P +

Q
ti
=
50 Ar
L C L C
Q Q Q Q V

d)
' '
2
( )
ac
ac ac
ac
P
C tg tg
U

0.5 0.25 0.6 26.6
o
ac ab C
Z Z jX j +
. 8.1 2.7 8.5 18.4 ( )
o
ac
ac
U Z I j V


2
. 100W
ac ac
P R I
' 4
2
100
( 26.6 18.2 ) 2.4 10
100 8.5
o o
C tg tg F

e)
31
Cng hng xy ra trn ac:
Z
ac
= Z
ab
- jX
C
= 0.5+0.5j - jX
C
X
ac
=0 vy X
C
= 0.5
1
0.02
0.5.
C F

CHNG III : GII MCH IN
Gii mch in tc l xc nh tt c dng in trn cc nhnh
C 3 phng php gii mch in tuyn tnh:
- Phng php dng in nhnh
- Phng php dng in vng
- Phng php in th nh
1. PHNG PHP DNG IN NHNH
u im:
- Xc nh trc tip dng in nhnh.
- Vic thnh lp h phng trnh n gin.
Nhc im: - Nu mch in c kt cu phc tp th h phng trnh ca n gm rt
nhiu phng trnh nn phc tp hn 2 phng php cn li.
Phng php gii: Gi s mch in c n nhnh, d nh
C d nh ta c th vit c d phng trnh theo nh lut KFI nhng mt phng
trnh trong d phng trnh c suy ra t (d-1) phng trnh phng trnh cn li
nn ch s dng c (d-1) phng trnh c lp.
1. chn ty chiu dng in trn cc nhnh.
2. Thnh lp h phng trnh dng in nhnh gm (d-1) phng trnh vit theo
nh kut KFI vit vho (d-1) nh bt k .
3. Thnh lp n-(d-1) phng trnh vit theo nh lut KFII vit cho n-(d-1) vng.
V d 1: Gii mch in.
32
Vit h phng trnh theo phng php dng
in nhnh:
n=6 ; d=4
nh A:
1 4 6 0 I I I


nh B:
2 4 5 0 I I I

+ +
nh D:
1 2 3 0 I I I

+
Vng1:
1 2 4 1
1 2 2 4
( ) R I R jX I jX I E + +
g g g g
Vng 2:
2 3
2 2 31 32 5 5 3
( ) ( ) R jX I jX jX I jX I E
g g g g
Vng 3:
4 4 5 5 6 6
0 jX I jX I R I + +
g g g
Phng trnh vit di dng ma trn:
1 2 2 4
2 2 3 1 3 2 5
4 5 6
1 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 0
( ) 0 0 0
0 ( ) ( ) 0 0
0 0 0
R R j X j X
R j X j X j X j X
j X j X R
1
1

1
1
1

1
1

1

1
]
1
2
3
4
5
6
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
g
g
g
g
g
g
=
1
3
0
0
0
0
E
E

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
V d 2;
Gii mch in:
a) khng c h cm, khng c ngun dng.
b) c h cm
c) c ngun dng
Gii: n=3; d=2
33
1 E

1
R
3 E

2
R
32
jX
31
jX
2
jX
4
jX
5
jX
6
R
A
D
C
B
1 E

1
R
3 E

3
R
22
jX
1
jX
21
jX
A
B

M
jX
1
I

2
I

3
I

j
j
a) Mch in khng c h cm, khng c ngun dng.
1 1 21 22
21 22 3
1 1 1
0
0 ( )
R jX jX jX
jX jX R
1
1
+
1
1
]
1
2
3
I
I
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
g
g
g
=
1
3
0
E
E
1
1
1
1
1
]
g
g
b) Mch in c h cm.
Dng in i
1
v i
2
cng i vo u c nh du khi ta c 2 cun dy cng
cc tnh vi nhau, trn mi cun dy in p h cm v in p t cm cng chiu vi
nhau, in p t cm lun cng chiu dng in nhnh qua cun dy ( nhng c th
cng hoc ngc chiu vi chiu vng).
Phng trnh:
1 1 21 22
21 22 3
1 1 1
0
( )
M M
M
R jX jX jX jX jX
jX jX jX R
1
1
+ + +
1
1
]
1
2
3
I
I
I

1
1
1
1
1
1
]
=
1
3
0
E
E

1
1
1
1
1
]
Ch :
Nu trong mch in c h cm th phng trnh vit theo nh lut KI khng i
Phng trnh vit theo nh lut KII thay i do in p trn cc cun dy c thm cc
thnh phn h cm.
c) Nu A c thm c thm ngun dng.
1 1 21 22
21 22 3
1 1 1
0
( )
M M
M
R jX jX jX jX jX
jX jX jX R
1
1
+ + +
1
1
]
1
2
3
I
I
I

1
1
1
1
1
1
]
=
0
1
3
o
o
J
E
E
1

1
1
1
1
1
]
Vy khi c ngun dng j th phng trnh KI vit cho cc nh l cc cc ca ngun
dng thay i, phng trnh vit cho cc vng theo nh lut KII khng i.
34
H phng trnh khi gii mch in theo phng php dng in nhnh vit di
dng ma trn l:
[ ] [ ]
Z I E

1
]

2. PHNG PHP DNG IN VNG
Dng in vng l dng in c tng tng, c gi
thit chy qua tt c cc nhnh cng thuc 1 mch vng no , sau khi gii tm c
dong in vng t suy ra dng in nhnh.
Tng qut: mch in c n nhnh d nh ta s i thnh lp n-d+1 phng trnh.
Cc bc gii:
1) Chn v=n-d+1 mch vng bt k, c chiu dng vng chy trong bt
k, dng in vng chy trong vng k c k hiu l
o
k
I

2) Thnh lp h phng trnh dng in vng c thnh lp nh sau:
Vng 1:
2
12 1 1
1
1 1 1
........ ....... ( ) k v
k v
Z I Z I Z I Z I E t t t t

g g g g g
Vng 2:
1
21 2 2 2
2
2 2
........ ....... ( ) k v
k v
Z I Z I Z I Z E I t t t t

g g g g g
..
Vng k:
1 1
1 2
........ ....... ( ) k
kk
v
k k kv k
Z I Z I Z I Z I E t t t t

g g g g g
..
Vng v :
1 2
1 2
........ ....... ( ) k
v v vk
v
vv v
Z Z I I Z I Z I E t t t t

g g g g g
Tng qut :
Vng k:
1
( ) ( )
v
k j
kk kj k
j
Z I Z I E k j

t

g g g
Z
kk
: gi l tng tr ring ca vng k ( l tng cc tng tr phc trn tt c cc nhnh
thuc vng k)
35
Z
jk
l tng tr tng h gia vng k v j (c th l n tng tr nhnh chung gia vng
k v vng j)
Trong phng tnh vng k ta ly du (+) trc
j
kj
Z I

g
nu cc dng in vng I
k
v I
j
chy qua nhnh cng chiu v (ngc li).
( )
k
E

g
Tng i s tt cc ngun s c trong mch vng k
3) Gii h phng trnh dng in vng
4) Chn ty chiu cc dng in nhnh
5) T cc dng in vng suy ra dng in nhnh theo quy tc:
- Dng in trn mi nhnh bng tng i s tt c cc dng in vng chy
qua nhnh , trong dng in vng no c chiu trng vi dng in nhnh ly
du dng, ngc li.
V d : Gi mch in
30
1
100
j
E e
o
g
:
60
1
50
j
E e
o
g
Z
1
= Z
2
= Z
3
= 2+j2 ()
f = 50 Hz
Gii
Chiu ca dng in nhnh,
chiu ca dng in vng v
chiu ca vng quy c nh trn hnh.
p dng nh lt Kirchhoff 2 cho hai
vng ta c h phng trnh:
36


Phng trnh dng ma trn :
[ ] Z I E
1 1

1 1
] ]
g g
g
Ma trn ton t [Z] l ma trn vung cp vxv, cc phn t nm trn
ng
cho chnh z
kk
l tng cc ton t nhnh ca cc nhnh thuc mch
vng th k lun
mang du +. Cc phn t nm ngoi ng cho chnh z
kj
=z
jk
l
ton t nhnh
chung ca mch vng th k v mch vng th j mang du + khi
dng in mch
vng ca mch vng th k v j chy qua nhnh chung l cng chiu,
ngc li mang
du -, nu gia mch vng k v mch vng j khng c nhnh
chung th phn t z
kj
=
z
jk
= 0.
3. PHNG PHP IN TH NH
Khng bao gi s dng nu trong mch c h cm.
u im: c bit thun li khi cc nhnh mc song song vi nhau hoc gn nh vy.
S phng trnh cn lp l t nht so vi 2 phng php trc
Dng n s trung gian l in th cc nh, tm c in th cc ta s suy ra
c cc dng in nhnh .
37
ggg
k
2
Z
3
Z
4
Z
1
Z
n
Z
j
Cc bc gii:
- Chn in th ca mt nh lm mc in th ( thng thng l nh chung
ca cc nhnh v c chn
0
g
)
- t D=d-1, in th ca nh k l
k

g
- Lp phng trnh in th nh vit cho D nh cn li.
nh I:
11 1 12 2 1 1 1
.... .... ( )
k k D D
Y Y Y Y EY

g g g g g
nh II:
21 1 22 2 2 2 2
.... .... ( )
k k D D
Y Y Y Y EY +

g g g g g
.
nh k :
1 1 2 2
.... .... ( )
k k kk k kD D k
Y Y Y Y EY +

g g g g g

nh D:
1 1 2 2
.... .... ( )
D D Dk k DD D D
Y Y Y Y EY +

g g g g g
Tng qut: nh k:
1
( ) ;
n
kk k kj j k
j
Y Y EY j k

g g g
+ Y
kk
: tng dn ring ca nh k (c th l tng ca cc tng dn trn cc nhnh ni
vi nh k bt chp trn nhnh c hay khng c ngun)
+ Y
kj
L tng dn tng h gia k v j c th
l tng dn gia 2 nhnh ni k v j
+
( )
k
EY

g
l tng i s cc dng in trn cc nhnh
c ngun ni vi nh k, trong : dng in no ( tc
ngun s no ) c chiu i n nh k th mang du
+ c chiu i ra khi nh k th mang du - .
3) Gii h phng trnh bit in th cc nh
4) Chn ty chiu cc dng in nhnh.
5) Xc nh dng in trn mi nhnh t in th trn 2 nh l 2 u nhnh:
38
E U
I
Z
t t

g g
g
Ly du (+) nu E v U cng chiu vi I.
Ly du (-) nu E v U ngc chiu vi I.
Vit di dng ma trn :
[ ] ( Y EY J
1 1 1

1 1 1
] ] ]
g g g
)
Ch :
ab U
g
cng chiu vi
I
g

ba U
g
ngc chiu vi
I
g
Ma trn [ ] Y
l ma trn i xng, c ng cho chnh lun lun
dng.
4. CC PHP BIN I TNG NG
Trong qu trnh gii mch in s phng trnh cn lp ph thuc vo s nhnh, s
nh. Thc t trong mt s trng hp ch yu cu xc nh dng in trn mt s
nhnh no . Nu gi nguyn kt cu mch in th s phng trnh cn lp nhiu
hn so vi yu cu, v h phng trnh thnh lp s phc tp. khc phc tnh trng
trn tc l cn gim s phng trnh cn phi lp (gim s nhnh, s nh) v phng
php y l s dng php bin i tng ng.
I.Khi nim: Nhm gim s nt, s nhnh ca mch t gim s lng cc
phng trnh cn thnh lp ta c th thay th mt b phn mch phc tp bng mt b
phn mch khc tng ng v qu trnh dng, p v nng lng, vic thay th ny
gi l bin i tng ng.
- Yu cu ca php bin i tng ng :
Qu trnh dng p phn khng b bin i gi nguyn gi tr c trc v sau khi
bin i .
39
Z
E
g
ab U
g
ba U
g
a
b
I
g
Qu trnh nng lng (qu trnh cng sut ) phn khng b bin i v ton mch
gi nguyn gi tr trc v sau khi bin i.
II. Cc php bin i tng ng:
- Bin i tng ng tng tr ni tip:
C th thay th tng ng mt nhnh gm nhiu tng tr ni tip bng mt tng tr
tng ng.
1
n
td i
i
Z Z

- Bin i tng ng tng dn song song:

C th thay th tng ng cc tng dn ni song song bng mt tng dn tng.

1
n
td i
i
Y Y

- Bin i tng ng ngun p ni tip

C th thay th tng ng cc ngun p ni tip bng mt ngun
p tng ng:
1
n
td i
i
E E

Trong cc ngun
i E

c cng chiu
td E

th s mang du (+) v ngc li th mang

du (-)
40
I

1
Y
2
Y
3
Y
I

td
Y
I

1 E

n E

2 E

td
E

1 2
...
td n
E E E E

+ t
Bin i tng ng ngun dng song song:
1
n
td i
i
J J

Trong cc ngun
i J

c cng chiu
td J

th s mang du (+) v ngc li th mang

du (-)
Vy c th thay th nhiu nhnh
i i
E Z

ni tip bng mt nhnh

td td
E Z

vi
td i
td i
E E
Z Z

V c th thay th nhiu nhnh (

i
J

song song Y
i
) m cc nhnh ni song song vi
nhau bng mt nhnh gm (
td
J

song song Y
td
).
td
i
td i
J J
Y Y

- Bin i
i i
E Z

ni tip
41


1
Y
2
Y
n
Y 1 J

2 J

n J

td
Y
td J

C th thay th tng ng cc nhnh gm

i i
E Z

ni ni tip vi nhau bng mt

b phn mch gm (
//
td td
J Y

).
1
1
n
i
i td
td n
td
i
i
E
E
J
Z
Z

1
1 1
td n
td
i
i
Y
Z
Z

- Bin i (
i i
E Z

) ni song song
C th thay th cc nhnh (
i i
E Z

) ni song song bng b phn cc nhnh (

//
td td
J Y

)
1
n
i
td
i
i
E
J
Z

;
1
1
n
td
i
i
Y
Z

42
I

1 E

n E

2 E

1
Z
2
Z
3
Z
n
Z

td
Y
td J

1
Z
1 E

2
Z
2
E

n
Z
n E

td
Y
td J

Bin i ( J
i
// Y
i
) ni ni tip
Thay th cc nhnh ( J
i
// Y
i
) ni ni tip vi nhau bng mt nhnh (E
t
ni tip Z
t
).
1
n
i
td
i
i
J
E
Y

;
1
1
n
td
i
i
Z
Y

Ch : chiu ca E v J l nh nhau.
Bin i sao- tam gic
Bin i Y thnh :
ij
i j
i j
k
Z Z
Z Z Z
Z
+ +
Bin i thnh Y:
i
ij
ij ik
jk ik
Z Z
Z
Z Z Z

+ +
Mch i xng khi:
Z
12
= Z
23
= Z
31
=Z

Z
1
= Z
2
= Z
3
= Z

/3
43

I

1
Y
1
J

2
J

2
Y
n
J

n
Y
U

td
E

td
Z
- Thay tng ng mt s hnh sao khng ngun n cnh bng mt s
a gic ton chnh n nh.
a gic ton chnh l mt graph c n nh v gia 2 nh bt k lun tn ti mt tng
tr. Suy ra a gic c n(n-1) /2 nhnh.
1
l k
kl n
k
YY
Y
Y

Trong trng hp tng qut bi ton ngc li: bin i hnh a gic thnh hnh sao n
cnh ng tr. Khi n>3 l khng thc hin c v s tng tr ( hoc tng dn) cn tm
ca cc nhnh hnh sao b hn s iu kin n(n-1)/2 m chng phi tha mn. Nhng
khi n=3 th s iu kin bng n(n-1)/2=3 do lun lun c bin i Y - .
Bi tp:
44
1
2
3
4
5
12
Z
13
Z
14
Z
15
Z
45
Z
43
Z
23
Z
35
Z
24
Z
25
Z
1
2
3
4
5
1
Z
2
Z
3
Z
4
Z
5
Z
CHNG 4 MNG MT CA
1. KHI NIM
Thc t thng gp cc thit b khi lm vic vi bn ngoi thng qua 2 cc ( 1
ca) v d nh: my pht, ng c Nu ch quan tm ti qu trnh trao i nng
lng, tn hiu gia mng mt ca vi bn ngoi, m khng quan tm ti cu trc bn
trong, th ta c th thay th mng mt ca bng thng s c tnh ton cc c trng
cho mng mt ca t m t qu trnh trao i nng lng, tn hiu t ca ra
ngoi, lm cho mch in n gin, tin li cho tnh ton. Khi c c thng s c
trng th c th coi mng mt ca nh l mt phn t c bn.
Phn loi: C 2 cch phn loi
- Theo tnh cht cc phn t: - Mng mt ca tuyn tnh
- Mng mt ca phi tuyn
45
- Theo bn cht bn trong: - Mng mt ca c ngun
- Mng mt ca khng
ngun
Quy c: u v i trn ca lun cng chiu nhau ( nu cc trn l cc xut pht ca u th
n cng l cc xut pht ca i.
Trong chng trnh ch yu xt mng mt ca tuyn tnh c ngun v khng ngun
2. M NG MT CA TUYN TNH KHNG NGUN
CH XC LP IU HA
1. Phng tnh trng thi
Mng mt ca khng ngun l mng mt ca m bn trong bn trong khng c ngun
( Khi ngn mch ca th I
ng
=0, khi h mch ca th U
h
=0)
Phng trnh trng thi: l quan h ca cc bin trn ca (u, i) . Dng v p trn ca
lin h nhau trong biu thc ca nh lut Ohm:
hoc
v v
U
Z R jX z
I

+
Tng tr vo ca mng mt ca (tng tr vo
ca mng mt ca nhn t im no bng in p ti im chia cho dng in chy
qua im ).
v
os - j y sin
v v v
I
Y y c g j b y
U

Tng dn vo ca mng mt ca

2. S thay th mng mt ca khng ngun.
Khi c trng mng mt ca khng ngun bng tng tr phc:
v v
U
Z z
I

46
v
U Z I

g
v
I Y U

g
I

R
jX
I

Tuyn
tnh
khng
ngun
Khi c trng mng mt ca khng ngun bng tng dn phc:
v v
I
Y y
U

3. M NG MT CA TUYN TNH C NGUN CH
XC LP IU HA
1. Phng tnh trng thi
Mng mt ca tuyn tnh c ngun l mng mt ca gm nhng phn t tuyn tnh
bn trong c ngun ( khi ngn mch ca th I
ng
0, khi h mch ca th U
h
0) v d:
mch n gin ca my pht in
Phng trnh trng thi th nht:
h
v
U Z I U

+
Phng trnh trng thi th hai:
ng
v
I Y U I


47
I

g
jb
I

Tuyn
tnh
c
ngun
h
U

l in p trn ca khi h mch ca ca mng mt ca c ngun (khi h mch

0 I

;
h U U

)
ng I

l dng in trn ca khi ngn mch ca (khi ngn mch ca

0; ng U I I


)
h
v
ng
U
Z
I

l tng tr vo nhn t mng mt ca khng ngun

tng ng vi mng mt ca c ngun ang xt ( lm mt tc dng ca tt c cc
ngun bng cch ngn mch tt c cc ngun p v h mch tt c cc ngun dng).
ng
v
h
I
Y
U

l tng dn vo nhn t mng mt ca khng ngun

tng ng vi mng mt ca c ngun ang xt.
2. S tng ng v cc nh l v mng mt ca c ngun
a. S Thvenin-nh l Thvenin.
- inh l Thvenin: C th thay th tng ng mt mng
1 ca tuyn tnh c ngun bng mt ngun in c S bng in p trn 2 cc khi
h mch, ni ni tip vi mt tng tr trong bng tng tr vo ca mnn mt ca
khng ngun tng ng.
- S
b. S Norton -nh l Norton.
- inh l Norton: C th thay th mng mt ca tuyn tnh c ngun bng
ngun in tng ng, ghp bi ngun dng bng in dng in khi ngn mch
trn ca, ni song song vi tng dn Y
v
vo ca mng1 ca khng ngun tng ng.
48
U

v
Z
h U

h U

v
Z
- S
d. ng dng nh l Thvenin v Norton vo gii mch in.
Khi gp mt mch in phc tp c nhiu nhnh nhiu nt nhng ch cn tm p hoc
dng mt nhnh no ta c th p dng mt trong 2 nh l trn tnh ton s
thun li hn. Cc bc thc hin l:
Bc1: Ngt nhnh m trn cn tnh dng (p) ra khi mch v coi ton b phn
cn li ca mch in l mng mt ca c ngun.
Bc 2: Xy dng s Thvenin hoc Norton ca mng mt ca c ngun.
49

v
Y
ng I

Z
h U

v
Z
Z
I

h U

v
Z
t
Z
I

Bc 3: Lp tr li nhnh trn cn tnh dng (p)

h
v
U
I
Z Z

+
4. A CNG SUT CC I RA KHI MNG MT CA
Cho mng mt ca c ngun cung cp cho mt ti c th bin ng Z
t
. Xc nh iu
kin ti Z
t
cn tha mn mng mt ca a c ra khi ca cng sut cc i.
Thay th mng mt ca bng s Thvenin. Gi tr hiu dng ca
I

l:
2 2
2
2 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
h
v t v t
t h
t
v t v t
U
I
R R X X
R U
P R I
R R X X

+ + +

+ + +
g
g
Mun a ra khi ngun cng sut ln nht cn c 2 iu kin:
+ (X
v
+ X
t
) = 0

X
v
= X
t
+
t h
t v
R U
P
R R

+
g
ln nht
50
t t t
Z R jX +
M1C
c
ngun
T o hm
( )
0
t h
t v
t v
t t
R U
d
R R dP
R R
dR dR
+

g
Khi :
t
t
Z Z

v ta gi mng mt ca vn hnh ch ha hp ti,

t Z

gi l ti
ha hp ca mng mt ca.
Khi iu kin trn tha mn th cng sut a ra n ti s bng:
2
ax
4
h
m
v
U
P
R

Lc ny hiu sut truyn ti nng lng t ngun in tng ng n ti bng:

2
ax
2
.
100 100 50%
P ( ).
m t
t V
P R I
R R I

+

g
Khi cng sut truyn n ti t ln nht th hiu sut t c nh nht. Thc t Z
t
v Z
v
khng th t tha mn quan h ha hp ti nn tha mn iu kin ta phi
ni thm gia ngun v ti mt b phn trung gian c thng s thch hp to quan
h trn. Vic lm nh vy gi l ha hp ngun v ti.
Bi tp1 :Cho mch in nh hnh v. Tm dng in trong nhnh Z
3
?
Tch ring nhnh Z3 ra khi mch v thay phn cn li ca mch bng ngun tng
ng.
51
v
Z
tg
Z
'
v
t t t
Z R jX Z

+
'
v
Z

Xt phn cn li ca mch gia hai im AC v BC:
Phn AC c thay bng ngun sc in ng tng ng :
2
. CA AChm E U I Z


Trong :
Phn BC c thay bng ngun sc in ng tng ng:
S mch tng ng:
Bi tp 2:
52
C
1
E

5 E

AC
Z
BC
Z
3
Z
BC
E

AC
E

Z
E

R
C
X
X
C
=0.5
R = 1
E = 10 V
Z = 1+j2
Xc nh I = ?
Xc nh Z nhn c P
max
t ngun E v tnh P
max
Gii
B1: ngt nhnh cn tnh ra khi mch, s mch s l:
S Thvenin:
Z
v
Tng tr vo ca mng mt chiu khng ngun (khi ngn mch ngun E )
Z
v
= R // -jX = 0.2 j 0.4
h
U

in p trn ca khi h mch ca.

h
U

=
. R
ab C
U jX I


53
I

R
C
X
U

h U

v
Z
U

R I

R
C
X
h U

a
b
8 4
R
C
E
I j A
R jX

h
U

= 2-4j (V)
Lp tr li nhnh cn tnh I
1 2
h
v
U
I j A
Z Z

+
+
Khi ti Z mun nhn c cng sut P
max
c cung cp t ngun E vy mng mt
ca cn vn hnh ch ha hp ti:

2
ax
0.2 0.4
4.47
25 W
4. 4 0.2
v
h
m
v
Z Z j
U
P
R

+

g
Bi tp 3:
A
C
B D
1
Z
2
Z
3
Z
4
Z
Z
E

Tnh
I

= ?
Gii: xc nh dng in I chy trn nhnh Z ta ngt nhnh ra khi mch xem
ton b phn cn li ca mch in nh l mng mt ca c ngun:
54
2
3 4
1 2
2
1
10
A
Z Z j
Z
Z Z j
E V

Z
v
Tng tr vo ca mng mt chiu khng ngun (khi ngn mch ngun E )
Z
v
=Z
t
=(Z
1
//Z
2
) nt (Z
1
//Z
2
)
1 2
12
1 2
. (1 2).2
1.08 0.6
3 2
Z Z j
Z j
Z Z j
+
+
+ +
2
3 4
34
3 4
12 34
. (1 ) .
0.5 0.5
2 2
1.08 0.6 0.5 0.5 1.58 0.1
v td
Z Z j
Z j
Z Z j
Z Z Z Z j j j

+
+ + + +
h
U

in p trn ca khi h mch ca.

- p dng nh lut KFI vi cc nh A v C
2 1 2 1
4 3 4 3
0
I I I I I
do I
I I I I I

+


' '

+

Ta c :
2 3
2 3
h AC AB BC U U U U I Z I Z

+ +
- p dng nh lut KFII cho 2 vng :
Vng I :
1 1 2 2 2
1 2
( ) Z I Z I Z Z I E

+ +
Vng II:
3 3 4 4 3
3 4
( ) Z I Z I Z Z I E

+ +
2
1 2
3
3 4
10
3.16 0.32
3 2
10
2.5 2.5 3.54 2.4
2 2
E
I
Z Z j
E
I j
Z Z j

+ +


+
55
A
C
B D
1
Z
2
Z
3
Z
4
Z
E
h U

1 V
2 V
1
I

2
I

3
I

4
I

2 3
2 3
3.03 97.2
3.03 97.2
0.9 136.4
1.58 0.1 1 2
h
h
o
v
U I Z I Z
U
I
Z Z j j

+


+ + + +
Tm P
max

Khi ti Z mun nhn c cng sut P
max
c cung cp t ngun E vy mng mt
ca cn vn hnh ch ha hp ti:
1.58 0.1 v Z Z j

2 2
ax
3.03
1.45 W
4. 4 1.58
h
m
v
U
P
R

g
Khi ngun phi cung cp mt cng sut gp i do P
max
=50% P
ng
5. NGUYN L XP CHNG
Phng php:
- nh s cc ngun tc ng trong mch v cc gi tr ban u v dng in v
in p trong cc thng s qun tnh.
- Cho ln lt cc ngun tc ng lm vic ring r. Cc ngun khc khng lm
vic phi tun theo nguyn tc sau y: Ngun sc in ng thay bng ngn mch (Z
= 0) cn ngun dng in thay bng h mch (Z = ).
- Tng cng cc p ng ca mch do tt c cc ngun tc ng ring r gy ra.
V d 2.9: Cho mch in c s nh hnh v 2.17.
Bit: R
1
=R
2
=R
3
=2; L2 = 0,1H;
Tnh dng in trong cc nhnh?

1 3
100 2 sin100 e e t
Gii
Tch mch in thnh hai mch nh hnh
56
v
Z
Z
h
U
h U

v (Cho ln lt ngun e
1
v e
3
lm vic)
2 2 2
2 3.14 Z R j L j + +
3 2
1
3 2
.
3.984 0.125
td
R Z
Z R j
R Z
+ +
+
1
1
25.076 0.787
a
td
E
I j A
Z

3
1
2
2 3
.
0.151 1.578
a
a
I R
I j A
Z R

+
1 2
3
24.925 0.791 a a
a
I I I j A


Khi cho ngun e
2
tc ng s mch hon ton ging nh trn:
3 1 2 2 1 3 ; ; b a b a b a I I I I I I


g g g
Xp chng 2 mch ta c:
1 1 1 0.151 1.578 a b I I I j A


57

1
E

1a I

2a I

3a I

1b I

2b I

3b I

1
E

2
E

2 2 2 0.301 3.156 a b I I I j A

+
3 3 3 0.151 1.178 b a I I I j A


58
CHNG 8: MNG HAI CA KIRCHOP TUYN TNH
1. KHI NIM V MNG HAI CA
Trong thc t c th gp nhng thit b in c bn cc lm nhim v nhn
nng lng, tn hiu t 2 cc (4 ca) ny truyn t n 2 cc kia, v d: mt
ng dy ti in, mt my bin p
Vi mng 2 ca nu bit cu trc thng s th c th tm c cc p ng theo
phng php bit. Tuy nhin, nu ch quan tm n mi quan h gia cc i
lng trn ca ( s trao i nng lng ) th khi ta nghin cu cc thit b in
dng s khi v coi mng 2 ca nh mt phn t c bn m t s truyn t
nng lng.
Nu mng 2 ca c cu trc khc nhau nhng c thng s c trng nh nhau,
th c th coi mng 2 ca ny l tng ng v mt trao i nng lng.
Phn loi mng 2 ca:
- Theo tnh cht cc phn t : + Mng 2 ca tuyn tnh.
+ Mng 2 ca khng tuyn tnh.
- Theo bn cht bn trong : + Mng 2 ca c ngun .
+ Mng 2 ca khng c ngun .
- Theo ch xc lp : + Mng 2 ca ch xc lp
iu ha .
+ Mng 2 ca ch xc lp
khng iu ha.
59
M a n g 2 c u a
1 I
g
2 I
g
1 U
g
2 U
g
Trong chng ny ta s xt mt s vn m t v phn tch mng 2 ca khng
ngun, tuyn tnh, xc lp iu ha.
60
2. H PHNG TRNH TRNG THI
Trng thi v qu trnh nng lng trn hai ca c c trng v o bi 2 cp bin
trng thi
1 2 1 2 , ; , U I U I

. i vi cc cp bin chn khc nhau s ra cc phng trnh
khc nhau, do c 6 t hp ca 2 i lng bt k t bn i lng trn nn ta c 6 h
phng trnh trng thi m t hnh vi ca mng 2 ca .
I. H phng trnh trng thi dng A
H phng trnh quan h gia cc bin
1 2 1 2 , , U I theo U I

gi l h phng trnh
trng thi dng A:
2 1 2
11 12
1 2 2
21 22
. .
. .
U A U A I
I A U A I

'

g g g
g g g
hoc dng ma trn [ ]
1 2
1 2
.
U U
A
I I


1 1
1 1

1 1
] ]
[A] : Ma trn trng thi dng A.
1) Xc nh matrn trng thi dng A
- H mch ca ra: khi
2
2 2
0
h
I
U U

'

Vy
1 1
11 21
2 2
;
h h
U I
A A
U U



- Ngn mch ca ra: khi
2
2 2
0
n
U
I I

'

Vy
1 1
12 22
2 2
;
n n
U I
A A
I I



Ta thy khi h mch (I
2
=0), ngn mch (U
2
=0) l khi khng truyn nng lng n
phn t no c, nn khng ph thuc vo phn ng ca cc phn t ngoi. Vy A
ik
l
nhng thng s c trng cho mng 2 ca.
2) Tnh cht ca ma trn dng A
61
Vi cc mng 2 ca khng ngun ghp bi cc phn t tuyn tnh, tng h (thng
l cc phn t th ng R, L, C) th
A
11
. A
22
- A
12
. A
21
= 1
H phng trnh dng A thun li cho vic gii cc mng hai ca ni xu chui hoc
mc xch
II. H phng trnh trng thi dng B
H phng trnh dng B l h phng trnh m t quan h bin ca ra theo cc bin
ca vo.
1 2 1
11 12
2 1 1
21 22
. .
. .
U B U B I
I B U B I

'

g g g
g g g
hoc biu din dng ma trn
2 1
11 12
21 22
2 1
.
B B U U
B B
I I


1 1
1
1 1

1
1 1
]
] ]
Ta thy gia A
ik
v B
ik
c quan h vi nhau nh sau:
B
11
=A
22
; B
12
= -A
12
B
22
=A
11
; B
21
= -A
21
III. H phng trnh trng thi dng Z
L h phng trnh m t quan h gia cc p (
1 2 ; U U

) theo cc dng (
1 2 ; I I

)
1 2 1
11 12
1 2 2
21 22
. .
. .
U Z I Z I
U Z I Z I

'

g g g
g g g
hoc biu din dng ma trn
1 1
11 12
21 22
2 2
.
Z Z U I
Z Z
U I


1 1
1
1 1

1
1 1
]
] ]
- H mch ca ra: khi
2
2 2
0
h
I
U U

'

Vy
1 2
11 21
1 1
;
U U
Z Z
I I



- H mch ca vo: khi
1 1
1 0
h U U
I

'

62
Vy
2 1
12 22
2 2
;
U U
Z Z
I I



Z
11
, Z
12
chnh l cc tng tr vo
Z
12
, Z
21
l cc tng tr tong h ca mng 2 ca
Phng trnh trng thi dng Z c bit tin li cho vic nghin cu 2 mng 2 ca ni
ni tip vi nhau ( ca vo ni ni tip vi nhau, ca ra ni ni tip vi nhau )
1 1
2
2
.
I
I
II
U I
Z
I
U

1
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
]
]
;
1 1
2
2
.
I
II
II
U I
Z
I
U

1
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
]
]
; [ ]
1 1
2 2
.
U I
Z
U I


1 1
1 1

1 1
] ]
1 1 1
2 2 2
I II
I II
U U U
U U U

'

vit dng ma trn

1 1 1
2
2 2
I II
I II
U U U
U
U U

1 1
1
1 1
1
+
1 1
1
1 1
]
] ]
Vy [ ]
I II
Z Z Z 1 1 +
] ]
Vy khi c 2 mng 2 ca mc ni tip vi nhau ( dng chy vo mng 2 ca ny
cng chnh l dng chy vo mng 2 ca kia, dng chy ra mng 2 ca ny cng
chnh l dng chy ra mng 2 ca kia.) th c th thay th 2 mng 2 ca bng mt
mng ca tng ng c: [ ]
1
[ ]
n
i
i
Z Z

63
1 I

1 I

2 I

2 I

1 U

2 U

1
I
U

1
II
U

2
I
U

2
II
U

I
Z
II
Z
1 I

2 I

1 U

2 U

I II
Z Z Z +
IV. H phng trnh trng thi dng Y
1 1 2
11 12
2 1 2
21 22
. .
. .
I Y U Y U
I Y U Y U

'

g g g
g g g
hoc
1 1
11 12
21 22
2 2
.
Y Y I U
Y Y
I U


1 1
1
1 1

1
1 1
]
] ]
Y
11
, Y
12
chnh l cc tng dn vo
Y
12
, Y
21
l cc tng dn tong h ca mng 2 ca
H phng trnh dng Y thun li cho trng hp cc mng 2 ca ni song song ( cc
mng 2 ca c ca vo, ca ra ni song song tng ng vi nhau.
[Y] = [Y
I
] + [Y
II
]
V d: trng hp hai my bin p lm vic ni song song vi nhau.
64
1
I
I

1
II
I

2
I
I

2
II
I

1 U

2 U

I
Y
II
Y
1 I

2 I

1 U

2 U

I II
Y Y Y +
V. H phng trnh trng thi dng H
1 1 2
11 12
2 1 2
21 22
. .
. .
U H I H U
I H I H U

'

g g g
g g g
hoc
1 1
11 12
21 22
2 2
.
H H U I
H H
I U


1 1
1
1 1

1
1 1
]
] ]
H phng trnh dng H thun tin cho vic gii cc mng 2 ca c u vo ni ni
tip u ra ni song song vi nhau.
VI. H phng trnh trng thi dng G
1 2 1
11 12
2 2 1
21 22
. .
. .
I G U G I
U G U G I

'

g g g
g g g
hoc
1 1
11 12
21 22
2 2
.
G G I U
G G
U I


1 1
1
1 1

1
1 1
]
] ]
H phng trnh dng G thun tin cho vic gii cc mng 2 ca c u vo ni song
song u ra ni ni tip vi nhau.
3. MNG HAI CA NI XU CHUI
Hai mng hai ca gi l ni xu chui khi khi u ra ca mng ny l u vo ca
mng kia. i vi cc mng 2 ca ni xu chui th dung h phng trnh dng A l
thun tin nht.
1 2
1
. ...
n
n k
k
A A A A A

V d:
65
1 U

2 U

1 I

2 I

1
A
2
A
n
A
Ta c th coi s hnh T v s gm 3 mng hai ca ni xu chui nh hnh v
1 0
[ ]= 1
1
n
n
A
Z
1
1
1
1
]
:
d
1 Z
[ ]=
0 1
d
A
1
1
]
i vi s hnh T ta c :
i vi s hnh
66
1 I

1 U

2 U

2 I

1 d
Z
2 d
Z
n
Z
1
A
2
A
3
A
1 I

1 U

2 U

2 I

1 n
Z
2 n
Z d
Z
1
A 2
A
3
A
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ]
d1 d2
1 2
1 1 2
1 2
1
1 0
1 Z 1 Z
. . . . 1
1
0 1 0 1
.
1
1
1
d n d
n
d d d
d d
n n
d
n n
A A A A
Z
Z Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
A
Z
Z Z
1
1 1
1

1 1
1
] ]
1
]
1
+ + +
1
1

1
+
1
]
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ]
d
1 2
2 1
2
1 2
1 2 1
1 0 1 0
1 Z
. . . . 1 1
1 1
0 1
1
1
.
n d n
n n
d
d
n
n d n d
n n n
A A A A
Z Z
Z
Z
Z
A
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z
1 1
1
1 1

1
1 1
]
1 1
] ]
1
+
1
1

+ + 1
+
1
]
4. TNG TR VO MNG HAI CA
I. nh ngha
67