Vic chnh sa mi th trong mt bc nh cui cng cng tr li vi tonal manipulation lm mt s tone tr nn sng hn v mt s tone tr nn ti hn.

. Tonal manipulation l mt tnh nng mnh m trong Photoshop, v mi lm quen, n tht o tung cho. Nhng mt khi bn hiu iu g xy ra khi bn iu chnh cc iu khin ca n (cc lnh ca Adjustment), bn s thy n bnh thng nh cn ng hp sa. Tonal manipulation makes the difference between a flat image that lies lifeless on the page and one that pops, drawing you into it. But the role of tonal correction goes far beyond that. When you correct a color image, youre really manipulating the tone of the individual color channels. (toanal manipulatin to ra s khc bit gia mt flat image m lies lifeless trn the page v one that pops, thu ht bn vo it the difference?. Nhng vai tr ca tonal correction s iu chnh, chnh xc cn i xa hn th. Khi bn iu chnh (cho ng) mt bc nh mu, bn sn sng thao tc the tone (tone mu ng) trn knh mu ring l - knh dnh cho tone .) Chng ny cung cp cho bn cc nguyn tc c bn cc cng c tonal maniplution c bn v tc ng ca n n cc pixel. cp nhiu nht trong chng ny l 2 tools: Levels v Curves. Bi v cho n khi bn lm ch chng, bn n gin khng bit Photoshop! Bn s phi c mt lng ng k v nhng lnh hu ch khc tm trong Image> Adjustments. Trong chng 8, ta s tm hiu thm mt vi k thut khc cho vic lm bc nh tr nn tuyt vi. What is Image Quality, anyway IQ l g, xem xt di nhiu gc . mc c bn nht, IQ c xem nh mt vi iu n gin tng phn tt nht (Optimal Contrast). Chng ta cm nhn (perceive) cc bc nh bng cch nhn nhng s khc bit gia cc tone. Cc s khc bit ny cng r rt (pronounced, adj) th cng d dng khi c mt bc nh., nhng ch khi bn khng y tng phn ln qu cao. Khi cng c qu nhiu tng phn, bc nh cng bin thnh hai vng black v whitte, ph hy nhng s chuyn tip mt m v cc chi tit tonal tc l bn lm mt d liu bc nh. Bn nhn IQ tt nht khi bn tm thy mc tng phn em li the tonal details tt c cc cch t ti n sng v iu chnh c th cch bn s cho ra mt bc nh, cho d l trong bo ch hay mn hnh ( t c IQ tt nht, bn phi xc nh c tng phn tt nht ri s dng cc cng c cho ra bc nh c tng phn ) Vic kim sot(control) tng phn rt quan trng, khng ch i vi ton b bc nh m cn i vi mt phn ca bc nh. iu ny c ngha l, bn c th iu chnh tng phn trong tng khu vc c th ca bc nh (v d nh s dng masks), ng thi bn cng c th iu chnh tng phm vi c th ca tone nh cc vng tishadows ( v d s dng Curves). D bng cch no (either way), vic iu chnh tng phn em li cho bn kh nng lm r, nhn mnh hoc ngc li cc khu vc c th m bn mun Khi tng phn c tng ln ch cho cc cnh ca cc hnh dng trong mt bc nh, cc chi tit xut hin sc nt hn, y l mt hnh thc ca kim sot tng phn, n tng lm nt cho tt c nh s (chap 10) Khi bn i tip cc chng tip theo, bn s thy rng nguyn nhn c bn PTS c rt nhiu cch thao tc tone ch n gin rng bn c th iu chnh tng phn ca bc nh ca bn trong mi cch c th lm cho bc nh tr nn tt hn. tng phn l nguyn tc c bn i vi Image Quality.

Mu sc tt nht: Good color l c cn bng v trung thc. Tc l neutral color apear neutral, skin tone trng t nhin v cc mu sc khng qu yu (tweak) cng khng qu sng ng (vivid), sao cho trng nh th gii tht. Mt khi bn neo (anchored) nh to reality (thc t, nguyn bn), bn t do iu chnh mu sc bc nh tha mn tm nhn sng to ca bn. Nghe c v n gin (sounds simple), nhng c rc ri l: mu sc c th hin chu nh hng bi nhn thc th gic ca con ngi ln bc nh c xut ra nh th no. (bn phi quan tm n c hai vn ny khi th hin mu sc). i vi nhng l do ny, mt s ngi v t s dng nhng cng c m PTS cung cp thay i (alter) mu sc (nh Curves), h khng bit rng iu quan trong l cn quan tm n vic s dng cc cng c v PTS cung cp nh gi mu sc mt cch khch quan v vic t n v bi cnh (v d nh Info panel v soft - proofing) Soft - proofing : kim chng bc nh trn mn hnh.Mt giai on m bo bc nh th hin c m ngi thit k mun th hin trc khi em vo in n (i vi nhng n phm c gi thnh cao.) chi tit v sc nt tt nht.trn b mt bc nh, chi tit v sc nt (sharpness) dng nh khng c bt k iu g lm vi cc image adjustment nh contrast. C phi bn mun dng b lc sharpening? Nhng bi v cc bc nh c nh dng bi contrast, image details cng c nh dng bi contrast. Do , quyt nh bn s dng tng phn nh th no s nh hng n cc chi tit hin th trn bc nh. Kt qu l bn s thy rng, vic lm nt s hiu qu hn rt nhiu nu bn bc nh ca bn c chnh sa tt nhng bc u tin. Vi tt c ngha , hy tm hiu: Bn cn iu g lm cho bc nh c cht lng nh mong mun. iu c lin quan n cc cng c PTS nh th no? Ti bt u cover nhng iu c bn trong chnh sa nh (editing) chap 5, trong chap , ti ni v image-editing hon ton ch da trn Adobe Camera Raw. By gi, ti s ni v image-editing trong iu kin PTS ni chung bn s x l bt k hnh nh no m bn m bng PTS ra sao? Hnh dung (visualizing) tonal values vi Histogram. Mc d hu ht cc bc nh m chng ta dng u l nh mu, khi khng c mu sc s d dng hiu cc tone lm vic nh th no hn. V vy, ti s bt u vi grayscale image (nh xm) ri chuyn sang nh mu sau. Mt nh xm khng cha bt k iu g ngoi thng tin tonal. Tuy nhin, v sau, khi bn c v vic iu chnh(correcting) nh mu chng ny, bn s thy rng nh mu bao gm nhiu knh xm. Cho nn nhng g bn tm hiu v nh xm cng s c p dng cho nh mu. Bn kh c th nhn thy s phn b ca cc tone trong bc nh ca bn nu c dn mt vo bn thn bc nh . V vy PTS cung cp Histogram panel. Mt Histogram l mt biu dng bar n gim m cc mc (level) tonal t 0 -255 c biu din dc theo trc ngang, cn s lng cc pixel ti mi mc c biu din theo trc dc. Cc hnh nh tiu biu cho thy mt di tone ko di t u n cui ca biu . ng lo lng v s ngt qung, iu ny khng quan trng. Cc nhm tone tri ln st xung khc nhau ty thuc vo ni dung ca mi hnh nh. Nu bc nh c lm cho rt ti hoc rt sng, cc gi tr trn biu s b lch v u hoc cui. C mt vi iu cn ch . Nu if biu reaches (t c) all the way to the top at either end, im en hoc trng c th b ct bt (chi tit b mt).( nu c nhiu ct qu cao th biu c th mt chi tit?) nu th c mt s khon ngt qung trc khi reaches either end, th cc im en hoc trng lch qu nhiu. v nu th th hin mt vi t bin ca tone vi nhng khong trng gia chng thay v mt biu kh ng chc, hy kim tra posterrization (cng c gi l stair stepping hoc banding) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterization

tuy nhin, ng phn xt nhng vn ny ch vi histogram. nh gi chng bng cch quan st k hnh nh v s dng cc clipping indicator (ch s ct) trong cc Levels v Curves adjustment. Bn s c v iu ny sm thi. Mt histogram p khng khng hn l du hiu ca mt bc nh p, v nhiu bc nh p c histogram xu x. Cc tnh nng khc ca Histogram Panel:Histogram panel cung cp mt vi options cho vic xem d liu tone nh (image tone data) chi tit hn. Uncached Refresh icon. V nhng l do hiu qu (performance), Histogram panel thng cho bn thy cc gi tr da trn mt cached anti aliased screen display of the image thay v vic nh gi hnh nh phn gii y . Cch th hin ny c th n posterziration, em li cho bn bc tranh d liu lc quan mt cch phi thc t. PTS cnh bo (warn) bn v nhng iu ny bi mt warning icon khi histogram th hin gn ging d liu. xem nhng g thc s xy ra, nhp vo icon hoc Uncached Refresh button ( tng hiu qu, Histogram panel thng th hin gi tr di dng rt gn thay v th hin y biu . iu ny c th n posterziration, cho bn mt d liu hnh nh lc quan gi to. PTS cnh bo ) Expanded views: mc inh ca Hp l Compact viesw(dng thu gn). chn Expanded views t Hp menu hin dng nhiu thng tin hn. Expanded Views cho thy cc knh mu (color channel) v hin th gi tr thng k (statistics)bn di th. Nu bn khng mun nhn thy iu ny, hy tt Show Statistics trong Hp menu v chn ch hin th mu sc a thch t Channel popup menu bn trn th. Trn pop-up menu ny, ngoi cc knh mu (in addition to the channels), bn thy Luminosity option. S khc bit gia Luminosity v cc dng pha trn mc inh nh RGB hoc CMYK l Luminosity ch hin th chi sng ca mi im nh. Vi 255 c ngha l trng trong khi cc dng pha trn th 255 c th i din (represent) cho mt im nh c mu sc rc r nht (fully saturated). Channel displays. Vi Expanded views bn c th hin th mi knh cng biu ca ring knh (lm cho Histogram rt cao), chn All Channels Views t Hp menu. Cc biu knh c mu en tr khi bn cng bt Show Channel in Color trong Hp menu.

Trong chng ny, ch yu cng vic (making the bulk) chnh sa ca bn l s dng Levels v Curves adjustment. C hai u c biu , cho nen bn khng c m Hp trong khi s dng nhng tnh nng . Ba s iu chnh tonal c bn (Basis tonal adjustment) Bc u tin c cht lng hnh nh tt l thit lp ba kha canh c th(specific aspect) ca bc nh: im en, im trng v im trung tnh (black point, white point, midpoint). Lm nh vy thit t mt dynamic range ca hnh nh mt cch tng th, m bo rng phm vi ca cc tone t sng n ti trong bc nh nhn y thun li ca phm vi tonal c sn m ti liu c th to ra, Dynamic range l mt yu t chnh trong image contrast, do nu bn lm ng, bn s iu chnh tng phn d dng hn. l do khc ti u dynamic range l vic ny em n cho bn room ti ti u contrast v contrast l ti nguyn bn khoanh vng (draw up to) bo lu v nhn mnh (accentuate) chi tit hnh nh. y l cch ba basic tonal adjustment lm vic: trong nhiu bc nh cha c chnh sa, nu cc tone ti nht v sng nht c nhiu hn mt vi mc en v trng, tng ng, hnh nh xut hin tng i u u (flat) bi v c qu t contrast hn bc nh cn. Vic xc nh li darkest avaiable tone trong nh nh l black v vic xc nh li lightest tona nh l white s ti u ha dynamic range ca hnh nh, thm contrast, iu ny khin bc nh thc hn (more life). V midpoint th sao? N xc nh (deternine) sng tng th ca bc nh bng cch ch ra u l

ni thc s t c 50% level. i vi cc bc nh sng (well-lit), r, ba Adjustment ny c th l tt c nhng g bn cn. trc tin ti s s dng tnh nng Level cho ni dung ny. Sau , trong chng ny bn s tm hiu lm sao cho ra kt qu tng t vi Curves. Making adjusment using Levels: Tinh nng Levels l thch hp (tailor made ) cho ba iu chnh c bn m bn mun, Trong hp thoi Levels hoc Levels Adjustment panel, thanh trt Input Levels cha black point, white point, midpoint. Cng c histogram gip iu khin nhng thay i bn to ra tc ng n s phn b tonal nh th no? to 3 basic adjustment vi Levels, lm nh sau: 1. Chn Image > Adjusments > Levels. 2. Thit t black point bng cch ko black triangle (di histogram ) qua phi cho n khi b phn ti nht ca nh t c ti m bn mong mun. Nu bn ch rng cc chi tit trc tn ti m by gi mt i (cc vng ti tr thnh vng th en), bn ko qu , ko v li mt t cho n khi vng ti tr li. xem xt biu c th gip bn thy thi im bn ang bt u to qu nhiu vng ti. 3. Theo cch tng t, thit lp white point bng cc ko white triangel di biu v bn tri cho n khi vng sng nht ca bc nh c sng m bn mun m khng lm mt cc chi tit. Nu bn ch thy rng cc vng sng b mt (vng sng tr thnh vng th trng) ko tr v mt t cho n khi chi tit vng sng tr li. 4. Thit lp midpoint bng cc ko gray triangle bn di biu , ko v tri lm sng bc nh hay v phi lm ti. 5. Kim tra cng vic bng cc s dng Preview check box (n P). xem xt cn thn iu g xy ra vi cc chi tit trong cc vng sng v vng ti, nu bn lm mt chi tit theo cch ny hay cch khc, hy iu chnh black triangle v white triangle, Nu bn thy mt vn (issue) vi sng tng th. Hy iu chnh gray triangle, chnh xc hn (for more precision), click vo bt c trng no trong ba trng d liu nm bn di thanh trt v n phm mi tn ln xung thay i gi tr (nudge di chuyn c hng) (gi phm Shift tng gim gi tr trong khong 10 n v - mc inh ) Using the clipping display Khi bn ang ko thanh trt, c mt k thut gip bn hnh dung r rng hn (clearly visualize) ni m cc chi tit (shadow details) b mt (clipped), bi v vic nhn vo bc nh v biu thng khng chnh xc. Gi phm alt khi bn ko black slider ni dung bc nh s tr thnh mu trng. Khi bn ko black triangle qua phi, cc vng en (areas of black) bt u lan rng (see figure 7-6). Cc vng en ny (black areas) l cc phn ca bc nh (parts of image) m s b clipped nu bn black triangle ti v tr . Nu mt vng ti (shadow area) khng cha bt k detail bn quan tm, bn c th chp nhn n mt i (to let that area clip), nu bn t c (gain) contrast trong phn cn li ca bc nh (rest of the image). Nhng nu c mt s vng ti khc l ni c cc chi tit quan trng (but if there are other shadow areas where detail is important), khng c chng tr thnh mu en khi bn alt-drag black triangle. Khi bn drag white triangle vi Alt pressed, bc nh s tr thnh mu en v clipped areas xut hin mu trng. Khi bn drag black/white triangle tin dn v trung tm (toward the center), c mt cch tt cho bn bit khi no nn dng l khi cc khi pixel ln (clumps of pixels) dn en (hoc trng). cc khi nh c chp nhn min l chng hoc l cc vng en thc s hoc cc cc vng sng ni bt nhng vng khng c nhng chi tit.( Small clumps are acceptable as long as theyre either true black areas or specular highlightsareas truly devoid of detail.)

Thc hnh vi nhng iu ni trn xem iu g thc s xy ra. (lets go over what was realy happening as you dragged those sliders ) Black and white-point silders: Di chuyn black and white sliders hng v trung tm hoc ni rng (stretch # narrow | expand # compress) dyanmic range ca bc nh. Khi bn di chuyn black black-point slider, bn ra lnh cho PTS thit lp tt c cc tone ti mc va t kia v cc mc ti hn v mc 0 (black) ng thi thit lp li tt c cc tone bn phi slider in vo ton b tonal range t 0 255. Vic di chuyn white point slider cng cho ta kt qu tng t v tonal range, thit lp tt c tone ti white-point slider v sng hn v mc 255 (white), v thit lp cc mc bn tri ca slider in vo ton b tonal range t 0-255. Gray slider: Gray slider cho php bn thay i (alter) midtones m khng lm thay i black and white points. Khi bn di chuyn gray slider, bn lnh cho PTS a tone v 50% gray hoc level 128. Nu bn di chuyn slider v bn tri, nh s sng hn bi v bn bn chn mt gi tr ti hn 128 v a n v 128. Khi bn lm nh vy (as you do so), cc vng ti gin ra in vo phn mi c thit lp ca tone range cn cc vng sng s co li vi nhau. (cc bn s thy iu ny sau khi n OK v m li Levels) Hiu: on t 0-128 trong s lc ny ngn hn bnh thng (cc vng ti nh) khi , buc cc vng ti phi gin ra. V d: Mt vng ti lc trc ch c mc t 0-12 th sau khi gin ra s c mc t 0 32,ngc li vi cc vng sng. V mt cm quan, cc vng ti lan ra, sng dn ~ cc vng ti nh li nhng ch cho vng sng xm ln. Ngc li (conversely), nu bn di chun thanh trt qua phi, bc nh tr nn ti hn bi v bn lnh cho PTS a im sng m thanh trt ang ch xung level 128, vng sng dn ra v nn cc gi tr vng ti li, bn c th hiu iu ny nh khi bn ging mt si dy cao su, ko im gia v mt pha bt k, mt bn s cng ra, mt bn b chm li. Gi tr trong s ca gray slider l mt gi tr gamma gi tr ton hc. l s m ca mt phng trnh ng cong cao cp. Ln hn 1, lm sng midtone; b hn 1, lm ti midtone; bng 1, midtone khng thay i. Nu bn ch iu chnh gray slider, bn thc s ch ang p dng mt s iu chnh gamma thun ty cho bc nh. Reality Checks: Nu bn thit lp black point v white point i ra qu , bc nh c th mt su (tr nn bng phng flat), lacking contrast tng phn khng mt trong nhng iu lm thiu th m Photographers gi l pop (contributing (gp phn) to an absence (vng mt) of what photographers call pop). Nu bn thit lp chng i vo qu , bn s l mt cc chi tit vng ti v vng sng quan trng, nguyn nhn khin cc vng ti xut hin khi en-solid balck (plugged) v cc vng sng xut hin khi trng-solid white (blown out) Nu bc nh s c hin th trn mn hnh, bn c th thit lp black point v white point rather hi st (rather tightly), nhng nu bc nh s c in, bn c l mun n leave a little room (gn ging nht vi hnh nh trn mn hnh) khi kt thc in. V d, nhiu my c vn (trouble) trong vic ti to cc chi tit nhng vng rt ti m bn c th thy trn mn hnh, v vy bn c l khng nn a nhng chi tit kia qu gn vi mu en bng vic ko black slider vo qu . Bn c th lm vic cho cc cng ty in n v

c cung cp cc khuyn co (recommends) v cc iu chnh Levels c th cho thit b (equipment) ca h, trong trng hp bn ch c th p dng cc recommends ca h. Adjusting Levels for Color images Mt nh mu gm c(consist) nhiu knh, mi knh cha (store) thng tin mu xm (grayscale). Khi bn s dng Levels correct (lm cho v chnh xc) mt nh mu, n tng t nh thao tc trn nh xm m bn va mi xem trn, ngoi tr vic thc hin n cho mi knh mu. Do , bn c th chn knh m bn mun edit t Channel pop-up menu. Ngoi ra (in addition), bn c th edit composite view(all channel at once) Khi bn lm vic composite (RGB, CMYK, hay Lab) view, Levels hot ng ging nh cch trn nh nh xm. Cc knh mu iu nhn cc iu chnh ging nhau, v vy Levels ch tc ng n tone, xt v mt l thuyt. Trong thc t, Levels c th lm thay i mu sc (color shifts) khi bn thc hin nhng big corrections (sa cha ln), cho nn ti c xu hng (tend) dng Curves hn Levels cho nh mu. Nhng t nht trong 2 trng hp di y, Levels li hu dng trn nh mu: Levels c dng nh cng c image evaluation (nh gi hnh nh) vi histogram v clipping display. Khi bn c mt bc nh mu m khng gp vn vi color balance, dng gray slider nu bn mun c mt iu chnh nh v midtone. Khi bn thy vic thao tc vi cc knh c nhn khng quan trng, bn c th to mt hng dn cho chc nng Auto Color trong Levels v Curves thc hin nhng major initial corrections (nhng sa cha c bn ban u) Cch lm vic ca Levels v Clipping trn nh mu: Vi t cch l mt biu tng hp (composite histogram), khi bn to mt tha i trn composite channel view (ch hin th knh tng hp), iu ny ging nh nu bn to mt edit chung cho mi knh mu mt cch ring l. Tuy nhin, khi m ni dung cc knh mu c nhn (individual channels) l kh khc nhau, vic p dng nhng thay i c gi tr ging nhau cho mi knh c th i lc em n nhng kt qu bt ng. y l nguyn nhn gy ra mt vn tim n (potential problem) vi thanh trt black v white Input Levels. Thanh trt white clips cc vng highlights trn mi knh mu n mc 255. iu ny lm sng ton b hnh nh v cc neutral color vn nhng vng neutral. Nhng n c th c c mt tc ng khng mong mun (undesirable effect ) ln cc non neutral colors, nm trong khong t oversaturation ( ) n pronounced color shifts (nhng thay i mu s r rt). iu tng t cng c p dng cho thanh trt black, mc d (although) tc ng thng t nhn thy hn (obvious r rng). Thanh trt en clips nhng gi tr trong mi knh n mc 0, v vy khin bn p dng n ln mt non neutral color, bn c th loi b tt c du vt ca one primary (mt thnh phn ch yu no ) t the color (mu non - neutrel), cng lm tng bo ha ca n. Bi v hnh ng ny (because of this behavior), s dng thanh trc black v white Input Levels mt cch ch yu nh l image evaluation tool (cng c nh gi hnh nh) kt hp vi phm Option (mac os)/ Alt (Win os) clipping display (xem s 7-9) Chng ta hy quan st mt cch chnh xc ni m cc mu bo ha ca bn c quan h vi cc vng neutral highlihgts v shadows. Nu bc nh c mt s mu bo ha nguy him, bn c th to mt s di chuyn nh vi cc thanh trt black v white Input Levels, nhng hy cn thn vi vic clipping khng ch (unitentional) v keep a close eye i vi nhng g xy ra vi nhng mu bo ha . Tht l qu n gin khi lm bin mt nhng mu sc c gam bo ha trong cc vng shadows.

The Composite and Luminosity Histograms.