.

Kim tra kt ni mng Nhiu ln, nu bn m trnh duyt web ca mnh, nhp vo mt URL v URL tht bi trong vic truy cp n website m bn mun truy cp, khi bn c th li nhm cho DNS. Trong thc t, vn thng gy ra s vic ny li nm chnh kt ni mng ca bn. iu ny li cng ng hn nu bn s dng mt kt ni mng khng dy trn my laptop. Vi cc giao thc bo mt khng dy, key s c iu nh li mt cch nh k hoc cng tn hiu ca sng v tuyn b yu, gy ra hin tng mt kt ni mng. Tuy nhin nguyn nhn mt kt ni mng c th xy ra vi bt c kiu mng no. Hay ni theo cch khc, trc khi li cho DNS v cc vn m bn mc phi, hy bt u khc phc s c bng cch kim tra lp vt l ca mnh u tin, sau kim tra kt ni mng ca bn. y u bn s pht hin thy kt ni khng dy ca mnh c mt kt ni Internet vng chc hay khng.

Hnh 1: Kt ni mng khng dy vn trng thi tt Lu v cch Access l Local and Internet. Nu n ch hin Local th bn khng c a ch mng hp l (trong trng hp ny, bn ch c mt APIPA ring bt u vi a ch 169.x.x.x). iu ny dn n vn tip theo. Bn s cn bo m rng c mt a ch IP hp l trn mng ca mnh. C th kim tra iu bng cch vo View Status trn mn hnh trn, sau vo Details, bn c th kim tra a ch IP ca mnh v thm nh cc a ch IP ca

DNS Server. Tip n, nu bn c a ch 169.x.x.x th bn s khng bao gi c c kt ni Internet. y l nhng g th hin bng hnh nh:

Hnh 2: Thm nh a ch IP ca bn v cc a ch IP ca DNS Server 2. Thm nh cc a ch IP ca DNS server l ng v theo th t Khi bn bit rng mnh c kt ni mng v c a ch IP hp l, chng hy i su hn na vo tm kim cc vn bn trong DNS bng cch thm nh rng cc a ch IP ca DNS Server l ng v c t theo ng th t. Nu quan st trong hnh 2 trn bn s thy cc a ch IP IPv4 DNS Server. Lu rng c c local LAN / subnet bn c th truy cp thm ch nu cng mc nh b hng. y l cch n lm vic trn hu ht cc mng doanh nghip. Mc d vy, cc my ch DNS ca bn khng phi lc no cng nm trn subnet. Vi hu ht cc ISP, cc IP ca DNS Server thm ch cn khng nm trn cng subnet vi cng mc nh (default gateway).

Trong hu ht cc cu hnh router ca gia nh hay cc doanh nghip va v nh (home/SMB), chng khng c cc my ch DNS ring v cc SMB router s proxy (y nhim) DNS n cc my ch DNS thc. Trong trng hp , a ch IP ca DNS Server c th cng vi router ca bn. Cui cng, bo m rng DNS Server ca bn nm ng th t. Trong trng hp th hin trong hnh 2, DNS Server ni b ca chng ti l 10.0.1.20. N c cu hnh forward tt c cc tn min m n khng th phn gii n 10.0.1.1, a ch router ni b. Router s proxy DNS n DNS Server ca ISP. Chng ta th tra cu cc DNS Server trn router ca mnh, xem th hin trong hnh 3.

Hnh 3: Cc DNS Server nhn t ISP thng qua DHCP iu ny gi thm hai im na. u tin, hy bo m rng DNS Server ca bn nm ng th t. Nu trng hp bn c mt

local DNS Server, ging nh chng ti v ang tra cu tn min ni b (local DNS name), mun PC client tra cu local DNS name trong local DNS Server u tin, trc Internet DNS Server. Khi , local DNS server ca bn cn nm u tin trong cc thit lp DNS. Th hai, bn c th ping a ch IP ca DNS Server ca ISP. Theo cch ny, ch cn cc DNS server c lit k nm trn router ca mnh, bn c th thm nh rng mnh c th ping chng thm ch t my tnh cc b ca mnh:

Hnh 4: Ping DNS Server ca ISP Lu v thi gian p tr t hnh ng ping ca bn n DNS Server ca ISP. iu ny c th lm chm cc tra cu DNS hoc thm ch cn c th lm tht bi nu n mt qu lu thi gian DNS server p tr. 3. Ping a ch IP ca host m bn mun truy cp n (nu bit) Mt cch nhanh chng t nguyn nhn l vn ca DNS ch khng phi vn ca mng l ping n a ch IP ca host m bn ang mun truy cp n. Nu kt ni n tn min tht bi nhng kt ni n a ch IP thnh cng th bn s bit rng vn ca mnh nm DNS. Tuy nhin nu DNS Server ca bn khng hot ng th rt kh ch ra a ch IP m bn ang kt ni n l g. thc hin test ny, bn phi c mt s (diagram) mng hoc ging nh nhiu qun tr vin vn thc hin, ch cn nh a ch IP ca host. Nu lm vic, cho ti khi DNS server hin hu ln na, bn c th t vo mt entry trong file hosts ca mnh bn ha IP n hostname. 4. Tm ra DNS server ang c s dng bng nslookup Bn c th s dng lnh nslookup tm ra cc thng tin v DNS resolution ca mnh. Mt trong nhng trng hp vn p s dng l

xem DNS server no ang cung cp cho bn cu tr li v DNS server no khng.

Hnh 5: u ra ca lnh nslookup Lu trong hnh 5, DNS server ca ISP cung cp cho chung ta thng tin non-authoritative answer, c ngha rng n khng cu hnh min nhng vn c th cung cp mt p tr. Bn cng c th s dng lnh ny so snh cc p tr t cc DNS server khc nhau bng cch cung cp DNS server no s dng. 5. Kim tra hu t DNS Nu bn ang tra cu host ni b trn mt DNS server m my tnh ca bn l mt thnh vin nm trong , khi bn c th kt ni n mt host, khng s dng FQDN (fully qualified DNS name) v trng mong vo hu t ca DNS c th gip bn tm ra vn . Cho v d, nu chng ta kt ni n server1, DNS server c th c nhiu entry cho tn min . Khi adaptor mng ca bn s c cu hnh vi hu t DNS kt ni. Nh v d trong hnh 2, DNS lwiredbraincoffee.com. Do bt c khi no ti nhp vo mt tn min nh server1, hu t DNS s c b sung vo phn cui ca n to thnh server1.wiredbraincoffee.com. Bn nn thm nh hu t DNS ca mnh l ng. 6. Bo m rng cc thit lp DNS ca bn c cu hnh ko IP ca DNS t my ch DHCP Bn mun adaptor mng ca mnh thu c cc a ch IP ca DNS Server t DHCP Server. Nu quan st vo hnh trn adaptor ny c ghi r cc a ch IP ca DNS Server.

Hnh 6: Thm nh cc thit lp ca DNS Server Bn c th cn phi thay i Obtain DNS server address automatically theo th t c c IP mi ca DNS server. thc hin iu , hy m tab Properties ca adaptor mng, sau kch Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4). 7. Phng thch v renew a ch IP ca DHCP Server (v c thng tin DNS) D adaptor ca bn c thit lp ko cc thng tin DNS t DHCP, n vn c th xy ra hin tng xung t a ch IP hoc nhn phi cc thng tin DNS server c. Chnh v vy sau khi chn thu nhn a ch IP v DNS mt cch t ng, bn nn phng thihcs a ch IP ca mnh v renew n. Tuy c th thc hin iu ny vi Windows Diagnosis trong cu hnh mng ca mnh, nhng c mt cch khc m bn c th thc hin y l thng qua nhc lnh. Nu bn kch hot UAC, hy chy nhc lnh cmd ca Windows vi quyn qun tr vin thc hin: IPCONFIG /RELEASE IPCONFIG /RENEW

Sau , thc hin vi lnh IPCONFIG /ALL xem nhng thng tin IP v DNS mi nh th no. 8. Kim tra DNS Server v restart cc dch v hoc reboot nu cn thit R rng, nu DNS server b treo thc s hoc b hng, hoc b cu hnh sai, bn s khng th khc phc iu ti pha trnh khch. Tuy nhin bn c th vng trnh (bypass) my ch hng v mt l do cha xc nh m khng cn sa n. Theo cch nhng ngi chu trch nhim cho DNS server cn phi kim tra trng thi v cu hnh ca DNS server khc phc vn DNS. 9. Reboot router DNS vn phng nh hay gia nh Nh cp trn trong cch th 2 v c th hin trong hnh 3, trn cc router gia nh v vn phng nh, cc thit lp DNS server thng c thc hin thng qua DHCP vi mt tp cc DNS server i vi mt IP ca router v router s proxy DNS n DNS server ca ISP. Tuy vy, my tnh ni b ca bn c th c cc thng tin mng (gm c cc a ch IP ca DNS server), nhng cng c trng hp router ca bn c thng tin sai. bo m rng router ca bn c cc thng tin DNS server mi nht, bn c th thc hin mt pht hnh DHCP v renew giao din WAN ca router vi ISP. Hoc cch d dng hn c th l reboot router n nhn c cc thng tin mi nht. 10. Lin h vi ISP Tt c chng ta u bit s mt mi nh th no trong vic lin lc vi mt ISP trong vic khc phc mt vn mng. Tuy nhin nu my tnh ca bn vn gp vn v DNS resolution t cc my ch DNS ca ISP th bn cn phi lin lc vi h, chnh l cch gii quyt cui cng. Kt lun DNS resolution l mt thnh phn quan trng i vi c s h tng mng ca chng ta v n phi lm vic ng cho cc ng dng mng thc hin chc nng ca n. Trong bi ny, chng ti cung cp cho cc bn 10 cch khc phc s c khc nhau vi cc vn v DNS resolution, hy vng cc thng tin trn l hu ch vi cc bn! 7 bc khc phc thnh cng mng Windows
Qun tr mng Trong bi ny chng ti s gii thiu cho cc bn 7 bc khc phc s s thnh cng mng Windows. Bn cnh l nhng g cn kim tra i vi my tnh cc b v c s h tng Windows nh DNS, DNCP v cc cng mc nh.

D ch c mt mng nh trong nh vi mt my tnh Windows hoc mng doanh nghip ln vi hng nghn my tnh Windows v my ch, vic khc phc s c kt ni mng bao gi cng l mt vn thch thc i vi cc qun tr vin mng. S phc tp trong khc phc s c s gia tng cng vi s lng thit b v phm vi c s h tng Windows. Mc d vy, vi mt s bc khc phc s c c gii thiu trong bi, cc bn c th khc phc thnh cng mt mng Windows ngay ln u tin. Bc 1 Nm bt c s h tng khc phc s c thnh cng, vic u tin m bn cn thc hin l nm bt c s h tng mng (nhng g c kt ni vi nhng g v cch n c thit k ra sao). Nu mng ca bn l mt mng doanh nghip s dng cc my tnh Windows, rt c th bn s c c s mng. L tng nht s l trng hp bn t thit k mng ca mnh, tuy nhin khng phi lc no bn l ngi may mn n vy. Bc 2 Tm hiu v mng Nu khng bit thit k c s h tng mng v cng khng c ti liu tham chiu, bn c th bt u vic khc phc s c bng cch tm hiu v c s h tng mng t cc cng c chun on hay dng. C rt nhiu th bn c th bit qua s dng IPCONFIG hoc cc thng tin trong ca s Windows Network Connection.

Hnh 1: IPCONFIG

Hnh 2: Thng tin chi tit trong Windows Network Connection T hai cng c ny, bn c th bit c rt nhiu th nh:

Giao din mng cn hot ng hay ang gp s c (kt ni mng vt l) Lm th no t c mt a ch IP DHCP hoc tnh C hay khng c a ch IP hoc mt a ch IP c gn t ng (a ch bt u vi 169.254.x.x hoc APIPA) Cng mc nh Cu hnh my ch DNS

Tt c thng tin ny rt c gi tr trong gii quyt cc vn mng Windows. Trong cc hnh th hin trn, mng ang lm vic tt v khng c vn g xy ra. Mc d vy, iu g s xy ra nu IPCONFIG th hin vn y? Cc bc di y, chng ti s tp trung vo mt s vn kt ni mng ni chung v mt s cch gii quyt. Bc 3 Kt ni mng b s c Nu quan st m hnh OSI, lp vt l (lp 1) nm di dng. Nu lp 1 khng lm vic th khng c tn hiu g c truyn ti y. Cch tt nht l gii quyt vn t di ln (c ngha l t lp 1 ln cc lp cao hn).

Hnh 3: Trng thi kt ni mng Trong hnh trn, bn c th thy dng Media State l Enabled. iu ny l ht sc bnh thng, tuy nhin nu Media State c trng thi disabled th nhng g bn cn thc hin y l:

Kim tra cp mng c b rt, t hay v ct khng? Kim tra switch xem cp mng c c kt ni vi n hay khng? Cng c trng thi kch hot hay khng?

Hy m bo tt c nhng th trn lm vic tt trc khi chuyn sang cc bc di y. Bc 4 Khng a ch IP D bn khng c a ch IP (0.0.0.0) hoc a ch IP t c gn (APIPA, bt u vi 169.254.x.x), hon ton khng c vn g xy ra. Bn s phi nhn mt a ch IP trc khi s dng mng. Nu thit lp s dng DHCP (thng c thit lp mc nh) v my ch DHCP gp s c th chnh l nguyn nhn m bn khng c a ch IP. Cc ty chn gii quyt vn :

Gii quyt vn vi my ch DHCP Gn tnh a ch IP khng b xung t, nm trn ng subnet,

Bc 5 Khng my ch DNS Nu khng cu hnh my ch DNS no, bn ch c th truyn thng trn mng bng a ch IP. Lc ny bn c th s dng lnh ping kim tra gateway mc nh, my ch DHCP v cc my ch khc trn mng. Mc d vy, bn s khng th thc hin bt c kim tra no qua tn. Cc ty chn gii quyt vn :

Xc nh xem ti sao my ch DHCP khng cung cp a ch IP Cu hnh cc a ch IP nu bn bit chng Cu hnh my ch DNS Internet cng ging cc my ch DNS ca Google (8.8.4.4)

Ni cch khc, nu khng th ping c cc my ch DNS c cu hnh th bn cn kim tra chng c th chng b treo hoc cc gi d liu ang b chn tng la. Bc 6 Khng Gateway mc nh Nu khng cu hnh a ch IP cho gateway mc nh, bn s khng th truyn thng trn IP subnet khc (Internet chng hn) hay cng khng th truyn thng trn LAN cc b ca mnh. Nh vy, khi khng c IP cho gateway mc nh, bn ch c th lm vic bnh thng vi cc my ch cc b. Trong thc t, vic cu hnh gateway mc nh hon ton mang tnh ty chn nu bn khng cn truy cp ra mng bn ngoi. Bn c th t cu hnh gateway mc nh hoc xc nh xem my ch DHCP ti sao khng cung cp a ch IP. Cch khc, nu nh ngha gateway mc nh nhng khng th truyn thng vi n (thm ch bng lnh ping), bn cn kim tra li router cc b ca mnh. Bc 7 Cu hnh sai Subnet Mask Nu cu hnh sai IP subnet mask th bn s nhn c mt s kt qu khng th d on. Lc ny bn cn t cu hnh li n (nu ang s dng a ch IP tnh) hoc kim tra my ch DHCP xem ti sao n li cung cp sai subnet mask cho bn.