coming Stoaking tthe bape Geos Nag opis “mea Agia oy ‘oti and Regional Poy inthe Other ites planned include EVER CLOSER UNION? ‘An Introduction to the European Community Desmond Dinan RE Ste MACMILLAN5 The Transformation of the European Community, 1985-1988 In the mid- 1805 the European Commanity underwent an extnoctnary ‘tansfraton. Aer yar of sugsh growin nd isto inob, ‘he member sis concluded the Single European Ac (SEA) major se- ‘son ofthe Teaty of Rome that underpinned the sing market (1992) ro- frum ad "fed tn Comment roms strat os dys paea he te 1960." Jacques Delors who Became Commission press in any 1985. i gene credited withthe Community's metamorpbors. “Delos As inporat the enterprise ody” Saney Hofmann wrote abe heigh ofthe Conimaiy’ssansfomntion “a Jean Monat wasn fe 19505" "Ye Clon iportnce shuld not be exerted. Undoubedly be possessedan abundance of enbidon, compeeace, and eourelunes- ‘The new president sought wife tbe Commission with a renewed sease cot purpos and set the Community onthe road to Earpean enon. Bat De Tors eoold at posbly have enllaed owe aectiver bad the conor, Dolca, at interatonal cicustances ben uopeopitoas It was his [0d fora to have become Commission president at pele the tie ‘then infeal developments—resolution ofthe Britis budgetary ques tion, agitation er inttiona efor, and pes to complete he ner- tal market~and exer fctrs—fandanenal changes inte global ys. ‘ent—mmae x dramatic improvement in the Commun’ foranes amas Ineviable Without Delors, the sage market program andthe seer tion of European ivgraton might at have bappened exact a hey ed, but that soto sy that they would at have heppened al ‘One che ost remarkable aspects ofthe Communi’ eaforma- ion shat icone with the petals dirptive Terie else“Te accesson of elaivelyimpovershed Spain and Poruglthesened to ‘brow European integration fuer off curse. Moreover, witout com psating mechanists, completion of he internal markt cou have in ‘mensely agravated the socal and economic vide betwen the Commas iy’ eh and por member states. Tus, the SEA was more ha a device to launch the snge marke program. Iwasa comples targa to inprove isionmaking, increase efficiency, schiove mare! iberltio, sd st the same ime promote cobesion in the Cmazuniy. The SEA mate por= bie what Pompidou bad sought aan eae stags ofthe Communty's "siene: “completion, depening, enlargement" As Helen Wallace te ‘aed "ie 192 goal was leat ntnded ar complete but new pol 1 ad Sen substantively embraced and intiutons had been seg te, tus deepening was han, and widening bad ocaed fr thd tne witht mementm being lost" “THE THMRD ENLARGEMENT Formal negotiations o clare the Community third tne began wih Portugal in October 1978 ad Spin i Februty 1979. Having recely ‘marge rom long periods of ethoriarisn me, bth counties espe Sic) wanted jn fe Common oe ter ane neato Intion,sbiize tet newly eabshed democratic replmer aa help develop thir camparativelyanigated economic. Ay inthe comempe. ‘ateout ease of Grete, he member sats encouraged Ie emer ‘hip inthe Community sx means of renorcng Stor hte. As {ase the ge independent Eastern Ewopes sounties moe than a decade ltr however the key potical ad economi challenges of Spanish and Poruguese membehip drove a wedge between tors and ‘ely, Spain and Prtgel were poor counts that between them ba puttin alot 20 gece fhe exsing Conmnys Dee Br {ch genuine commitment to consolidating recent poi hangs one Ibert Peinsl be prospect of Spanish and Fortagese membership filled many member sates with rea, nt least base of te fic ‘es aed the Conmaniy' fi ealugementa (Greece ad aeatysuccondedm ivoring it Acesion nego ‘ons tom he Irian applications, Relzng hat the Community feared economic ang soil eoequocts primarily of Spanish member. org tied als to haves applsaonconscred eprely and com. slid wit: Pog apliet oon the Comment in Mach 977 ‘Boe sah a ea efor Spain lodged a sppicaten wih Brostels Por. ‘Sea's aceson neptton sso began before Spl tt only our ‘ons ear. Altauph the Communty negotiated separa with ech ‘oun, he shor time bere he opening of ot ete of tas indiaed the depieo which Brussel onsdeed them inetd. ‘Potuga ascribed the protracted entry nepoiatons ofthe exy 19805 othe Community's lumping togter of Lisbon's nd Mat ap- plication and its preoccapaton wit intemal budgetary and ion {sss Undoubtedly the Commaniy's ow dfclies an concerns abot Spanish remberhip affected Lisbo’s application, bts numberof a= ‘or pecliaro Portgal—nsabiy tents (bic epreened ove 0 per et ofthe county's indus tpt and 33 prea of ts expr. mi rant wosters, and ariulure~accounted ar well forthe tt” slow rote 5 Aleay, ins opinion ef Bay 19.1978, te Comision bad ‘enti a host of economic, structural. sn sdminiztive ice hat ‘would ave o be acl before Poul joined the Cosusiy Ava te ful, he Commision refsed to recommend detailed timetble fora ‘eon, athough Portugal prestd fora Community deadie of Tansy 1, 1983, The fact that abstanve negation di ot pt ues way ett 1580 finaly convinced Pongal of he ulikeinood as gang ety only thee yeas te ‘Mean, both sides signed «supplementary protocol revise xistngblateral agreements and concluded generous peaceston at ance package for Portugal. The nd agteetiet. which entered lao force on January 1, 1981, Soup to usa Porngal'evetual igre tin into th Community by providing funds to help moons he un. tuys economy, In pais, the Commnity earmarked money for plethora projects the indus, arial and ihe sector ‘ella for infastructrl provement an reload evelopment? ‘The EC-Porugal ld agreement wer welome evidence of the CCommniy's commitment to eventual enlargement, especialy after he politcal ror riggered by French President Ciseard d'Evtung in Tone 40. tnx speach to French farmec” leaders in Para, Gincand toae that cspecally In view of he Been budgetary Guest, should give priory completing the Birt nl ge tng anatbst. The presgens office later sated his remarks to apy ‘hem fo Sain and Poapal, otto Greece. Other mnber sate ited Uhemselves fiom Giscard's statement, although. German, Caancllo Ssh sppotd his end by declaring shorty afterward tt "wiht te indpnsableajustnents tits great pic and withoat «more tulanced ctibation of wardens the Comaaty cannot finance th asks ich face ins expansion seahwards."= ‘Spin and Portugal reacted with predictable oaage. Bue key to ‘Gica's statement yin is ing and ie tadense Wit presidental lection st than a year aay, Gcardpaneted fo French frets boverfl znd ood consuenc. He may ss have hoped to pte Bat ‘Prime Minister Thatcher, who strongly supported Portuese secession