Tap 79 - So 3 Nam 2011

HOG
f,
NGHE
I
AND TECHNOLOGY
0t llfl il[NH lll
Tai lieu chia se tai: wWw.SinhHoc.edu.vn
a0 ctno DUC vA DAo rAo
DAI HQC THAI NGUYEN
T+p ehi KHOA HQC vn C6NG NGHE
Journal of Science and Technology
- tdng bi6n tAp:
- Ph6 tdng bi6n tAp Thrrdng tn/c:
- Ph6 Tdng bi6n tAp:
- Trtt'&ng Ban bi6n tAp:
- Thtr ky Tda soan:
GS.TS. ru
QUANG
HrdN
PGS.TS. CHU HOANG MAU
PGS.TS. TRAN THI VIOT TRUNG
az(
THS. Ltr TIEN DUNG
THS. DOAN OTJC UAT
TOA SOAN: Dai hoc Thr4i NguyOn, phudng TAn Thinh, thdnh phd Th6i NguyOn'
Tel. 02 8 0. 3 8 402 8 8. Fax. 0280. 3852665
*
E-mail: tapchikhcn.dhtn@
gmail'com'
Gia,y ph6p Hoat dQng biio chi s6 1ZI)1GP-BTTTT, ngiry 261812010 cira BQ truong BQ Thong tin - Truyd-n^th0ng'
rn ioir .udn, iap zzior)nqdm 20rr taiNhh in eao ihat Nguyen. In xong vh nop luu chidu thi4ng 0V20ll.
Bin dien tir tham khio iai rrang Web cira Trung ram Hoc 1i0u Dai hoc Th6i Nguyon: http://www'lrc-tnu-edu.vn
THE LE GTII BAI
Tap chi Khoa hgc vd C6ng nghQ Dai hoc Th6i Nguy6n thucrng xuyOn nhAn ddng
nhirng Ual Uao cua cdn bQ gidng d4y. can.bQ.nghien
9YY
ud.6:
illkhoa
hQc'..trong vir
ngouiDui hoo Th6i Nguy6n nhdm cdng bd kt qua nghidn ctlu, bhi t6ng quan hodc nhirng
thbng tin trao C6i ttruqc mgi linh vuc khoa hoc c6ng nghQ. Sau ddy ld the 1 gui bdi cho Toa
soan:
1. T4p chi chi nhAn ddng nhirng bai b6o khoa hoc chua c6ng bd tr6n c6c b5o. t4p chi
khoa hgc trong nr.rcrc vd qudc t6.
2. Bai b6o khoa h'c co thti v_it bing titing ViQt ho4c ti6ng Anh.
. .. i .,
3. Khi n6p cho roa so4n. m5i Uai b6o can duoc in thdnh hai b6n trn giAy A+. kem theo
dia CD.
4. CAu trirc bai b6o.
4.1. TOn bai b6o.
4.2. Ho tOn tac gid hoqc nhom ttrc gia, co quan cdng t6c.
4.3. M5i bdi bA; khdng ddi qu6 5 trang
(khoang 3.000 tu). Trong bdi b6o, o nhirng nQi
dung tac gi6 da
lham
khdo hoAc su dpng_k*i*, n.elrin .P
lit,::.
tdi liCu khoa hoc kh6c, cAn
danh dAl tang sd (dat trong m6c r.u6ng
tl) -
ld sd thu tg cua tdi liQu xp trong danh mgc tdi liOu
tham khao
4.4. Torn tirt n6i dung bdi b6o: tOi tneu i50 tir bang ti6ng Vit va duoc dich sang tiOng
Anh (k ca riu AC Uai b6o;,,dtroi muc tom t6t ti6ng Vit co "Tir khoa"; duoi tom tdt ti6ng
Anh co
"'Key
words" (t6i thi6u 05 tu hodc cum tu).
4.5. TAi li6u tham kh6o:
- TLTK sip xp theo vAn A,B,C, tdi liQu titlng nu6c ngodi kh6ng phiOn 6m, kh6ng
dich.
- DOi vcyi tdc gia la ngudi Viqt Nam x6p theo thir tg A, B, C theo ftn (kh6ng dAo t6n
len trtroc ho).
- Ddi voi tac gia la ngtrdi nu6c ngodi x6p theo
lhu
tg A, B, C theo hp.
,,
- D6i vcri nhirng tai liOu khdng co t6n tac giit xOp thu tU A, B, C cua tir dau ti6n lOn c<v
quan ban hanh tdi liQu (vi duiB0 Gi6o dgc vd Ddo t4o x6p vAn B)'
TLTK la s6ch. lufln 6:n cAn ghi ddy du cdc thong tin theo thu tu: tn t6c gia hodc co quan ban
lrdnh.
Nam
xuAt ban). ftn sdch,Nhd xudt bdn. noi xudt ban.
TLTK ld bdi bao hoflc bai trong mQt cudn s6ch... cAn ghi dAy du c6c th6ng.tin.theo thfr
tu: T6n tac gia. (NAm cdng b6), "TOn biri b6o", TAn
Mp
chi hoQc sdch, Tdp, (56), c6c s6
trang
(gach ngang giira2 chir s6).
5.Hinh thfrc trinh bay:
- Ngoai.phAl tieu d6, t6c gia va tom tit bdi b6.o (dAu tr4ngl) vd Summary
(cu6i bdi).
bdi b6o yeu .A,, phai trinh bdy tr6n kh6 ,A4 theo chidu doc. dugc chia 02 c6t v6i c6c th6ng
s6 Pagesetup cu th6 nhu sau:Top:3.1cm, Bottom: 3.1cm, Left: 3.0cm. Right: 2.8cm,
Header: 2.85cm, Footer: 2.85cm, With:7.25cm, Spacing:0.8cm. TOn bai b6o cO 12' chir in
d6m: 10i dung bai b6o cd I 1; Font chir Unicode; hinh v6, dd thi trinh bdy phu hqp voi dQ
ron-s cdt
(7
.25 cn-r); c6c bdng biu qu6 l6n trinh bay tlreo trang ngang (Landscape)'
- D6i vcyi c6c bai b6o i.O frle" bdng cdc phAn mdm chuy6n dpng nhu Latex, ACD/Chem
Sketch hodc Science Helper for Word cfrng trinh bdy theo khudn dang n6u trOn.
6. Ndu bdi b6o kh6ng ducyc su dung. Ban biOn tap kh6ng tra l4i bAn th6o.
7. Titc gia hoac tac giachfnh trong nhom t6c giA cAn gni Aia chi, s6 di6n tho4i vdo cu6i
A^
BAN BIEN TAP
o soT Tp ch Khoa hc v Cng ngh

Chuyn
mc
Mc lc Trang
KHOA
HC
X
HI
NHN
VN
-
KINH
T
-
KHOA
HC
GIO
DC
-
THNG
TIN
TRAO
I
NG THU NGA - Vai tr th hin tnh lch s trong hnh vi ngn ng xin php ca tr t
ting Vit

3
NGUYN THNH LM - Dy hc on trch Vnh bit cu trng i - kch V Nh T
ca Nguyn Huy Tng theo c trng th loi

9
DNG TH HUYN - a v cao ca ngi ph n trong x hi Ai Cp c i 17
LNG TH HNH - Th cng t tin v cc thn che ch gia nh ca ngi Ty Bc Kn
23
NG NGC LINH - nh hng v tc ng ca tm thng u tranh du kch chng ch
khng b trn cn c a Bc Sn - V Nhai i vi cch mng Vit Nam

29
TRN CH THIN, NGUYN TH THU H - Gii php ch yu ci thin mi trng u t
trn a bn tnh Bc Kn

35
TRN NH TUN - S xut nhm gii quyt vn nhim mi trng ti cc lng ngh
tnh Bc Ninh

39
C BNH, NGUYN TIN LONG - Mt s kin v cht lng tng trng kinh t
Vit Nam di gc hiu qu v nng lc cnh tranh ca nn kinh t

45
NG XUN HONG - Thc trng lao ng v vic lm trong cc h nng dn huyn Ph
Lng tnh Thi Nguyn

51
NGUYN TH HNG YN, TRN PHM VN CNG - Pht trin sn phm dch v
ngn hng ti Chi nhnh Ngn hng u t v pht trin (BIDV)H Giang

59
THI TH THU TRANG, M PHNG LAN - Hon thin h thng bo co ti chnh hp
nht ti tp on FPT

67
NGUYN TH YN, VN GIAI - Pht trin nng nghip, nng thn vi gim ngho tnh
Thi Nguyn

77
NGUYN TH LAN ANH, NGUYN VN ANH - Vn ho v mi trng kinh doanh ca
doanh nghip

83
HONG TH M HNH - Nhng yu t tc ng n s pht trin Kinh t - X hi tnh Thi
Nguyn

89
NG HUY NGN - Qun tr ri ro trong u t chng khon 93
V XUN HNG, TRNG I C - Thc tp s phm v thc trng nng lc s phm
ca i ng gio vin dy ngh

99
L TH THU HNG - Phn ha ni dung dy hc mn Ton Tiu hc 105
V XUN HNG - Mt s vn v thc trng rn luyn nng lc dy hc trong thc tp s
phm ca sinh vin cc trng i hc S phm K thut

111
NGUYN TH QU - Hiu qu ca phng php dy hc giao tip i vi kh nng s dng
ting anh ca sinh vin nm th hai trng i hc Khoa hc, i hc Thi Nguyn
117
TRN THU HNG, NGUYN XUN TRNG, TRN THANH VN, CHU
HONG MU - Mt s xut pht trin chng trnh o to thc s ca i hc Thi
Nguyn

123
NGUYN B DNG, NGC HANH - Pht trin t duy l lun nng tm nhn thc
cho sinh vin v con ng i ln ch ngha x hi nc ta

129
NG TH LAN ANH - S tip bin khi nim Tm trong pht gio Vit Nam v nhng biu
hin ca n trong i sng o c ngi Vit Nam

133
NGUYN TH GM - Li sng ca n ging vin tr i hc Thi Nguyn i vi qun o
thi trang

139
PHM TH THANH MAI - nh hng v gii php y mnh pht trin nng lng ti to
cho pht in Vit Nam

145
NGUYN TH PHNG NGA - Khai thc ti nguyn du lch Vn Quc gia Ba B phc
v mc ch du lch sinh thi

153
NGUYN C HNH - Nghin cu ging dy phn vn hc a phng ti mt s tnh min
ni pha Bc Vit Nam - thc trng v gii php

161

79 (03)
Nm 2011
o soT Tp ch Khoa hc v Cng ngh

Category Content Page
SOCIAL SCIENCE
AND HUMANITY
-
ECONOMICS
-
educational
science
-
Information &
communication

NGO THUY NGA - The role of the politeness of vietnamese supporting words in the
linguistic behavior to ask someone
s permission

3
NGUYEN THANH LAM - Teaching extract "vnh bit cu trng i" - drama "V Nh T"
- Nguyen Huy Tuong by feature categories

9
DUONG THI HUYEN - High status of women in ancient egypt society
17
LUONG THI HANH - The practice of worshiping ancestors and the gods protecting the
families of the tay people in Bac Kan, Viet Nam

23
NGO NGOC LINH - The impacts and influences of first eight months of guerrilla fighting
against enemy offensive at Bac Son base Vo Nhai on Viet Nams revolution

29
TRAN CHI THIEN, NGUYEN THI THU HA - Basic solutions to the improvement of
investment environment in Bac Kan province

35
TRAN DINH TUAN - Proposals to solve environmental pollution problems in conventional
craft production villages in Bac Ninh province

39
DO DUC BINH, NGUYEN TIEN LONG - The quality of vietnam economic growth rate
under the view point of the economic effectiveness and competitve capability of the economy

45
NGO XUAN HOANG - The current status on labors and working in farmers household of
Phu Luong dicstrict, Thai Nguyen province

51
NGUYEN THI HONG YEN, TRAN PHAM VAN CUONG - Development of bank products
and services at bank for investment and development of Viet Nam - Ha Giang branch

59
THAI THI THU TRANG, DAM PHUONG LAN - Improving the system of consolidated
financial statements in FPT Corporation

67
NGUYEN THI YEN, DO VAN GIAI - Development of agriculture, rural with poverty
reduction in Thai Nguyen province

77
NGUYEN THI LAN ANH, NGUYEN VAN ANH - Culture and business environment of
the business

83
HOANG THI MY HANH - The impact factors to the economic development social
Thai Nguyen

89
DANG HUY NGAN - Risk management in stock market

93
VU XUAN HUNG, TRUONG DAI DUC - Pedagogical practice and teachers' capacity
status of teachers of vocational training

99
LE THI THU HUONG

- Differentiating mathematics content at primary school 105
VU XUAN HUNG - Some issues on the status of teaching competence in the pedagogical
practice of students of universities technical pedagogic

111
NGUYEN THI QUE - The effects of communicative approach on the performance in
english of the selected sophomore students of College of Siences Thai Nguyen University
117
TRAN THU HUONG, NGUYEN XUAN TRUONG, TRAN THANH VAN, CHU
HOANG MAU - Some proposed of master curriculum development in Thai Nguyen
University

123
NGUYEN BA DUONG, DO NGOC HANH - Develop theoretical thinking to raise
students wareness of the path to socialism of our country

129
NGO THI LAN ANH - The adoption and adaptation of the concept tam in vietnamese
buddhism and how it reveals in the Vietnameses moral life

133
NGUYEN THI GAM - Lifestyle of young female lecturers of Thai Nguyen University
towards fashion clothing

139
PHAM THI THANH MAI - Orientation and solutions to developing renewable energy for
power in Viet Nam

145
NGUYEN THI PHUONG NGA - tourism resource exploitation in ba b national park
purpose for ecotourism

153
NGUYEN DUC HANH - study on teaching local literature at some mountainous provinces
in the north vietnam - current situation and solutions

161

79(03)
Nm 2011
Ng Thy Nga Tp ch KHOA HC & CNG NGH 79(03): 3 - 7

3

VAI TR TH HIN TNH LCH S TRONG HNH VI NGN NG
XIN PHP CA TR T TING VIT

Ng Thu Nga
*

Trng i hc S phm - H Thi Nguyn

TM TT
Tr t ting Vit c vai tr quan trng trong vic to nn tnh uyn chuyn trong pht ngn, nng
cao hiu lc pht ngn. Lch s l yu t lun c mt trong lnh vc giao tip bng ngn ng.
Hnh vi ngn ng xin php l mt trong nhng hnh vi ngn ng c s dng ph bin trong
hot ng giao tip ca ngi Vit. Cc pht ngn thc hin hnh vi ngn ng xin php mang tnh
lch s nh s c mt ca mt s tr t nh: , nh, vi Nhng tr t ny c gi tr th hin s
l php, knh trng bc l s tn trng ngi nghe khi xin php, ng thi to nn khng kh
giao tip gn gi, thn mt, lch s.
T kho: Tr t ting Vit; Tnh lch s; Hnh vi ngn ng xin php

1. Tr t ting Vit
*

Tr t ting Vit c vai tr quan trng trong
s h tr cho hot ng giao tip ca ngi
Vit. Tr t gp phn to nn tnh uyn
chuyn trong pht ngn.
Tr t l t biu th thi . N khng lm
phn , phn thuyt ca nng ct, khng lm
chnh t, ph t ca ng. N l mt yu t
thng c gia thm vo cho cu biu th
s ngc nhin, nghi ng, ma mai, vui mng,
l php, hay s khng nh c bit.[6; tr72]
Tr t l t thuc lp t tnh thi, khng
m nhn chc v c php trong cu, c s
dng trong pht ngn biu th mt s
ngha nh: thi , tnh cm, s nh gi,
ca ngi ni i vi ni dung pht ngn, i
vi hin thc v/hay i vi ngi i thoi,
hoc tham gia biu th cc mc ch ca
pht ngn.[4; tr71]
Tr t: T chuyn dng thm vo cho
cu, biu th thi ca ngi ni, nh ngc
nhin, nghi ng, ma mai, vui mng v.v,
, nh, v.v l nhng tr t trong ting
Vit.[5; tr1045]
Qua cc nh ngha trn ta thy c mt im
chung m cc nh nghin cu thng nht v
tr t l n biu th thi , tnh cm, s nh
gi ca ngi ni.

*
Tel: 0912138870
Trong thc t, cc tr t khng th xut hin
c lp m phi tn ti trong mi trng pht
ngn. Trong mt pht ngn, ngoi li ni
dung lgic th cn c nhng thng tin v
tnh cm, thi , yu cu, nguyn vngca
ngi ni, mi quan h gia ngi ni vi
ngi ngheNhng thng tin ny mt phn
c th hin trong pht ngn nh cc tr t.
Tr t phn nh thi , tnh cm ca ngi
ni trong pht ngn. Do , vic s dng tr
t mt cch hp l trong hi thoi s gp phn
ng k vo s thnh cng ca hot ng giao
tip. Tr t l mt trong nhng yu t quan
trng khng th vng mt khi cc i ngn
mun nng cao hiu lc pht ngn. Tr t
gp phn th hin c mi quan h gia
nhng ngi tham gia giao tip, s nh gi,
nhn xt v v th x hi, tui tc, trnh , s
thn thinca ngi ni vi ngi nghe.
2. Lch s l yu t thng xuyn c mt
trong i sng con ngi, nht l trong
lnh vc giao tip bng ngn ng.
Lch s:
* C thi nh nhn, l khi tip xc, ph
hp vi quan nim php tc x giao ca x
hi. Ni nng lch s.
* p mt cch sang v nh. Cn phng lch
s. n mc lch s. [5; tr566]
Cc nh vn ho thuc nhiu dn tc khc
nhau quan nim lch s l hnh vi x hi
c l hay l php x giao trong hnh vi vn
ho. [1;tr100]

4
Lch s trc ht l vn vn ho, mang
tnh c th ca tng nn vn ho. X hi no
cng phi lch s, c iu ci g lch s, n
mc no c coi l lch s, biu hin no
l lch s li b qui nh bi ring ca tng
nn vn ho.[3; tr282]
Ni nng lch s l cch ng x ngn ng
kho lo, t nh, nhm trnh xc phm hay p
t, lm tng s va lng i vi ngi i
thoi t c hiu qu giao tip cao nht.
ng thi lch s trong giao tip cn l cch
ng x ph hp vi nhng chun mc giao
tip x hi, th hin s tn trng v th bc,
tn ti, a v, tui tc, gii tnhca ngi i
thoi. Tt c cc kha cnh ni trn kt hp hi
ho vi nhau hnh thnh nn ni dung khi
nim lch s trong giao tip ca ting Vit.
Cc i tng khc nhau trong i sng x
hi c th biu th tnh lch s khc nhau.
Chng hn: ni nng lch s; n mc lch s;
cn phng lch s
Trong phm vi bi ny, ngi vit ch cp
n mt kha cnh nh ca phm vi ni nng
lch s.
3. Hnh vi ngn ng l loi hnh vi c
thc hin khi cc bn tham gia giao tip to
ra mt pht ngn trong cuc thoi giao tip.
Hnh vi xin php l hnh vi ngn ng tn ti
trong mi trng mt cuc thoi xin php.
Trong hnh vi xin php c cc nhn t nh:
ngi ni, ngi nghe, ng t xin php,
hnh ng (A) no m ngi ni xut
v mong mun c thc hin. Mi nhn t
c mt vai tr nht nh nh: ngi ni
(ngi xin php), ngi nghe (ngi c xin
php), ngi ni dng ng t xin php c
thc hin mt hnh ng no trong tng
lai hng ti mt mc ch giao tip nht
nh, ngi nghe c trch nhim hi p hnh
vi xin php ca ngi ni.
VD
1
: Em xin php thy cho em vo lp.
V d trn l mt pht ngn xin php gm c
danh t ch ngi ni (em - hc sinh), danh t
ch ngi nghe (thy gio), ng t ng vi
(xin php), hnh ng (A) (vo lp).
Hnh vi xin php l mt hnh vi ngn ng
trong ngi ni (ch th ca hnh vi xin
php) l ngi trc tip xut hnh vi xin
php hng n ngi nghe (ngi tip nhn
hnh vi xin php) nhm t ti hai mc
ch c th: 1.Thc hin mt hnh ng A
no trong tng lai (hnh ng A c th
c thc hin trc tip bi ngi ni hoc
c thc hin bi ngi th ba) v 2. Th
hin php lch s hoc phn lch s (ma mai,
chm chc) trong giao tip. [2; tr45]
VD
2
:
Sp
1
(Speaker 1 - ngi ni 1): Xin php quan
ln cho con v.
Sp
2
(Speaker 2 - ngi ni 2): Anh v u?
Sp
1
: D, con xin v tnh.
Sp
2
: c.
(Trch Tiu thuyt Nguyn Cng Hoan tp
1; tr 304)
Hnh vi ngn ng xin php c ch l thuyt
phc ngi nghe ng h, to iu kin cho
mnh (ngi ni) hoc cho ngi th ba thc
hin hnh ng A. ch ca hnh vi ngn ng
xin php rt a dng. Tu ng cnh, tnh
hung giao tip m hnh vi ngn ng xin
php hng n nhng mc ch giao tip
khc nhau. Phn ln cc cuc thoi xin php
c mc ch l: xin php c thc hin A
trong tng lai.
VD
3
:
Sp
1
: Xin php Trng khoa cho ti c n
mun 5 pht trong cuc hp ti nay.
Sp
2
: Vng, nhng ng mun hn na nh.
Trong on thoi trn, ch ca hnh vi xin
php ca ngi ni l mun ngi nghe cho
php mnh n mun 5 pht so vi gi quy
nh ca cuc hp.
VD
4
:
Sp
1
: Nh con b mt, xin ng cho php con
hon n hm sau.
Sp
2
: Anh c v chm sc ch, chuyn sang c
Nguyn khng cn vi, chm mt vi ngy
cng khng sao m.
1; tr523).
Trong on thoi ny, ch ca hnh vi xin
php ca ngi ni l mun ngi nghe cho
php mnh hon vic sang c Nguyn
n hm sau.

5
Theo o Nguyn Phc, c ti trn 90%
cuc thoi xin php c bn cht nh trn.
Ngoi ra, c nhng khi ngi ni xin php
ngi nghe nhm th hin php lch s vi
ngi nghe, tn trng ngi nghe, ng thi
cng l tn trng chnh th din ca mnh.
VD
5
:
Sp
1
: Xin php cc bn, mnh v trc.
Sp
2
: Cu thng cm nh, mnh ang d cu
chuyn.
Sp
1
: Khng sao u, cc bn c t nhin.
Ngc li, c tnh hung ngi ni c tnh s
dng chch ch vn c ca hnh vi ngn ng
y t ra thiu lch s vi ngi nghe.
VD
6
:
Sp
1
: Xin php ch i, ti n y khng phi
ly nc cho ch
Sp
2
: Sao ch li ni th, y l em nh ch.
Sp
1
: Nh m ni th ?
Sp
2
: Em xin li.
tng trng hp khc nhau, ngi ni xin
php ngi nghe to iu kin cho ngi th
ba thc hin hnh ng A trong tng lai.
(Ngi th ba c th c mt, cng c th
vng mt trong cuc thoi).
VD
7
(Ngi th ba c mt bn cnh Sp
1

trong cuc thoi)
Sp
1
: Bc i, chu xin bc cho bn Mai i bo
tng vi chu .
Sp
2
: i by gi ?
Sp
1
: Vng, chng chu i n 11 gi tra th
v .
Sp
2
: Hai a phi v ng gi nh!
VD
8
(Ngi th ba vng mt khi Sp
1
a ra
hnh vi xin php)
Sp
1
: Xin php thy cho bn Lan vo lp
mum .
Sp
2
: Bn Lan u m em phi xin php h?
Sp
1
: Bn y ang nhn tin hc bng Ti v .
Sp
2
: Em ngi xung.
Cc tnh hung ni trn u l cc hnh vi xin
php dng tng minh. Ngoi ra, trong thc
t cn c hnh vi xin php nguyn cp (khng
c mt ng t xin php m c thay bng
cc t ng khc nhau nh: v php, mn
php, trm php). Hnh vi xin php nguyn
cp xt v bn cht ni dung ng php v
mc ch ca ngi ni vn c gi tr nh
hnh vi xin php tng minh.
VD
9
:
Sp
1
: Ti v php hai cu nh!
Sp
2
: Khng sao, mi cu c v trc.
1; tr 275)
VD
10
:
Sp
1
: Con mn php quan ln cho con bt 10
phu tng Tm Phng ng lm ch y.
Sp
2
: Thi th v dn cc thy c liu.
1; tr 243).
VD
11
:
Sp1: Ly thy, con c ngi bn c chn ngh
trng, con trm php r anh con vo cho
thy nghe bnh vn, xin thy rng cho.
Sp
2
: c, hai thy ngi.
1; tr 491).
4. Tr t l mt trong nhng yu t ngn
ng gia tng hiu qu giao tip v to tnh
lch s trong hnh vi xin php ca ngi ni.
Tr t c kh nng gip cho li ni t nh,
khng th l, cc cn; th hin r mc ch
pht ngn v tm trng ca ngi ni khi pht
ngn; ngi nghe c c s lnh hi chnh xc
s nguyn ca ngi ni.
Truyn thng ca ngi Vit Nam khi gio
tip l tn trng ngi c v th cao hn
mnh. l cch ng x c vn ho, lch s
v rt c coi trng. Hnh vi xin php ca
ngi ni nhiu khi phi vin ti s c mt
ca nhng tr t c gi tr l php, knh trng
th hin s tn trng ngi nghe khi xin
php. Tr t ting Vit c nhiu vai tr khc
nhau khi xut hin trong pht ngn. Th hin
tnh lch s trong hnh vi ngn ng xin php
thng tp trung mt s tr t nht nh.
- : Th hin s knh trng, l php ca
ngi ni vi ngi nghe c v th cao hn v
tui tc, a v x hi; Th hin s thn tnh
gia ngi ni v ngi nghe.

6
- Nh: Biu th tnh cm thn mt ca ngi
ni vi ngi nghe vi mong mun li ni
ca mnh c ch hoc mong mun ngi
nghe ng vi kin ca mnh.
Vi: Biu th cu khin vi thi thn
mt hoc tha thit ca ngi ni vi ngi
nghe.
VD
12
:
Sp
1
: Chu xin php b, chu i hc y .
Sp
2
: n gi i hc cha?
Sp
1
: n gi ri .
Sp
2
: Chu i ng cn thn nh!
VD
13
:
Sp
1
: Xin php cu cho con v qu t ba .
Sp
2
: Anh v c vic g?
Sp
1
: D Vic ny
Sp
2
: Kh ni th sao?
Sp
1
: D con nh cc chu qu.
Sp
2
: Tri t ti ng , nhng anh phi
thu xp ln sm, ngy kia li c chuyn hng
t Lng Sn xung ri.
Sp
1
: Vng, con ha ch hai ngy l con ln
i nhn hng.
(Trch Truyn ngn hay 1992 nxb Hi
nh vn, HN, tr91).
cc v d trn, gi s vng mt tr t
(Chu xin php b, chu i hc y; Xin php
cu cho con v qu t ba) ta s thy mt hn
i phng tin biu th tha knh trng, l
php ca ngi ni i vi ngi nghe.
VD
14
:
Sp
1
: Ngy mai b v qu. Con xin php b m
cho con i vi b nh!
Sp
2
: Ngy kia phi ln th 2 i hc y.
Sp
1
: Vng .
v d ny, nu khng c mt t nh (Con
xin php b m cho con i vi b) th cng
khng c phng tin biu th tnh cm thn
mt ca ngi ni vi ngi nghe vi mong
mun ngi nghe ng vi kin ca mnh.
VD
15
:
Sp
1
: Ch l
Sp
2
: Ti l c rut ca chu X nm phng
ny.
Sp
1
: Xin php ch cho ti vo thm chu vi!
Sp
2
: Ch phi i c ngi ra mi c vo.
Khng vo ng c u.
Sp
2
: Vng.
v d ny, nu khng c t vi (Xin php
ch cho ti vo thm chu) th ngha cu
khin vi thi tha thit ca ngi ni i
vi ngi nghe khng c bc l.
Ngoi cc chc nng ng dng ca cc tr t
, nh, vi c lm r cc v d
trn, cc tr t ny cn c kh nng th hin
ngha cu khin, nghi vn...
Cng vi tr t , nh, vi va nu
trn, cc tr t khc nh , , nh
cng c gi tr th hin s knh trng, l php
gp phn to nn tnh lch s cho pht ngn.
Tr t c mt trong hnh vi xin php lm cho
thi , tnh cm ca ngi ni th hin trong
pht ngn tr nn t nh, hm n, c sc
truyn cm cao lm cho ngi nghe d dng
tip nhn pht ngn, ng thi to nn mt
khng kh giao tip gn gi, thn mt, lch s
v c tnh vn ho truyn thng.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Nguyn Thin Gip (2000), Dng hc Vit
ng, Nxb HQG HN.
[2]. o Nguyn Phc (2007), Lch s trong on
thoi xin php ca ting Vit, Lun n Tin s Ng
vn, Vin Ngn ng hc- Vin KHXH VN HN.
[3]. Hu Chu (2001), i cng ngn ng
hc, tp 2, Ng dng hc, Nxb Gio dc HN.
[4]. Phm Hng Vit (2003), Tr t trong ting
Vit hin i, Nxb Khoa hc x hi,HN
[5]. Vin Ngn ng hc (2000), T in Ting
Vit, Nxb Nng Trung tm T in hc.
[6]. y ban KHXH VN (1983), Ng php
ting Vit, Nxb KHXH, HN.


7

SUMMARY
THE ROLE OF THE POLITENESS OF VIETNAMESE SUPPORTING WORDS
IN THE LINGUISTIC BEHAVIOR TO ASK SOMEONE
S PERMISSION

Ngo Thuy Nga
*
College of Education Thai Nguyen University

Vietnamese supporting words have played an important role in creating the flexibility of speech
and improving its effectiveness. Politeness always presents in the communicative process of
language. Asking someones permission is one of the most common linguistic behaviors in the
communication of Vietnamese people. The speech carries out the linguistic behavior to ask
someones permission politely due to the presence of several supporting words such as , nh,
vi, and so on. These words are available to express the politeness and the respect to listeners,
and also create a friendly and outgoing communicative environment.
Key words: Vietnamese supporting words; The politeness; The linguistic behavior to ask
someones permission

*
Tel: 0912138870
Nguyn Vn Ho v cs Tp ch KHOA HC & CNG NGH 79(03): 35 - 38

8

Nguyn Thnh Lm Tp ch KHOA HC & CNG NGH 79(03): 9 - 16

9

DY HC ON TRCH VNH BIT CU TRNG I - KCH V NH T
CA NGUYN HUY TNG THEO C TRNG TH LOI

Nguyn Thnh Lm
*
S Gio dc v o to tnh Qung Ninh

TM TT
Tc phm kch c nhng c im khc bit so vi cc th loi vn hc khc. Thc t nh trng
cho thy vic dy hc th loi kch gp nhiu kh khn hn so vi cc th loi vn hc khc. a s
gio vin dy nh sch hng dn, cha bit la chn nhng kin thc c bn, bi ging cha ph
hp vi i tng hc sinh, tham kin thc m cha p dng l thuyt loi th, dn n hng th
hc vn ca hc sinh cha c pht huy. Chnh nhng biu hin nu trn lm cho vic dy hc
kch bn vn hc trng THCS, THPT cha mang li hiu qu cao.
Nhng lu khi dy hc v thit k gio n th nghim on trch Vnh bit Cu Trng i
kch V Nh T ca Nguyn Huy Tng l mt minh chng r nt cho phng php tip cn
dy hc tc phm vn chng theo c trng th loi.
T kha: Dy hc, kch, th loi

T VN
*

Trong chng trnh Ng vn Trung hc c s
v Trung hc ph thng, vn bn kch chim
t l rt khim tn so vi vn bn vn hc
khc. Tm l ph bin ca i sng vn hc
nh trng l t quan tm n kch bn vn
hc. Kinh nghim thng thc kch hn ch,
ti liu vit v kch khng nhiu, vn bn kch
l loi vn bn c nhng nt c th ring.
Nh chng ta bit, kch c ging dy
trong nh trng khng phi vi tnh cht l
mt loi hnh ngh thut. Chng ta ging dy
kch trn phng din vn hc, nhng kch
khng n thun ging nh t s bi n l
mn ngh thut tng hp, n c mi quan h
vi sn khu nh hnh vi bng. Vic thng
thc mt tc phm thuc th loi kch khng
ging vi mi tc phm vn hc khc.
Tip cn tc phm vn chng, ngi c,
ngi hc c th i theo nhiu con ng
khc nhau. Mc ch cui cng l lm sao t
c hiu qu tip nhn cao nht. Cc nh
nghin cu vn hc ch ra rng: Mt trong
nhng phng php tip cn c hiu qu l
dy c - hiu tc phm vn chng theo c
trng th loi.
Trong bi V vn ging dy tc phm vn
hc theo loi th ca cun Vn ging

*
Tel: 0982856686
dy tc phm vn hc theo loi th tc gi
Trn Thanh m ch n ba th loi vn
hc ln: T s, tr tnh, kch. Tc gi khng
nh Nh vn sng tc theo loi th th
ngi c cng cm th theo loi th v
ngi dy cng ging dy theo loi th.
Chng trnh THPT a vo ba tc phm
kch, trong kch ca tc gi Vit Nam
chim s lng l hai. C th l: lp 10
trch Tnh yu v th hn kch Rm
v Giuliet ca Uyliam Schxpia; lp 11,
on trch Vnh bit Cu Trng i kch
V Nh T ca Nguyn Huy Tng; lp
12, on trch Hn Trng Ba, da hng tht
kch ca Lu Quang V. Trong phm vi bi
vit ny, chng ti mun a ra mt bin
php thch hp nhm ging dy kch: Vnh
bit Cu Trng i trch V Nh T ca
Nguyn Huy Tng.
MT VI LU KHI DY KCH V
NH T
- Khai thc ngn ng, nhp iu kch:
+ Ngn ng kch c tnh tng hp cao (k,
miu t, bc l), nht l trong hi cui V
Nh T, nh vn ng thi khc ha tnh
cch, miu t tm trng, dn dt hnh ng,
xung t kch khin ngi c d dng hnh
dung c mt khng gian bo lc kinh hoong
trong mt nhp iu chng mt: L Tng
Dc b Ng Hch git cht, Hong hu nhy

10
vo la t vn (qua li k ca L Trung Mi);
Nguyn V t t bng dao (ngay trn sn
khu), an Thim sut b bn ni gim tht
c ngay ti ch; V Nh T ra php trng.
Ri ting nhic mc, chi ra, la , than khc,
mu, nc mt tt c hng hc nh trn
mt cho du si la bng khng l.
+ Nhp iu kch c to ra thng qua nhp
iu ca li ni hnh ng (nht l qua
khu kh, nhp iu, sc thi li ni hnh
ng ca an Thim V Nh T i p
vi nhau v vi phe i nghch; qua li ni
hnh ng ca nhng ngi khc trong vai
tr a tin, nhp iu ra, vo ca cc
nhn vt u v cui mi lp cc lp u
ngn, c nhng lp rt ngn: ch dm ba lt
thoi nh; nhng ting reo, ting tht, ting
ng di t hu trng phn nh cc din,
tnh hnh nguy cp, in o trong cc li ch
thch ngh thut hm sc ca tc gi.
- Ch yu t lch s: Vit mt v kch lch
s, V Nh T tt nhin da trn cc s liu:
s kin, nhn vt lch s, bi cnh lch s.
iu quan trng l khai thc vn dng cc s
liu y nh th no, sao cho ph hp vi yu
cu ca bi kch. V lch s c l gic v qui
lut ca n, tn khc, lnh lng. Ci li lch
s c nh vn khai thc y l cu
chuyn V Nh T xy Cu trng i cho L
Tng Dc (theo nh sch i Vit s k v
Vit s thng gim cng mc ghi li). i
xy dang d, ngi th ti hoa V Nh T
phi chu ci cht oan khc. y, gp
phn lm nn ci khung cnh v khng kh bi
trng ca lch s, tc gi t hnh ng
kch vo trong mt cung cm, nhiu nhn
vt kch l nhng nhn vt lch s. Nhiu tn
t tn ngi gn vi triu L ng nh li
ch thch sn khu ca tc gi: S vic trong
v kch xy ra Thng Long trong khong
thi gian t nm 1516 n nm 1517, di
triu L Tng Dc.
- Thc ti c phn nh trong bi kch theo
li c c cc mu thun bn trong, phi by
nhng xung t su sc ca thc ti di
dng bo ha v cng thng n cc mang
ngha tng trng ngh thut. Tc phm
thng t c gi trc nhng cu hi phc
tp, hc ba, nhc nhi ca cuc sng. Trong
li ta vit mt nm sau khi vit xong v
kch, chnh Nguyn Huy Tng cng khai
by t ni bn khon ca mnh: i Cu
Trng khng thnh, nn mng hay nn tic?
Chng bit V Nh T phi hay nhng k git
Nh T phi []. Than i, Nh T phi hay
nhng k git Nh T phi? Ta chng bit. Cm
bt chng qua cng mt bnh vi an Thim.
Cho n khi bi kch h mn, ngi xem vn
cha thy u cu tr li dt khot ca tc
gi. Ni ng hn ng nhng cu tr li cho
ngi c, ngi xem. Mu thun v tnh
khng dt khot trong cch gii quyt mu
thun ny c th hin tp trung trong hi
cui ca v kch. Cu Trng i sp v b
t chy, nhn dn trc sau vn khng hiu
g vic sng to ca ngh s, khng hiu ni
an Thim, V Nh T cng nh mng
ln ca hai nhn vt hin thn cho ti sc
ny. V pha khc, an Thim khng cu
c V Nh T v h V vn khng th,
khng bao gi hiu c vic lm ca qun
chng v ca phe cnh ni lon. Mu thun
m v bi kch nu ln thuc loi mu thun
khng bao gi v khng ai gii quyt cho tht
dt khot, n tha c, nht l trong thi i
V Nh T. Mu thun ny may ra c th gii
quyt c phn no tha ng khi m i
sng vt cht ca nhn dn tht bnh n, i
sng tinh thn; nhu cu v ci p trong x hi
c nng cao ln r rt. Mc du vy, ch
v nh hng t tng ca v kch vn c
pht trin tng i sng t. Mt mt, trn
quan im nhn dn, v kch ln n bo cha
tham quan, ng tnh vi vic dn chng ni
dy tr dit chng; nhng mt khc, trn tinh
thn nhn vn, v kch ca ngi nhng nhn
cch ngh s chn chnh v ti hoa nh V
Nh T, nhng tm lng yu qu ngh thut
n mc qun mnh nh an Thim.
y l ch c th hin ch yu qua
mu thun th hai ca v kch: mu thun
gia nim kht khao hin dng tt c cho
ngh thut ca ngi ngh s m chm trong
m mng vi li ch trc tip v thit thc
ca i sng nhn dn. V Nh T l mt ti
nng nhng chnh v khng gii quyt c
mu thun gia ngh thut v cuc sng nn
ng tht bi.

11
- Xc nh c mt quan nim ngh thut
ng n: Ngh thut khng th ng cao hn
cuc sng, ngi ngh s phi ng v pha
nhn dn, chng li ci c, ci xu, ng thi
phi sng tc nhng tc phm phc v cho
nhn dn c mt cht lng v gi tr lu di.
THIT K GIO N TH NGHIM DY
HC KCH "V NH T" CA NGUYN
HUY TNG (TRCH HI V)
A. Mc cn t:
- Hiu c bi kch ca ngi ngh s ti
nng, giu hoi bo v thi cm thng
trn trng ca nh vn i vi h.
- Thy c nt c sc trong ngh thut kch
ca Nguyn Huy Tng.
Trong trng tm kin thc l:
+ Xung t kch, din bin tm trng, tnh
cch, bi kch ca V Nh T v an Thim
trong hi V.
+ Thi ngng m, trn trng ca tc gi
i vi nhng ngh s tm huyt v ti nng
nhng phi chu s phn bi thm.
- K nng: c hiu mt trch on kch bn
vn hc theo c trng th loi.
- Thi : Trn trng, cm thng vi nhng
ngi ngh s tr thc c ti nng, hoi bo
ln nh V Nh T.
B. Phng tin thc hin: SGK 11- tp 1,
Chng trnh chun - NXB Gio dc, 2007,
video clip kch V Nh T, my chiu....
C. Phng php tin hnh: S dng cc
phng php nh c phn vai, xy dng h
thng li gi dn phi hp vi phng php
phn tch, bnh ging, so snh lm ni bt
gi tr ni dung v ngh thut ca on trch
cng nh tc phm.
D. Tin trnh dy hc:
Hot ng ca thy - tr Ni dung
Gio vin hi hc sinh da vo phn tiu
dn: Nu nhng nt tiu biu v cuc i
Nguyn Huy Tng, v tr ca ng trong nn
vn hc hin i? K tn nhng sng tc ca
Nguyn Huy Tng v cho bit cc sng tc
y bc l phong cch ngh thut no?
I. Tm hiu chung
1.Tc gi: Nguyn Huy Tng

Gio vin b sung v nhn mnh mt s im
ct li:

+ Nguyn Huy Tng (1912 - 1960), qu
huyn T Sn, tnh Bc Ninh (nay thuc
ng Anh - H Ni).
+ L ngi c thin hng r rt v ti
lch s v thnh cng hn c th loi kch
v tiu thuyt.
+ Trc cch mng, ng l nh vn tin b
yu nc, sau cch mng ng l mt trong
nhng nh vn c cng u trong vic xy
dng nn vn hc mi. L nh vn c thc
cao v trch nhim ca ngi ngh s i vi
t nc v nn ngh thut nc nh.
+Vn phong Nguyn Huy Tng gin d,
trong sng, giu cht lng mn, by t tm
lng chn thnh, tha thit, kht khao sng
to, trn tr v cng vic ca ngi cm bt.
+ Tc phm chnh
Kch V Nh T (1941), tiu thuyt m hi
Long Tr (1942),Tiu thuyt n T (1945), v
kch Bc Sn (1946), Nhng ngi li

12
(1948), Sng mi vi th (1961), K s
Cao - Lng (1981). ng c Nh nc tng
Gii thng H Ch Minh v vn hc ngh
thut nm 1996.
Gio vin hi hc sinh nhng c im c
bn ca kch, sau gio vin c th cht li.
Cho hc sinh xem 1 on kch V Nh T
2. Nhng c trng c bn ca th loi kch
- Kch l loi hnh ngh thut biu din trn
sn khu, l ngh thut tng hp vi s tham
gia din xut ca din vin, o c, m nhc,
hi ha. Kch va thuc sn khu va thuc
vn hc.
- Kch phn nh i sng qua cc xung t
kch, tc xung t c th ca cc nhn vt,
th hin nhng mu thun su sc v t
tng quan im trong i sng. Do c
im ny, cc nhn vt b li cun vo cc
xung t cng thng t u n cui. Ni
chung, nhn vt kch khng thnh thi nh
nhn vt trong tc phm t s, tr tnh.
- Ct truyn kch c t chc thnh hnh
ng kch.
- i thoi kch l cuc i thoi v l tr, tr
tu, lng tm y kch tnh.
- Ngn ng kch l ngn ng c tnh hnh
ng.
Gio vin gi hc sinh nu hon cnh v mc
ch sng tc.

3. V v kch V Nh T
a. Hon cnh v mc ch sng tc
+ Kch V Nh T l mt v bi kch ly
cm hng t s kin lch s c tht xy ra ti
Thng Long vo khong nm 1516 - 1517
di triu L Tng Dc. Tc phm vit xong
vo ma h 1941. ta thng 6/1992, ng
trn tp ch Tri Tn nm 1943 - 1944, in
trong tp kch Nguyn Huy Tng, NXB Vn
ho H Ni, 1963.
+ Mc ch sng tc: cao vai tr ca
ngi ngh s trong sng to ngh thut.
Gio vin gi hc sinh tm tt tc phm hoc
gio vin c th tm tt.
b. Tm tt tc phm: Tc phm c 5 hi

Sau khi c xong on trch, gio vin yu
cu hc sinh xc nh v tr on trch, tm
tt ni dung on trch.

c. V tr on trch
on trch thuc hi V ca v kch k chuyn
an Thim n gp V Nh T khuyn ng
trn i v nghe tin Trnh Duy Sn ni lon.
V Nh T khng tin mnh c ti nn khng
chy trn. Kt cc, qun ni lon t ph,
thiu hu Cu Trng i, git cht L Tng
Dc, V Nh T, an Thim.

13
Gi dn 1: Kch thng c xy dng trn
c s nhng mu thun lch s, x hi hoc
nhng xung t mun thu (thin v c, c
m v hin thc). Trong hi V ti hin
nhng mu thun c bn no?

II. c - hiu vn bn
1. Cc mu thun c bn ca kch V Nh T
Cc mu thun c bn ca v kch c th
hin c th trong hi V l:
a. Mu thun gia tp on phong kin thi
nt L Tng Dc vi tng lp nhn dn
ang b bn cng v su thu, tp dch.
- Mu thun ny ch yu th hin nhng
hi trc ca v kch, thnh cao tro
trong hi cui ny. Bo cha L Tng Dc
cht trong tay nhng ngi ni lon do Trnh
Duy Sn cm u, mi uy quyn ca bo
cha tiu tan theo tro bi Cu Trng i.
b. Mu thun gia nim khao kht hin dng
tt c cho ngh thut ca ngi ngh s m
chm trong m mng vi li ch trc tip v
thit thc ca i sng nhn dn. Mu thun
ny xut pht t nim khao kht ca ngi
ngh s m chm trong m mng tp trung
s vic xy dng Cu Trng i (i cng
xy cao th cng tn km nhiu, tn tht ln,
li thm cc nn i dch...).
Nh vy, d mun d khng V Nh T
bt c d tr thnh k th ca nhn dn.
Cui v kch ngi ta khng ch nguyn ra
m cn theo li ca nhng k cm u cuc
ni lon t ph tan tnh Cu Trng i, bt
b v trng pht tc gi ca n. y l lc
mu thun xung t kch c y ln n
nh im. V nu nh trong hi u, n ch
l mu thun tim n, thp thong ng sau
mu thun th nht th gi y, n hu nh
ho nhp vo mu thun th nht. Thm
ch lc ny dn chng ch chm chm vi
vic tr th V Nh T v ngi cung n
"ng bnh" l an Thim ch khng quan
tm n vic tr th bo cha L Tng Dc.
Gi dn 2: an Thim l ai? hi V ny,
an Thim c hnh ng g v iu
chng t an Thim l ngi nh th no?

2. Tm hiu nhn vt an Thim
a. Hnh ng, tnh cch
- an Thim l mt cung n b rung b,
l ngi thuyt phc V Nh T li dng
quyn th, tin bc ca bn bo cha xy
dng cho t nc mt cng trnh "bn nh
trng sao" "tranh tinh xo ho cng" cho
"nhn dn nghn thu cn hnh din". Li
khuyn ny chng t an Thim l mt ngi

14
ph n c tri tim ln, tm hn ln, thc rt
r v tinh thn dn tc.
- an Thim l ngi bit trng ti nng.
l bc "M m ngi ti hoa".
- n khi bo lon xy ra, an Thim khuyn
V Nh T i trn (hi V).
- Khi qun ni lon n, an Thim c th
qun mnh bo v ngi ti. "Tng qun
nghe ti, bao nhiu ti ti xin chu ht, nhng
xin tng qun tha cho ng c. ng y l mt
ngi ti, tng qun tha cho ng c, nc
ta cn cn nhiu th ti t im".
- ng trc mng ln khng thnh, tm tr
an Thim khng hng vo vic xy dng
Cu Trng i thnh hay bi m hng vo
s sng cn ca V Nh T.
- Khi tnh th khng th cu vn, an Thim
nh bung li vnh bit "i ln tan tnh!
ng c i! Xin cng ng vnh bit". l li
vnh bit Cu Trng i, vnh bit ngi ti
hoa. Hnh ng cao c v ci cht ca an
Thim hi V khc ha r nhn cch cao
p ca ngi cung n ny.
Gi dn 3: Trong li ta, Nguyn Huy
Tng vit "Cm bt chng qua cng mt
bnh vi an Thim. Theo em "bnh an
Thim" l bnh g v ti sao "cm bt" li
cng bnh vi an Thim?
b. Bnh an Thim
-M m ngi ti hoa

3. Tm hiu nhn vt V Nh T
Gi dn 4: Ngay nhng hi u ca v kch
cho thy V Nh T l mt kin trc s
thin ti. hi V ny, ci ti y ca V Nh
T c nhc li qua nhng li thoi no?

a. Ti nng
- Ti nng ca V Nh T c nhc li
nhiu ln qua li ca an Thim.
- "ng trn i, ti kia khng nn ung.
ng m c mnh h no th nc ta khng
cn ai t im na" (lp I), "Trn i!" ng
ph ti t, trn i" (lp V).
- Xin tng qun tha cho ng c. ng y l
mt ngi ti (lp VII).
Gi dn 5: Nhng li ni v hnh vi ca V
Nh T trong hi V cho ta thy V Nh T l
ngi c tnh cch nh th no?

b. Nhn cch
- Nhn cch cao c, hoi bo ln lao, ngh s
chn chnh, gn b vi nhn dn, khng
khut phc trc uy quyn, th cht ch
khng chu em ti nng ca mnh phc v
hn qun bo cha.
- Kht khao sut i l xy c mt to lu
i nguy nga trng l, bn vng mun i,

15
dn ta nghn thu hnh din. Nguyn Huy
Tng xy dng c mt hnh tng p
v ngi tr thc Vit Nam "Mt V Nh T
cao p, lng ly, ngh s v k s vi kht
vng mnh mng v ci p, dn tc v nhn
loi" ( c Hiu, Bi kch V Nh T, Tp
ch vn hc, s 10/ 1997).
Gi dn 6: "Ht nhn ca bi kch l li lm
ca nhn vt" (A-nit-tt). Theo em hi V
ny V Nh T mc phi li lm g? Bi
kch ca V Nh T l bi kch g?

c. Li lm v bi kch
- Li lm ca V Nh T l khng chu nghe
li khuyn ca an Thim. Nguyn nhn dn
n sai lm l V Nh T khng thot
khi trng thi m mng, o vng ca mnh.
V Nh T khng tin rng vic cao c mnh
lm li c th xem l ti c. Khng tin vic
quang minh chnh i ca mnh li b r
rng, nghi ng. M h v thi cuc, khng
hiu bit v chnh tr. n khi v mng, b
bt, Cu Trng i b t chy, V Nh T
mi cht nhn ra au n kinh hong. Ni
au y bt thnh ting ku khc khoi, bi
thit n no nng.
Gi dn 7: c sc ngh thut Kch "V Nh
T" c th hin nh th no qua on
trch?

4. Tm hiu ngh thut kch trong on
trch
- Miu t thnh cng din bin tm trng
nhn vt V Nh T v an Thim.
- Khc ha tnh cch nhn vt vi c tnh r
nt.
- Nhp iu c to ra qua i thoi, hnh
ng.
- Ngn ng tng hp (k, miu t, bc l)
to ra khng gian bo lon kinh hong.
Gi dn 8: Cm nhn ca em sau khi hc
xong on trch?

5. Hng dn hc sinh tng kt
- V Nh T l bi kch ca ngi ngh s,
khng gii quyt ng mi quan h l tng,
kht vng ngh thut v hin thc x hi,
gia ngi ngh s v ngi cng dn. Qua
, khng nh rng ngh thut chn chnh
c gi tr lu di phi xut pht t nguyn
vng chnh ng ca nhn dn v li ch ca
dn tc.
Gio vin c th kim tra, nh gi bng
cch t cu hi, cho hc sinh c mt vi
lp kch.

6. Kim tra, nh gi
- Mu thun xung t chnh trong on kch
ny l g? Hy chng minh on kch l cao
tro ca v kch?
- c phn vai lng nghe ngn ng kch
ca Nguyn Huy Tng.

16
Nh vy, vic chim lnh tc phm vn
chng theo c trng loi th s gip ta hiu
su sc tc phm, vn ny rt cn c ch
trng t khu xc nh nh hng khai thc
n khu thit k bi son, thc hnh bi
ging. Mi th loi trong vn hc u c
nhng c trng ring, do cn c nhng
nguyn tc dy ring ph hp vi c trng
ca tng th loi.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Trn Thanh m (1978) Vn ging dy tc
phm vn hc theo loi th. Nxb Gio dc.
[2]. c Hiu (1997), Bi kch V Nh T, Tp
ch Vn hc (10).

SUMMARY
TEACHING EXTRACT "VNH BIT CU TRNG I" - DRAMA "V
NH T" NGUYEN HUY TUONG BY FEATURE CATEGORIES
Nguyen Thanh Lam
*
Education and Training Department of Quang Ninh

Drama has quite different characteristics from other genres of literature. In fact, teaching drama
genre at school has more difficulty than other genres of literature. Most school teachers teach
lessons basing on guide books, not knowing how to select basic knowledge resulting the lesson is
not suitable to students. Additionally teachers are often greedy for much knowledge, not applying
the theory of the genre, that is why, the lesson doesnt attract students.
It is the above mentioned that makes teaching drama genre at lower and senior schools is not in
high efficiency.
Notes when teaching and designing lesson plans for the extract Paying last respect to Cuu Trung
Dai and Drama Vu To Nhu by Nguyen Huy Tuong are clear evidences for approaching
methodology of literature genres.
Key words: Teaching, drama, genre

*
Tel: 0982856686
Dng Th Huyn Tp ch KHOA HC & CNG NGH 78(02): 17 - 22

17

A V CAO CA NGI PH N TRONG X HI AI CP C I

Dng Th Huyn
*
Trng i hc Khoa hc - i hc Thi Nguyn

TM TT
Trong th gii c i, Ai Cp l quc gia m ngi ph n c a v tng i cao. Khng nhng
ph n cung nh quyn qu c a v chnh tr v tn gio cao m ngay nhng ngi ph n lao
ng bnh thng cng c hng nhng quyn li v kinh t, lut php v giao tip x hi nh
nam gii. Ph n Ai Cp c quyn c c ti sn ring, truy t chng ra ta v ly d, nht l trong
nhng trng hp b i x t. Quan h nam n trong x hi l quan h hon ton bnh ng, trong
ngi ph n c x hi knh trng. l iu m khng phi ch nhng ph n Hy Lp, La M
thi by gi khao kht m ngay c thi nay, ph n nhiu nc vn ang u tranh ginh li.
T kha: ph n Ai Cp; a v ca ngi ph n; hn nhn; gia nh

T VN
*

Trong x hi nguyn thy, ch mu h
xut hin trong mt thi gian di. Ngi ph
n lc phi gnh vc nhng trng trch
nng n, lao ng cc nhc nhng h hon
ton c quyn t do. H cai qun b lc,
chm sc con gi, cn n ng i kim n.
By gi, lng thc l ca chung gip cho
ngi ph n chim u th trong x hi v
gia nh. Dng di ca con ci sinh ra c
xc nh v bn m. Tt c to nn c s
cho s thng tr ca ngi ph n. Nhng khi
nn kinh t pht trin, nht l khi bc vo
thi i kh, vai tr ca ngi n ng trong
x hi ngy cng c nng cao, ch ph
h dn c xc lp. T , v tr v vai tr
ca ngi ph n b suy gim so vi trc.
Nhiu ph n ph thuc vo chng mnh,
thm ch cn b i x rt t bc. Khi bc
vo x hi vn minh thi c i, a v ca
ngi ph n ngy cng thp km nhng Ai
Cp l mt trong s t cc quc gia cn duy
c a v v quyn li ca ngi ph n
nh trong ch mu h thi nguyn thy.
Ai Cp c i l trung tm vn minh sm nht
th gii c i, ra i vo cui thin nin k
IV TCN, lu vc sng Nil, pha Bc chu
Phi. Nn vn minh Ai Cp ni ting vi cc
kim t thp hng v, nhng bc tng khng
l, nhng xc p cn tn ti n ngy nay
Chnh v vy, c rt nhiu nh khoa hc,

*
Tel: 0975702362; Email: duonghuyen.sudhkh@gmail.com
nh kho c hc tm hiu, nghin cu v
khm ph v t nc c nhiu iu b n
ny. Nhng cc tc gi vi cc tc phm, ch
yu tp trung nghin cu thit ch chnh tr,
tnh hnh kinh t, x hi v vn ha ca Ai
Cp qua cc triu i. Cho n nay, cha c
mt tc gi v tc phm no i su nghin cu
v a v v i sng ca ngi ph n Ai
Cp thi c i. Trong phm vi bi vit ny,
chng ti tp trung tm hiu cc ti liu kho
c hc m cc nh kho c khai qut c
Ai Cp nh: nhng ngi m hong tc v
cc n i, cc xc p, cc bch ha v
tng, nhng ngi nh, lng mc cng vi
nhng dng hng ngy ca ngi xa
li Cc pht hin y gip chng ta hiu r
hn, tn ngng v li sng ca c dn m
trong phn nh r nt i sng v a v
ca ngi ph n. Ph n Ai Cp c a v
ngang bng thm ch trong mt s lnh vc
cn hn hn nam gii. l mt im tin
b, lm nn nhng gi tr ca ca nn vn
minh Ai Cp
V CHNH TR- X HI
Khc vi cc quc gia c i phng ng,
nhng ph n trong cc cung nh c a v
chnh tr tng i cao. Hu ht cc Pharang
c nhiu v nhng ch c mt ngi c
cng nhn l chnh cung. B l nht phu
nhn ca vng quc. Tip sau l b m sinh
ra nh vua, b cng c mi ngi rt knh
trng. Hong t c t cch k v hay
khng phi xem c phi l con ca chnh
cung hong hu hay khng. Nu khng phi

18
l con trai ca hong hu m l con ca th
phi th phi ly con gi hoc em gi ca
hong hu, thm ch phi ly hong hu th
mi c t cch tr thnh quc vng. Do ,
hong hu ca cc triu i gi a v cc k
quan trng trong gia tc, thng tham d vo
cc hot ng chnh tr ca nh nc.
Tr thnh ngi ng u ca mt quc gia,
mt dn tc cha bao gi l iu d dng, c
bit l i vi mt ngi ph n. Vy m
Ai Cp, nhiu ph n Ai Cp tr thnh N
hong cai tr t nc trong mt thi gian di.
N hong Nefertiti (1370 1330 trc Cng
nguyn) l v ca v Pharaong v i
Akhenaten. Nefertiti kt hn vi Akhenaten
vo nm tr v th 2 ca ng, khong nm
1.350 trc Cng nguyn. Chnh theo thch
ca Nefertiti, Akhenaten trao cho nng
quyn lc ti u trong mt loi hnh tn gio
mi, nhm tn vinh v thn mt tri Aten trn
mi thn khc. Nefertiti c tn vinh lm
N thn bo h nh vua thay th cc v thn
Isis, Nephthys, Selket v Neith trong tn
ngng c Ai Cp. Khi triu i Akhenaten
suy tn, Nefertiti cng tr nn quyn lc
hn. C th v vua b nhim Nefertiti l
ngi ng nhip chnh. Nefertiti tr
thnh pharaoh Nefemeruaten, ngha l
Ngi n b m l ca Vng ho quang sng
chi Aten. Hong hu Nefertiti c coi l
ngi ph n p nht th gii trong thi i
ca mnh. B khng nhng c coi l biu
tng sc p ca thi c i m cn l ngun
cm hng cho cc phong cch trang im, trang
phc, trang sc nhng nm sau ny.
N hong Hatchepsut tr v Ai Cp t
1479 TCN n 1457 TCN. B ln nm quyn
sau khi ngi anh trai, ng thi cng l
chng mnh, Pharaong Thutmose II qua i
m khng c ngi k v. Hatshepsut l ngi
ph n duy nht c trao tc hiu
Pharaong Ai Cp. Mt s biu tng m t
b eo b ru gi v mc trang phc ca cc
v vng. n th ca Hatshepsut cho thy
nhng thnh tu t c trong thi gian
b cai tr. B cho m rng giao thng
xung pha nam vn b gin on bi chin
tranh. B thnh lp mt i qun gm ton
n thy th, c nhim v thm him vng t
Punt (mi Ho Vng ca chu Phi. Chnh i
qun ny mang v Ai Cp nhiu hng ha
c gi tr: g mun, vng, nhng ng vt him
v cy cnh l. Mt li ca ngi bn di bc
iu khc trong n th ca b: Cha tng c
v vua no trong lch s th gii c th mang
v cho t nc mnh nhiu th nh th.
Cng trnh Kim t thp ca Hatshepsut l mt
trong nhng cng trnh xy dng th hin
tham vng ca v n Pharaong ny so vi cc
v Pharaong khc. B xy dng hai ta
thp cao hn 30m ti Teb, trung tm hong
tc v tn ngng ca triu i Thutmose.
Xung quanh , b cho xy dng nhng
con ng hng v v nhng n th uy
nghim. Tt c nhng chi tit ny chng t
quyn lc ca v N hong ny l rt ln
trong thi gian tr v.
Cleopatra VII (69- 30 TCN), l con gi ca
vua Ai Cp thuc triu i Ptolemy. B l mt
N hong Ai Cp ni ting v sc p quyn
r, tnh tnh sc so, thch quyn lc. Ngay t
khi cn nh, b cai tr t nc cng vi
cha. Sau ny, khi vua cha mt, da vo tng
La M l Xda v ngtoan, b ln ngi N
hong Ai Cp (nm 51 TCN) v chi phi cc
cng vic chnh tr ca t nc.
Ai Cp thi c i, cn nhiu n hong c
quyn lc chnh tr to ln khc. y l iu
m khng phi mt quc gia c i no cng
c c. Ph n Hy Lp c i khng c
tham gia vo cng vic chnh tr, khng c
hng quyn cng dn. iu th hin
vic h khng c tham d vo cc i hi
nhn dn, khng th gi chc v trong gung
my cai tr hay b phiu trong cc cuc bu c.
Ph n Ai Cp c i c hng y
quyn giao tip x hi. H c php c mt
nhng ch cng cng nh ch phin, ni
vui chi gii tr, nhng bui yn tic m
khng b cm on, hn ch. Ph n thch
chi nhc hoc ma vo cc dp l hi hoc
tic tng v mt s ngi cn coi l ngh
ca mnh. H chi nhiu loi nhc c khc
nhau nh cy n lia c c by dy, n hc,
n lut, so... Mt s bi ht cn lu li n
ngy nay nhng m nhc th khng li du
vt v khng c ghi chp.

19
Ph n Ai Cp rt quan tm n hnh thc b
ngoi. iu th hin a v x hi cao ca
h. o qun nhiu v, khng b g b theo quy
nh nh ph n Trung Quc thi c trung i.
H mc qun o bng vi lanh, mt loi vi
mng v thong mt rt thch hp vi kh hu
nng bc ca t nc. Ph n Ai Cp t dt
ly qun o v dt thnh nhng b c hoa vn,
mu sc rt p. Tm o di, b st ngi v
c np l mt thi Trung ch, c cc b
mc trong nhng ba c bn, tic tng.
Ai Cp, ngi ph n bit dng son phn
sm nht th gii. M phm ca Ai Cp thi
k ny c lm t cht khong. Phn en t
mt c gc galen (sulphua), phn xanh
malachite (xanh ng) v son t mi th
lm t xit st, cn phn xoa m th c lm
t t st . Ngi ta t mt chc hn bo
v i mt chng li nng gt. Trong tc
phm iu khc Bc tng chn dung N
hong Nphctiti, chng ta thy, lng my
v mi ca tng u t mu, da mu rm
nng thm.
Ngoi ra, ph n Ai Cp cng rt quan tm
n u tc. H gi u thng xuyn v hay
nhum tc mu da cam. Nhng gia nh
giu c thng c th lm u. H cn dng
tc gi vi nhng mi tc di v cu k hn,
bn di tc gi, u nhiu khi c co trc.
c bit, vic s dng nc hoa tr nn rt
ph bin nhng ngi ph n tng lp trn
trong x hi Ai Cp c i. Cc loi nc hoa
c lm t trm hng, nha trm hng v
cc loi tinh du qu. Ph n Ai Cp u bit
cch trang im, h khng ch trang im cho
ring mnh m cn trang im cho con ci v
chng mnh trong nhng dp c bit. Trong
nhng ngy l quan trng, nhng ngi ph
n u mang tc gi, t son nh phn, xc
nc hoa v eo trang sc.
Ph n khi cht c chn chung vi chng
mnh, cng hng chung s sang trng ca
ngi m ty theo ng cp ca chng. Cc
ph n hng c quyn c th c ban tng
rt nhiu n trang, king c v nhng
trang sc khc. Nhng ph n hong tc hoc
ph n ca nhng gia nh giu c cn c
p xc nh n ng. Cc nh kho c hc
tm thy xc p ca N hong Hatshepsut, ca
hong hu v ca cc ph n khc ti Thung
lng cc v vua chng minh iu ny.
Ngi ph n Ai Cp cng gi a v kh cao
trong lnh vc tn gio. iu ny c th
hin qua h thng cc n thn. Ngi Ai Cp
thi c i th hng trm v thn linh khc
nhau vi nim cc v thn ny s che ch
cho con ngi trong cuc sng hng ngy.
Trong s hng trm v thn Ai Cp, c rt
nhiu n thn bo tr cho ngi ph n v
cho cc hot ng khc ca con ngi: N
thn Hathor- n thn bu tri; Maat- n thn
s tht, cng l v s hi ha ca th gii;
Mout- n thn u chim kn kn c th
hin nh thn m ca nh vua ang tr v;
Isis- n thn sinh , l v ca thn Osiris v
m ca thn Horus; n thn t m Toaueret
hoc n thn Ln, mang hnh mt con h
m ci bng cha, y l n thn bo tr cho
nhng ngi ph n trong lc sinh n Nh
vy, thng qua tn gio, tn ngng, a v
cao ca ngi ph n trong x hi Ai Cp
cng c khng nh.
V HN NHN V GIA NH
Trong tng lp bnh dn, tnh yu nam n v
c bn c t do. n ng v ph n Ai Cp
xem hn nhn l iu ng kht khao nht
v thng thnh gia tht tui thiu nin.
Nhiu c gi ly chng t tui mi hai,
mi ba v thng km chng vi tui. Trn
bn tay ca mt xc p Ai Cp, ngi ta c
thy mt dng ch vit tay ch ra rng, l
xc ca mt ph n kt hn v mt vo lc
11 tui.
Hn nhn khng c hp thc ha bng
mt nghi l tn gio, mt m ci thc s
cng nh khng c ng k trc mt cp
chnh quyn m ch c s tha thun trc
ngi lm chng gia hai bn nam n mun
lp gia nh vi nhau. S tha thun ny lm
cho vic kt hn c nhn ln thnh mt s
cam kt c bit v tinh thn. i khi c th
c mt hp ng cng nhn ti sn ca mi
bn. Mc ch ca hp ng ny ch yu
nhm bo v quyn li ca ngi v khi
ngi v hay ngi chng i ly d. Nhng
iu , kt hp vi thc v l phi gp

20
phn cng c s n nh v hn nhn v gia
nh. Mt khc, hn nhn Ai Cp c i u
rt ch n s ng thun ca cc i trai
gi. Trong cc bn kh c hn nhn, ngi
n ng phi k tn bng mt dng ch Ti
ly em lm v v ngi ph n cng c
quyn ca mnh, mc d ch l cu Anh
ly ti lm v. y l quan im rt tin b,
khc hn vi quan im cha m t u, con
ngi y trong hn nhn ca mt s quc gia
khc trn th gii thi by gi.
Ch hn nhn Ai Cp cng rt tin b,
l ch hn nhn mt v mt chng. Bi
nhng kh c hn nhn lun m bo quyn
li vt cht cho v con h mt cch tt nht.
Trc khi ly v, ngi n ng phi tr cho
b v tng lai mt khon tin kh ln. Sau
khi ly d, ngi chng bt buc phi nui
ngi v c ca mnh vi s tin bng 1/3 thu
nhp ca anh ta. Nhng quy nh ny khin
hu ht n ng Ai Cp ch c iu kin ly
mt v m thi. Lut php Ai Cp cng c
nhiu iu khon bo v quyn li ph n v
tr em. Nu ngi chng b ri v con th
phi x pht rt nng v kinh t.
Mt c im na ca m ci thi Ai Cp
c i l phi mn ng h i. C hai u
phi xut thn t cng mt tng lp x hi.
Ngi ta khng quan tm ti chng tc hay
quc tch. Vua thng ht hn vi nhng c
gi t vng quc khc lm v hai. Vua
Ramsset II ci cng cha ca Hitti v
phong chc hong hu nh ngi v u tin
ca mnh. Nhng n n l cng c hng
nhiu c quyn trong hn nhn. Mun c
c cuc hn nhn bnh thng, nhng c
gi n l phi mua t do cho mnh hoc lm
con nui ca mt ngi t do trc khi ly
chng. Sau nhng cuc hn nhn ny, nhng
n n l ny s tr thnh ngi cng dn v
c hng mi c quyn ca mt ngi
ph n trong x hi. Ngi n ng c t
do nhn nhng a con n l m ng ta
sinh ra lm con nui.
Kht khao c con ci tht ph bin nh mt
bo m i ph vi tng lai. Mt nh
thng thi thuc triu i XVIII khuyn
nh hy ly v khi bn cn tr c ta c
th sinh con trai cho bn. Hnh phc thay
ngi n ng c nhiu con ci v anh ta
c knh trng nh con ci ca mnh [4,
tr.29]. Ngi ph n thc hin thin chc ca
mnh l sinh v nui dy con ci. Cc nh
kho c hc pht hin c nhng bc
tng th hin s mn trong cc ngi n,
ngi m v ngi nh. Nhng bc tng ny
c dng ln n thn Hathor b tri m
ngi Ai Cp cho l ng vai tr ch cht
trong s phn ca tr s sinh. C nhiu bc
tng khc th hin tm trng ca ngi n
b mong mun sinh c nhiu con.
Trong gia nh, quan h v chng c rp
theo mi quan h gia cc cp v chng Thn
Thnh thi c s hon ton bnh ng. H
c chng yu qu v knh trng. Ph n Ai
Cp gi vai tr rt quan trng trong gia nh,
h c phong l ni tng gip kin
cho chng, trng nom qun xuyn mi cng
vic trong nh v ng gp mt phn rt ln
vo s thnh vng ca gia nh. c chng
chiu chung, c s knh n ca con ci m
mnh mong cho ng n di l, ngi ph n
tm thy hnh phc ch cm thy mnh l ct
tr trong nh v ca tp th gia nh. Con trai
cng nh con gi u c chia s mt cch
cng bng s ch chm sc ca b m.
Tuy nhin, trong trng hp, khi ngi ph
n b chng i x t bc hoc khi cuc sng
gia nh khng hnh phc, ngi v c quyn
truy t chng ra ta v ly d chng m khng
cn c thm quyn ca ngi cha v ngi
chng ca h. Lut php Ai Cp c nhiu
iu khon bo v nhng ngi ph n ly
hn. H c mang i ton b ti sn ring
m mnh v nh chng v c hng mt
phn ba s ti sn ca hai v chng. Sau khi
ly hn, ngi chng vn phi chu cp tin cho
v ca mnh. Thm ch, khi ngi chng buc
phi tr li cho ngi v m mnh ly d nhng
g ngi v mang v nh chng th ngi
chng gn nh b ph sn. Cc quy nh ny
bo m cho quyn li ca ngi ph n,
c quyn quyt nh s phn ca mnh ng
thi l c s buc ngi chng thc hin
ngha v ca mnh i vi v. Tuy nhin,
Ai Cp, ph n Ai Cp rt t khi s dng n
quyn ny bi ngy nay, cc nh kho c hc

21
tm thy nhiu bng chng trong nhiu bc
tranh, bc tng cm ng v gia nh, cha
m, con ci cho thy nhng cp v chng Ai
Cp c i thng chung sng rt hnh phc.
Trong khi , Lng H c i, theo iu
khon 129 ca b lut Hammurabi, ngi
chng l ng ch, ngha l k chim hu
y quyn hnh vi v mnh. Ngi chng
mua v v nh mua n l. B lut th hin
a v thp km v d b xm hi ca ngi
ph n x hi Lng H c i. Mt khc,
n , trong quan h hn nhn, ph n
cng b phn bit so vi n ng. iu 46,
chng 9 ca lut Manu quy nh vic v b
tc quyn ly hn, tc l ph n khng c
b chng d cho ngi chng t bc nh
th no. iu 47, chng 9 ca lut cho php
chng c quyn b v nu ngi v ght
chng. Nh vy, trong x hi c i, ph n
Ai Cp c quyn bnh ng vi n ng
trong lnh vc hn nhn hn hn mt vi
quc gia khc.
V TI SN
a s ph n Ai Cp l nhng ngi nng
dn t c hc hnh nhng h c c
mt s quyn hnh m cc ph n thuc cc
x hi Hy Lp- La M khng c. ng lu
nht l tm quan trng ca quyn s hu t
ai ca ngi ph n, t ai trong c nc
thuc quyn s hu ca nh nc, chia cho
cc cng x nng thn qun l nhng ngi
ph n cng c chia rung t, s t ai
ny s c trao t m sang con gi. Ngi ta
cho rng c l v chuyn m ca mt ngi l
ai lun l iu r rng, trong khi quan h cha
con l chuyn khng ly g lm chc. Tng
t, ngi ta thng khng nh lai lch ca
mnh bng cch nu tn m, ch khng phi
tn ca cha. y l iu kh c bit Ai
Cp c i, chng t vai tr v v tr ca
ngi ph n.
Phng php chuyn giao ti sn c ngha l
ph n c th s hu v cai qun c t ai v
ti sn khc. Do , ph n Ai Cp khi ly
chng khng phi chuyn ti sn cho chng
mnh. Mt khc ph n c chng vn c
quyn qun l ti sn ring ca mnh, c
quyn hng mt phn ti sn ca chng. Ph
n cng c th khi kin, mua bn ti sn v
lm di chc. Ngi chng khng c quyn
php l i vi ti sn ca v. H c ty
li di sn ca mnh cho bt c ngi con
no m mnh mun cho tha k. Trong cc
gia nh Ai Cp, ngi con trai trng vn
nm y mi quyn hnh. Nhng anh ta
khng phi l ngi tha k ton b ti sn
ca cha m. S ti sn c chia u cho tt
c con ci, khng phn bit nam n. Khi ly
chng, ngi ph n c mang theo s ti
sn m cha m chia cho v nh chng. Nh
vy, qua quyn tha k ti sn cho thy, ph
n Ai Cp cng nh nam gii c cp y
cc quyn theo lut php ca t nc.
Trong khi , La M c i, mt thiu n
khi lp gia nh th mt hon ton quyn s
hu ti sn trong gia nh ca mnh.
V CNG VIC CA PH N
Nhng ngi ph n Ai Cp thuc tng lp
gia v di u c ngang hng vi nam
gii v kinh t. H c th c ngh nghip
ring v hng th lao nh nam gii.
i vi ngi Ai Cp, vic n ung v c bn
l chuyn rt c ch . Nhng gia nh
giu c n tht, ung ru vang v lm c bn
sang trng mi bn b. Ngi ngho ch c
nhng ba n m bc vi bnh m, c v bia.
Do , n b, con gi dnh nhiu thi gian
nh lm bnh, lm ru bia v thi nu.
Ti nhng gia nh giu c, nhng cng vic
y c giao cho nhng ngi hu gi. V
vy, nhng ph n quyn qu ch lo i t l,
vui chi gii tr v nui dy con ci. Ti
nhng gia nh ngho, ph n phi tham gia
cng vic ng ng, nht l khi nhn cng
nam gii khng . Mt s ph n lm th
bnh m, th dt. Mt s ph n lm ngh ca
ma v biu din vo cc dp l hi, cc cuc
tic tng gia nh. Ngoi ra, ph n Ai Cp
cng c th i mua sm, mt s kin m s
gia Hy Lp- Hrdt, lu vi y v ngc
nhin khi ng ving thm Ai Cp, iu m
ng rt t thy mt quc gia no khc thi
by gi.
n ng thng nm gi nhng chc v quan
trng quc gia v trong h thng quan li.
Bn di mc nh hng chnh tr ny,

22
ph n thc hin nhng trch nhim nh
gim st th dt, ca s v u bp; mt s l
th qu cho nhng c s bun bn t nhn.
Mt ngh c knh trng l ngh b m v
nhng b m cho a s tr s sinh
Ai Cp. Nhiu ph n lm ngh khc mn
cho cc m ma, lm tng thm khng kh
au bun ca l tang. Tin a ngi qu c
v th gii bn kia thng c hai ngi n
b khc mn, biu trng cho hai n thn Isis
v Nephthy khc em trai Osiris. Nhng ngi
khc mn khc th bi tro ln mt v m
ngc biu th s au bun.
Trong s cc chc v cao dnh cho ph n c
ngh thy t l, thng bao gm cc n tu s
tng kinh hay chi nhc c cc ngi n.
Nhng n tu ny thng mc mt b o da
bo th hin chc sc tn gio ca mnh.
Tht ra, khng phi tt c cc tr em Ai Cp
u c n trng, con gi ni chung li
cng t c i hc so vi con trai. Tuy vy,
cng c mt s con gi c hc ln mt cp
kh cao. V vy, ph n c th lm nhiu
ngh khc nhau trong c quan nh nc,
trong ngnh thng mi thm ch lm c
nhng ngh thuc ngnh khoa hc: ngh thy
thuc. Trong lch s loi ngi, phu nhn
Pesechet l ngi tr bnh cu ngi
Memphis t thi cc Kim T thp, vo thin
nin k III TCN.
KT LUN
Nhng ph n ch c bnh ng v php l
vi n ng cng giai cp.
Ai Cp c i, ph n c a v x hi bnh
ng vi nam gii, thm ch cn c nhiu c
quyn hn. y l im tin b hn rt nhiu
so vi cc nn vn minh khc trn th gii
thi by gi. cng l mt trong nhng c
trng ch yu ca nn vn minh Ai Cp thi
c i. Nhn loi ngy nay vn nh gi cao
nn vn minh rc r ny khng ch bi nhng
gi tr vt cht m c dn Ai Cp sng to
nn m c nhng quan nim tt p ca
x hi i vi quyn li ca ngi ph n.
Trong x hi hin i ngy nay, a v ca
ngi ph n ngy cng c nng cao. Tuy
nhin, mt s quc gia trn th gii, nhiu
ngi ph n vn b i x mt cch t bc
nh khng c t do kt hn, khng c
tha k ti sn, khng c nhn nhng phc
li x hi Vn u tranh i quyn bnh
ng gii vn ang din ra ti nhiu quc gia
trn th gii. Chnh v vy, vic nh gi
ng n a v cao ca ngi ph n Ai Cp
c i cho thy quan nim tin b v trnh
vn minh ca c dn Ai Cp.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Almanach nhng nn vn minh th gii, Nxb
Vn ho Thng tin, H Ni, 1995.
[2]. Aviev V.I, Lch s phng ng c i,
Matxcva, 1970.
[3]. Mortimer Chambers, Barbara Hanawalt,
David Herlihy, Theodore K.Rabb, Isser Woloch,
Raymond Grew, Lch s vn minh phng Ty,
Nxb Vn ha Thng tin, H ni, 2004.
[4]. Nguyn Quc Hng (Ch bin), Nhng nn
vn minh rc r c xa, Tp 1 (Ai Cp, Ty ,
n ), Nxb Qun i nhn dn, H Ni, 1993.
[5]. Chim T, Lch s th gii c i, Tp 1,2,
Nxb Gio dc, HN, 1978
SUMMARY
HIGH STATUS OF WOMEN IN ANCIENT EGYPT SOCIETY

Duong Thi Huyen
*
College of Sciences - Thai Nguyen University

In the ancient world, Egypt is a country where women have relatively high status. No royal women
Elites have the political and religious high that even those women with normal labor and enjoy the
benefits of economic, legal and social interaction with men. Egyptian women have the right to own
property, prosecution in court and divorce her husband, especially in cases of badly treated.
Relations between men and women in society is totally equal relationship, in which women are
socially respected. That's what these women not only Greek, Roman desire at that time that even
today, many countries women are still struggling to regain.
Keywords: Egyptian women, status of women, marriage, family

*
Tel: 0975702362; Email: duonghuyen.sudhkh@gmail.com
Lng Th Hnh Tp ch KHOA HC & CNG NGH 78(02): 23 - 28

23

TH CNG T TIN V CC THN CHE CH GIA NH
CA NGI TY BC KN
Lng Th Hnh*
Trng i hc Khoa hc - H Thi Nguyn

TM TT
Th cng t tin ca ngi Ty l mt hot ng c thc ca con ngi, l tnh cm bit n,
tng nh, hng v ci ngun qu kh. C s ca s hnh thnh thc v th cng t tin l
nim tin rng linh hn t tin cn sng cng vi con chu, c th che ch v ban phc cho con
chu. Cho nn, xt v mt o c, thc v t tin mang gi tr nhn vn su sc, n pht khi
mi thin tm mi con ngi trong cng ng x hi.
Th cng T tin l mt trong nhng hnh thc tn ngng ch o khng ch c dn tc Ty,
m c tt c cc tc ngi nc ta, hu nh khng c gia nh no l khng th cng t tin,
khng thc hnh l nghi theo tp tc trong gia nh v cng ng. Th cng t tin tr thnh
mt phong tc, l chun mc o c v nguyn tc lm ngi, ng thi l mt phn quan trng
trong i sng tm linh ca ngi Ty ni ring v ngi dn Vit Nam ni chung. l mt
phong tc p, c tnh cht gio dc truyn thng cho cc th h.
T kha: T tin; th cng; tn ngng; vn ha; linh hn; bn th; huyt tc; king k

Th cng t tin l mt hin tng mang tnh
lch s - x hi, tn ti ph bin nhiu nc
trn Th gii, trong c Vit Nam. Mt tt
ca vic th cng l nhc nh nhng ngi
ang sng phi nh n ngun, n qu nh
k trng cy, bit knh trng, phng dng
ng b lc sinh thi v th phng khi mt.
Lu dn, s th phng tr thnh o l,
thnh l sng, tr thnh nt p vn ho
truyn thng ca cc dn tc. Song km theo
n l s phin toi, nng n khi mang mu sc
m tn d oan, v li, nh hng khng nh
n i sng ca con ngi.
*

Trong qu trnh pht trin ca lch s, khi
nim t tin cng c s bin i, pht trin. N
khng ch b hp trong phm vi huyt thng
gia nh, h tc m m rng ra phm vi
cng ng x hi ba cp : Quc gia th th
Vua Hng; lng bn th thn Thnh Hong;
gia nh, dng h th th t tin.
Bi vit ny, tc gi ch nghin cu v
ngha ca vic th cng T tin trong gia nh
v cc v thn che ch nh ca, lng bn ca
ngi Ty Bc Kn, ch khng i su tm
hiu v ngun gc v bn cht ca tn ngng
th cng v cng khng c nh tm hiu v
o th Vua Hng ca quc gia dn tc.

*
Tel: 0914 892 999; Email: hanhluongthi4@gmail.com
Ngi Ty Bc Kn l tc ngi c tr
t lu i, li c s dn ng nht trong ton
tnh, theo iu tra dn s nm 1999, dn tc
Ty c s dn l 149.459 ngi, chim
54,32% [3, tr.39]. V th, vng ny ngn
ng Ty cng vi ting ph thng (ting
Kinh) ng vai tr quan trng trong giao tip
gia cc dn tc. Hn na, vn ha truyn
thng ca dn tc Ty li rt phong ph, a
dng l nt c trng cho vn ha vng cao
Bc Kn, Bn cnh nhng c im chung,
ging nhau cn c nhng nt ring rt c
o, chng hn tn ngng th cng T tin l
mt trong nhng nt ring c o .
Theo tp tc ca ngi Ty, ni t bn th
t tin bao gi cng l gian gia ca ngi nh
vi ba hoc bn ng hng ty tng dng h,
d b cc ca ngi nh 5 gian hay 7 gian, th
gian gia vn l ni trang trng nht; Cn
ngi Hmng th ch th cng t tin lun
nm vch tng (lip). Ni th lm ht sc
n gin, thng ch l mnh giy tin bng
giy bn, c hnh ch nht dn ln vch, lip
thuc gian gia ca ngi nh. Khi cn cng
th cm hng xung t, t mm cng ngay
chn vch (lip). Cng c gia nh gi ng
hng vo vch coi l ni th t tin, li c
h lm bn th nh ngi Ty, Kinh
Tuy nhin, d b cc v bi tr bn th t tin
gia cc tc ngi c khc nhau, song u

24
xut pht t quan nim cy phi c gc, chim
phi c t, con ngi phi c cha m, dng h
v qu hng. Trong dng h l yu t
hng u, tn ngi c th thay i, c th
nhiu qu, nhng h th khng th thay c,
d c i lm con nui t b, khi ln ln nu
bit c h mnh th vn phi mang li h
ca mnh. H chnh l ngun gc, mi dng
h li c mt ngun gc ring. Do , ngi
Ty th cng dng h, ch khng th mt
con ngi c th. V vy, nu trong gia nh
c ngi thn qua i, ngi ta phi lm
cc th tc, cc nghi l trong thi gian tr
tang, nh cng 40 ngy, 100 ngy, 1 nm, 3
nm l l on tang (thc t ch 2 nm). Theo
quan nim ca ng bo, sau l on tang linh
hn ngi cht s c gii thot khi a
ngc v ci thin ng vi t tin, v th
bt hng, bi v cng c nhp chung vi
bi v t tin v c th cng chung .
TH CNG T TIN
Theo quan nim ca ngi Ty, linh hn
ngi mt lun lun trn bn th t tin
c gn gi con chu, hng ngy theo
di v gip ph h cho con chu trong
vic lm n. Do vy, vic th cng t tin
khng ch th hin lng bit n i vi cha
ng, vi ngi khut m nhiu khi cn l
s cu mong, s t li, xin tha th vi t
tin. Bi t tin lun c s chi phi n s
phn tt xu ca con chu v c nhng quyn
nng kh lng. V th, vic th cng t tin
c duy tr qua nhiu th h, chng ai bo
ai m c i i tip nhau thc hin v tr
thnh ct li ca thun phong m tc v l
hnh thc th cng quan trng nht trong i
sng tm linh ca ngi Ty.
V ni dung, hnh thc v i tng th
cng, cng c nhiu loi v mc th cng
khc nhau t nhiu gia cc dn tc. ngi
Ty hnh thc th cng ch yu l th huyt
tc, bn cnh , cng c mt s t h gia
nh ngi Ty th cng b m v.
Cc t tin c th cng:
- Th T tin theo huyt tc: Trong mi gia
nh, vic th cng t tin trc ht c tc
dng cng c mi quan h rut tht gia
nhng ngi cng mu m, dn gian c cu
Mt git mu o hn ao nc l chnh l
ni n mi quan h mu m, huyt tc ny.
Cc th h t tin c th ph bin l 3 i
t cha m, ng b, c. Theo quan nim ca
ng bo, b m, ng b, cc c l nhng
ngi trc tip gn b nui dng, bo v,
ph h cho con chu. Cn cc i, t i th
t tr ln T tin bin thnh thn chm nom
nh ca, gia sc, trnh s thm nhp ca cc
ma qu l. V th vo dp Tt Nguyn n
ngi ta cn lm mm cng cc v T tin
ny ngoi nh (cng di sn nh ng
bo gi l an lng, gia sc gia cm khng
b toi dch), nay nhiu gia nh b l ny.
Khi trong nh c ngi thn va mi qua i
th khng c a ln cng chung vi t tin
ngay m phi th mt gc ring thp hn
bn th t tin ng bo gi l Bi v (Chong
eng), ngy nay cn c thm tm nh. Hng
ngy, n ba n, con chu x cm canh t
ln bn th trong sut 3 nm hoc 1 nm, cng
c ni ch thc hin trong vng 100 ngy.
- Th cng b m v: Vic th cng b m
v ch l ngoi l ch khng phi l thng l,
thng xy ra vi nhng gia nh khng c
ngi ni di tng ng, khng cn ngi
tha t theo trc h dng cha, th con gi
i ly chng, rc t tin b m v th bn
nh chng. Nhng t tin b m v ch c
cng gian nh ph (c th gc nh) ch
khng c th chung trong gian chnh ca
gia nh, v khng ng vai tr trung tm
trong nghi l th cng ca gia nh na.
Trong vic th cng b m v, thng ch th
cng c mt i v nhng nghi l th cng
cng phi lm sau vic th cng t tin ca
gia nh nh chng. Vy, hn ma t tin trn
bn th c ng u? ng bo cho rng, hn
ma tr ng trong bi v hoc bt hng trn bn
th hay trn vch th mt cch chung chung
ch cha c biu tng vt cht c th.
Thit ch bn th: Tn ngng th cng t tin
thnh quy c trong vic b tr kin trc
nh ca ngi Ty. Trc y ng bo ch
yu nh sn 5 gian, 7 gian. D b cc nh
theo chiu dc hay chiu ngang th tp qun,
vi s gian nh th, bao gi gian gia cng l
ni trang trng nht, t bn th t tin.

25
Bn th t tin trong ting Ty gi Chong
ham c t trang trng ti gian gia (phn
ln hng pha trc nh, cng c gia nh
pha sau). Trc bn th t tin gian gia,
l ni tip khch nam gii. T bn th t tin
bao qut mi hot ng ca con chu trong
nh, c nh t tin vn hng ngy, hng i
sng cng con chu, theo di, dn dt mi
cng vic lm n ca con chu trong nh. Bn
th cng t tin ca ngi Ty kh n gin,
khng c hng n sn son thp vng nh
ngi Kinh, c khi ch l mt tm vn ng vt
vo tng t mt bt hng hoc ba, bn
bt hng ty tng gia nh. Nhng gia nh
kh gi, bn th t tin c lm cu k hn,
c chm tr hnh hoa, nhng khng sn son
thp vng. Bt hng trn bn th t tin ca
ngi Ty l th theo chc danh, khng th
con ngi c th, nh bt hng th t tin
(th h) th t bn tay phi nhn vo, th th
cng chnh gia, bn tay tri th b c, ng
mnh, cao hn mt cht pha tri th quan m.
Nghi thc th cng: Khng c quy nh bt
buc, ng bo quan nim, khi t tin cn
sng n ung th g, th cng gi t tin th
tr thnh l vt. Hng thng T tin c
con chu cng vo ngy rm v mng mt vi
nghi thc n gin ch thp hng, n, mi
tr hay ru, c khi ch l nc l, t khi c
xi g hay bnh ko. Vo nhng dp l tt,
nht l tt Nguyn n v tt rm thng by,
c bn cng T tin rt thnh son, cc loi
bnh tri, ru tht. Khi trong gia nh c
cng to vic ln nh ci xin, vo nh mi, l
y thng chu, l tang ma, bn th T tin
cng c by c linh nh, tu tng ni
dung cng vic m by c bn khc nhau,
chng hn m ci nht thit bn th T tin
nh gi phi c th ln ca chnh con ln nh
trai mang sang, trong khi bn th nh trai ch
c con g sng thin. K c khi nh c vic
t xut d ln hay nh, nh trc mi
chuyn i xa, trc ngy ln ng d k thi,
khi mt tr th mi ct ting khc cho i
trong gia nh, con xin c vic lm th
ngi ta u thp hng co t tin, th c t
tin ph h cho mi vic tt p, may mn.
bn th t tin, ngy tt nguyn n thng
dng hai bn, mi bn mt i ma c
ngn, c nh c r. Cy ma ngt, th hin
s on kt, thng yu, m bc anh em
trong nh, trong h. Cc t ma, biu hin
nhng nc thang pht trin cho hin thc cuc
sng con chu. Ma tr thnh l vt cng
cc c dng lm gy i li thm nom con chu.
Trong cc dp cng l, thc hin cc nghi
thc th cng ch yu l ngi cha, ngi
ch gia nh. Trng hp cha mt sm, con
cn nh ngi m s tr thnh ngi ch tr
trong nhng dp cng l.
Nhng gia nh c ngi lm ngh thy cng
(To, Then, Pt), hi thuc cha bnh,... cng
c ring mt bt hng th T s ngh c
t cng vi gian th t tin nhng v tr
cao hn v t chnh gia ph h cho cc
cng vic hnh ngh. Vo cc dp tt c mm
cng chay. i vi cc thy To, Then,
Pt sau mi ln i lm l cho gia nh no ,
th gia nh c thy lm l nht thit phi
c mt con g (g luc chn), vi ng go, mt
lt ru gi l cho thy. l ny s c
thy mang v t ln trnh bo vi t s ngh
nh thy, vi hm t n thnh thn gip
thy hon thnh cng vic gip ngi. Nu gia
ch khng c g, thy phi t bt g nh tht
cng v tr n cc thnh thn.
MT S KING K TRONG VIC
TH CNG T TIN
- Nhng king k: Nh trnh by phn
trn, ngi Ty th cng T tin l th dng
h, h chnh l ngun gc, mi dng h li c
mt ngun gc ring. Nhng trong cch thc
th cng t tin ca cc dng h cng c ci
ging nhau, nh hng thp c nhum chn
mu , cng sm ti bng nc tr mi pha,
cng ru cng vi tht ln, tht g v cc loi
bnh tri t lm, khi cng nh no cng thp
n du, cng xong t tin (tin bng giy
bn) Nhng ging nhau v th cng t tin
gia cc dng h th rt nhiu, song gia cc
dng h li c s khc nhau, nh h ny th
c cng c, h khc li khng, c h c
n tht tru, tht b, tht ch c h li king,
nht l nhng nh c ngi lm ngh thy cng.
Nh vy, ty tng dng h ngi Ty c
nhng king k ring. Hu ht cc dng h
khi cng ng b t tin khng bao gi cng

26
tht sng, tht tru, tht b, tht nga. Tht
sng ch cng cho ngi mi cht (bng c
con ln ph phc trc linh cu); king cng
n tha, khng cng ru ung d; tt
nguyn n, rm thng ging, rm thng by,
cng u phi nguyn ming (tht ln),
c con (g, vt), cn li cc ln cng khc tht
c th cht ra sp nh mm cm ri cng
cng c. Bn th ca ng b t tin ch
c qut dn v lau chi vo chiu 30 tt,
lc khc khng c qut dn, x dch, khng
t cc vt ln bn th, tr hng vng,
m chn, hoa qu, bnh ko, khng gy n o,
no ng trong gian bn th, khi nm cng
trnh khng quay chn v pha bn th, sn
ph trong thng khng i qua hoc n ch
bn th t tin, v mi cha 40 ngy
ngi ph n vn b coi l bn s gy u
n chn linh thing ca cc c.
Ngoi vic th cng t tin l chnh, trong cc
gia nh ngi Ty Bc Kn cn c nhng
tn ngng dn gian khc lin quan ti vic
th cng cc v thn ph h cho gia nh, lng
bn. Theo quan nim ca ngi Ty, thn l
mt nhn vt siu nhin, l ngi trc tip vi
cuc sng ca con ngi, thn l ngi lm
c mt s vic mt lng, mt vng. Thn
gip con ngi c cuc sng bnh yn, nh
con ngi khng bnh tt, cy trng khng
su bnh, gia sc khng toi dch, xm lng
khng ha hon thin tai.
TH CNG CC THN LINH CHE CH
GIA NH
ng bo Ty Nng c cu ngn ng:
Nm ht y, Phy ht mjc ngha l
(Nc lm cho tt, La lm cho p). Do ,
trong cc gia nh ngi Ty u th bp la
(th To Qun), phi cn phy, phi pnh
phy (ma bp la). Theo quan nim dn
gian, phi cn phy l v thn gi bp nc, gi
la, gi gn s m cng v qun l mi vic
trong gia nh, nu thn la pht th nh
ca cng nh mi vt u b chy ra tro.
ng bo th ma bp ngay ti bp la ch
khng c bt hng ring. Dp tt lm mm
cng v thp hng cnh bp la. Khi cm
chn ma bp la c n hng, ba ngon
c nm trc, mi vic thng trm, ho kh
hay lc c trong nh ma bp u hiu r. Do
, ng bo king ni to ting, khc lc bn
bp la, khng g vo king, vo khung g
gi t bp la, khng un ci bn, (nht l
nhng cy b st nh, cy khing nh
tng). Hng nm c vo ngy 23 thng
Chp m lch, gia nh lm l a To Qun
ln tri bo co Ngc Hong cng vic ca
h mnh qun l ni h gii. n ngy
mng mt u nm (Tt) Ngc Hong sai
mt To Qun mi n thay th, cho nn
ngi ta cng v thn ny vo ngy 23
thng chp v mng mt u nm.
Khi con ra ring, khng c xin la gia
nh khc, m phi chia la t bp la ca
nh b m cho con ci v y cng l mt
nghi l quan trng trong l vo nh mi.
ng ngy gi tt, m u l vo nh mi
bng nghi thc, thy (hoc mt ngi c t
cch o c tt, ng con chu, cn c lm
n, sn xut gii) cm b uc chy to chm
la t nh b m sang nhm bp gia
nh ca nh mi. Trong khi chm la, nhng
ngi c mt u cng h to n bu ty
phy, y bu ty p m (m khng g bng
la, tt khng g bng v chng). ng bo
tin rng h nh th vy gia nh s hnh phc
v lm n d dng. Ngi ta c gi cho la
chy lin tc trong ba ngy khng tt, va
gy khng kh m p trong nh, ng thi
cng vi ngha l la hy thiu hy i nhng
g gi l ri ro, xua ui t ma m kh, va lm
cho nguyn vt liu nh mi c kh ro.
Trong nghi l ma chay huyn Ch n, c
tc t la h xung quanh 4 gc o quan
trc khi a ma ra khi nh. Trn ng
khing quan ti, ngi ta dng cc b uc
ln h pha di o quan. Sau khi chn ct
xong, cc con chu ci b tang h qua la,
vi ngha l chiu hn cho ngi sng, k
ma ngi cht v cc loi ma qu khc theo
ngi sng v nh. C th ni, la l vt
thing, l thn che ch gia nh. V vy, trong
thc tm linh ca ngi Ty la c quan
nim linh thing trong i sng ca h.
Ph bin mi gia nh ngi Ty, cn c
bn th M bjoc hay M va (M Hoa), ngi
Kinh gi l b M. Th M bjoc cng ging
nh hnh thc th Mu trong tn ngng dn

27
gian ca ngi Kinh. Nhng tn ngng th
Mu ca ngi Kinh c pht trin thnh h
thng th cng c quy m rt b th Tam
Ta Thnh Mu, cn ngi Ty, tn
ngng th Mu tuy khng pht trin b th
nhng n gi mt v tr ht sc quan trng
trong i sng tm linh ca ng bo. M Va
trong th, then Ty Nng cn c gi l
Hoa Nng Thnh Mu l v thn cai qun
vic nhn duyn, sinh n nui dy v bo v
tr em. B trn ci mng ph, b c mt
vn y hoa. H ngt tng nh no hoa bc
th sinh con gi, hoa vng th sinh con trai.
Xut pht t quan nim cho rng ci thai
trong bng m l mt bng hoa c b m
ban cho, do , bn th M Hoa c lp
hm tr y thng (thm ch c nh 3 ngy
t bn th M), ngi ta lm ng hng
bng na cm vo vch bung ngi m v
tm phn nh t l. Cng c gia nh bn
th b m c ng rt cn thn ngay ca
bung ca ngi m. Nh c bao nhiu con
du th by nhiu bn th m bjoc ngay vch
bung ca ngi m. Bn th b m cng
c thp hng nh cc bn th khc trong
nh, cng l l i g, bnh coc m, bnh
ko H ng b, cha m i u v c qu
bnh phi t ln mi m bjoc trc ri
mi cho tr n. Nu i v chng no ly
nhau lu m cha c con, th phi lm l xin
M Hoa ban hoa (ban con), ng bo gi
l L bc cu xin hoa, nn tc ng Ty c
cu M bjoc pn m, m va pn h (M
hoa phn v, m hoa chia cho).
Bn cnh cc hnh thc th cng nu trn,
trong ng bo Ty cn ph bin hnh thc
th cng th cng. Ni th cng th cng
khng hon ton ging nhau, c vng ngay
bn th t tin, cng c gia nh, c vng li
ngoi sn Theo quan nim ca ng bo
th cng s gip cho gia nh xua ui cc t
ma ra khi khu vc nh , trng nom gia sc
khi nanh vut ca h, bo lm cho gia sc
sinh si cht chung, con ngi c bnh
yn, hnh phc.
Trong phm vi bn hay lin bn ca ngi
Ty u c hnh thc th thn bn mnh ca
cng ng bn, ph bin nht l miu th th
thn v nh th Thnh Hong lng.
TH THN BN MNH CA LNG BN
Do sinh sng ch yu bng nng nghip,
trong iu kin cn ph thuc nhiu vo thin
nhin: Thi tit, kh hu, t ai v xut pht
t quan nim Vn vt hu linh, ng bo
tin rng, trong thin nhin cng c nhiu lc
lng siu nhin tc ng n cuc sng an
khang thnh vng, trng tn ca cng ng
lng bn. Cng tng t nh th, bt c ni
no trn mt t nh rng ni, ng rung,
t ai, sng sui u c cc thn linh cai
qun. Do , khi tin hnh khai ph trng trt
u phi xin php cc thn linh. Thn linh c
loi lnh v loi d. Loi d khng c th
cng thng xuyn, ch khi no ngi, vt bt
an ngi ta mi cng. Cn loi lnh l nhng
phc thn lun ph h, bo v con ngi, nn
c con ngi th cng chu o, khng ch
mang tnh cht tng gia nh m cn mang
tnh cht c cng ng lng bn.
- Thn th a: L v thn bo v lng bn,
ni rng, phm vi t ai, cy trng, gia sc.
Ngun gc ca thn linh ny xut pht t
quan nim Vn vt hu linh, c loi ch l
nhng thn linh, ma qu tr ng gc cy to,
cc hn ln, trong thm, cc vng nc
su. C loi l nhng hn ngi cht vo gi
thing hn ma tr nn mnh m nh
ui cc th thn ng tr trong mt vng. C
loi l nhng nhn vt lch s khi cht c
thng phong lm th a (nh Nng Tr
Cao, Nng Vn Vn, ).
Theo quan nim ca ngi Ty, cc v thn
ny c cng lao xy dng lng bn, c cng
dp gic, nn khi qua i, h c dn bn
nh n, th lm thn bn mnh, nh mt s
bn thuc x Yn Thnh (Ch n) th phc
thn h Ma (dng h th ty t Tuyn Quang
sang) c cng khai ph rng rm, to dng
ng rung, lng bn [2, tr. 87, 88]. Ngoi ra,
cn c th a l lc lng siu nhin c
thn thnh ho. a s cc v thn ny khng
c tn m ch c gi chung l th thn.
Ni th thn thng u hay cui lng bn,
ti mt gc cy to hoc chn ni , ni c
nhiu ngi qua li. Ngi ta lm mt ci
miu nh vi i gp gianh, t mt ng
hng. Vo dp tt Nguyn n hay dp l

28
cu ma, cc gia nh trong bn mang l vt,
hng hoa tp trung miu cng th thn.
Khi trong lng c ngi cht, c tr nh mi
sinh, xy dng cng trnh, o mng nh
u thp hng bo cho th thn bit.
- Th Thnh hong
Bn cnh s ph bin ca miu th th thn
l s xut hin ri rc ca nhng ngi nh
th Thnh Hong cn gi l ma lng. Trong
quan nim ca ngi Ty nhiu khi nh cn
bao gm c n. V vy, tc th Thnh Hong
ca ngi Ty mang ngha dn gian su sc,
n a dng, ngoi th Thn Nng, nh cn
th nhng ngi c cng khai ph t ai, lp
bn, th phc thn c cng dp gic v c cc
t thn khc cu mong cho bn mng bnh
yn nh: nh ng Khm x Bng Phc th
hung thn Lng nh Xe, Lc nh Hi;
nh N Ngn x Thng Quan th inh
Quang Tng, Chu Quang Hu l ngi c
cng khai ph vng t ny; nh x Cao K;
nh bn Tu u x Cao Thng th thn
Dng T Minh...
Khc vi th th cng ch cm hng vo
gc cy hoc lm miu nh lp i ba gp
gianh, th nh th Thnh Hong thng lm
3 gian, ni cao ro, xa nh, c ngi trng
coi thp hng gi l P Thi. Thc trng
cc nh miu th Thnh Hong ngy nay
hu khp cc vng ca tnh Bc Kn
nt, ch cn li du tch nh sn nh, bi vui
chi, cy a c th hoc mt s on tng
thnh nh cc nh x Yn Thnh. Cn
vic th cng Thnh Hong hin nay gn
nh mt hn.
Tm li; Th cng t tin v cc thn che
ch cho gia nh ca ngi Ty Bc Kn p
ng c nhu cu tm linh ca ng bo;
dn d m su sc, sinh ng m quy c, n
gin m bn vng, l s tng nh nhng
ngi c cng trong vic to lp cuc sng
ngy nay trong mi gia nh v lng bn.
y l nt p trong vn ha ca ngi Ty
Bc Kn cn c bo lu v gn gi.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Phan K Bnh (1975), Vit Nam Phong tc,
Nxb Bt Vit, Si Gn.
[2]. Hong Ngc La, Hong Hoa Ton (1999), Tn
ngng dn gian Ty lch s v hin ti, ti
nghin cu khoa hc cp b, M s: B98-05-10.
[3]. H Vn Vin, Lng Vn Bo, Lm Xun
nh, Triu Kim Vn, Bn Tun Nng, m Th
Uyn, Hong Th Lan (2004); Bn sc v truyn
thng vn ha cc dn tc tnh Bc Kn, Nxb Vn
ha Dn tc, H Ni.
[4]. ng Nghim Vn (2007), Vn ha Vit Nam
a tc ngi, Nxbn Gio dc, H Ni.

SUMMARY
THE PRACTICE OF WORSHIPING ANCESTORS AND THE GODS
PROTECTING THE FAMILIES OF THE TAY PEOPLE IN BAC KAN, VIETNAM

Luong Thi Hanh
*


Ancestor worship of the Tay people is a human conscious activity, which shows their gratitude and
tribute towards their original point. The basis of the sense of ancestor worship is the belief that
ancestral spirits still live with their descendents and can protect and bless them. Therefore, in terms
of morality, the sense of ancestors has profound human values and it helps initialize human
kindness in each individual in the social community.
Ancestral worship is one of the leading forms of belief not only in the Tay minority but also in all
ethnic groups of our country. There are almost no families that do not worship their ancestors or
practice rituals according to the traditions of the family and community. Ancestral worship has
become a tradition, an ethical standard a human principle, and an important part of the spiritual life
of the Tay people in particular and Vietnamese people in general. It's a beautiful tradition which
helps educate about traditions for all generations.
Keywords: Ancestor; Worship; Belief; Culture; Spirit; Altar; Blood race; taboo

*
Tel: 0914 892 999; Email: hanhluongthi4@gmail.com
Ng Ngc Linh Tp ch KHOA HC & CNG NGH 79(03): 29 - 34

29

NH HNG V TC NG CA TM THNG U TRANH DU KCH
CHNG CH KHNG B TRN CN C A BC SN V NHAI
I VI CCH MNG VIT NAM

Ng Ngc Linh
*

TM TT
Thng li ca Tm thng u tranh du kch chng ch khng b trn cn c a Bc Sn V
Nhai (1941-1942) khng nhng c ngha quan trng i vi phong tro cch mng Bc Sn
V Nhai, m cn to c nh hng su rng n mt lot phong tro cch mng ang din ra
trn ton quc; Cn c a Bc Sn V Nhai hnh thnh, pht trin qua tranh u cng l yu t
quan trng a n s ra i ca Khu gii phng trong cao tro khng Nht cu nc (1945). i
du kch Bc Sn V Nhai c coi l mt trong nhng i qun tin thn ca Qun i nhn dn
Vit Nam.
T kha: u tranh du kch; Bc Sn V Nhai; i du kch Bc Sn V Nhai; Cn c a
Bc Sn - V Nhai; Tm thng u tranh du kch

Tm thng u tranh du kch chng ch
khng b (t thng 07/1941 n thng
02/1942) din ra trn cn c a Bc Sn
V Nhai c nhng ngha lch s, bi hc
kinh nghim rt quan trng khng ch i vi
phong tro cch mng Bc Sn V Nhai,
m cn l bi hc quan trong i vi phong
tro cch mng c nc. cng chnh l
ng lc thc y cch mng Vit Nam pht
trin mnh m hn trong giai on sau. Din
bin tin trnh vn ng Cch mng thng
Tm 1945 chng minh r s nh hng,
tc ng ca tm thng u tranh du kch
chng ch khng b Bc Sn V Nhai
trn nhiu phng din, c v l lun ln thc
tin cch mng.
*

Vn Tm thng u tranh du kch trn
cn c a Bc Sn V Nhai l mt vn
cng c gii s hc quan tm, nghin
cu. Tuy nhin, cc tc gi mi ch dng li
vic cp ti hoc im qua mt hay mt
vi s kin c lin quan; m cha nghin cu
mt cch thc s c h thng v mc
khi qut, ton din n vn ny. V th,
trong phm vi ca nghin cu nh, chng ti
c gng a ra v phn tch su v s kin
quan trng ny trn cc gc ngha lch s
v bi hc kinh nghim; t ch ra c
nhng tc ng, nh hng su rng ca cuc

*
Tel: 0983851565
u tranh trn i vi phong tro cch mng
Vit Bc ni ring v phong tro cch mng
c nc ni chung.
1. Thng li ca tm thng u tranh du kch
trn cn c a Bc Sn V Nhai c nh
hng mnh m v l ngun c v, ng vin
ln lao cho phong tro cch mng ton quc,
bi dng lng yu nc, nim tin v tng
lai ti sng ca cch mng cho qun chng
nhn dn. Sc mnh tinh thn ca qun chng
chnh l ci ngun ca mi thng li trong
Cch mng thng Tm 1945.
Nh chng ta bit, t sau nm 1939, thc
dn Php cu kt vi pht xt Nht tin
hnh n p, khng b phong tro cch mng
khin cho cch mng Vit Nam c nhng tn
tht ln lao, v th xut hin mt b phn
qun chng cch mng t ra khng hong,
mt nim tin. Trong hon cnh , thng li
ca cuc u tranh chng ch khng b trn
cn c a Bc Sn V Nhai do Cu quc
qun lnh o mang mt ngha v cng su
sc. Thng li ny vc dy tinh thn v
cng c nim tin ca qun chng vo s lnh
o cch mng ca ng, vo mt tng lai
sng ngi ca s nghip u tranh cch mng.
l ngun c v, ng vin to ln, kp thi
cho qun chng, bi dng lng yu nc,
nim t ho dn tc, lng cm th gic su
sc cho nhn dn. iu ny rt c li cho qu

30
trnh vn ng cch mng ca ng, lc
lng cch mng ca ng khng ngng
c b sung: Ngn la m k th t
hng chc nc nh trong cuc khng b
thng Hai cng tt theo nhng m mu tiu
dit Cu quc qun ca chng; Tuy vy ngn
la y chy thnh ngn la cm th trong
ng bo ng ch chng ta.(1). y l
nhng s chun b v cng cn thit cho vic
hnh thnh mt cao tro u tranh cch mng
trn ton quc, tin ti khi ngha ginh chnh
quyn trong nhng nm tip theo.
Ting sng nh ch ca Cu quc qun v
t v cn c Bc Sn V Nhai c tc dng
thc y mnh m phong tro cch mng ton
quc pht trin, c bit cc a phng
thuc nhng khu vc ln cn: s ra i v
m rng hot ng ca Trung i Cu quc
qun II c nh hng tch cc ti vic xy
dng lc lng v trang cch mng cc
huyn khc trong tnh (2). Noi gng cc
chin s Bc Sn - V Nhai, nhiu i t v,
qun du kch cc a phng ln lt hnh
thnh v c nhng hot ng rt si ni.
Thi k 1941 1945 l thi k phong tro
u tranh cch mng nc ta pht trin vt
bc, c nhiu thnh tu rc r, c bit l t
sau khi Mt trn Vit Minh ra i. Tm thng
u tranh du kch chng khng b trn cn c
a Bc Sn V Nhai l mt trong nhng
ting sng u tin bo hiu cho cao tro cch
mng . Sau s kin ny, qun chng thm
tin tng vo s nghip cch mng do ng,
Bc H lnh o. H n nc tham gia cc t
chc qun chng ca Vit Minh, thi ua nh
ch, dit ch bng chin thut du kch trong
cc i du kch, t v a phng. Phong tro
cch mng 1941 1945 v th m si ni ln
tng thng, tng ngy v n lan nhanh, mnh
t a phng ny sang a phng khc.
S pht trin ca phong tro Vit Minh v s
ln mnh ca lc lng v trang cch mng
l nhng iu kin quan trng, quyt nh
Trung ng ng ta pht ng Cao tro
khng Nht cu nc (t thng 3 thng
8/1945), ri tin ti tng khi ngha trong
Cch mng Thng Tm 1945.
2. Lc lng qun du kch hnh thnh trong
cuc u tranh ny, c bit l i Cu quc
qun II tr thnh mt trong nhng ht nhn
nng ct xy dng lc lng v trang cch
mng ca ng. Thc t cho thy, y l mt
trong nhng i qun tin thn ca lc lng
v trang nhn dn Vit Nam (ngy
15/05/1945 hp nht vi i Vit Nam tuyn
truyn gii phng qun thnh Vit Nam gii
phng qun ti nh Bin Thng, nh Ha,
Thi Nguyn).
i du kch cch mng bt u hnh thnh t
trong cuc Khi ngha Bc Sn (1940). Ti
Hi ngh Trung ng 7 (11/1940), ng ta
quyt nh i du kch Bc Sn cn phi
c duy tr v pht trin, lm lc lng nng
ct tin ti xy dng cn c a ly Bc Sn
V Nhai l trung tm; ng cng vch r
phng hng hot ng ca i du kch l
v trang cng tc, khi cn th chng ch
khng b, xy dng, m rng cn c a cch
mng. Thc hin ch trng ca ng, i
du kch Bc Sn ngy cng pht trin v ln
mnh qua u tranh; cc trung i Cu quc
qun I (1/5/1941), ri Cu quc qun II
(15/9/1941) ra i l nhng kt qu tt yu
ca qu trnh pht trin . Trong qu trnh
ny, s lnh o v ch trng, ng li ca
ng, thm ch c nhng nhn t con ngi
cng c th hin rt r (c nhng cn b
ct cn ca ng tham gia lnh o qun du
kch hoc cng tc lu ngy ti khu cn c).
Khi khu cn c a Bc Sn V Nhai b
khng b, ng ta lun st sao ch o,
ng vin kp thi i vi lc lng du kch,
c bit ng pht ng mt phong tro
ng h du kch Bc Sn V Nhai trn ton
quc nhm h tr cho phong tro u tranh.
Nhng do thc dn Php bao vy cht, c lp
mnh khu cn c nn phong tro ny cng
cha thc s pht huy c nhng tc dng
cn thit.
Vy, c th thy: trong qu trnh lnh o
cch mng, ng ta rt coi trng lc lng
qun du kch Bc Sn V Nhai v coi l
lc lng v trang nng ct xy dng, bo v
cn c a Bc Sn V Nhai, mt trong hai
cn c a cch mng trung tm ca c nc
by gi (cn c a th hai l Cao Bng);

31
ng cng xc nh lc lng du kch Bc
Sn V Nhai l mt lc lng cn phi
c duy tr, bi dng v coi l mt
trong nhng i qun tin thn ca qun i
nhn dn Vit Nam. Thc t lch s cng cho
thy, cc trung i Cu quc qun Bc Sn
V Nhai hp nht vi i Vit Nam tuyn
truyn gii phng qun (ra i ngy
22/12/1944) thnh Vit Nam Gii phng qun
(ti nh Bin Thng, nh Ha, Thi
Nguyn, ngy 15/5/1945) mt i qun
c coi l lc lng Qun i nhn dn Vit
Nam lm thi ca cch mng Vit Nam.
Ngoi ra, ta cng thy, c khng t cn b,
chin s Trung i Cu quc qun trng
thnh trong cuc chin u v sau tr
thnh nhng v tng ti, ch huy gii trong
Qun i nhn dn Vit Nam (Chu Vn Tn,
Nguyn Cao m, L Dc Tn, Mng Phc
Quyn, Chu Phng). Vy, ta c th coi
Cu quc qun l mt trong nhng i
qun tin thn ca lc lng v trang nhn
dn Vit Nam sau ny. y l vn mang
ngha lch s ht sc quan trng.
3. Nhng thng li ca cuc u tranh du
kch din ra trn cn c a Bc Sn V
Nhai nh du s ln mnh ca khu cn c
a cch mng Bc Sn V Nhai. N nh
hng ln n s hnh thnh, pht trin ca
cc khu cn c a cch mng khc trn ton
quc; c bit, s pht trin l tin cho
s ra i ca chin khu Hong Hoa Thm v
Khu gii phng Vit Bc (thng 6/1945)
nhng chin khu c v tr, vai tr rt to ln
trong s thnh cng ca Cch mng Thng
Tm nm 1945.
Vi t cch l khu du kch u tin trong thi
k mi, theo ch trng ch o ca Trung
ng ng v vn xy dng cn c a
Bc Sn V Nhai (trong Hi ngh Trung
ng 7 (1940)), qun v dn Bc Sn V
Nhai cng nhau on kt, tch cc xy dng
khu cn c. Ch trong vng hn mt nm k
t ngy c ch trng trn, n u nm
1942, mt khu cn c a cch mng rng ln
c hnh thnh v ngy mt pht trin.
Khu cn c ny ly Bc Sn V Nhai lm
trung tm, bao gm nhiu a phng thuc
cc tnh: Thi Nguyn, Lng Sn, Bc Giang,
Tuyn Quang. Vic m rng cn c a Bc
Sn V Nhai gip cho qun du kch c
thm a bn hot ng, chng ch khng
b; xy dng, pht trin cc c s cch mng.
Cn c a ny ni lin vi cn c a Cao
Bng (ni Bc H v Trung ng ng hot
ng) v l bn p pht trin phong tro
cch mng t Bc xung Nam, t min ni
n min xui, xung ng bng v thng ti
nhiu a phng khc, thc y cao tro
cch mng trn ton quc. Thc t cho thy:
s ra i ca mt lot cc khu cn c cch
mng trong thi k tip theo nh: Chin khu
Hong Hoa Thm (hnh thnh u nm 1944,
gm hai phn khu, ly Sng Cu l ranh gii:
Phn khu A l phn khu Nguyn Hu; phn
khu B l phn khu Quang Trung, do ng ch
Chu Vn Tn lm Ch huy trng) v c bit
l Khu gii phng Vit Bc (thnh lp ngy
04/6/1945, gm 6 tnh: Cao Bng, Tuyn
Quang, Thi Nguyn, Bc Kn, H Giang,
Lng Sn, do H Ch tch lnh o y ban
ch huy lm thi Khu gii phng) cng l kt
qu ca cng tc xy dng, m rng cn c
a trong thi k tm thng u tranh du kch
chng ch khng b trn cn c a Bc Sn
V Nhai.
4. Xut pht t ch trng t nhim v gii
phng dn tc l nhim v cch mng hng
u ca ng ta, qun v dn Bc Sn V
Nhai quyt tm ng ln u tranh chng
ch khng b. Nhng thng li to ln c trn
mt trn qun s ln mt trn chnh tr cho
thy s kt hp nhun nhuyn, ti tnh, kho
lo gia u tranh chnh tr v u trang v
trang ca qun v dn Bc Sn - V Nhai; n
cng ni ln sc mnh ca vic kt hp hai
hnh thc u tranh: chnh tr v v trang
trong qu trnh khi ngha tng a phng.
Cuc u tranh ny l s kim nghim, lm
tin vng chc cho vic pht ng mt mt
cao tro khi ngha tng phn, tin ti tng
khi ngha ginh chnh quyn trn phm vi
ton quc ca ng ta.
Xuyn sut thi k 1939 1945, ng ta
vch ra mc tiu chnh tr ca cch mng l
bng mi gi ginh cho k c c lp, t
do cho dn tc. Thc hin mc tiu , ng

32
ra nhiu hnh thc hot ng phong ph
nh: Vn ng, tuyn truyn, gic ng qun
chng; tp hp, rn luyn h, a h vo cc
cuc u tranh,v th, hnh thc u tranh
chnh tr lun xuyn sut v i trc trong tt
c cc thi k cch mng. Song, nu ch c
u tranh chnh tr, khng c u tranh v
trang th cch mng kh c th thnh cng
c, nht l di ch cai tr, h ca bn
thc dn, phong kin, pht xt tn bo nh
Vit Nam. u tranh v trang l h tr cho
u tranh chnh tr, thc hin nhng nhim v
chnh tr. Hai hnh thc ny c mi lin h
cht ch, bin chng, to ra sc mnh to ln,
c kh nng a cch mng thnh cng.
Tuy nhin, cng ty tng ni, tng iu kin
m c khi ta ly u tranh chnh tr lm trng,
c khi ta li coi u tranh v trang l chnh;
u tranh chnh tr c th i trc, quyt nh,
u tranh v trang i sau ng h, h tr v
ngc li.
Khi ngha Bc Sn v tm thng u tranh
du kch li nhng bi hc kinh nghim
su sc v vic vn dng, kt hp hai hnh
thc u tranh ny. Khi ngha Bc Sn lc
u nng v u tranh chnh tr, sau mi u
tranh v trang ginh chnh quyn. Song, sau
khi chnh quyn ch tan r a phng th
qun cch mng li khng a cch mng tin
ln, t thi cm chng, khng kin quyt
u tranh v trang, ginh quyn lm ch, gy
dng phong tro cch mng trn a bn rng,
t b hp kh nng u tranh ca mnh, v
tnh to c hi ch n p v cuc khi
ngha i n tht bi. Tm thng u tranh
du kch chng ch khng b nh du bc
nhn thc mi trong hnh thc u tranh ca
qun chng nhn dn a phng. Vi chin
thut du kch - ly chnh tr lm trng tm
cng tc gy dng phong tro qun chng,
nhng v trang li ng vai tr quyt nh
bo v qun chng, bo v c s cch mng,
chng ch khng b - qun du kch Bc Sn
V Nhai vn dng rt kho hai hnh thc
u tranh ny: Thi k u ca tm thng u
tranh du kch th ta ly u tranh chnh tr
l chnh (khi cn mi u tranh v trang)
nhm gy dng c s cch mng, t chc,
cng c, pht trin lc lng du kch qun v
mi mt (tp hun, hun luyn qun s chnh
tr); sang thi k tip theo (t thng 9/1941
n cui nm 1941), trc s khng b c lit
ca k th, ta li ch trng u tranh v
trang bng chin thut du kch bo v c
s cch mng, bo v ti sn, tnh mng ca
ng bo, va tip tc thc hin u tranh
chnh tr h tr cho u tranh v trang
chng khng b bi: Mun chng c
khng b phi c lc lng v trang ca
mnh chng li k ch (3). Kt hp nhun
nhuyn hai hnh thc ny, Cu quc qun
lm cho b my chnh quyn tay sai ch
a phng ru r, sp tng b phn, v th
sinh lc ch b tiu hao khng nh. Sang thi
k cui (cui nm 1941 n u nm 1942),
ch ch trng khng b mnh hn, chng
thi hnh nhiu th on tn bo, tinh vi, khin
qun cch mng lm vo th nguy him.
Trc tnh th , ta quyt nh tm thi
chm dt cc hot ng v trang (nu c cng
ch l cm chng, trong nhng tnh th bt
buc), phn tn lc lng vo trong dn
chng, lnh o dn chng u tranh chnh
tr, nhm bo ton lc lng, trnh nhng tn
tht cho cch mng.
K tha nhng kinh nghim trn, trong nhng
nm 1944 1945, khi lc lng cch mng
ln mnh (c bit t sau s kin i Vit
Nam tuyn truyn gii phng qun thnh lp
22/12/1944), vic kt hp u tranh chnh tr
vi u tranh v trang cng nhun nhuyn,
cht ch hn, ta ginh c t thng li
ny n thng li khc, thc hin khi ngha
tng phn, tin ti lp khu gii phng rng
ln (4). Trong khi ngha thng Tm nm
1945, c nhng ni ta ginh c chnh
quyn qua u tranh chnh tr, song cng c
ni ta phi s dng v trang thc hin mc
tiu cch mng (v k th ngoan c khng u
hng). Xt cho cng th mun ginh c
thng li cui cng th cn phi c bo lc
chnh tr, phi c u tranh v trang. Trong
qu trnh u tranh cch mng: ng ta
kho lo kt hp hnh thc u tranh chnh tr
vi hnh thc v trang. Mt x thuc a v
bn phong kin, k th v cng c lit, ng
gio dc, t chc mt i qun chnh tr
tin ln c v trang, chng k th c v kh

33
mnh gp my mnh, ginh c thng li.
ng bit pht ng cuc chin tranh du
kch da vo nhn dn, li dng a hnh
thun li, bit dng thut ly sng ch
bn ch, lm tan r hng ng ch ginh
ly thng li (5). y chnh l nhng kinh
nghim trong u tranh cch mng c
ng ta rt ra v vn dng - trong c s
kin tm thng u tranh du kch ca nhn
dn Bc Sn V Nhai.
5. Trong cuc u tranh chng ch khng b
trn cn c a Bc Sn V Nhai, Cu quc
qun v nhng lc lng khc ca qun
chng cch mng trc tip tham gia chin
u, thc hin, hon thnh xut sc ch
trng, ng li ch o ca ng v H
Ch Minh. Chnh cuc u tranh y gp
phn a ch trng, ng li ca ng v
t tng H Ch Minh i vo thc tin; kim
nghim, rt ra nhiu bi hc cho giai on
cch mng sau.
Trc ht ta phi khng nh, chnh nhng
ch trng, ng li ca ng l ngn uc
soi sng cho phong tro cch mng Vit Nam.
Ngh quyt Hi ngh ln th 6 ca Ban chp
hnh Trung ng ng thng 11/1939 l mt
v d, vn kin ny nh du bc chuyn
hng v ng li v phng php cch
mng ca ng. S ra i ca Ngh quyt,
c bit l nhng ch trng v phng php
cch mng l c s, l l lun soi ng cho
vic bng n nhiu cuc khi ngha v trang
chng Php, trong c Khi ngha Bc Sn
(27/9/1940).
Tip , Trung ng ng c ngay nhng
ch trng ch o c th cho phong tro cch
mng Bc Sn V Nhai bng nhng
Quyt ngh ti Hi ngh Trung ng 7
(11/1940), c bit l Ngh quyt Hi ngh
Trung ng 8 (5/1941). y l nhng vn
kin c ngha nh hng, ch o trc tip
cho phong tro u tranh ca qun v dn Bc
Sn V Nhai, nht l i vi nhng hot
ng ca Cu quc qun. Ban chp hnh
Trung ng ng cn c nhiu s quan tm,
ch o trc tip bng nhiu bin php nh:
Pht ng phong tro ng h Bc Sn V
Nhai trn ton quc; c cn b ni lin lc
vi phong tro cch mng Bc Sn V
Nhai; b sung cn b ln khu cn c a tham
gia lnh o phong tro; m nhiu lp tp
hun chnh tr, qun s do Ban Thng v
Trung ng trc tip ph trchMt khc c
th thy, cng vi truyn thng nh du kch
trong lch s dn tc, nhng quan im qun
s ca Nguyn i Quc v chin tranh, chin
thut du kch dn hnh thnh (c th hin
trong mt s tc phm v cch nh du kch
ca Ngi vit u nm 1941) v c qun
du kch lnh hi, p dng trit trong cuc
u tranh chng ch khng b, gp phn to
nn nhng thng li ln ca qun du kch.
Nh vy, c th thy: Thng li ca tm
thng chin tranh du kch chng ch khng
b trn cn c a Bc Sn V Nhai (1941-
1942) nh hng su rng, mnh m n
phong tro cch mng Vit Nam. l ngun
c v, ng vin rt kp thi cho qun chng
nhn dn trong m trc ca mt cao tro
khi ngha chc chn s xy ra. Mt khc, cn
c a Bc Sn V Nhai hnh thnh, pht
trin qua tranh u cng l yu t quan trng
a n s ra i ca Khu gii phng trong
cao tro khng Nht cu nc (1945).
Din ra trong thi gian ngn nhng cuc u
tranh trn li cho cch mng Vit Nam
nhiu bi hc kinh nghim v cng qu gi v
c l lun v thc tin. y l vn qu u
tin ca ng ta v ng li ch o cng
nh cng tc t chc, xy dng lc lng; v
cc vn v k thut, chin thut trong u
tranh du kch; l c s cho vic hnh thnh
ng li, t tng ch o ca ng v vn
chin tranh du kch, chin tranh nhn dn
trong cc thi k cch mng v sau ny.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Tng kt cn c a chin khu Vit Bc - cn
c a ch yu ca mi thi k u tranh v trang
cch mng ca nhn dn ta (1966), Lu tr Tnh
y tnh Thi Nguyn, tr.12.
[2]. B ch huy qun s tnh Thi Nguyn (1999),
Thi Nguyn - Lch s u tranh v trang cch
mng v Khng chin chng Php (1941 -1954),
Nh my in Qun i, tr.75.
[3]. Chu Vn Tn (1959), ng Cng sn ng
Dng Ngi lnh o cuc Bc Sn khi
ngha, Lu tr Tnh y tnh Thi Nguyn, cp 12,
s 26, tr.13.
[4]. Th ca Ban Trung ng ng Cng sn
ng Dng gi cc chin s Bc Sn,
17/12/1941, Kho lu tr Trung ng ng, tr.2.


34

SUMMARY
THE IMPACTS AND INFLUENCES OF FIRST EIGHT MONTHS OF
GUERRILLA FIGHTING AGAINST ENEMY OFFENSIVE AT BAC SON BASE
VO NHAI ON VIET NAMS REVOLUTION.

Ngo Ngoc Linh
*

Victory of the guerrilla struggle eight months against the terrorist enemy in Bac Son - Vo Nhai
base (1941-1942) not only has important implications for the revolutionary movement Bac Son -
Vo Nhai, but also create to influence a revolutionary mass movement taking place across the
country, The formation and development of Bac Son - Vo Nhai base is also an important factor
leading to the birth of the liberation zone in the anti -Japanese climax to save the country (1945).
Guerrilla Bac Son - Vo Nhai is considered a precursor of the army of the Vietnam People's Army.
Key words: Guerrilla struggle; Bac Son Vo Nhai; Guerrilla Bac Son - Vo Nhai; Bac Son - Vo
Nhai base; the guerrilla struggle eight months

*
Tel: 0983851565
Trn Ch Thin v TG Tp ch KHOA HC & CNG NGH 79(03): 35 - 38

35

GII PHP CH YU CI THIN MI TRNG U T
TRN A BN TNH BC KN

Trn Ch Thin
*
, Nguyn Th Thu H
Trng H Kinh t & QTKD - H Thi Nguyn

TM TT
Mi trng u t l ng lc quan trng thu ht nhiu ngun lc cho pht trin kinh t- x hi
ca mi a phng. Bi vit ny nhm mc ch tng hp v phn tch kin nh gi ca cc
nh doanh nghip ang hot ng trn a bn tnh Bc Kn v mi trng u t ca Tnh. T
, a ra cc gii php ch yu nhm tng cng thu ht u t trn a bn bao gm i mi
chnh sch u i u t, ci thin cht lng ngun lao ng, to c hi khai thc cc tim nng
pht trin cc ngnh ngh v nng cao cht lng cc dch v h tr.
T kha: gii php, ci thin, mi trng u t, tnh Bc Kn

T VN
Bc Kn l mt tnh min ni pha Bc, nm
su trung tm vng ni Vit Bc, c c s
h tng thp km, iu kin kinh t - x hi
rt kh khn, ngun nhn lc hn ch, ngun
vn u t hn hp. Thu ht u t nhm tng
cng ngun nhn, ti, vt lc cho pht trin
l mt trong nhng chin lc quan trng
nht gip cho Bc Kn c th dn theo kp
trnh pht trin chung ca c nc. Bc
Kn mun thnh cng trong vic thu ht u
t cn to ra mt mi trng u t thun li.
nh gi mi trng u t ca Tnh di
gc nhn ca cc nh doanh nghip, t rt
ra cc gii php ch yu ci thin mi
trng u t, do , c ngha c bit quan
trng nhm pht trin kinh t-x hi trn a bn.
CH S NNG LC CNH TRANH CA
TNH BC KN
Theo s liu ca Phng Cng nghip v
Thng mi Vit Nam (VCCI), Ch s nng
lc cnh tranh cp tnh ca Bc Kn (PCI)
ca Bc Kn qua nhiu nm vn mc thp.
Nm 2010, PCI ca tnh t s im l 51,49,
xp th 58 trong 63 tnh thnh (VCCI, 2011).
iu ny chng t nng lc cnh tranh, s
hp dn cc nh u t vo Tnh cn hn ch
rt nhiu so vi cc tnh, thnh trong c nc.

th 1. Cc tiu ch cu thnh nn PCI cc nm 2009, 2010 ca Bc Kn
*

(Ngun:VCCI, 2010, 2011)

*
Tel: 0989291958; Email: tranchithienht@tueba.edu.vn

36
Qua th trn, ta thy trong 9 tiu ch:
- C ti 4 tiu ch t im rt thp ang l
cc cn tr chnh trong thu ht u t ca
tnh, cn phi c tho g, gm:
- Thit ch php l: 3,51/10
- Tnh nng ng v tin phong ca lnh o
tnh: 4,55/10
- o to lao ng: 4,65/10
- Chi ph khng chnh thc: 4,86/10
C 3 tiu ch t mc trung bnh cn phn
u vn ln l:
- Dch v h tr doanh nghip: 5,23/10
- Tnh minh bch v tip cn thng tin:
5,27/10
- Chi ph thi gian thc hin cc quy nh
ca NN: 5,61/10
C 2 tiu ch nh gi t mc kh cn tip
tc pht huy:
- Tip cn t ai v s n nh s dng t:
6,33/10
- Chi ph gia nhp th trng: 6,28/10
T cc tr s ca 9 tiu ch trn, ta thy mi
trng u t ca tnh Bc Kn tht s cn
km hp dn.
CC NH U T NH GI MI
TRNG U T TNH BC KN
Nm 2010, nhm nghin cu phng vn
42 doanh nghip ang hot ng sn xut,
kinh doanh trn a bn tnh Bc Kn theo
mt bng hi gm 36 ch tiu phn nh nh
gi ca doanh nghip v 36 kha cnh ca mi
trng u t. Mi ch tiu c tng doanh
nghip tr li theo 5 mc ca thang o Likert
(rt khng ng , ng , bnh thng-
khng r quan im, ng , rt ng ).
Tng hp li, cho cc kt qu sau:
nh gi mc cung cp cc dch v cng
a. V dch v cung cp thng tin v lnh vc
Tnh thu ht u t
Cc doanh nghip ch quyt nh u t khi
c y thng tin v lnh vc u t. Tuy
nhin, cht lng cung cp dch v ny khng
cao. Cn ti 40,44% cc nh u t cho rng
vic cung cp thng tin ny l khng tt hoc
rt khng tt. C nh u t nhn c thng
tin, c nh u t khng nhn c thng tin.
Nh vy, cha thc s cng bng cho tt c
cc nh u t. Tnh cha c c quan chuyn
v xc tin u t m ch c Trung tm xc
tin u t thng mi v du lch trc thuc
y ban Nhn dn tnh. Hn na, cht lng
i ng hin nay ca Trung tm cng cha
p ng c yu cu ca cng tc ny.
b. V cht lng dch v h tr xc tin
thng mi
Kt qu kho st cho thy, c 9,52% nh u
t nh gi cht lng dch v ny rt tt,
60,9% nh gi tt, 26,19% nh gi cha tt
v ch c 2,38% nh gi rt khng tt. Nh
vy, tnh Bc Kn c gng cung cp dch
v h tr xc tin thng mi cho cc doanh
nghip trn a bn. Phn ng cc nh u t
hi lng vi dch v ny. Tuy vy, vn cn ti
gn 30% cc nh doanh nghip khng hi
lng hoc rt khng hi lng.
c. V cht lng dch v h tr tuyn dng v
mi gii lao ng
Bc Kn l mt a phng c cht lng lao
ng rt thp. Nm 2009, t l lao ng
khng qua o to tnh chim ti 84,2%; t
l lao ng c trnh i hc v cao ng
tr ln ch c 4,88 (Cc Thng k Bc Kn,
2010)
.
Do vy, cc nh u t ti Bc Kn
gp rt nhiu kh khn trong vic tuyn dng
lao ng. nh gi v dch v tuyn dng,
o to v cung ng lao ng ca chnh
quyn a phng, ch c 4,76% nh u t
nh gi rt tt, 47,62% nh gi tt v
47,62% nh gi khng tt. Nh vy, gn mt
na cc nh u t cho rng cht lng dch
v h tr tuyn dng v mi gii lao ng l
khng tt. Tnh cn ch cng tc ny v cc
d n u t khng ch kh tuyn dng lao
ng trnh cao m thm ch cn kh c
tuyn dng lao ng ph thng.
nh gi th tc cp php u t
C 11,9% nh u t cho rng qu trnh ng
k th tc u t ca Tnh rt kh khn,
28,57% nh gi kh khn, 40,48% nh gi
gp cht t kh khn, ch c 19,05% nh gi
khng gp kh khn no. Nguyn nhn l
vic tuyn truyn qung b v quy trnh ng
k u t cha thc s n vi nh u t
hoc n vi hiu qu cha cao.

37
nh gi mc minh bch trong qun l
C ti 35,71% cc nh u t cho rng
khng thc s thun li cho h c th tip
cn c nhng thng tin v ti liu phc v
cho hot ng u t. Trong , 9,52% nh
gi l khng th tip cn, 26,19% cho rng c
th tip cn nhng gp kh khn.
54,76% cc doanh nghip cho rng cn thit
hoc rt cn thit phi thit lp trc cc mi
quan h vi cc nh qun l th s d dng
hn trong vic gii quyt c cc cng vic
trong u t hin ti.
nh gi nhng chnh sch u i, h tr
u t
D cn gp nhiu kh khn, song Bc Kn
xy dng mt h thng nhng chnh sch u
i i vi cc nh u t trong v ngoi
nc. Tuy nhin, t l nh u t khng hi
lng vi chnh sch ny vn cn cao, 52,38%
cc nh u t cha hi lng- chng t chnh
sch ny cha thc s hi ha trong tt c cc
lnh vc u t ca tnh.
PHN TCH CC YU T NH HNG
TI MC SN LNG U T
Phng php Phn tch Nhn t (Factor
Analysis) c vn dng c lng m
hnh hi quy thng qua phn mm SPSS.
Kim nh Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO)
kim tra ln ca mu iu tra v kim nh
Bartlett nh gi tnh hon chnh ca b s
liu iu tra u m bo t yu cu.
36 ch tiu v mi trng u t c sp xp,
rt gn thnh 6 nhn t: 1) u i ca tnh
cho hot ng u t (X
1
), 2) Cht lng lao
ng (X
2
), 3) Tim nng pht trin ca tnh
(X
3
), 4) Dch v h tr (X
4
), 5) Vai tr ca
chnh quyn (X
5
) v 6) Tnh sng to, nng
ng ca cn b qun l cp tnh; (X
6
).
S dng phn mm SPSS, hm hi quy tuyn
tnh phn nh nh hng ca 6 nhn t trn
ti mc sn lng u t vo tnh ca cc
doanh nghip (F) c dng:
F = -1,299 + 0,359X
1
+ 0,404X
2
+ 0,362X
3
+
0,423X
4
+0,08X
5
+ 0,006X
6
(t
statistic
) (-3,621)
***
(2,381)
**
(2,340)
**

(2,316)
**
(2,228)
**
(0,689) (0,051)
R
2
= 0.819. n= 42;
***,** : mc ngha thng k tng ng t
0,01 v 0,05. Cc h s hi quy
1,

2
,
3
v
4
u

c tin cy l 95%
Cc nhn t trong m hnh gii thch 81,9%
s thay i v mc sn lng u t ca cc
doanh nghip vo Tnh. Mc sn lng u
t vo Tnh ca doanh nghip cng l mt
bin nh tnh vi 5 mc c th nhn cc
gi tr t 1 n 5 tng ng vi 5 mc
trong thang o Likert (rt khng sn lng,
khng sn lng, bnh thng-khng r quan
im, sn lng, rt sn lng).
Trong m hnh, c 4 nhn t c khng nh
l c tc ng ng k ti mc sn lng
u t ca doanh nghip vi tin cy cao l:
Nhn t X
1
: u i ca Tnh i vi hot
ng u t. u i cng ln th s thu ht
c nhiu ngun lc cho a phng. Trong
, c quan qun l cn ch trng vo u i
c hot ng trc cp php, u i hot ng
trong cp php v u i c trong qu trnh
hot ng ca doanh nghip
Nhn t X
2
: cht lng ngun lao ng ca
a phng, cht lng cung ng ngun lao
ng do chnh quyn tnh thc hin, cht
lng o to ngh cho ngi lao ng. Nh
vy, doanh nghip c nh u t vo
Bc Kn th quan tm hng u ca h l cht
lng ngun lao ng.
Nhn t X
3
: tim nng pht trin ca Tnh:
trin vng pht trin c s h tng v c hi
khai thc tim nng pht trin ngnh nng
lm nghip, ngnh khai khong v ngnh du
lch vn ho - lch s v sinh thi. y l mt
mi quan tm ln ca cc nh u t.
Nhn t X
4
:

cht lng dch v cung cp
thng tin do cc c quan tnh thc hin, cht
lng dch v cng ngh, cht lng chnh
sch pht trin cc khu/cm cng nghip cng
l nhng iu thit yu m nh u t mong
mun c m bo.
Tm li, u i u t, cht lng ngun lao
ng, c hi khai thc tim nng pht trin
cc ngnh ngh v cht lng cc dch v h
tr l nhng yu t m a phng cn ci
tin thu ht nhiu hn cc nh u t trong
v ngoi nc.
MT S GII PHP CH YU NHM
CI THIN MI TRNG U T TNH
BC KN
Mt l, nng cao nhn thc ca cng ng v
vn ci thin mi trng u t. Tng
ngnh, tng cp phi nhn thc c vai tr
quan trng ca mi trng u t i vi s

38
pht trin ca tnh, nhn thc cc yu t nh
hng ti mi trng u t, t ch ng
xy dng k hoch, chng trnh hnh ng
v t chc ci thin mi trng u t ca
cp mnh, ngnh mnh; phi hp ng b
gia cc ngnh, cc cp trong vic trin
khai thc hin cc chnh sch v ci thin
mi trng u t.
Hai l, phi tip tc ci cch hnh chnh, to
ra s minh bch, thng thong trong qu trnh
qun l ca a phng. Tnh cn ban hnh v
nim yt cng khai cc quy trnh qun l lin
quan n hot ng u t, u i u t;
nh k gp g trao i vi cc nh u t
v cc chnh sch h tr u t. Tnh nn sm
thnh lp Trung tm h tr php l cho cc
doanh nghip. Trung tm ny c chc nng
a nhng ch trng, chnh sch ca nh
nc v a phng n vi doanh nghip,
ng thi h tr doanh nghip khi c vng
mc v chnh sch trong qu trnh hot ng.
Ba l, quy hoch cc ngnh ngh, cc khu
vc u i u t; r sot, iu chnh h
thng chnh sch u i u t. Vi li th
t lm nghip v t cha s dng cn
nhiu, vi tim nng to ln v du lch sinh
thi, vn ho, lch s v tim nng phong ph
v khong sn, Bc Kn cn quy hoch c
vng nguyn liu nng lm nghip; quy
hoch cc khu du lch sinh thi, vn ho - lch
s; kho st, nh gi v tr lng ngun
khong sn cc loi tng im qung. T
, xy dng chnh sch u i u t vo
pht trin vng nguyn liu v ch bin nng,
lm sn v chnh sch u i u t pht trin
cc khu du lch v khai khong cc khu m
tp trung.
Bn l, xy dng chnh sch v o to ngun
lao ng, phi hp vi cc trung tm o to
trong vng o to, bi dng nng cao
cht lng ngun lao ng ca a phng.
Thnh lp trung tm t vn v mi gii vic
lm, nh k t chc gii thiu lao ng cho
cc doanh nghip trong Tnh.
Nm l, y mnh cng tc xc tin u t.
Tnh cn pht hnh cc n phm gii thiu v
tnh Bc Kn, v cc tim nng v cc c hi
u t ca tnh; v cc chnh sch u i u
t. Tnh cn xy dng Website vi ni dung
thng tin phong ph, cp nht hn gii
thiu v tim nng, th mnh, cc ch trng,
chnh sch u i u t ca Tnh, cc d n
ku gi u t. Hng nm, Tnh cn phi phi
hp vi cc n v chuyn mn (cc trng
i hc, Phng Cng nghip v Thng mi
Vit Nam- VCCI) m cc hi tho v thu ht
u t, qua qung b cc tim nng,
chnh sch ca Tnh n cc nh u t trong
v ngoi nc; phi hp vi cc tnh trong khu
vc m hi ch trin lm thu ht u t.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Cc Thng k Bc Kn (2010), Nim gim
Thng k tnh Bc Kn nm 2009.
[2]. VCCI (2010), Ch s nng lc cnh tranh cp
tnh nm 2009.
[3]. VCCI (2011), Ch s nng lc cnh tranh cp
tnh nm 2010.
SUMMARY
BASIC SOLUTIONS TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF INVESTMENT
ENVIRONMENT IN BAC KAN PROVINCE

Tran Chi Thien
*
, Nguyen Thi Thu Ha
Thai Nguyen University of Economics and Business Administration - TNU

Investment environment is an important motivation to attract investment to each province. This
paper aims to sum-up and analyse viewpoints of entrepreneurs who are doing businesses in Bac
Kan on their assessment about the investment environment of the province. Based on that, it
suggests basic solutions to attracting more investments to the province including supporting policy
renovation, local labor quality enhancement, accessibility to the exploitation of resources
potentials and supporting services improvement.
Keywords: solutions, improvement, investment environment, Bac Kan province

*
Tel: 0989291958; Email: tranchithienht@tueba.edu.vn
Trn nh Tun Tp ch KHOA HC & CNG NGH 79(03): 39 - 44

39

MT S XU T NH M GIA I QUY T V N NHI M MI TR NG
TI CC LNG NGH TNH BC NINH

Tr n i nh Tu n
*
Tr ng H Kinh t & QTKD - H Thi Nguyn

TM TT
Lng ngh l mt hnh thi sn xut c thu c hnh thnh t yu cu tn ti v pht trin ca
nng thn Vit Nam, khai thc mi tim nng v thi gian, nhn lc v iu kin vt cht nng
thn Vit Nam. Lng ngh em li thu nhp cho ngi dn , o ng go p cho ngn sa ch cu a i a
phng, th c hi n xo a o i gia m nghe o , xy d ng nng thn m i . Tuy nhin, hi n nay 100% cc
lng ngh u vi phm cc quy nh ca Lut Bo v mi trng lm cho cnh quan v mi trng
s ng bi e do a. M c du ti nh B c Ninh a quan tm va co nhi u c g ng trong cng ta c ba o v mi
tr ng, nhng vi c vi pha m v sinh mi tr ng v n gia tng , tr t hnh mt vn ln cn gii
quy t. th c hi n t t v n ba o v mi tr ng ti nh B c Ninh c n th c hi n ng b nhi u gia i
php trong c 6 gii php c bn theo nh xut ca tc gi.
T kho a: nhi m mi tr ng, lng ngh Bc Ninh, Bo v mi trng, mi tr ng v i cu c s ng

LNG NGH TRONG PHT TRIN KINH
T - X HI NNG THN VIT NAM
V VN NHIM MI TRNG
*

Lng ngh l mt hnh thi sn xut c tnh
c th, c hi nh tha nh nh m khai thc mi
tim nng v thi gian , nhn lc v iu kin
vt cht nng thn , g n li n v i s tn ti
v pht trin ca nng thn Vit Nam.
Theo Thng t 116/2006/TT-BNNPTNT ca
B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn ngy
18/12/2006, lng ngh phi c 3 tiu
chun: c ti thiu 30% tng s h trong lng
tham gia hot ng ngnh ngh; hot ng
kinh doanh n nh t nht 2 nm; chp
hnh tt chnh sch ca ng v Nh nc.
Cng theo Thng t ny, lng ngh truyn
thng phi t cc tiu chun trn v phi c
t nht 1 ngh truyn thng (l ngh xut
hin ti lng trn 50 nm, to sn phm mang
bn sc vn ha dn tc, gn vi tn tui ca
mt hay nhiu ngh nhn trong lng).
Hin nay, bn cnh cc lng ngh truyn
thng, ngy cng xut hin nhiu lng ngh
mi, xut pht t yu cu gia cng cc sn
phm ca cc c s sn xut v kinh doanh
ln, p ng cc nhu cu ca th trng
khng chi cho nhu c u trong n c ma co n cho

*
Tel: 0912039920
yu c u xu t kh u. Theo Bo co Mi trng
quc gia 2008, lng ngh tp trung ch yu ti
ng bng sng Hng (60%), min Trung
(30%) v min Nam (10%).
c s h tr ca Nh nc, lng ngh
gp phn rt quan trng trong vic ci thin
b mt ca nng thn mi Vit Nam, to
vic lm cho hn 11 triu ngi lao ng
(chim 30% lc lng lao ng nng thn).
o ng go p m t ph n a ng k cho ngn sa ch
ca nh nc, ngn sa ch i a phng, tng thu
nh p cho ng i lao ng , gp phn xa i
gim ngho, xy d ng nng thn m i.
Ngoi nhng mt tch cc trn , hi n nay na n
nhim mi trng ta i ca c la ng ngh ang
tr thnh vn bc xc. Lng ngh pht
trin, sn xut kinh doanh c m rng th
lng cht thi gy nhim cng pht sinh
ngy cng nhiu, tc ng trc tip n sc
khe ngi dn va a nh h ng n sa n xu t
nng lm nghi p . Theo ba o ca o i u tra cu a
cc c quan chc nng cho thy , 100% cc
lng ngh u b nhim. c tnh mi ngy
cc lng ngh thi ra t 20 n 30 tn rc. Rc
thi rt a dng, cha qua x l, tn ti trong
nh, ngoi ng. Rc v nc thi ang nh
hng khng nh ti i sng ca nhn dn.
Ngun nc, t v khng kh b nhim u
vt nhiu ln cc ch tiu v v sinh mi
trng... Cc bo co cn khng nh , do tc

40
ng ca cc yu t vt l (nhit , bc x,
bi, lao ng nng nhc, t th lao ng g
b), yu t ha hc (cc ha cht hu c, v
c c hi), yu t sinh hc (virt, vi khun,
nm) trong mi trng lao ng v do khng
m bo cc bin php bo h lao ng,
nhng ngi lao ng trong cc lng ngh
thuc nhm c nguy c cao i vi cc bnh
l ng xng khp v tim mch. T l mc
bnh ca nhng ngi lao ng ti cc lng
ngh cao hn hn so vi cc vng khc v
tui th trung bnh ca ngi lao ng ti cc
lng ngh thp hn t 5 - 10 nm so vi tui
th trung bnh Vit Nam. T l mc bnh
ca khu vc ny cng cao hn nhiu ln so
vi bnh thng. Ngoi ra, nhim lng ngh
mc cao cn gy nh hng xu ti cc
hot ng vn ha, du lch v lm ny sinh
xung t mi trng i vi khu vc khng
lm ngh,...
V vy, vic bo tn v pht trin lng ngh
phi gn lin vi bo v mi trng . y la
v n khng chi cu a qu c gia , i a phng,
ng i sa n xu t ma co n o i ho i s th am gia
ca c cng ng.
TNH HNH PHT TRIN LNG NGH
V VIC THC HIN CHNH SCH PHP
LU T MI TR NG TA I CA C LA NG
NGH TRN I A BA N TI NH B C NINH
B c Ninh la ti nh n m trong vu ng ng b ng
chu th sng H ng, v i tng din tch 82.271
ha, dn s la 1.022.300 ng i, g m 6 huy n,
thnh ph Bc Ninh v th x T Sn, 126 x,
ph ng, th trn. Nm 2010 GDP cu a ti nh a t
9.696,8 t ng, c c u kinh t chuy n di ch ti ch
c c, khu v c cng nghip xy d ng chi m ty
trng 66,2%, nng lm nghi p va thu y sa n la
10,2% v dch v l 23,6%.
Theo bo co ca UBND tnh , hin nay ton
tnh Bc Ninh c 62 lng ngh (32 lng ngh
truyn thng, 30 lng ngh mi hnh thnh ),
c phn b t t ca ca c i a phng trong
tnh (xem ba ng 1). B c Ninh co nh ng la ng
ngh n i ti ng trong dn gian t lu i nh :
ngh la m tranh dn gian ng H (Thu n
Thnh); ngh u c va gia cng ng , nhm
M n Xa (Yn Phong ), a i B (Gia Bnh),
Qung B (Lng Ta i); ngh m c dn du ng ,
m ngh ng K, Kim Ba ng (T Sn); ngh
xy d ng N i Du , Du ng (Tin Du ),...
Hot ng sn xut cng nghip , ti u thu
cng nghi p va la ng ngh cu a B c Ninh a
o ng go p mt phn quan trng vo vic thc
y pha t tri n kinh t xa h i , i s ng nhn
dn nga y ca ng c ca i thi n , b m t nng
thn va thi c i m i.
Do lch s li, cc lng ngh pht trin t
pht, khng c quy hoch nn v ang
bc l nhiu yu km trong cng tc bo v
mi trng, tnh trng nhim mi trng
ang c chiu hng gia tng, mt s ni tnh
trng nhim bo ng.
Bng 1. Danh mu c la ng ngh ti nh B c Ninh
S
TT
i a phng
S
lng
ngh
Ngnh ngh sa n xut chi nh
1 Yn Phong 16
Ch bi n tinh b t , sn xut ru , gi y ta i ch , u c nhm, t
t m, m c cao c p, dch v vt t
2 Thu n Tha nh 05
Lm tranh dn gian, t t m, sn xut cc sn phm t tre , n a,
l, ch bin thc phm, nui m gi ng thu y sa n,...
3 Gia Bi nh 08
u c va gia cng ng , nhm, m c dn du ng , nng cu , thu
ren xu t kh u, sn phm t tre, n a, l,...
4 Lng Ta i 06
u c va gia cng ng , nhm, an l i vo , n u r u, m c dn
dng, cy, b a, v n ta i thu y, ch bi n sa n ph m t ga o,...
5 Qu Vo 05
Sn xut cc sn phm t tre , n a, ci, sn xut gm , sn
xu t cng cu b ng s t,...
6 Tin Du 04 Xy d ng, sn xut sn phm t tinh bt ,...
7 T Sn 18
Sn xut st thp , m c dn du ng , m ngh , d t, thng
nghi p, n u r u, xy d ng,...
T ng c ng 62

41
K t qu kho st iu tra cht lng mi
trng mi nht ti cc lng ngh Bc Ninh
do S Ti nguyn v Mi trng tnh thc
hin cho thy, tt c cc mu nc mt , nc
ngm, mi trng khng kh ti y u c
du hiu nhim vi mc khc nhau . t
ai bi xo i mo n , thoi ha , ch t l ng ca c
ngu n n c suy gia m ma nh.
nhim mi trng khng kh lng ngh ch
yu do than v sau l cc nguyn liu, ha
cht dng trong cc ngnh ngh. V vy, kh
thi ti cc lng ngh thng l CO2, CO,
SO2, NOx, cc cht hu c bay hi. Theo kt
qu nghin cu ca Cc Cng nghip a
phng, B Cng Thng, nm 2008, ring
lng ngh a Hi, Bc Ninh, mi nm s
dng 270.000 tn than, thi ra 2.457 tn bi,
81 tn CO, 2.894,4 tn SO2, 2.359,8 tn NO2.
Ti cc lng ngh ti ch ph liu, sn xut
vt liu xy dng, nhim khng kh rt nng
n. Kt qu kho st cho thy, bi trong
khng kh ti cc lng ngh ny vt tiu
chun cho php t 3 - 8 ln, SO2 c ni vt
6,5 ln. i vi cc lng ngh ch bin lng
thc v thc phm, kh thi thng cha SO2,
H2S, NH3,... v cc kh c mi hi thi. Lng
ngh g m ngh ng K, th x T Sn
cng b nhim nng do nng bi , kh
thi, ting n v nhit cao t cc xng
sn xut v cc hot ng vn ti . Theo kho
st cu a c quan ch c nng , hm lng bi
lng ngh ny u vt qu tiu chun cho
php t 1,5-3,6 ln, ting n cao hn 10-20
dBA. Trong khi , hu ht cc lng ngh
khng c cc bin php gim thiu bi v cc
kh thi c hi. Phng tin bo h lao ng
hoc khng c, hoc ch l nhng khu trang
v knh che mt thng thng. Nhiu h gia
nh sinh hot (n, ung, ng) ngay ti mi
trng lao ng.
phc v cho sn xut, lng ngh s dng
rt nhiu nc, c bit l cc lng ngh ch
bin lng thc, thc phm. Nc thi t cc
lng ngh ch bin lng thc, thc phm
cha nhiu COD, BOD5, tng N,... c ni
vt tiu chun cho php hng trm ln. Cc
lng ngh ti ch ph liu khng c nhiu
nc thi nhng nc thi rt c hi v c
nhiu ha cht, c bit cc kim loi nng,
axit, xyanua... Cc lng ngh dt, nhum, da
c nhu cu s dng ha cht rt ln. Khong
85 n 90% cc loi ha cht ny c ha
vo nc thi. V vy, nc thi t cc lng
ngh ny cha nhiu ha cht c hi. Nc
thi t cc lng ngh cng vi nc thi t
cc khu cng nghip v cc c s y t l
nguyn nhn ch yu gy nhim nng n
cho sng Cu va sng Ngu Huy n Kh . Kt
qu phn tch cho thy hu ht cc ch tiu
kim loi nng trong mu bn y sng Ng
Huyn Kh on i qua lng ngh u cao
hn so vi on trc khu vc lng ngh t
1-2 ln. on sng chy qua lng ngh sn
xut thp Chu Kh, th x T Sn, mc
nhim kim loi nng nh st tng 2,1 ln,
ng tng 1.100 ln. Hm lng du m vt
tiu chu n cho phe p t 6,6 n 8 l n. Nm
lng ngh ven sng Ngu Huy n Kh (sn xut
g m ngh ng K, ti ch st a Hi ,
sn xut thp Chu Kh, ti ch giy Ph Lm
v ti ch giy Phong Kh ) thng xuyn
cc cht thi rn v nc thi c hi trc tip
xu ng hai bn b sng . Nc thi trong tnh
trng thiu kh dn n qu trnh phn hu
ym kh cc cht hu c gy mi hi thi kh
chu. Cht lng ngun nc Ph Lm
b xung cp nghim trng, y l mt trong
nhng nguyn nhn gy ra cc bnh v mt,
bnh da liu, bnh ng rut cho ngi
dn sng trong vng v khu vc xung quanh.
Mi trng khng kh ang b suy gim do
kh thi pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut.
Kh thi t l hi bao gm nhiu thnh phn
kh c hi: SO2, NOx, CO... l ngun gy
nhim mi trng khng kh ln nht. Trung
bnh mi h sn xut c t 1-2 l hi, v vy
l ng khi tha i ha ng nga y r t l n.
Din tch nc mt, t canh tc trong cc lng
ngh hoc ang b lp dn bi cht thi .
Mt s ao nui c c hin tng c cht
hng lot do nhim t ngun n c tha i sa n
xu t. Lng ti ch giy Phong Kh, thnh ph
Bc Ninh, hng ngy thi ra mi trng
khong 4.500-5.000m
3
nc thi cha lng
c t cao gp nhiu ln tiu chun cho php
nh hm lng cht rn l lng cao hn t
4,5-11 ln, hm lng COD cao hn t 8-500
ln, hm lng Pb cao hn 5,5 ln. Khng ch

42
gy nhim nc mt, cc lng ngh cng
ang gy nhim ngun nc ngm. Nc
thi t cc lng ngh vi khi lng rt ln v
b nhim nng n nhng vic x l nc thi
khng c u t ph hp do nhiu
nguyn nhn. Nguyn nhn c bn l s u t
manh mn, th cng, nhiu hnh thc s hu
khc nhau v nhn thc, trch nhim v bo v
mi trng cng rt khc nhau.
Ch t tha i r n t ca c la ng ngh cu ng gy a nh
h ng cho mi tr ng B c Ninh . Mt phn
khng nh t cc b thi ny c thi thng
ra mi trng. Vi cc lng ngh ti ch ph
liu, cht thi rn rt a dng, l phi st, r
st, bng ghim v cc tp cht khc v mi
lng ngh quy m trung bnh, mi nm c th
thi hng nghn tn. Hu ht, cc cht thi rn
ca cc lng ngh khng c thu gom v x
l. a s cht thi rn ch c chn lp n
thun hoc thiu t, gy nhim th cp.
Th c tra ng nhi m trn a gy a nh h ng r t
l n n s c kho e con ng i , cy tr ng , v t
nui, cnh quan mi tr ng,...
Ngi lao ng trong lng ngh thng
xuyn phi lm vic mi ngy 10-12 gi
trong iu kin din tch lm vic cht hp,
mc nhim cao, khng c trang phc v
thit b bo h, khng c bin php phng
chng chy n, mc d khp cc lng ngh
u tim tng nhng nguy c gy chy n l
hi, in, ha cht, xng du Tt c cc yu
t trn tc ng trc tip v thng xuyn ti
mi trng sng ca ngi lao ng v dn
c trong lng ngh. Khong 60-70% s dn
c trong khu vc mc cc bnh thn kinh ,
ngoi da, ng h hp , kh mt , ic v c
bnh ung th e do a ti nh ma ng.
Theo iu tra ca Tng cc Mi trng , nm
2009, ch ring ti lng ngh Vn Mn (Bc
Ninh), t l bnh h hp chim 44%, bnh
ngoi da chim 13,1%,...
Nguyn nhn ca tnh trng nhi m l do
chnh quyn a phng cha tham gia ti ch
c c va o cng ta c qua n ly mi tr ng , s ph i
h p gi a ca c nga nh ca c c p trong cng ta c
qun l mi trng cha cht ch . Cn thiu
cc ch ti x pht cc hnh vi gy nhim
ca cc c s sn xut. i vi cc c s nm
trong cc khu, cm cng nghip bn cnh
lng ngh, chnh quyn a phng khng c
thm quyn kim tra, x pht m ch c
php phi hp thanh kim tra cng Ban qun
l cc khu cng nghip tnh hoc Ban qun l
cp huyn. Cng ta c thanh tra, ki m tra, x ly
vi pha m ha nh chi nh v mi tr ng co n nhi u
hn ch , cha kin quy t . Ti mt s lng
ngh thnh lp T v sinh mi trng
nhng thiu kinh ph hot ng. H thng
thot nc chung ca hu ht cc lng ngh
thng xuyn bi ch tc cc b , gy nhim
mi tr ng do y u t li ch s lu i cu a la ng
ngh , u t m i la i khng ng b . C
nh ng d a n h tr u t xy d ng h th ng
x ly mi tr ng nhng khng v n ha nh ho c
v n ha nh khng th ng xuyn, hi u qua th p.
Thm vo , thc cc h sn xut cn rt
km, hu ht cc h ch vi l i i ch ca nhn, ch
trng sn xut m khng quan tm n vn
nhim mi trng. c bit, cc ch c s
sn xut trong th c t co n khng quan tm
n vic u t cho vic x l cht thi , bo
v mi tr ng.
Trc thc t , tnh Bc Ninh c nhiu
gii php ci thin v bo v mi trng nh
ban ha nh nhi u vn ba n quy i nh va chi a o
cng ta c b o v mi trng ; nm 2006
UBND ti nh a thnh lp Trung tm Quan trc
Ti nguyn v Mi trng thu c S Ta i
Nguyn va Mi tr ng nh m ki m soa t di n
bi n mi tr ng cu a ti nh ; lp quy hoch 53
cm cng nghip tch cc c s sn xut ra
khi khu dn c; h tr 100% kinh ph xy
dng ni tp kt rc thi ti 100% thn, lng,
khu ph; xy dng h thng x l nc thi
t p trung la ng ngh Phong Kh v i cng su t
5.000 m
3
/ngy m; d a n xy ly n c tha i t p
trung lng ngh ba nh bn Khc Nim (thnh
ph Bc Ninh ) cng su t 400 m
3
/ngy m;
xy d ng 06 h th ng x ly khi tha i lo ta i ch
kim loa i m u ta i 3 lng ngh: Vn Mn (Yn
Phong), a i Ba i (Gia Bi nh ), Qung B
(Lng Ta i); tnh ban hnh k hoch di d i
v x l cc c s nhim mi trng
nghim tro ng trn i a ba n (Q s 84/Q-
UBND nga y 8/6/2009); tnh cng tng
c ng cng ta c thanh tra , ki m tra ca c la ng
ngh va co bi n pha p x ly vi pha m nh c t

43
i n, ng ng c p v n,... i v i nh ng c s vi
phm v sinh mi trng . Nm 2006 a ki m
tra va x pha t vi pha m ha nh chi nh 138 c s
sn xut ti 3 lng ngh Vn An, Phong Kh,
Ph Lm, nm 2009 v 2010 a c t i n 35
c s ta i ch nh a vi pha m ca c quy i nh cu a
Lu t Ba o v mi tr ng,
M T S XU T GIA I PHA P NH M
GII QUYT VN NHIM MI
TR NG TA I CA C LA NG NGH TI NH
B C NINH
ngn chn nhim mi trng ti cc lng
ngh, tnh Bc Ninh cn c mt h thng
ng b cc gii php, gm chnh sch - php
lut, i mi cng ngh sn xut , trin khai
cc cng ngh x l cc cht thi , bo h lao
ng, nng cao nhn thc ca h sa n xu t
kinh doanh va ngi lao ng.
Cc gii php trn cn c tin hnh ng
thi v cn thi gian song cn phi c nhng
gii php u tin v kh thi . C th xut
m t s gia i pha p nh sau:
Nh nc nn c mt chng trnh x l
nhim mi trng lng ngh m vn ct li
l xy dng cc h thng x l nc thi v
rc thi cho cc lng ngh v c quan Nh
nc vn hnh h thng . Cc h sn xut
ti cc lng ngh ng gp vo chng trnh
thng qua vic np thu sn phm, ph x
l nc thi v rc thi.
i vi tnh Bc Ninh cn thc hin m t s
gii php sau:
- C chnh sch h tr gii quyt mi trng
c thu la ng ngh , c v u t xy dng c
s v t ch t cho x ly ch t tha i , c v nhn lc
v c ch tha ng cho cn b , ng i lao
ng la m cng tc bo v mi trng.
- C n pha i tng c ng cng ta c thanh tra ,
ki m tra ca c c s sa n xu t . C bin php
mnh pht nng , c ng ch ,... i v i ca c
c s vi pha m quy i nh v sinh mi tr ng.
- C n co s ph i h p cu a ngnh Thu ,
Cng an trong vi c thu phi ba o v mi
tr ng theo Nghi i nh 67/2003/N-CP cu a
Chnh ph . 1% t ng chi ngn sa ch cho s
nghi p mi tr ng cu a ti nh B c Ninh c n
th c hi n ro ra ng , hi u qua .
- Tng c ng cng ta c thng tin, tuyn truy n
v v sinh mi tr ng . Tng c ng vi c a o
to, t p hu n chuyn mn cho ca n b la m
cng ta c ba o v mi tr ng va nng cao tri nh
cho ng i sa n xu t v v sinh mi tr ng .
Pht ng cc phong tro thi ua v Bo v
mi tr ng s ng ca c la ng ngh , th c hi n
vi c th ng pha t ki p th i.
- Bn cnh cc quy nh php lut v bo v
mi trng, cn c c ch khuyn khch hnh
thnh cc hng c, quy ch bo v mi
trng ca cc lng x buc ca c h sa n
xu t kinh doanh va mi ngi lao ng c
trch nhim bo v mi trng v gim st
bo v mi trng.
- Tnh Bc Ninh ngoi cc lng ngh , hi n
nay a co 53 cm cng nghip v trong tng
lai ang ti p tu c pha t tri n thm, v v y ngoa i
vi c th c hi n cng ta c ba o v mi tr ng
cc lng ngh, tnh cng cn phi t chc tt
cng ta c na y ca c cu m cng nghi p.
Trn y chi m t s gia i pha p c ba n i v i
cng ta c ba o v mi tr ng cho ca c la ng ngh
tnh Bc Ninh . Nhn thc, trch nhim bo
v mi trng ch c th thc s thay i khi
c cc gii php trn v hnh thnh np vn
ha mi trng ti cc lng ngh Vit Nam.
K T LU N
Cc lng ngh c t lu i v s cn t n
ti mi trong tng lai , g n li n v i li ch s
pht trin ca nng thn Vit Nam. B c Ninh
l tnh c nhiu lng ngh truyn thng ni
ti ng trong ca n c , c nhng sn phm
xu t kh u ra n c ngoa i . Lng ngh c
nh ng o ng go p a ng k cho ngn sa ch cu a
i a phng, em la i thu nh p cao cho ng i
dn, th c hi n xo a o i gia m nghe o , xy d ng
nng thn m i . Tuy nhin ngoa i nh ng m t
tch cc trn , cc lng ngh cng ang lm
cho ca nh quan va mi tr ng s ng bi e do a .
100% cc lng ngh u vi phm cc quy
i nh cu a Lu t Ba o v mi tr ng ang ha ng
ngy, hng gi nh hng trc tip n i
s ng cu a ng i dn ang s ng ta i ca c la ng
ngh va mi tr ng xung quanh . M c du ca c
c p chi nh quy n i a phng a quan tm va
c nhiu c gng trong cng tc bo v mi
tr ng, nhng vi c vi pha m v sinh mi

44
tr ng v n gia tng . M t s xu t v gia i
php trn nu c thc hin s gp phn gii
quy t v n ba o v mi tr ng cu a ti nh B c
Ninh trong tng lai.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Cc Thng k tnh Bc Ninh (2010), Nin
gim thng k.
[2]. S Ta i nguyn Mi tr ng ti nh B c Ninh , Cc
bo co quan trc mi trng hng nm; Bo co
k t qua th c hi n Lu t Ba o v mi tr ng ta i ca c
lng ngh v cm cng nghip;...
[3]. y ban nhn dn tnh Bc Ninh (2011), Tnh
hnh thc hin chnh sch , php lut mi trng
ti cc lng ngh trn i a ba n ti nh B c Ninh.
[4]. Ti liu VN , nhim mi trng lng ngh
ti Vit Nam, thc trng v gii php

PROPOSALS TO SOLVE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION PROBLEMS
IN CONVENTIONAL CRAFT PRODUCTION VILLAGES IN BAC NINH
PROVINCE
Tran Dinh Tuan
*

Thai Nguyen College of Economics and Business Adminsitration

Conventional craft production at villages is a specific pattern of production which is formed from
the existing requirements and development of rural areas of Vietnam, and also to utilise time
available, manpower and material conditions in rural area of Vietnam. Conventional craft
production villages have brought income to local people, contributed to the local finances,
implemented poverty reduction, built new rural areas. However, currently, 100% of the villages
were violating the Law on Environmental Protection and threating to landscaping, and habitat.
Although Bac Ninh province has concerned and made the great efforts in environmental protection
program, but the violation of environmental sanitation is still growing, becoming a major problem
to be solved. To have a good solution on environmental protection, Bac Ninh province should
implement comprehensive solutions including six basic solution as proposed by this author.

Keywords: Environmental polution, Bac Ninh conventional craft production villages,
environmental protection, environment and life

*
Tel: 0912039920
c Bnh v TG Tp ch KHOA HC & CNG NGH 79(03): 45 - 49

45

MT S KIN V CHT LNG TNG TRNG KINH T VIT NAM
DI GC HIU QU V NNG LC CNH TRANH CA NN KINH T

c Bnh
1
, Nguyn Tin Long
2*

1
Trng i hc Kinh t Quc dn
2

TM TT
Qua 25 nm i mi, nh c i mi c ch chnh sch v ng dng c hiu qu nhng thnh tu
ca khoa hc cng ngh, mc d trong bi cnh chu nh hng ca khng hong kinh t th gii
nhng nn kinh t Vit Nam vn duy tr c tc tng trng dng. C th, thi k 2006 -
2010 bnh qun tng trng 7%/nm (trong 2008: 6,23%; 2009: 5,32% v nm 2010: 6,78%).
Tuy nhin, s lng tng trng ca nn kinh t tng ln nhng cha ch trng n cht lng v
hiu qu ca tng trng, sc cnh tranh ca nn kinh t cha cao. Bi vit trn c s lm r
nhng vn l lun v cht lng tng trng, phn tch thc trng cht lng tng trng nn
kinh t Vit Nam thi gian qua, xut mt s gii php nhm nng cao cht lng tng trng
kinh t theo hng hiu qu v nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca nn kinh t Vit Nam.
T kho: Cht lng tng trng, hiu qu, nng lc cnh tranh, nn kinh t

QUAN NIM V CHT LNG TNG
TRNG KINH T
*

Cho n nay, c nhiu quan im khc
nhau v cht lng tng trng kinh t.
Chng hn, nu tip cn t c cu ngnh
kinh t, th cht lng tng trng kinh t l
c cu kinh t ti u v chuyn dch c cu
kinh t theo hng nng cao hiu qu. Nu t
gc hiu qu, cht lng tng trng
kinh t c hiu l nng lc cnh tranh ca
nn kinh t, ca doanh nghip hoc ca hng
ha sn xut trong nc. Tng qut hn, theo
quan im mt s nh kinh t hc nh G.
Beckeer, R.Lucas, J.Stiglitz,... th cng vi
qu trnh tng trng, cht lng tng trng
c biu hin tp trung 04 tiu chun ch
yu, l:
1) Nng sut nhn t tng hp (TFP) cao bo
m cho vic duy tr tc tng trng di
hn v trnh c nhng bin ng kinh t t
bn ngoi;
2) Tng trng i km vi pht trin mi
trng bn vng;
3) Tng trng h tr cho vic nng cao hiu
qu qun l ca Nh nc, ng thi qun l
Nh nc hiu qu s thc y tng trng
t l cao hn;
4) Tng trng phi t mc tiu ci thin
phc li x hi v gim c s ngi
i ngho.

*
Tel: 0912485659, Email: nguyentienlong@tueba.edu.vn
Tuy nhin, trn thc t, ty thuc vo iu
kin v gn vi tng thi k pht trin nht
nh ca mnh, m tng quc gia c nhng
cch tip cn khi nim v cht lng tng
trng khc nhau. D la chn cch tip cn
khi nim v tng trng nh th no, nhng
theo chng ti, vic la chn m hnh pht
trin l ht sc quan trng, phi xem xt ng
thi c hai nhm ch tiu s lng v cht
lng tng trng, nhng trong phi thc
s coi trng cc ch tiu cht lng tng
trng (04 yu t vi t cch l 04 tiu
chun nu trn). Ni mt cch khc, cht
lng tng trng phi c th hin nng
sut, hiu qu ca cc yu t u t, phi i
lin vi tnh hiu qu v nng cao nng lc
cnh tranh ca nn kinh t, bao gm c cc
yu t u vo nh vic qun l v phn b
cc ngun lc trong qu trnh ti sn xut, ln
cc kt qu u ra ca qu trnh sn xut vi
cht lng cuc sng c ci thin, cc sn
phm u ra c phn phi m bo tnh
cng bng v gp phn bo v v n nh mi
trng sinh thi.
KHI QUT HIN TRNG TNG
TRNG V CHT LNG TNG
TRNG KINH T VIT NAM
Nh chng ta u bit, ngay t nhng nm
u ca thi k i mi (t na cui ca
nhng nm 80 ca th k trc), t nc ta
c nhng thay i kh ngon mc t mt

46
nc nhiu nm nng nghip tng trng m
(phi nhp khu mt lng lng thc khng
nh hng nm) chuyn sang mt nc xut
khu lng thc ln ng th hai th gii.
Trong 25 nm i mi, mc d th gii tri
qua hai cuc khng hong kinh t v ti chnh
trm trng (bt u vo nm 1997 v nm
2008) gy suy thoi, suy gim cao nn kinh t
trn ton cu, nhng nn kinh t Vit Nam
lin tc trong cc nm t tng trng dng.
C th l:
- Thi k 1986 -1990 bnh qun tng trng
3,9%/nm;
- Thi k 1991 -1995 bnh qun tng trng
8,2%/nm;
- Thi k 1996 - 2000 bnh qun tng trng
6,7%/nm;
7,5%/nm;
7%/nm (trong 2008:6,23%; 2009: 5,32%
v nm 2010: 6,78%).
C c thnh tch trn l do nhiu nguyn
nhn, nhng trong phi k n s tc ng
tch cc ca qu trnh chuyn i sang nn
kinh t th trng m ca, hi nhp kinh t
quc t v chuyn dch c cu kinh t kh
ton din v vng chc. Chnh chuyn dch c
cu kinh t lm thay i cu trc ca nn
kinh t, chuyn dch hng triu ngi t khu
vc nng nghip sang sn xut cng nghip
v dch v (trc i mi c cu kinh t phi
xy dng l cng nng nghip hin i,
nay c cu kinh t phi hng ti l cng
nng nghip dch v, trong , cng nghip
v dch v ngy cng chim t trng ln trong
GDP, cn nng nghip ngy cng gim).
Mc d t c nhng thnh tu tng trng
c phn nh qua cc con s k trn, nhng
c th khng nh rng thi gian qua Vit
Nam mi ch ch nhiu n tng trng v
lng (theo chiu rng), m cha ch trng
n cht lng tng trng, hiu qu tng
trng (tc tng trng kinh t theo chiu
su). Trn thc t, tng trng ca ta bc
l khng t bt cp lm cht lng tng
trng thp, khng hiu qu. C th l tng
trng ch yu da vo thm dng vn, ti
nguyn v lao ng. Tng trng khng i
lin vi hiu qu, gy nhiu bt n trong x
hi v hy hoi mi trng sinh thi. Chnh
cc v vic gy hy hoi mi trng ca mt
s cng ty u t trc tip nc ngoi (FDI)
v nhng k h ln, s bung lng trong
quy trnh kim tra, kim sot ca cc c quan
qun l Nh nc cc cp ang tip tc t ra
vn cp thit phi coi trong tiu ch m
bo mi trng l yu t quan trng nht ca
cht lng tng trng kinh t Vit Nam
hin ti v tng lai.
Trong nm 2010, mc d tnh hnh quc t v
trong nc c nhiu kh khn v bt n,
nhng Vit Nam t c nhiu thnh tch
quan trng v khng c php qu say m,
thi phng cc thnh tch t c. Theo
bo co ca Chnh Ph, c 16/21 ch tiu
hon thnh v hon thnh vt mc so vi
Ngh quyt ca Quc hi. Tuy nhin, cht
lng tng trng vn cha cao, cn thiu
tnh bn vng; tng trng kinh t nhng
cha gn cht vi nng cao i sng nhn dn
y l mt thc t cha my c ci thin.
Lm pht c nm mc gn 12%. Tng
trng kinh t nhng ch s ICOR rt cao.
iu c ngha l, u t km hiu qu
(trung bnh phi b ra 10 ng vn mi c
1 ng tng trng. C l t nc trn th gii
c ch s ICOR cao nh Vit Nam theo
Thi bo kinh t Vit Nam ngy 14/01/2011).
T thc t ny, chng ti cho rng n lc
chng ta phi c s thay i mang tnh t
ph, cch mng v t duy, nhn thc i
vi tng trng kinh t v cht lng tng
trng kinh t; phi thay i m hnh tng
trng m bo tnh bn vng trong pht
trin. Kin quyt chm dt t duy, quan im
mun GDP tng cao th c khai thc v bn
ti nguyn i; phi thc s nghim tc v
khoa hc trong vic cn nhc, la chn gia
ra sc trin khai cc d n khai thc ti
nguyn khong sn hay gi li t rng, t
rung ngi dn sinh sng. Hoc phi cht
ph hng nghn hecta rng lm thy in
hn l gi rng bo v mi trng sinh thi.
Theo chng ti, n lc khng c php
cao tc tng trng m phi l coi

47
trng cht lng tng trng (hiu qu tng
trng v nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca
nn kinh t). Mun vy, khng c php
chp nhn s pht trin bng mi gi; phi
gim nhit i vi s am m thnh tch;
hn ch v sm chm dt trit tnh trng
y mnh khai thc khong sn, du th, v
khn trng em bn i. Mi t tng v
hnh ng tri ngc vi xu th ny ch l xu
hng chy theo tc tng trng, vn
ham tc tng trng nhiu hn cht
lng tng trng.
NNG CAO CHT LNG TNG
TRNG KINH T THEO HNG HIU
QU V NNG CAO NNG LC CNH
TRANH CA NN KINH T
T thc trng bt cp ca m hnh tng
trng dn n cht lng tng trng thp
nh khi qut trn, chng ti cho rng
cn phi nht qun quan im i mi chuyn
i m hnh tng trng cho thch ng vi
iu kin v bi cnh mi nhm m bo tnh
bn vng v n nh trong pht trin. C th
l phi chuyn m hnh tng trng da trn
lao ng r, u t vn v ti nguyn ln sang
m hnh tng trng mi l da trn nng
sut lao ng, hiu qu cc yu t u t v
nng lc cnh tranh ca nn kinh t, ca
doanh nghip v hng ho Vit Nam trn
thng trng. thc hin thnh cng s
chuyn i ny, trc ht cn thc hin tt
mt s gii php sau:
Nng cao trnh nhn thc, i mi t
duy, quan im ca cc cp lnh o t
Trung ng n a phng, ngnh v
cht lng tng trng
cao cht lng tng trng v khng
ngng nng cao cht lng tng trng
khng phi ch l khu hiu, m quan
trng hn l phi c qun trit v t duy,
nng cao nhn thc v c quan im ng
n v nht qun ngay t khu xy dng
ng li, ch trng, chnh sch, trong
hoch nh chin lc, trong k hoch di,
trung v ngn hn v c bit l trong thc
thi cc cp, ngnh, cc a phng,
V t duy, nhn thc v quan im cn phi
thng nht v nht qun rng mt khi nh
hng chnh sch, m hnh cht lng tng
trng ng, bin php thc thi v t chc
thc thi tt, tt yu s a li kt qu, mc
tiu nh mong mun. Trng hp m hnh,
chnh sch nng cao cht lng tng trng
ng, nhng bin php thc thi, cng nh t
chc thc hin khng ph hp hoc m hnh,
chnh sch v cht lng tng trng khng
ng, nhng chm iu chnh mt cch khoa
hc, thm ch bo th khng iu chnh, th c
hai trng hp u dn n ch tc v rt
cuc l cht lng tng trng khng nh
mong mun (hiu qu tng trng thp).
Tip tc i mi v hon thin chnh sch
u t theo hng nng cao cht lng
tng trng
to tng trng v nng cao cht lng
tng trng, khng quc gia no khng c
ngun vn u t trc tip t ngn sch Nh
nc. Bn cnh tnh tch cc v tnh hiu qu
x hi ca ngun vn u t ny (cn cho
quc k dn sinh mc d c th km hiu qu,
d phi l, ), trong nhiu nm qua h s
ICOR ca khu vc Nh nc tng ln
nhanh chng. u t Nh nc (gm u t
NSNN, u t bng vn tri phiu Chnh ph,
tn dng u t Nh nc v u t ca cc
DNNN) ang chim t trng ln nht trong
tng u t x hi, nhng hiu qu khng
cao, ang phn tn v bao trm hu ht cc
ngnh kinh t, k c cc ngnh m khu vc t
nhn c kh nng u t pht trin.
thc hin ti c cu v nng cao hiu qu
u t cng, phi x hi ho u t cng.
Theo , khng nn phn b u t Nh nc
vo cc ngnh, cc lnh vc m t nhn trong
nc c th kinh doanh nh cc loi dch v
thng mi, nh hng khch sn, phi ly
hiu qu kinh t lm thc o v tiu ch
quyt nh cc d n u t.
i vi vic thu ht FDI: khng nn ch ch
trng thu ht FDI, m phi ch c bit n
vn thc hin v hiu qu gii ngn vn.
n lc phi loi b vic tri thm trong
thu ht FDI, m vic thu ht FDI phi gn vi

48
nhng iu kin nh cng ngh xanh, cng
ngh t tiu tn nng lng, nhin liu,
kin quyt loi b cng ngh gy nhim
mi trng, hn ch s dng cng ngh bc
trung, m phi coi trng cng ngh tin tin,
hin i (cng ngh ngun) nhng quc gia
cng nghip. Ti u l hng vo thu ht cc
Cng ty xuyn quc gia - TNC thuc Top 500
TNC m t cc quc gia c nn kinh t pht
trin. Ch c nh vy, Vit Nam mi thc s
tr thnh nc cng nghip vo nm 2020 v
mi c iu kin m bo hn cho vic tham
gia vo mng sn xut, mng phn phi v
chui gi tr ton cu - iu kin pht
trin bn vng trong tng lai.
Nng cao hiu qu khai thc, s dng ti
nguyn cho tng trng
i vi mi quc gia ngun ti nguyn hu
hnh v v hnh ang s hu khng phi l v
hn. Do , nu cng s dng v s dng km
hiu qu, lng ph th tt yu s sm cn kit
v nhiu khi phi tr gi t hn nhiu so vi
li ch mang li. Thc t chng minh nu
ra sc khai thc v s dng khng c chin
lc v khng theo quy hoch ng b, khoa
hc ch v mc tiu t tc tng trng th
cht lng tng trng thp v phi tr gi
cho vn x hi v mi trng. Chnh v
vy, pht trin bn vng v c kinh t, x
hi v mi trng, cn phi c chin lc,
quy hoch mt cch khoa hc khai thc v
s dng mt cch hiu qu cc ngun ti
nguyn thin nhin ban tng cho chng ta -
y l mt li th m nhiu quc gia (nh
Nht Bn, Hn Quc, ) khng c, hoc nu
c nhng khng di do v a dng.
Tng s lng v nng cao cht lng
ngun nhn lc
t nc s vn cao v hi nhp c hiu
qu, vng chc bc vo nn kinh t khu vc
v ton cu, nu c chin lc ng v con
ngi. y l nhn t quyt nh nht n
nng cao nng sut lao ng v tng nng
sut lao ng mt cch bn vng. C.Mc
tng nhn mnh my mc, thit b d c hin
i n u, nhng nu khng c con ngi
th chng ch l nhng vt cht. Tuy nhin,
khng bt c ai, m phi l nhng con ngi
vi nhng kin thc, trnh ngy cng cao
v ngy cng sn sinh ra cng ngh tin tin,
hin i v a nhng thnh tu ny vo cuc
sng v chnh con ngi. Trong thi i ngy
nay, th gii ang bc vo nn kinh t tri
thc, ni tri thc ang tr thnh nhn t
quan trng nht quyt nh mc sng - quan
trng hn t ai, hn cng c sn xut, hn
lao ng. i ng tr thc (ngun nhn lc
c cht lng) - nhng ngi sn sinh ra tri
thc v ng dng sng to tri thc s c ng
gp ngy cng ln cho s nghip pht trin
kinh t, x hi, ca quc gia.
p ng yu cu ny, trong nhng nm ti
ngnh gio dc v o to tip tc phi c
nhng iu chnh v i mi c tnh t ph
mt cch ton din v ng b, nhng khng
c php nng vi, ch quan, m phi c l
trnh v bc i bi bn gp phn cng
t nc sm to ra mt i ng nhn lc
v s lng, c bit p ng yu cu ngy
cng cao v cht lng ca s nghip CNH,
HH, ca hi nhp, cnh tranh v pht trin.
i ng ny khng ch c tay ngh, hc vn,
trnh khoa hc cng ngh, m cn phi c
tnh chuyn bit cao, tnh nng ng v tnh
quyt on khoa hc. Mun vy, i lin vi
vic tip tc thc hin ch trng x hi ho
gio dc v o to, a dng ho loi hnh,
phng thc o to, cn nng cao hiu
lc, hiu qu kim tra, gim st ca cc c
quan qun l v phi kin quyt thi ci i
vi cc n v, c s vi phm m bo tnh
nghim minh, cng bng v hiu qu. Bn
cnh , phi to ra mi trng thun li,
thc s hp dn nhm to iu kin cho mi
ngi pht huy sc sng to ca mnh cho t
nc. C th l phi c c ch, chnh sch
tuyn chn, s dng v i ng nhn ti
mt cch r rng, minh bch v hp dn nhm
s dng c hiu qu cc ngun nhn lc c
cht lng ca t nc.
KT KUN
c th pht trin nn kinh t Vit Nam
nhanh v bn vng p ng c yu cu ca
xu th hi nhp kinh t quc t, i hi phi

49
c chin lc pht trin ton din. Tuy nhin,
trc mt cn tp trung nng cao cht lng
v hiu qu ca tng trng, to cho nn
kinh t c th cnh tranh mnh m trn th
trng quc t. Thc hin mt s gii php c
bn trn s l tin cho nng cao cht
lng tng trng v sc cnh tranh ca nn
kinh t Vit Nam, n nm 2020 Vit Nam
c bn tr thnh nc cng nghip theo
hng hin i.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Bo co nng lc cnh tranh Vit Nam, nm
2010, H Ni.
[2]. Kinh t Vit Nam 2009. CIEM, Nxb Ti chnh
2010, H Ni.
[3]. Tp ch kinh t v pht trin, cc s thng
12/2010 v s thng 01/2011, i hc Kinh t
Quc dn, H Ni.
[4]. Thi bo kinh t Vit Nam, ngy 28/12/2010;
s ra cc ngy 4, 14, 18 thng 01 nm 2011, H
Ni.

SUMMARY
THE QUALITY OF VIETNAM ECONOMIC GROWTH RATE UNDER THE
VIEW POINT OF THE ECONOMIC EFFECTIVENESS AND COMPETITVE
CAPABILITY OF THE ECONOMY

Do Duc Binh
1
, Nguyen Tien Long
2-

1
National Economics University

2
Thainguyen University of Economics and Business Administration TNU

Over 25 years of innovation, with the innovative mechanism and policies, the effectivene
appliation of scientific and technical achivements, the Vietnam economy maintained positive
growth rate even though it is affected by the word economic crisis. In the period of 2006 2010,
the average growth rate was 7% per year (of which 6.23% in 2008, 5.32% in 2009 and 6.78% in
2010 in detail). However, the growth rate in quantity does not mean the high effetiveness, quality
and competitve capability of the economy. This paper with the clarification of theoritical basis for
economic growth quality analizes the current status of economic growth quality of Vietnam
economy and proposes some solutions to improve the economic growth quality in the direction of
high effectiveness and competitive capability for the economy of Vietnam

Key words: growth quality, effectiveness, competitive capability, economy

-
Tel: 0912485659, Email: nguyentienlong@tueba.edu.vn

50

Ng Xun Hong Tp ch KHOA HC & CNG NGH 79(03): 51 - 58

51

THC TRNG LAO NG V VIC LM TRONG CC H NNG DN
HUYN PH LNG TNH THI NGUYN

Ng Xun Hong
*
Trng Cao ng Kinh t -K thut, H Thi Nguyn

TM TT
Huyn Ph Lng c 66.132 lao ng, trong lao ng nng thn c khong hn 56.635 ngi
chim 85,64% lc lng lao ng trong huyn. 95% lao ng nng thn l lao ng ph thng,
khng c trnh chuyn mn k thut. H s s dng thi gian lao ng trong nng h thp, nm
2009 l 74,7%. T sut s dng lao ng ca cc h nng dn trong cc x iu tra dao ng t
72,51 n 82,34%. Gi tr lao ng v thu nhp thp, phn ln khng c tch ly l nguyn nhn c
bn dn n tnh trng i ngho khu vc nng thn trong huyn.
Trong nhng nm gn y, Huyn trin khai nhiu ch trng, chnh sch gii quyt vic lm cho
ngi lao ng trong nng h v bc u c chuyn bin tch cc, song cha c bn. gii quyt
vic lm cho lao ng trong nng h, trong thi gian ti huyn cn tp trung gii quyt cc vn
sau: chuyn dch c cu cy trng hp l v tng din tch gieo trng; pht trin chn nui; pht trin cc
ngnh ngh phi nng nghip; cng c v xy dng c s h tng; n nh t ai; tng cng u
t vn; tng cng khoa hc k thut; o to ngh cho lao ng nng thn v y mnh xut
khu lao ng, a lao ng ra a bn ngoi huyn.
T kha: Thc trng, lao ng, vic lm, h nng dn, Ph Lng

T VN
*

Trong nhng nm qua, sn xut nng nghip
huyn Ph Lng dn i vo n nh v
pht trin vi nhp ngy cng nhanh. Sn
xut nng nghip nhiu a phng trong
huyn bt u chuyn sang hng sn xut
hng ha, m hnh kinh t VAC, kinh t trang
tri pht trin hu ht cc x trong huyn.
Xut hin nhiu gia nh c quy m chn nui
ln: hng ngn con g, hng chc con ln
theo phng php cng nghip mang li thu
nhp cao. Chn nui c theo phng php
thm canh vi cc ging c nng sut cao,
cht lng tt v chn nui cc loi c sn
dn dn thay th th c theo kiu qung
canh. C cu ngnh nng nghip chuyn dch
theo hng t trng chn nui v dch v
nng nghip ngy cng tng, t trng ngnh
trng trt gim tng ng. Tuy nhin vi tc
th ha v cng nghip ha cao, vn
lao ng vic lm trong cc nng h cn c
tip tc xem xt v gii quyt, trong bi vit:
"Thc trng lao ng v vic lm trong cc
h nng dn huyn Ph Lng tnh Thi
Nguyn" chng ti mun cp ti vn lao

*
Tel: 0912.140.868
ng vic lm trong cc h nng dn huyn
Ph Lng v xut mt s gii php kh thi
nhm p ng nhu cu vic lm ca lao ng
trong nng h trn a bn trong nhng nm
trc mt v lu di.
PHNG PHP V H THNG CH TIU
NGHIN CU
* Phng php nghin cu: tin hnh
nghin cu chng ti chn 240 h nng
dn iu tra. Cc phng php chuyn gia,
chuyn kho, iu tra nhanh nng thn, phn
tch nh lng, thng k kinh t c s
dng thu thp, phn tch thng tin, s liu
trong qu trnh nghin cu. S liu c kim
tra, chnh l v phn nh trong bng thng k,
th thng k, bng tnh Exel.
* H thng ch tiu nghin cu: Trong qu
trnh nghin cu chng ti s dng cc ch
tiu: C cu lao ng theo trnh vn ha,
trnh chuyn mn; C cu lao ng theo
ngnh ngh; S ngy lao ng bnh qun/lao
ng/nm; Thu nhp bnh qun/h/nm; Thu
nhp bnh qun/lao ng/nm; Thu nhp bnh
qun/lao ng/ngy; Thu nhp bnh qun/
ngy lao ng phn theo ngnh ngh; T sut
s dng thi gian lao ng.

52
KT QU NGHIN CU V THO LUN
Thc trng lao ng v vic lm trong cc
h nng dn.
a. S lng v cht lng lao ng.
S lng lao ng: Nhn chung s nhn khu
di tui lao ng chim t l cao hn s
lng trn tui lao ng, nh vy cho thy
tim nng v lao ng tr cn rt nhiu, lc
lng lao ng tng lai ny cn phi c
trang b kin thc v sn xut phc v cho
nn nng nghip.
Trong lc lng lao ng, c s cn bng v
gii. Vi c im ca sn xut nng nghip,
lao ng nam thng c sc khe v tr c
hn lao ng n, do vy s cn bng v gii
trong tui lao ng cn c s phn cng
cho ph hp vi sc khe v trnh lao
ng. Phn cng cng vic cho lao ng n
lm cng vic nh nhng v n gin hn lao
ng nam.
Cht lng lao ng: Lao ng nng thn ca
cc x Yn Trch, ng t v V Tranh c
nhng c im c th hin qua bng 02.
S lao ng trnh vn ha tt nghip tiu
hc chim t l ln ti 69.89% tc l 130 ngi
x Yn Trch, tip theo x ng t c cu
ny thp hn mt cht l 68,42%, thp nht
l x V Tranh l 66,82%. Nh vy c rt nhiu
lao ng trong vng iu tra ca c 3 x ny
u c trnh vn ha thp, mc tt nghip
THPT v THCS l rt thp. Qua s liu trn cho
thy trnh vn ha ca c 3 x trong vng
iu tra c trnh vn ha thp, ch ph hp
vi trnh lao ng gin n, kh c th tip
cn khoa hc k thut hin nay.
b. Tnh hnh trang b t ai cho ngi lao
ng trong cc h nng dn
Quy m, c cu t ai cc h iu tra ca 3
x c th hin qua din tch cc loi cy
trng trong vng iu tra c th hin qua
bng 03. Bng s liu cho thy din tch trng
la vng iu tra trong 3 x u c t l din
tch trng la ln nht so vi cy trng khc,
din tch trng cy sn chim t l nh nht,
cy ng l sn phm lm thc n chnh cho
gia sc nhng cng ch t t l 4,56, 4,22 v
5,69 tng ng vi cc x Yn Trch, ng
t v V Tranh. Din tch trng ch chim
mt t l kh cao, c bit x ng t v V
Tranh c cht t rt tt pht trin cy ch.
Bng 01. C cu v tui ca lao ng ti x iu tra
Ch tiu
Yn Trch ng t V Tranh
S lng
(ngi)
C cu
(%)
S lng
(ngi)
C cu
(%)
S lng
(ngi)
C cu
(%)
Tng s 260 100 300 100 309 100
Di tui lao ng 59 22.69 63 21.00 61 19.74
Trong tui lao ng 180 69.23 205 68.33 221 71.52
Trn tui lao ng 21 8.08 32 10.67 27 8.74
Ngun:S liu iu tra nm 2009
Bng 02. Trnh vn ha ca lao ng ti x iu tra
Ch tiu
S lng
(ngi)
C cu
(%)
S lng
(ngi)
C cu
(%)
S lng
(ngi)
C cu (%)
Tng 186 100 209 100 211 100
Cha hc ht tiu hc 14 7,53 17 8,13 19 9,00
Tt nghip tiu hc 130 69,89 143 68,42 141 66,82
Tt nghip THCS 18 9,68 19 9,09 18 8,53
Tt nghip THPT 24 12,90 30 14,35 33 15,64
Ngun: S liu iu tra 2009

53
Bng 03. Trang b t trng trt cho lao ng ti x iu tra
Ch tiu
S lng
(m
2
)
C cu
(%)
S lng
(m
2
)
C cu (%)
S lng
(m
2
)
C cu
(%)
1.Tng din tch 512.495 100 676.143 100 682.995 100
Din tch trng la 211.590 41,29 248.553 36,76 258.525 37,85
Din tch trng cy ng 23.346 4,56 28.548 4,22 38.840 5,69
Din tch trng cy sn 4.440 0,87 9.180 1,36 6.200 0,91
Din tch trng cy ch 123.687 24,13 145.637 21,54 160.793 23,54
Din tch trng cc cy trng
khc
149.432 29,16 244.225 36,12 218.637 32,01
2. Din tch BQ/h 1.552 1.894 1.855
3. Din tch BQ/L. ng 520,5 578,7 598,9
c. Kt qu s dng lao ng ca cc ngnh
trong h nng dn.
* Ngnh trng trt: Thc trng v s dng
lao ng v gi tr sn xut ca ngnh trng
trt c th hin qua nhng cy trng c th
nh cy la, cy sn, cy ng, cy ch, v mt
s cy trng khc. tnh c ra gi tr sn
xut ca cc loi cy trng trn cng lao ng
phi tnh ton c gi tr sn xut ca cy
trng v s lao ng c s dng cho loi
cy ca vng iu tra trong cc x c
th hin qua bng s liu 04. Qua bng s liu
v kt qu ngnh trng trt ca vng iu tra
cho thy gi tr sn xut bnh qun/lao
ng/nm 2009 ca cc loi cy trng chnh
nh sau:
Bng 04. Kt qu s dng lao ng ngnh trng trt ti x iu tra
Ch tiu VT Yn Trch ng t V Tranh
Tng din tch m2 512.495 676.143 682.995
1. Sn xut la m2 211.059 248.553 258.525
Din tch BQ/h m2 3.518 3.551 3.693
Lao ng bnh qun/h ngi 2 2 3
Gi tr sn xut BQ/lao ng 1.597,58 1.607,02 1.514,80
2. Sn xut ng m2 23.346 28.548 38.840
Din tch BQ/h m2 389 408 555
3. Sn xut sn m2 4.440 9.180 6.200
Din tch BQ/h m2 74 131 89
Lao ng bnh qun/h ngi 0,25 0,24 0,26
Gi tr sn xut BQ/lao ng 455,67 551,35 688,89
4. Sn xut cy trng khc m2 149.432 244.225 218.637
Din tch BQ/h m2 2.490,53 3.488,93 3.123,39
5. Trng rng
Tng s cng lao ng cng 1.420 1.706 1.680
Tng s lao ng cng 50 62 67

54
Cy la x ng t c gi tr cao nht l
1.607.020 v thp nht l x V Tranh l
1.514.800. i vi cy ng x Yn Trch li
t gi tr bnh qun trn mt lao ng trn
mt nm cao nht vi mc 1.956.780 v x
ng t t gi tr thp nht l 1.762.210.
Cy sn x V Tranh t mc 688.890 v
l mc cao nht v x Yn Trch ch t mc
455.670. i vi cc cy trng khc, tng
hp gi tr ca cc lai cy trng khc cho
thy gi tr t mc rt thp nh x ng
t ch t 673.890 v x V Tranh t gi
tr cao nht l 754.060.
Nh vy trong trng trt vn cn phi duy tr
vic trng la v kt hp vi vic xen canh
gi v vi cc cy trng khc c bit l cy
ng v cy ny cho gi tr kinh t cao. Din
tch trng ng xen canh gi v mi ch s
dng ht khong 12% ca din tch trng la,
ngi dn nn thay th cc cy trng khc
bng cy ng th s thu c nhiu gi tr
kinh t hn. i vi ngnh trng rng, theo
kt qu ca vng iu tra nm 2009 th x
ng t c gi tr sn xut bnh qun/lao
ng/nm 2008 cao nht l 2.603.550, v
thp nht l x Yn Trch l 1.477.100.
* Ngnh chn nui
Qua kt qu iu tra ca cc h iu tra trong
3 x cho thy gi tr sn xut bnh qun /lao
ng /nm 2009 nh bng 05.
- Chn nui tru b t gi tr sn xut cao
nht nh x Yn Trch c vng chn th rng
ln nn thun li cho vic pht trin chn
nui loi i gia sc ny, c th t
9.111.110. X V tranh l x t gi tr sn
xut thp nht l 7.644.440
- Chn nui ln: X Yn trch c gi tr sn
xut 4.711.760 v t mc cao nht, x ng
t ch c 3.763.93 v mc thp nht.
- Chn nui g: X V Tranh ch t
1.922.510, nhng x Yn trch t kt qu
sn xut bnh qun cao ln ti 2.4449.280.
- Chn nui cc loi gia cm khc: X Yn
Trch t mc cao nht l 555.000, x V
Tranh t mc thp nht l 201.360 v V
Tranh l 358.750.
- Nui trng thu sn: X V Tranh l
527.500 trn lao ng trn nm 2007, x
Yn Trch l 407.310 v x ng t l
480.670.
Bng 05. Kt qu s dng lao ng ngnh chn nui ti x iu tra
Ch tiu VT Yn Trch ng t V Tranh
1. Chn nui tru, b
Tng s con con 82 95 86
Lao ng bnh qun/h Ngi 1,20 1,21 1,29
Gi tr sn xut BQ/h 10.933,33 10.857,14 9.828,57
2. Chn nui ln
Gi tr sn xut BQ/h 8.010,00 7.653,33 7.400,00
3. Chn nui g
Tng s con con 1.722 1.843 1.701
Gi tr sn xut 1000 142.058 152.034 140.343
Gi tr sn xut BQ/h 2.367,63 2.171,91 2.004,90
4. Chn nui gia cm khc
Gi tr sn xut BQ/h 138,75 102,50 63,29
5. Nui trng thy sn
Gi tr sn xut BQ/h 264,75 398,27 422,00

55
d. Tnh hnh s dng thi gian lao ng ca
nng h
H s s dng thi gian lao ng ca nng h
nng thn mi ch t 74,7% (nm 2009).
C hi vic lm trong a bn huyn cha
thc s p ng c nhu cu ca lao ng
trong vng. T sut s dng lao ng vng
iu tra ca 3 x dao ng t 72,51 n
82,34%. Trong x ng t c t xut s
dng lao ng cao nht v t sut lao ng
cha c s dng l 17,66%, x Yn trch
cn d tha l 27,49% v x V Tranh cn d
tha l 24,68%.
Kt qu mt s chng trnh gii quyt
vic lm cho lao ng ca nng h.
a. Chng trnh dy ngh ngn hn
c s ch o ca S Lao ng TBXH v
Ban ch o xut khu lao ng huyn trung
tm Dy ngh, trung tm Gii thiu vic lm
ca huyn trin khai c mt s chng
trnh. c bit v o to ngh nm 2007 mi
ch c 900 ngi nhng n nm 2009 ln
ti 1.505 ngi, hn na nm 2009 trung tm
kt hp vi trng i hc Nng lm Thi
Nguyn m lp o to v qun l kinh t h
gia nh cho 194 cn b cp x v nng dn.
V xut khu lao ng 3 nm qua trung tm
t vn gii thiu vic lm cho 212 lao
ng i xut khu lao ng cc nc: i
loan, Inonexia, Hn Quc... c mc lng
bnh qun khong 8 triu ng/thng.
b. V tn dng nng thn
+ Chng trnh cho vay i vi h ngho:
Theo thng k th ton huyn c 7.943 h
ngho chim t l 3,5% s h trn ton
huyn, y nhanh chng trnh mc tiu
xa i gim ngho trn a bn huyn, ngh
quyt ng b, Hi ng nhn dn huyn Ph
Lng ra mi nm phn u gim t l
h ngho xung t 2,5 n 3%.
+ Chng trnh cho vay h sn xut kinh
doanh vng kh khn, c trin khai thc
hin trong nm 2007, NHCSXH huyn
trin khai cho vay th im 3 x: Ph , Tc
Tranh, ng t.
+ Chng trnh tn dng cho vay i vi h
gia nh sn xut kinh doanh, kinh doanh
vng kh khn, c thc hin vi mc li
xut thp hn ngn hng thng mi, th tc
n gin, i tng vay vn rng, mc vay
vn h sn xut 30 triu ng trn h khng
phi lm th tc th chp ti sn, phng thc
cho vay theo t lp trong thn, bn, thng qua
cc t chc hi.
+ Thc hin chnh sch dn tc v tn gio
ng, nh nc c chnh sch cho vay vn
i vi h ngho ng bo dn tc thiu s,
chng trnh th hin s quan tm ca ng,
nh nc, i vi ng bo ngho dn tc
thiu s, c vay vn nh canh nh c;
n nh cuc sng tng bc pht trin kinh
t gia nh, vn ln thot khi ngho i
cng ha nhp vi cng ng.
+ Chng trnh cho vay gii quyt vic lm:
y l chng trnh quc gia nhm mc ch
gii quyt vic lm, gim t l tht nghip
trong x hi. Nm 2003, NHCS nhn bn giao
2.997 triu ng ngun vn qu quc gia gii
quyt vic lm t kho bc huyn chuyn sang
NHCS huyn qun l, vi 23 d n. Sau 5
nm hot ng NHCS huyn Ph Lng
phi hp vi phng Ni v huyn, cc ngnh
chc nng, on th x hi thm nh gii
quyt cho 116 d n kt qu thc hin. Doanh
s cho vay trong 5 nm l 9.250 triu ng,
doanh s thu n trong 5 nm l 1.312 triu
ng, d n n 31/12/2007 l 4.601 triu
ng, bao gm 116 d n,.
Mt s gii php ch yu nhm gii quyt
vic lm cho lao ng ca nng h huyn
Ph Lng
a. Gii php v chuyn dch c cu cy trng
hp l v tng din tch gieo trng
X V Tranh v x ng t l 2 x c nhiu
i ni vi dc thoai thoi, hn na cht
t y rt thch hp vi cy ch. Trong cc
loi cy trng c phn tch phn thc
trng cho thy gi tr sn xut ca cy ch l
kh cao v s dng khng nhiu cng lao
ng. 1 so trng ch c th em li gi tr
sn xut 3 triu ng/cng lao ng/nm
trong cc cy trng khc khng c c.
Vng trng la nc 2 x ng t v Yn
Trch c a hnh bng phng nn s dng
phng php lun canh, trng xen canh gi

56
v. Khuyn khch cc h trng rau sch v th
trng hin nay rt khan him ngun rau sch
v c, qu c gi tr dinh dng cao.
X Yn Trch l x vng cao c a hnh
phc tp, c nhiu ni cao thch hp cho
trng rng, va chng xi mn va em li
hiu qu kinh t cao c th nh trng cy
Keo, M, Bch n ... Vng trng la nc
c quy m manh mn nn dng phng thc
dn in i tha thun li cho vic canh
tc s gim thiu c cng lao ng, chuyn
lao ng ny sang cng vic khc. Nhng
vng t i thoi hn nn trng ch c nng
sut cao nh ch cnh, ch Bt tin ...
b. Gii php v pht trin chn nui
C th v chn nui theo hng sn xut hng
ha nh nui g sch, c bit l ging g lai
chi hnh thc nui nh ging g truyn
thng va nhanh ln li va c gi tr s dng
cao. Nhu cu ca th trng s dng sn
phm hng nc v sn phm tht ln quay
bng ln siu nc ang c th trng a
chung, do vy pht trin m hnh nui ln
siu nc vi quy m ln, tip cn hc tp kinh
nghim mt s trang tri nui loi siu nc
huyn Ph Yn. Vi a hnh v khng gian
rng v c nhiu i ni chn th nh
huyn Ph Lng nn m nhng trang tri
nui th tru b ly tht, bn cnh m
nhng c s ch bin tht x v tht lc cung
cp cho th trng trong v ngoi huyn, s
thu ht c mt s lao ng d tha trong
lao ng nng thn.
c. Gii php v pht trin cc ngnh ngh phi
nng nghip
Pht trin cc ngnh ngh phi nng nghip, a
dng ha ngnh ngh, chuyn dch c cu
kinh t nng thn theo hng gim t trng
ca ngnh nng nghip, tng nhanh t trng
ca ngnh tiu th cng nghip, dch v v
thng mi l bin php c bn, lu di
gii quyt vic lm v tng thu nhp cho
ngi lao ng nng thn. Pht trin ngnh
ngh my tre an to iu kin cho nhng
lao ng c s kho lo v sc khe km c
bit l lao ng n khng iu kin lm
nhng vic nng nhc, nhng lao ng ny
thng khng c c hi tm c vic lm
ngoi x hi hoc ch lm c nhng cng
vic c thu nhp thp.
d. Gii php v cng c v xy dng c s
h tng
Cng c v pht trin c s h tng l gii
php quan trng pht trin kinh t v gii
quyt vic lm cho ngi lao ng huyn Ph
Lng. Nhng kh khn v c s h tng nh
hin nay cn tr rt ln n chuyn dch c
cu sn xut, n kh nng t to vic lm v
tm kim vic lm ca ngi lao ng trong
huyn. Mun pht trin ngh trng rng cn
phi lm mi, lm kin c nhng con ng
phng tin vn ti vo c tn vng
khai thc.
e. Gii php v t ai
Hin nay, t canh tc ca huyn va t, va
manh mn li va cha c s dng hp l.
V vy, huyn cn phi c chnh sch khuyn
khch ngi dn khai hoang phc ha a
din tch t cha s dng vo sn xut.
Khuyn khch v to iu kin thun li
ngi dn tin hnh dn in i tha cho
nhau c din tch canh tc trn mnh ln
hn, to iu kin thun li cho vic p dng
tin b khoa hc k thut vo sn xut v pht
trin sn xut hng ha. Nhng khu t ven
quc l 3, ven cc ng trc chnh v khu
trung tm nn quy hoch chuyn vo t th
c pht trin ngnh ngh v dch v. Cn
c nhng chnh sch v t ai hp l nh
gii phng mt bng, h tr tin thu t,
khuyn khch cc nh u t vo sn xut trn
a bn nhm to ra nhiu vic lm cho lao
ng trong huyn.
f. Gii php v vn
Nh nc cn m rng hn na cc chng
trnh cho vay vn n tn tay ngi dn thng
qua cc t chc tn dng, cc ngn hng, cc
t chc on th a phng nh hi ph
n, hi nng dn, on thanh nin vic cho
vay vn phi xc nh ng i tng c
vay, s lng vn vay phi m bo cho
ngi i vay c kh nng ti sn xut m
rng, cc phng thc thu hi vn phi ph
hp vi c im v chu k ca sn xut nng
nghip. Bn cnh vic cho vay vn cn lm
tt cng tc khuyn nng, hng dn v t

57
vn cho ngi dn cch thc u t v s
dng vn vay vic u t mang li hiu
qu cao v phi gim st vic s dng vn
vay thng qua cc t chc on th a
phng. Trnh tnh trng s dng vn vay
khng ng mc ch v khng c kh nng
hon tr. Ngoi ra c th cho ngi nng dn
vay vn bng hin vt thng qua hot ng
ca hp tc x dch v nh cc t liu sn
xut trong nng nghip. Ngi lao ng,
trc ht phi bit huy ng vn t ngun
vn t c ca bn thn, ca gia nh v quan
trng l xc nh c k hoch s dng v
phn b s vn vay cho tng khu ca qu
trnh sn xut sao cho hp l v em li hiu
qu ng vn cao nht.
g. Gii php v khoa hc k thut
i vi ngi lao ng nng nghip cn tp
trung nng cao k nng sn xut ca h, t
khu chn ging, lm t canh tc, chm sc
v thu hoch. thc hin tt iu ny cn
tng cng cng tc khuyn nng, cn tr
gip cho h khu k thut trong quy trnh sn
xut th nghim, xy dng m hnh in hnh
chuyn giao khoa hc k thut c hiu qu.
ng vin v khuyn khch cc h sn xut
gii tham gia vo cng tc khuyn nng
vic chuyn giao khoa hc k thut t kt
qu cao v s d thuyt phc hn.
i vi lao ng c tham gia hot ng
ngnh ngh tiu th cng nghip, cn khuyn
khch h m rng quy m u t theo chiu
su, la chn p dng cng ngh ph hp vi
mt s khu c iu kin nng cao nng
sut, cht lng sn phm. Thng qua cc t
chc on th gii thiu nhng ngnh ngh
mi ph hp vi a phng ngi dn p
dng vo sn xut nhm gii quyt vic lm
cho ngi lao ng v to iu kin thc y
chuyn dch c cu kinh t nng thn.
h. Gii php v o to ngh cho lao ng
nng thn
Hon chnh quy hoch pht trin mng li
o to ngh n nm 2020. Tip tc nng
cp trung tm dy ngh ca huyn, d kin
n nm 2010 huyn thnh lp trng dy
ngh thuc tnh qun l. Tip tc thc hin
chnh sch h tr o to ngh cho cc i
tng l lao ng thuc din chnh sch
ngi c cng, chnh sch x hi v m rng
thm i tng l lao ng tr em, nng dn
khng cn t sn xut. Thc hin tt chng
trnh o to ngh cho nng dn ca huyn,
nhm to ra lc lng lao ng c trnh
p ng nhu cu pht trin kinh t - x hi.
T chc kt ni tuyn sinh dy ngh gia cc
c s o to ngh, trng ngh vi cc
doanh nghip, pht trin m hnh o to
ngh theo a ch, theo n t hng.
i. Gii php v y mnh xut khu lao ng
v a lao ng ra ngoi a bn lm vic
Chnh quyn a phng cn hp tc tt vi
cc c quan chc nng trong vic t vn, o
to, h tr ngi lao ng c tham gia
xut khu, a xut khu lao ng thnh gii
php hiu qu trong cng tc to vic lm cho
ngi lao ng nng thn trn a bn huyn.
Bn cnh cng tc xut khu lao ng ra nc
ngoi th vic hp tc vi cc cng ty, cc t
chc trong nc tm v gii quyt vic lm
cho ngi lao ng a phng cng l mt
gii php tt v c hiu qu cao.
KT LUN
Huyn Ph Lng c 66.132 lao ng, trong
lao ng nng thn c hn 56.635 ngi
chim khong 85,64% lc lng lao ng
trong huyn. Khong 95% lao ng nng thn
l lao ng ph thng, khng c trnh
chuyn mn k thut. H s s dng thi gian
lao ng trong nng h thp, nm 2009 bnh
qun l 74,7%. T sut s dng lao ng
trong nng h ti cc x iu tra dao ng t
72,51 n 82,34%. Trong x ng t c
t xut s dng lao ng cao nht v t sut
lao ng cha c s dng l 17,66%, x
Yn trch cn d tha l 27,49% v x V
Tranh cn d tha l 24,68%. Gi tr lao ng
v thu nhp thp, phn ln khng c tch ly
l nguyn nhn c bn dn n tnh trng i
ngho khu vc nng thn hin nay.
Trong nhng nm qua huyn c nhiu ch
trng, chnh sch gii quyt vic lm cho
ngi lao ng, to ra vic lm cho hng
nghn ngi lao ng. H s s dng thi
gian lao ng trong nng h tng ln, cht
lng ngun lao ng bc u c tin b,

58
tng bc p c yu cu ca th trng
lao ng trong v ngoi tnh. Vn gii
quyt vic lm c trin khai bc u c
chuyn bin tch cc, song cha c bn.
gii quyt vic lm cho lao ng trong
nng h, trong thi gian ti huyn cn tp
trung gii quyt cc vn sau: chuyn dch
c cu cy trng hp l v tng din tch gieo
trng; pht trin chn nui; pht trin cc
ngnh ngh phi nng nghip; cng c v xy
dng c s h tng; n nh t ai; tng
cng u t vn; tng cng khoa hc k
thut; o to ngh cho lao ng nng thn
v y mnh xut khu lao ng v a lao
ng ra a bn ngoi huyn.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Phan S Mn, Gii quyt vic lm nng
thn trong giai on hin nay, Tp ch Nghin
cu kinh t s 225 - 2/1997.
[2]. Phng Thng k huyn Ph Lng, Nin gim
thng k huyn Ph Lng nm 2007 -2009.
[3]. V Vn Phc (2005), "Gii quyt vic lm v s
dng hp l ngun nhn lc lao ng nng thn
Vit Nam hin nay", Tp ch Kinh t chu -Thi
Bnh Dng.
[4]. Trung tm gii thiu vic lm huyn Ph
Lng tnh Thi Nguyn, Bo co cui nm 2005,
2006, 2007.
[5]. Nguyn Quc Tun, Mt s gii php to vic
lm cho lao ng nng thn x Thch X Thch
Tht H Ty, HKT&QTKD
[6]. T nh T (2007 ), Thc trng v mt s
gii php nhm gii quyt vic lm nng cao
thu nhp cho ngi lao ng x Lng Sn
TP. Thi Nguyn.
[7]. Ng Xun Hong (2009), Gii php ch yu
nhm p ng nhu cu vic lm ca lao ng
nng thn huyn Ph Lng tnh Thi Nguyn
Bo co kt qu ti NCKH cp B..
[8]. UBND huyn Ph Lng (2007): Bo co thc
hin k hoch KT-XH nm 2007.

SUMMARY
THE CURRENT STATUS ON LABORS AND WORKING IN FARMERS
HOUSEHOLD OF PHU LUONG DICSTRICT, THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE

Ngo Xuan Hoang
*

College of Economic and Technology TNU

Phu Luong district has 66,132 employees, of which the rural labor force has more than 56,635
accounts for 85.64% of the workforce in the district. About 95% of rural workers are unskilled
workers, with no technical expertise. Score labor time used in the household low as 74.7% in
2009. Ratio of the employers surveyed areas of the three communes ranged from 72.51 to 82.34%.
Value and low-income workers, the majority does not accumulate the basic causes that lead to
poverty in rural areas in the district.

In recent years many districts have policies to create jobs for workers, creating jobs for thousands
of workers. The issue of jobs initially deployed has changed, but not fundamental.
To create jobs for workers in the household, the district needs time to focus on the following
issues: restructuring and reasonable increase crop sown area, livestock development, developing
non-agricultural sectors, consolidate and build infrastructure, land stability, boost investment and
enhance scientific and technical vocational training for rural workers and boost the export of labor
and sending laborers into the area outside the district.

Key word: The carrent status, Labors, working, farmers, Phu Luong Dicstrict

*
Tel: 0912.140.868
Nguyn Th Hng Yn v TG Tp ch KHOA HC & CNG NGH 79(03): 59 - 66

59

PHT TRIN SN PHM DCH V NGN HNG
TI CHI NHNH NGN HNG U T V PHT TRIN (BIDV) H GIANG

Nguyn Th Hng Yn
*
, Trn Phm Vn Cng

TM TT
Hi nhp kinh t quc t, vn m ca ca ngnh ngn hng v thc t nhu cu dch v ngy
cng pht trin a dng i hi cc NHTM Vit Nam ni chung, BIDV H Giang ni ring khng
ch hon thin cc dch v hin c m cn tng bc tip tc pht trin cc dch v ngn hng mi.
Da vo nhng tm hiu v nh gi thc trng cung ng sn phm dch v ca BIDV H giang
nhm xut mt s gii php kh thi va mang tnh hon thin cc dch v ngn hng hin c
ng thi pht trin thm mt s dch v p ng yu cu ngy cng cao ca khch hng, duy tr
th phn v nng cao kh nng cnh tranh ca Chi nhnh trong giai on nn kinh t ca Vit Nam
sau khi gia nhp cc t chc APEC, WTO,
T kho: ngn hng thng mi, sn phm dch v ngn hng thng mi, pht trin sn phm,
gii php pht trin sn phm, BIDV H Giang

T VN
*

Trong xu hng hi nhp kinh t quc t ang
din ra mnh m, s cnh tranh trong lnh vc
kinh doanh tin t ngy cng quyt lit, i hi
cc NHTM phi khng ngng pht trin v i
mi theo hng hon thin cc sn phm dch
v sn c, tip cn v ng dng cc sn phm
dch v mi. BIDV H Giang l ngn hng nm
trn a bn min ni, vi phm vi hot ng
rng do cc sn phm dch v cn cha pht
trin, n iu tnh tin ch cha cao, cha thc
s li cun v hp dn khch hng. Bi vy,
pht trin sn phm dch v Ngn hng l mt
tt yu khch quan. Vn t ra l pht trin
v nng cao cht lng dch v nh th no
khng ng nht n vi vic dn tri ngun lc.
Sn phm dch v ngn hng ti Chi nhnh l
ton b sn phm lin quan n hot ng tin
t, tn dng, thanh ton, ngoi hi, ca h
thng ngn hng i vi doanh nghip v cng
chng. Quan nim theo ngha rng ny c
s dng xem xt lnh vc dch v ngn
hng trong c cu kinh t ca nn kinh t quc
dn ca mt quc gia. Quan nim ny ph hp
vi cch phn ngnh dch v ngn hng trong
dch v ti chnh ca WTO v hip nh
thng Vit Nam - Hoa K cng nh hip
nh song phng khc ca Vit Nam.

*
Emai: Ngocantra@yahoo.com
SN PHM NGN HNG L G?
Sn phm ngn hng l mt khi nim kh
phc tp bi tnh tng hp, a dng v nhy
cm ca hot ng kinh doanh ngn hng.
Sn phm ngn hng c th hin di dng
dch v. Theo Philip Kotler (Marketing
Managememt): dch v c nh ngha l
mi hnh ng v kt qu m mt bn c th
cung cp cho bn kia, ch yu l v hnh v
khng dn n quyn s hu. Kt qu ca
dch v c th hay khng gn lin vi mt sn
phm vt cht.
(2)
Sn phm dch v ca ngn hng l mt tp hp
cc c im, tnh nng, cng dng do ngn
hng to ra v cung cp cho khch hng tha
mn nhng nhu cu, mong mun nht nh no
ca khch hng trn th trng ti chnh.
Mi sn phm dch v ngn hng c cu
thnh bi 3 cp : Phn sn phm ct li, phn
sn phm hu hnh v phn sn phm b sung.
Cc sn phm dch v ca ngn hng thng
mi: nhn tin gi, cho vay (chit khu, cho
vay thng mi, cho vay tiu dng, cho vay
ti tr d n, dch v cho thu ti chnh);
dch v thanh ton (sc, th tn dng, UNC,
UNT, th thanh ton); dch v bo lnh, dch
v u thc, dch v t vn, dch v bo him,
dch v mi gii u t chng khon, dch
v i l, qun l ngn qu, bo qun vt c
gi, trao i ngoi t.

60
PHT TRIN SN PHM DCH V
NGN HNG THNG MI
Pht trin dch v c phn tch trn hai kha
cnh: pht trin v chiu rng v pht trin v
chiu su. Pht trin c ngha l phi lun a
ra c dch v mi, p ng c nhng
yu cu ca khch hng. Pht trin sn phm
dch v ngn hng hng ti m rng kh
nng cung dch v ngn hng, ng thi
gp phn kch cu v dch v ngn hng
ca nn kinh t.
(3)
THC TRNG VIC CUNG NG SN
PHM DCH V NGN HNG CHI
NHNH NGN HNG U T V PHT
TRIN H GIANG

Nm 1991 khi tnh H Tuyn c tch thnh
hai tnh H Giang v Tuyn Quang, Ngn
hng u t & Pht trin H Giang c
thnh lp theo quyt nh s 135/Q/NHNN
ngy 30/08/1991 ca Thng c Ngn hng
Nh nc Vit Nam.
S 1. C cu t chc ca Ngn hng u
t & Pht trin H Giang

Bng 1. Mng li giao dch ti Chi nhnh
qua 5 nm 2005 2009
Loi
hnh
Nm
2005
Nm
2006
Nm
2007
Nm
2008
Nm
2009
Phng
GD
02 02 02 02 03
GD v
QTK
02 02 02 03 03
Tng 04 04 04 05 06
Chi nhnh c hai phng Giao dch ti hai
huyn vng thp l phng Giao dch Bc
Quang ti trung tm huyn Bc Quang v
phng Giao dch V Xuyn ti trung tm
huyn V Xuyn v 2 QTK trung tm Th
x. nng cao hiu qu hot ng ca
mng li hin c, nm 2008 Chi nhnh
nng cp Bn tit kim s 01 ti trung tm
th x ln thnh im giao dch. Trong nm
2009, m mi 01 Phng giao dch thuc Chi
nhnh trn a bn Th x H Giang - tnh
H Giang.
(1)
Th phn hot ng ca Ngn hng u t v
Pht trin H Giang chim t trng thp, th
phn huy ng vn nm 2009 l 29% (biu
01) v th phn tn dng l 9% (biu 02),
th phn tn dng thp nguyn nhn mt phn
do Chi nhnh chuyn ngoi bng cc khon
n tn ng XDCB t cc nm trc.
(4)
Biu 1. Th phn
HV ca BIDV
H giang
Biu 2. Th phn
tn dng ca BIDV
H giang
9
70
21
BIDV
Agribank
NHCSXH

9
70
21
BIDV
Agribank
NHCSXH

Trong nhng nm qua kinh doanh ca Chi
nhnh bt u c s pht trin, li nhun nm
sau cao hn nm trc. C cu mt s khon
mc thu chi ca Chi nhnh cc nm gn y
nh sau:
Biu 3. Kt qu kinh doanh ca Chi nhnh
qua 5 nm 2005 - 2009
S tin (t ng)
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Nm
Doanh thu
Chi ph
Li nhun

(Ngun: Bo co thng nin BIDB H Giang)
P. K
hoch
T.hp

Gim c
Ph gim c

Ph gim c

P DV
K.
hng

P.Qtr
tn
dng
T QL
& DV
Kho qu
P.Q.H
kh.hng

Qu
T.Kim
V. Xuyn
P.G.dch
B.Quang
P. HC&
TCCB
Qun l
ri ro
P.t/chinh
k ton

61
Nhm sn phm huy ng vn
Hin nay Chi nhnh v ang thc hin
nhiu bin php hu hiu trong cng tc huy
ng vn nh:
Cc sn phm pht hnh thng xuyn:
Tin gi thanh ton VND, tin gi thanh ton
bng ngoi t, tin gi tit kim khng k
hn, tit kim trng vng, tin gi tit
kim c k hn, tit kim rt trc hn hng
li bc thang theo thi gian thc gi, tit kim
bc thang, tit kim rt dn, ti khon thanh
ton li sut phn tng (i vi khch hng l
t chc).
Cc sn phm pht hnh theo t: Tit kim
d thng, tri phiu (thng thng), tri
phiu tng vn, chng ch tin gi ngn hn,
k phiu, chng ch tin gi di hn.
Trong giai on 2005 - 2009, Chi nhnh Ngn
hng u t & Pht trin H Giang huy
ng c vn ln p ng tt nhu cu cho
vay, tc tng trng vn huy ng tng
nhanh qua cc nm, vn huy ng nm sau
tng hn nm trc. Tc tng trng huy
ng vn ca Chi nhnh trn a bn l 20%.
Trong c cu tin gi c phn loi c
th nh sau:
Biu 4. Hot ng HV ca BIDV
H Giang qua 5 nm 2005 - 2009
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Nm
S tin (t ng)
Ngun vn huy ng

(Ngun:B/co thng nin BIDB H Giang)
T nhng phn tch trn c th thy c
im u t tin gi ca khch hng ti
BIDV H giang nh sau:
V loi tin: khch hng vn a chung tin
gi VN.
V sn phm: cc sn phm tin gi tit kim
c k hn thng thng vn c khch hng
u tin la chn.
V k hn: K hn 12 thng c khch hng
a chung v y l k hn c mc li sut
hp dn v ph hp vi kh nng k hoch
ho dng tin ca khch hng.
Sn phm tn dng
Hot ng tn dng vn l hot ng chnh,
ng gp phn ln vo li nhun ca Chi
nhnh trong nhng nm va qua.Cc sn phm
tn dng hin c ti Chi nhnh l: Cho vay h
tr nhu cu nh , cho vay mua t, cho vay
cn b cng nhn vin, thu chi ti khon, cho
vay CBCNV mua c phiu pht hnh ln u
trong cc DNNNCPH, cho vay c bo m
bng cm c GTCG, th tit kim.
Chi nhnh xy dng tiu chun v k hoch
cht lng cho cc quy trnh tn dng ngn
hn, trung v di hn trn nguyn tc: tm hiu
nhu cu m bo vic cho vay ca ngn
hng p ng c yu cu ca khch hng.
Bng 2. Tiu chun cht lng ca quy trnh tn
dng ngn hn ti Chi nhnh
TIU CHUN CH TIU
I. KHCH HNG MONG I:
1. Phc v nhanh nht,
th tc n gin, r
rng, tin li.

Cam kt thc hin
ng thi gian xt
duyt cng b cho
tng sn phm k t
khi Ngn hng nhn
c y h s
hp l v thng tin
cn thit t khch
hng theo quy nh
n khi Quyt nh
cp tn dng c
cp c thm quyn
ca Ngn hng k
duyt.
2. C thi n tip,
hng dn v phc v
khch hng chu o.
2. Thi phc v
vn minh lch s, tn
tnh chu o.
3. m bo cung ng
ng, lng tin v
thi gian theo hp ng
tn dng k.
3. Gii ngn theo
ng hp ng tn
dng k vi khch
hng
4. Li sut, ph thp 4. Li sut, ph ph
hp vi th trng,
m bo hot ng
kinh doanh ca ngn
hng c hiu qu.
II. PHP LUT YU CU:
Thc hin ng v y
cc quy nh ca
php lut.
Tun th y cc
quy nh ca php
lut m bo an ton,
hiu qu trong hot
ng ca Ngn hng

62
Tc tng trng tn dng ca Chi nhnh
trn a bn l 15%. Trong , c cu tin vay
c phn loi c th nh sau:
Biu 5. Hot ng tn dng ca Chi nhnh
Ngn hng u t v Pht trin H Giang
qua 5 nm 2005 - 2009
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Nm
S tin (t ng)
Tng d n

(Ngun: Bng cn i k ton ca Chi nhnh
nm 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009)
D n tn dng ca Chi nhnh trn a bn
chim th phn nh (ch yu l cho vay hp
vn) nguyn nhn do nh hng t cho vay
xy lp t cc nm trc n xu chim t
trng ln nn Chi nhnh t trong tnh trng
kim sot c bit ca NHTW v vy tt c
cc khch hng l doanh nghip v cc khon
vay c nhn t 50 triu ng tr ln phi
thng qua Hi ng tn dng. Mt khc, do
mng li hot ng ca Chi nhnh cn
mng cha c b tr rng khp ti cc
huyn th, hin ti Ngn hng Nng nghip,
NHCSXH c mng li rng khp cc
huyn th, i tng khch hng cho vay a
dng c cc vng nng thn, cho vay h
ngho th tc cho vay, kim sot vay vn
ca cc Ngn hng ny n gin hn so vi
Ngn hng u t, vic cho vay ch yu cn
c vo ti sn th chp quyt nh cho vay.
Ngoi ra H Giang l mt tnh ngho nn cc
i tng thuc din c vay vn ti
NHCSXH ln, li sut cho vay thp nn trong
thi gian va qua d n ca NHCSXH tng
trng rt nhanh; trnh dn tr ca dn c
trn a bn cn hn ch nn vic hon thin
h s vay theo yu ca Chi nhnh mt nhiu
thi gian; i ng cn b ca Chi nhnh cn
thiu nn cha p ng kp thi nhu cu vay
vn ca khch hng. Chi nhnh cha khai
thc ht tim nng tng trng tn dng
c bit l mng tn dng bn l vi cc
khch hng kinh doanh c doanh s chuyn
tin ln v s dng nhiu cc dch v ti
Ngn hng.
Sn phm dch v bo lnh
y l loi hnh dch v truyn thng nhng
vn rt pht trin v em li thu nhp cao.
Hu ht dch v bo lnh c cung cp cho
nhng khch hng truyn thng, uy tn. Chi
nhnh rt n lc trong vic a dng ho v
thi hn cng nh cc loi hnh bo lnh.
Thc hin bo lnh theo thi hn ngn hn,
trung - di hn cho cc doanh nghip ngoi
quc doanh, hp tc x v cc thnh phn
kinh t khc vi cc loi hnh dch v bo
lnh: Bo lnh thc hin hp ng, bo lnh
tin ng trc, bo lnh thanh ton, bo lnh
d thu, bo lnh m bo cht lng hp
ng. Gi tr cc khon bo lnh ti Chi nhnh
cha cao nhng c s tng trng ln.
Biu 6. Tng gi tr bo lnh ti Chi nhnh qua
5 nm 2005 - 2009
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Nm
S tin (t ng)
Tng gi tr bo lnh
Biu 7. Ph thu t hot ng bo lnh ti Chi
nhnh qua 5 nm 2005 - 2009
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Nm
S tin (triu ng)
Ph thu dch v bo lnh

(Ngun:B/co thng nin BIDV H Giang)

63
Cc sn phm dch v khc
Kt qu thu t hot ng dch v khc ti Chi
nhnh qua 5 nm 2005 - 2009 tng trng kh
cao qua cc nm: 2005; 2006; 2007; 2008 v
nm 2009 ln lt l: 286; 534; 930; 1578 v
1869 triu ng. Dch v thanh ton vn l dch
v ch o trong hot ng dch v ti Chi
nhnh, cc hot ng dch v khc c pht sinh
song chim t trng thp. Cc hot ng nh
kinh doanh ngoi t, chuyn tin kiu hi,
Chuyn tin nhanh Westerunion..., c pht sinh
nhng doanh s hot ng thp.
Biu 8. Kt qu thu ph dch v khc ti Chi
nhnh qua 5 nm 2005 - 2009
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Nm
S tin (triu ng)
Tng ph thu dch v khc

(Ngun:Bng cn i k ton ca Chi nhnh nm
2005 - 2009)
* Dch v thanh ton
Ngun thu dch v ca Chi nhnh ch yu thu
t chuyn tin hng ca cc h kinh doanh
bun bn. Hot ng dch v thu c ch
yu t ngun dch v thanh ton trong nc.
- Dch v thu tin ti cc im khch hng
yu cu
Chi nhnh thc hin dch v ny thng qua
hot ng ca t thu tin lu ng bng vic
sn sng n a im theo yu cu ca khch
hng nhn tin gi ca khch hng. Dch
v ny c thc hin nhm tng ngun vn
huy ng ca Chi nhnh.
- Dch v thanh ton quc t v chi tr kiu
hi
Cng vi s pht trin ca h thng Ngn
hng Vit Nam ni chung v s pht trin ca
h thng thanh ton quc t ni ring, t
thng 9/2000, Chi nhnh a nghip v
thanh ton quc t vo hot ng.
Nm 2007 chuyn tin kiu hi c 65 mn,
doanh s thanh ton xut nhp khu t 1.779
nghn USD phn nh s c gng khng
nh ca Chi nhnh. Trong nm 2008 thc
hin thanh ton bin mu qua Chi nhnh Lo
Cai, Lng Sn. Chi tr kiu hi vi WU v
cc dch v thanh ton quc t khc, thu t
dch v chuyn tin quc t t 40 triu ng.
Nm 2009 Li nhun t chuyn tin kiu hi:
50 triu ng.
Hnh thc thanh ton th tn dng L/C: hnh
thc ny c Chi nhnh quan tm trong my
nm gn y vi t trng s mn cng nh t
trng doanh s thanh ton qua ngn hng tng
qua cc nm.
+ Thanh ton qua ngn hng
Phm vi thanh ton khng ch b hp trong
mt lng khch hng t i l cc TCTD v
doanh nghip m m rng ti mi tng lp
dn c. Do doanh s thanh otn qua ngn
hng tng ln ng k vi t trng thanh
ton bng tin mt gim, t trng thanh ton
khng dng tin mt tng nhanh. Thu t dch
v thanh ton qua cc nm: 2005; 2006; 2007;
2008 v 2009 ln lt l 213; 333; 473; 784
v 1349 triu ng. Nhng con s trn chng
t Chi nhnh lm tt vai tr l trung gian
thanh ton thc hin thanh ton mt cch
nhanh chng, thun tin, an ton theo nhu cu
ca khch hng.
Trong nghip v thanh ton vn vi cc Ngn
hng khc hon thnh tip qu trnh thanh
ton cho khch hng Chi nhnh p dng 4
phng thc thanh ton l: thanh ton ni b
h thng Ngn hng u t v Pht trin,
thanh ton b tr, thanh ton qua ti khon ti
NHNN, thanh ton qua ti khon ca cc
TCTD.
Hin nay, Chi nhnh ang s dng 4 hnh
thc thanh ton qua Ngn hng l: Sc,
UNC chuyn tin, UNT, th tn dng.
* Kinh doanh ngoi t
Kt qu kinh doanh ngoi t ti Chi nhnh
qua 5 nm 2005 - 2009 c s tng trng.
Nm 2005 ph thu t kinh doanh ngoi t t
16 triu ng. Nm 2006 l 21 triu ng.
Nm 2007 (doanh s mua ngoi t t
539.423 USD, doanh s bn ngoi t t
438.423 USD) t 26 triu ng. Nm 2008 l
40 triu ng v nm 2009 l 57 triu ng.

64
Nm 2007 Doanh s mua ngoi t t 539.423
USD, doanh s bn ngoi t t 438.423 USD,
ch yu l t thu i ngoi t t khch hng v
bn li cho Ngn hng u t v Pht trin
Vit Nam. Chi nhnh chp hnh nghim tc
vic nim yt t gi v gii hn trng thi
ngoi hi, thc hin mua bn giao ngay theo
ng quy nh v kinh doanh ngoi t, ph thu
t kinh doanh ngoi t t 21 triu ng,
chim t trng 3,9%/tng thu dch v.
* Dch v ngn qu
Ngn hng thc hin cc dch v nh: thu/chi
tin mt lu ng ti a ch ca c nhn; thu
i tin khng tiu chun lu thng (thu
i tin VN khng tiu chun lu thng,
nh thu i ngoi t tin mt khng tiu
chun lu thng), dch v kim m tin mt
cho Chi nhnh. Tuy nhin, kt qu t c
t hot ng ny cn rt thp.
* Dch v th
Bng 3. Kt qu thc hin dch v th ti Chi nhnh
Ch tiu
Nm
2007
Nm
2008
Nm
2009
S lng th
pht hnh lu
k
S th pht
hnh (th)
2040 3240 2300 7580
Thu ph dch
v th (triu
ng)
53 101 161
(Ngun: Bo co kt qu hot ng kinh doanh
ca Chi nhnh qua cc nm 2007, 2008, 2009)
Chi nhnh trin khai dch v th t thng
06/2007, tng s lng th pht hnh lu k
ti Chi nhnh n nay t 7580 th, thu ph
dch v th t 161 triu ng.
V s lng, phn b: lp t 3 my, trong
ti a bn th x H Giang l 2 my v
a bn huyn Bc Quang (th trn Vit
Quang) l 1 my.
BIDV pht hnh 3 loi th ghi N ni a: th
Power (tip ni thnh cng); th E - trans 365+
(cho qu khch 365 ngy trong nm v hn th
na) v th Vn dm (mt bc vn dm).
* Dch v Internetbanking
T nm 2007 Chi nhnh bt u trin khai
cc sn phm mi nh: Dch v gi - Nhn
tin nhn ngn hng qua TD (BSMS).
Trong nm 2008, s lng sn phm dch v
ngn hng c gia tng, mt s sn phm
dch v mi c trin khai nh: Dch v
vn tin ti khon trn Internet - BIVD (Direct
Banking); BIDV - VnTopup doanh thu v sn
phm dch v gia tng. Nm 2008 thu ph
dch v BSMS t 30 triu ng, tng gp 10
ln so vi nm 2007. n nm 2009 th ph
thu dch v tng mnh vi con s tuyt i l
110 triu ng.
* Dch v ngn hng bo him
Dch v ngn hng bo him l sn phm lin
kt gia BIC (Cng ty 100% vn BIDV) v
BIDV. Mc tiu hot ng ca cng ty l:
ngun thu ph bo him ch yu l t thu ph
Bo him gc v ch trng khai thc trit
ngun khch hng c quan h vi BIDV. Cc
dng sn phm bo him bao gm: Sn phm
bo him kt hp xe c gii (bo him t), bo
him M t - xe my, bo him tai nn con
ngi, bo him ngi vay vn, bo him kt
hp con ngi, sn phm bo him Nh t nhn.
Biu 9. Doanh thu khai thc ph
bo him ti Chi nhnh
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
2007 2008 2009
Nm
S tin (triu ng) Doanh thu khai thc ph BH

NH GI KT QU PHT TRIN SN
PHM DCH V CA CHI NHNH
NGN HNG U T V PHT TRIN
H GIANG
Nhng kt qu t c
Dch v ngn hng ti Chi nhnh hin nay c
nhiu tin b, song xt v s lng, cht
lng v chng loi th y cng l giai on
pht trin ban u. Nhiu dch v ang giai
on th nghim, mt khong cch rt xa so
vi cc ngn hng trong khu vc thm ch i
vi cc ngn hng trn a bn.

65
Nhng tn ti, hn ch v nguyn nhn ca
hn ch trong pht trin sn phm dch v
ngn hng Chi nhnh ngn hng u t v
pht trin H Giang
Nhng tn ti, hn ch
Danh mc dch v cung ng cn ngho nn
quy m cung cp dch v cn nh b
Cht lng mt s dch v cn hn ch, th
tc rm r phc tp
Vic cung cp cc sn phm dch v vn
mang nng tnh truyn thng
Nguyn nhn ca hn ch
Nhn t khch quan: Tnh hnh kinh t x hi,
nn kinh t vn nng v thanh ton tin mt,
tnh hnh cnh tranh gia cc ngn hng.

Nguyn nhn ch quan: Cha c mt chin
lc pht trin dch v di hn v k hoch
pht trin c th, nng lc ti chnh ca ngn
hng cn mc thp, ng dng dch v thng
tin pht trin cc dch v ngn hng cn
mc rt hn ch, cha c s u t tho ng
cho hot ng pht trin dch v ngn hng
chin lc Marketing cha ph hp c th
thu ht khch hng, a cc dch v mi n
vi khch hng, nhn t con ngi.
GII PHP PHT TRIN SN PHM
DCH V NGN HNG TI CHI
NHNH
c th pht trin sn phm dch v ngn
hng ti Chi nhnh BIDV H giang trong
thi gian ti cn thc hin cc gii php c
bn sau:
(1) Xy dng chin lc sn phm ton
din, sc cnh tranh v xc nh ng
v tr ca n trong h thng chin lc kinh
doanh
(5)

M rng danh mc sn phm mt cch hp
l, hiu qu.
Chi nhnh cn ch trng ti vic hon thin
sn phm, nng cao cht lng sn phm,
tng tin ch, tnh nng ca sn phm hin c.
i mi, ci tin quy trnh, th tc cung cp
cc sn phm dch v p ng ngy cng tt
hn nhu cu khch hng.
Bng 4. Tiu ch nh gi cht lng sn phm
dch v ti Chi nhnh
Tiu ch xc nh cht lng
sn phm dch v ngn hng
(xp theo tm quan trng)
im
(tng = 100)
Mc tin cy (kh nng m
bo sn phm ha hn mt
cch chc chn v chnh xc)
32
Thi nhit tnh ca nhn vin
ngn hng i vi khch hng
22
S bo m (trnh chuyn
mn v kh nng ca nhn vin
ngn hng trong vic gy c
tn nhim vi khch hng)
19
S thng cm thi t ra lo
lng quan tm n khch hng
16
Yu t hu hnh: c s vt cht,
thit b,....
11
(2) Nghin cu, p dng biu ph cnh tranh
(3) Cng c v nng cao tim lc ti chnh

(4) Hon thin h thng thng tin, nm bt nhu
cu ca cc i tng khch hng s dng sn
phm ngn hng c bit l cc khch hng
mc tiu

Tng cng kh nng nm bt nhu cu th
trng
Coi trng v t chc tt cng tc nghin cu
khch hng
Xy dng, hon thin v pht trin chin lc
khch hng
(5) u t tho ng vo pht trin cng
ngh ngn hng hin i, h thng h tng
k thut cng ngh tin tin
(6) Cng c, u t ng mc a dng
ho knh phn phi v thc hin phn phi
c hiu qu

(7) Xy dng v khuych trng hnh nh
ca Chi nhnh

(8) Xy dng chnh sch Marketing v ng
dng c hiu qu k thut Marketing trong
qu trnh cung cp dch v

(9) i mi c ch t chc v hot ng,
xy dng cc c ch khuyn khch, to
ng lc i vi cc b phn kinh doanh
(10) o to pht trin i ng nhn lc
chuyn nghip c bit l nhn vin thit k
sn phm v giao dch trc tip quan h vi
khch hng

66
KT LUN
Trn c s vn dng tng hp cc phng
php nghin cu, bm st mc tiu v phm
vi nghin cu ti lm sng t v c mt
s ng gp c bn sau y:
Mt l: H thng ho nhng vn c bn v
NHTM v dch v ca ngn hng, t nu
ln vai tr ca ngn hng trong nn kinh t,
c trng ca dch v NHTM, pht trin dch
v ngn hng, cc tiu thc phn nh mc
pht trin cng nh nhng nhn t nh hng
n s pht trin sn phm dch v ngn
hng.
Hai l: Lm r thc trng hot ng dch v
ngn hng ca Chi nhnh BIDV H Giang
trong nhng nm gn y thng qua vic
nh gi cc nhn t thc y pht trin, cc
nhn t km hm pht trin dch v ca Chi
nhnh BIDV H Giang.
Ba l: xut mt s gii php kh thi va
mang tnh hon thin cc dch v ngn hng
hin c ca Chi nhnh BIDV H Giang, ng
thi va pht trin mt s dch v mi p
ng yu cu ngy cng cao ca khch hng,
duy tr th phn v nng cao kh nng cnh
tranh ca Chi nhnh BIDV H Giang trong
giai on hi nhp kinh t quc t, m ca
cc hot ng dch v ti chnh ngn hng ca
Vit Nam sau khi Vit Nam gia nhp cc t
chc APEC, WTO,.
Bn l: a ra mt s kin ngh vi Chnh
ph, vi NHNN Vit Nam, vi BIDV Vit
Nam v cc ban ngnh c lin quan trong vic
hoch nh nhng chnh sch, ban hnh
nhng chnh sch, phi kt hp gia cc ban
ngnh nhm a ra nhng chnh sch hiu
qu thc y pht trin sn phm dch v
ngn hng ca BIDV Vit Nam ni chung v
BIDV H Giang ni ring.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Bo co tng kt, bo co hot ng kinh
doanh cc nm 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 ca
Ngn hng u t v Pht trin H Giang.
[2]. i hc Kinh t quc dn (2002), Marketing,
Nh xut bn Thng k, H Ni.
[3]. L Tin Phc (2001), Pht trin dch v ti
chnh - k ton Vit Nam, Nh xut bn Ti
chnh, H Ni.
[4]. Lun vn Thc s kinh t.
[5]. Nguyn B Minh (2001), Xu hng a dng
ho dch v ngn hng trong chin lc kinh
doanh ca NHTM nc ta, Tp ch Ngn hng,
s 3, trang 7 - 9.

SUMMARY
DEVELOPMENT OF BANK PRODUCTS AND SERVICES AT BANK
FOR INVESTMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF VIET NAM - HA GIANG BRANCH

Nguyen Thi Hong Yen
*
, Tran Pham Van Cuong

International economic integration, the issue of opening the banking sector and the actual service
needs growing diversity requires commercial banks in Vietnam in general, BIDV Ha Giang in
particular not only improve existing services but also is continuing to develop new banking
services. Based on the study and assess the actual supply of products and services of Ha Giang
BIDV to propose a workable solution has improved the nature of banking services is also
developing additional services meet the increasing requirements of customers, maintain market
share and improve the competitiveness of the branch during the period of Vietnam's economy after
joining organizations APEC, WTO, ...
Keywords: commercial banking products, commercial banking services, product development,
product development solutions, BIDV Ha Giang

*
Emai: Ngocantra@yahoo.com
Thi Th Thu Trang v TG Tp ch KHOA HC & CNG NGH 79(03): 67 - 75

67

HON THIN H THNG BO CO TI CHNH HP NHT
TI TP ON FPT

Thi Th Thu Trang
*
, m Phng Lan

TM TT
Trong xu th hi nhp kinh t quc t, vn cnh tranh ngy cng khc lit, tt yu cn c hp
nht kinh doanh nhm gim i th cnh tranh, a dng ha ngnh ngh v m rng th trng. Do
thc t yu cu v thng tin ti chnh ca cc tp on kinh t Vit Nam ni chung v ca Tp
on FPT ni ring thng qua h thng bo co ti chnh hp nht ngy cng phi hiu qu v ton
din. Nhng tm hiu v nh gi thc trng h thng bo co ti chnh hp nht ti Tp on
FPT nhm xut mt s gii php nhm hon thin h thng bo co ti chnh hp nht, p ng
yu cu cung cp thng tin ti chnh hiu qu trong giai on nn kinh t Vit Nam sau khi thc
hin c phn ha v pht trin th trng chng khon.
T kha: hp nht, bo co ti chnh hp nht, hon thin bo co ti chnh hp nht, Tp on FPT.

T VN
*

Vi bi cnh nn kinh t nc ta hin nay
ang vn hnh theo c ch th trng v trong
xu th hi nhp, cnh tranh din ra ngy cng
quyt lit, tt yu cn c hp nht kinh doanh
nhm gim i th cnh tranh, a dng ha
ngnh ngh v m rng th trng. H thng
bo co ti chnh hp nht ra i cng vi s
xut hin ca m hnh tp on kinh t l mt
h thng bo co mi, c th v rt phc tp
cn phi c nghin cu v hon thin dn
trong thc tin.
CNG TY M - CNG TY CON
Cng ty m - cng ty con l mt hnh thc
lin kt v chi phi ln nhau bng u t, gp
vn, b quyt cng ngh, thng hiu hoc th
trng, gia cc cng ty c t cch php
nhn, trong c mt cng ty gi quyn chi
phi cc cng ty thnh vin khc (gi l cng
ty m) v cc cng ty thnh vin khc b cng
ty m chi phi (gi l cng ty con) hoc c
mt phn vn gp ca cng ty m (gi l
cng ty lin kt hoc lin doanh).
Theo din gii ca chun mc k ton quc t
IAS (International Accounting Standard),
cng ty m l mt thc th php l c t nht
mt n v trc thuc cng ty con. Cng ty
con l thc th php l b kim sot bi cng
ty m
[2]
. Kim sot y c hiu l: (1) s

*
Tel: 0982198499; Email: Thaitrang.tueba@gmail.com
hu trc tip hoc gin tip nhiu hn 50% s
phiu bu; hoc (2) s hu 50% s phiu bu
hoc t hn nhng nm quyn i vi hn
50% s phiu bu theo s tha thun vi cc
c ng khc; hoc nm quyn lnh o, iu
hnh lin quan n cc chnh sch ti chnh
hay sn xut kinh doanh ca cng ty v c
quy nh ti iu l, theo s tha thun hay
hp ng; hoc c quyn b nhim hay min
nhim phn ln cc thnh vin ca Hi ng
qun tr, ban lnh o; hay c quyn quyt
nh, nh hng n phn ln s phiu bu
ti cc cuc hp ca hi ng qun tr, ban
lnh o.
THC TRNG H THNG BO CO TI
CHNH HP NHT TI TP ON FPT
Thnh lp ngy 13/08/1988, FPT l Tp on
cng ngh thng tin v vin thng hng u
Vit Nam vi cc mng kinh doanh ct li l
vin thng, cng nghip ni dung cc dch v
cng ngh thng tin.
Tp on FPT (Tp on) l doanh nghip t
nhn ln nht Vit Nam theo xp hng ca
VNR500 t nm 2007 n nay.
Ni dung ca h thng bo co ti chnh ti
Tp on
H thng bo co ti chnh ca cng ty m
v cc cng ty con
Cng ty m v cc cng ty con u t chc b
my k ton ring do h thng bo co c
lp l h thng bo co ca n v c lp .

68
H thng bo co ti chnh ca Tp on
H thng bo co ti chnh ca Tp on l h
thng bo co ti chnh hp nht, bao gm
cng ty m, cc cng ty lin kt v tt c cc
cng ty con do Tp on kim sot. Tp on
bt u thc hin lp bo co ti chnh hp
nht t nm 2006.
a s cc cng ty con ca Tp on c hp
nht khi Tp on nm gi trn 50% quyn
biu quyt ti cc cng ty . Ngoi ra c hai
cng ty khc bit:
- Cng ty CP vin thng FPT: Tp on s
hu 41,62% vn v c 41,62% quyn biu
quyt Cng ty. Tuy nhin, Tp on c
quyn b a s phiu ti cc cuc hp ca
Hi ng qun tr ca Cng ty v do c
quyn chi phi cc chnh sch ti chnh v
hot ng ca Cng ty. Nh vy, Tp on c
quyn kim sot i vi Cng ty v thc hin
hp nht cc Bo co ti chnh ca Cng ty
vo cc bo co ti chnh hp nht ca Tp
on
[1]
.
- Cng ty CP dch v trc tuyn FPT: Tp
on s hu 34,67% vn Cng ty, trong
li ch trc tip l 23,33% v li ch gin
tip thng qua Cng ty CP vin thng FPT l
11,34%. Cng ty CP vin thng FPT cng s
hu 27,22% vn Cng ty. Trn c s Cng
ty CP vin thng FPT kim sot trn 50%
quyn biu quyt thng qua cc tha thun
ca h vi Tp on v mt nh u t c
nhn khc ca Cng ty. Do , Tp on
thc hin hp nht cc Bo co ti chnh ca
Cng ty vo cc bo co ti chnh hp nht
ca Tp on
[1]
.
S 1. B my t chc ca Tp on FPT

Bng 1. Cc cng ty con ti ngy 31.12.2009 ca Tp on
Tn cng ty con
Quyn
s hu
Quyn
biu quyt
Cty CP H thng thng tin FPT 95% 95%
Cty CP phn mm FPT 67,52% 67,52%
Cty CP thng mi FPT 95% 95%
Cty CP vin thng FPT 41, 62% 41,62%
i hc FPT 100% 100%
Cty CP qung co FPT 60% 60%
Cty TNHH bt ng sn FPT 100% 100%
Cty TNHH truyn thng FPT 100% 100%
Cty TNHH dch v tin hc FPT 100% 100%
Cty CP dch v trc tuyn FPT 34,67% 50,56%
Cty TNHH Pht trin khu cng ngh cao Ha Lc FPT 100% 100%
Cty CP FPT Visky 84,71% 100%

69
Bng 2. Cc cng ty lin kt ti ngy 31.12.2009
ca Tp on FPT
Tn cng ty lin kt
T l
phn s hu
Cty CP chng khon FPT 25%
Cty CP qun l qu FPT 33%
Ngn hng thng mi CP
Tin Phong
15,96%
- Theo quy nh (Chun mc k ton 07 - K
ton cc khon u t vo cng ty lin kt),
cc cng ty c coi l cng ty lin kt vi
Tp on khi Tp on c nh hng ng k
(nm gi t nht 20% quyn biu quyt)
nhng khng phi l cng ty con hoc cng ty
lin doanh ca Tp on. Tuy nhin i vi
Ngn hng thng mi CP Tin Phong l
cng ty lin kt ng thi l cng ty c hp
nht. C th nh sau:
- Tp on nm gi 15,96% ti Ngn hng.
Tp on c nh hng ng k ti Ngn
hng thng qua i din c vai tr ch cht
ca Tp on trong Hi ng qun tr ca
Ngn hng. Do , Tp on thc hin hp
nht cc Bo co ti chnh ca Ngn hng vo
cc bo co ti chnh hp nht ca Tp on
theo phng php vn ch s hu
[1]
.
H thng BCTC hp nht ca Tp on:
- Bng cn i k ton hp nht - Mu s B0-
DN/HN
- BC kt qu hot ng KD hp nht - Mu s
B02-DN/HN
- BC lu chuyn tin t hp nht - Mu s
B03-DN/HN
- Thuyt minh bo co ti chnh - Mu s
B09-DN/HN
Ngoi h thng bo co ti chnh ca Tp
on cung cp cho ngi s dng nhng
thng tin tng hp v tnh hnh ti chnh ca
n v, t nm 2007 Tp on lp Bo co
thng nin theo mu CBTT-02 Ban hnh
km theo Thng t s 38/2007/TT-BTC ngy
18/4/2007 ca B trng B Ti chnh hng
dn v vic Cng b thng tin trn th trng
chng khon.
Thc trng lun chuyn chng t, ti liu
lp bo co ti chnh ti cc cng ty con
Do c im lnh vc kinh doanh khc nhau,
ngun nhn lc cn hn ch nn cng tc lp
bo co ti chnh cng nh cung cp cc
thng tin lin quan cho Tp on phc v lp
bo co ti chnh hp nht cn c nhng hn
ch nh: cch cung cp thng tin phc v lp
bo co ti chnh hp nht ti Tp on l
cha ph hp, k ton ca cc cng ty con
cha ch ng trong vic cung cp thng tin,
cha nhn thc c vai tr quan trng ca
vic cung cp thng tin ca cng ty mnh vi
vic lp BCTC hp nht ca Tp on.
Thi hn lp v np bo co ti chnh
Tp on v cc cng ty con u thc hin
lp v np bo co ti chnh vo cui nin
k ton cho cc c quan chc nng theo quy
nh. ng thi Tp on lp bo co ti
chnh gia nin (dng y ) theo quy
nh ti thng t s 38/2007/TT - BTC v
vic hng dn cng b thng tin trn th
trng chng khon.
+ i vi bo co nin :
Cc cng ty con phi lp, np bo co ti
chnh v cung cp thng tin qua mng ni b
Tp on lp bo co ti chnh hp nht
trong thi hn 75 ngy.
Tp on phi hon thnh v np BCTC cho
cc c quan chc nng trong thi hn 90 ngy
k t ngy kt thc nm ti chnh.
Cc bo co nin u phi c kim ton
v ngy hon thnh bo co ti chnh nin
c tnh t ngy t chc kim ton c
chp thun k bo co kim ton.
L mt cng ty i chng, trong thi hn
mi ngy, k t ngy c bo co ti chnh
nm c kim ton, Tp on phi cng b
thng tin nh k v bo co ti chnh nm
theo quy nh ti khon 1 v khon 2 iu 16
Lut chng khon.
+ i vi bo co gia nin :
Tp on lp bo co ti chnh gia nin
v np cho cc c quan chc nng trong thi
hn 25 ngy k t ngy kt thc nm ti
chnh. Mt s cng ty con cng trong phm vi
bt buc lp bo co gia nin nh Cng
ty h thng thng tin FPT, Cng ty c phn
vin thng FPT.
Bo co gia nin phi thc hin kim

70
ton, Tp on phi cng b thng tin trong
vng 5 ngy sau khi hon thnh BCTC qu.
Trn thc t, h thng bo co ti chnh ca
Tp on v cc cng ty con u c lp v
np trc hn quy nh. Bo co ti chnh
nm c kim ton v cng b trn trang
in t ca Tp on trong thng 3 ca nm
sau, cc bo co qu thng c cng khai
trong vng 10 ngy sau khi kt thc qu.
Trnh t lp bo co ti chnh hp nht
+ Bc 1: Trn c s cc quy nh v mu
biu bo co k ton thng nht ton Tp
on (Theo Q s 15), cc cng ty con s cn
c vo s k ton chi tit v s k ton tng
hp ti cng ty mnh lp bo co ti chnh
ring cho cng ty v gi v Ban Ti chnh -
K ton ca Tp on.
i vi cc giao dch ni b ca Tp on c
lin quan n cc cng ty con th cc cng ty
con phi gi chng t giao dch ni b hoc
bng k giao dch ni b km theo Ban Ti
chnh - K ton dng lm cn c tng hp
s liu ln Bng cn i th trc khi lp bo
co ti chnh hp nht chnh thc.
+ Bc 2: Ban Ti chnh - K ton ti Tp
on tin hnh tng hp s liu trn cc bo
co ti chnh ca cc cng ty con v cng ty
m trong k theo hai nhm:
- Cng cc ch tiu li vi nhau theo tng loi
ti sn ngn hn, ti sn di hn, n phi tr,
ngun vn ch s hu, doanh thu, chi ph, thu
nhp ca BCTC ca cc cng ty con Tp
on th hin quyn kim sot ca mnh.
- Loi tr phn vn ch s hu v kt qu ca
li ch c ng thiu s bo co ti chnh
c lp theo ng quan im hp nht.
Phng php lp c th tng mu biu nh
sau:
Bng cn i k ton hp nht
Bng cn i k ton hp nht c lp trn
c s hp nht cc Bng cn i k ton ca
cng ty m v cc cng ty con theo tng
khon mc tng ng ca ti sn, n phi
tr, vn ch s hu theo nguyn tc:
- i vi cc khon mc ca Bng cn i k
ton khng phi iu chnh th c cng trc
tip xc nh khon mc tng ng ca
ca Bng cn i k ton hp nht;
- i vi cc khon mc phi iu chnh
c thc hin iu chnh sau mi cng
hp nht cc khon mc ny v trnh by trn
Bng cn i k ton hp nht. Cc ch tiu
c iu chnh lin quan n Bng cn
i k ton hp nht ca Tp on gm:
+ Cc khon u t ca cng ty m vo cc
cng ty con;
+ Li ch ca c ng thiu s;
+ Cc khon phi thu, phi tr ni b gia cc
n v trong Tp on;
+ Cc khon li, l ni b cha thc s pht
sinh;
S 3. Trnh t lp bo co ti chnh hp
nht ti Tp on FPT

Vic iu chnh mt s ch tiu c th nh
sau:
+ Cc khon u t ca cng ty m vo cng
ty con: Khon u t vo cc cng ty con ca
Tp on c hch ton theo chun mc s
25 Bo co ti chnh hp nht v k ton cc
khon u t vo cng ty con. Khon u t
ny c phn nh theo gi gc, trnh by ti
khon mc u t vo cng ty con - m s
252 trn Bng cn i k ton ring ca cng
ty m, v trnh by ti mc Vn ch s hu
- m s 410 trn Bng cn i k ton ring
ca cng ty con (chi tit cho cc khon mc
Vn ch s hu). Khi lp Bng cn i k

71
ton hp nht hng nm, k ton cn b tr
khon u t vo cng ty con v vn ch
s hu ca cng ty con thuc Tp on
theo gi gc.
Bt ton b tr:
N TK 411 - Ngun vn kinh doanh
C TK 222 - u t vo cng ty con
Kt qu l sau khi thc hin bt ton b tr,
gi tr khon u t vo cng ty con s khng
th hin trn Bng cn i k ton hp nht.
+ Cc khon phi thu, phi tr ni b Tp
on: K ton tng hp ca Tp on tin
hnh i chiu cc khon phi thu ni b ca
Tp on vi cc cng ty con (trn s, Bng
tng hp ca Tp on) v khon phi tr ni
b cho Tp on (trn s, Bng cn i k
ton, thuyt minh BCTC ca cng ty con) v
cc khon nh: khon phi tr v cung cp
dch v Internet ca cc cng ty con, phi tr
v thu... Hai s liu ny Tp on v cng
ty con tng ng khp nhau v c b tr ra
khi s liu hp nht trn Bng cn i k
ton ca Tp on.
K ton hp nht sau khi i chiu v khp
ng s liu v phn nh bt ton iu chnh:
Khon phi tr ni b ca Tp on:
N TK 336-Phi tr ni bTp on
285.500.550
C TK 136-Phi thu ni bCty CP H
thng TT 285.500.550
Khon phi thu ni b ca Tp on:
N TK 336 - Phi tr ni b - Cty CP H
thng TT 190.170.431.338
C TK 136 - Phi thu ni b Tp on
190.170.431.338
Cui cng, sau khi b tr cc khon phi thu,
phi tr gia cc n v trong Tp on, s
khng c s d ti cc ti khon phi thu,
phi tr ni b trn Bng cn i k ton hp
nht ca Tp on.
Bo co kt qu hot ng KD hp nht
Bo kt qu KD hp nht c lp trn c s
hp nht cc Bo co kt qu hot ng kinh
doanh ca cng ty m v ca cc cng ty con
trong tp on theo tng khon mc bng
cch cng cc khon mc tng ng theo
nguyn tc:
- i vi cc khon mc khng phi iu
chnh th c cng trc tip xc nh
khon mc tng ng ca Bo co kt qu
KD hp nht.
- i vi nhng khon mc phi iu chnh
c thc hin iu chnh sau mi cng
hp nht v trnh by Bo co kt qu hot
ng kinh doanh hp nht. Cc ch tiu
c iu chnh lin quan n hp nht Bo
co kt qu hot ng KD gm:
Bng 3. S d vi cc bn lin quan ca Cng ty C phn H thng thng tin FPT
(n v tnh: VN)
31.12.2009 31.12.2008
Phi thu
Cng ty C phn FPT 285.500.550 69.776.805
Cng ty C phn phn mm FPT 4.314.132.801 1.149.176.489
Cng ty TNHH Phn phi FPT 426.775.650 -
Cng ty C phn vin thng FPT 2.597.883.503 865.225.921
Cc cng ty con khc ca Cty C phn FPT 202.729.300 -
Cng 7.827.021.804 2.084.179.215
Phi tr
Cng ty C phn FPT 190.170.431.338 465.578.700.214
Cng ty C phn phn mm FPT 2.931.752.514 22.682.062
Cng ty TNHH Phn phi FPT 13.018.239.484 -
Cng ty C phn vin thng FPT 323.367.000 -
Cc cng ty con khc ca Cty C phn FPT 9.008.079.176 1.123.798.242
Cng 215.451.869.512 466.725.180.518

72
+Doanh thu, gi vn hng bn, li, l ni b
tp on;
+ Li, l ni b cha thc s pht sinh;
+ Li ch ca c ng thiu s trong li
nhun sau thu thu nhp doanh nghip;
+ Thu thu nhp doanh nghip.
V d: S liu v doanh thu thun ca Tp
on nh bng 4.
y chnh l doanh thu c hp nht, loi
tr doanh thu vi cc n v thnh vin ca
Tp on. c c s liu hp nht k
ton tng hp doanh thu kinh doanh ca Tp
on nh bng 5.
Doanh thu ni b l doanh thu bn cho cc
n v thnh vin ca Tp on c loi
tr ton b. Nh vy, doanh thu hp nht ca
Tp on l doanh thu bn cho cc bn th ba
(cc n v ngoi Tp on), do ch tiu
Doanh thu thun v bn hng v cung cp
dch v ca Tp on nm 2009 c trnh
by trn Bo co kt qu kinh doanh hp nht
l: 18.404.026.239.626.
Bo co lu chuyn tin t hp nht
Vi phng php gin tip, Bo co lu
chuyn tin t ca Tp on p ng c
nhu cu cung cp thng tin v ti chnh ca
Tp on a chiu v y , th hin
c nhng im c th i vi Bo co lu
chuyn tin t hp nht theo phng php
gin tip:
+ Li ch ca c ng thiu s trn Bo co
kt qu kinh doanh hp nht khng nh
hng n lu chuyn tin t, do phi
cng tr li nh khu hao tnh lu chuyn
tin t t hot ng sn xut kinh doanh.
+ C tc cng ty con tr cho cng ty m s
khng nh hng n lu chuyn tin t hp
nht ca Tp on. C tc ca cng ty m tr
cho c ng thiu s s lm gim lu chuyn
tin t hp nht ca Tp on. Do cn c
thuyt minh c tc tr cho c ng thiu s.
+ Vic cng ty m mua thm c phn thng
ca c ng thiu s l hot ng u t, do
s c bo co gim tin t hp nht
hot ng u t.
Thuyt minh bo co ti chnh hp nht
Thuyt minh BCTC hp nht ca Tp on
c trnh by gm 3 phn:
1. Gii thiu tm tt v Tng cng ty: chc
nng, ngnh ngh kinh doanh, c cu vn v
nhn s.
2. Tm tt nhng chnh sch k ton ch
yu: l nhng chnh sch k ton m Tp
on v cc cng ty con s dng lp
BCTC hp nht.
3. Phn thng tin chi tit cho cc khon mc
c trnh by trn Bng cn i k ton
v Bo co kt qu hot ng kinh doanh.
Tuy nhin, Thuyt minh bo co ti chnh ca
Tp on cn c nhng khim khuyt:
- Thuyt minh BCTC nin v gia nin
cha thng nht v ni dung.
- Nguyn tc ghi nhn doanh thu v thng tin
chi tit trn thuyt minh BCTC l cha lgic.
Tp on nn trnh by chi tit cho cc nhm,
tng ng vi thng tin chi tit cho gi vn,
ngi s dng d dng c c thng tin
chi tit cng nh vic phn tch thng tin
c lgic, mang tnh thuyt phc hn.
Bng 4. Doanh thu thun ca Tp on FPT
(n v tnh: VN)
2009 2008
Doanh thu bn hng v CC dch v 18.442.051.089.298 16.429.737.389.964
Trong :
Doanh thu bn hng ha, SP
Doanh thu CC dch v

11.843.586.973.412
6.578.464.115.886

13.570.434.743.802
2.859.302.646.162
Cc khon gim tr doanh thu (18.024.849.672) (47.897.605.482)
Bng 5. Doanh thu kinh doanh ca Tp on
(n v tnh: VN)
2009 2008
Doanh thu thun bn cho cc bn th ba 18.404.026.239.626 16.381.839.748.482
Doanh thu thun bn cho cc n v thnh vin ca
Tp on

337.637.012.224

424.328.396.327
Tng doanh thu kinh doanh 18.741.663.251.850 16.806.168.180.809

73
NH GI V H THNG BO CO TI
CHNH HP NHT TI TP ON FPT
V bo co nin v bo co gia nin :
Cc BCTC ny u c kim ton bi cng
ty TNHH DELOITTE Vit Nam, y l mt
thnh vin ca nhm Big 4- nhm cng ty
kim ton c cht lng v tin cy cao. C
th nh gi h thng cc ch tiu trn bo co
ti chnh ca Tp on theo ch hin hnh
c trnh by kh y v hp l. Tp
on thc hin lp bo co gia nin theo
chun mc k ton s 27 - Bo co ti chnh
gia nin . V mt ni dung, bo co ti
chnh gia nin gm bn BCTC nm trong
nhm c yu cu phi cng b. Tp on
thc hin lp bo co ti chnh gia nin
dng y , tuy nhin cc ch tiu trn
BCTC nin v gia nin cn c nhng
bt cp sau: Trn Bng cn i k ton, ch
tiu Li ch ca c ng thiu s c m s
khc nhau. Trn Bo co kt qu hot ng
kinh doanh gia nin khng trnh by ch
tiu Li c bn trn c phiu. Cha trnh
by phn thuyt minh trn c 3 bo co gia
nin c th lin h thng tin gia 3 bo
co ny v thuyt minh BCTC. Thuyt minh
BCTC cn s si.
V bo co ti chnh hp nht:
+ V ni dung ca BCTC hp nht: H thng
BCTC hp nht ca Tp on tun th
theo ch k ton hin hnh ca Vit Nam
gm:
- Bng cn i k ton hp nht (Mu s
B01/HN)
- Bo co kt qu hot ng kinh doanh hp
nht (Mu s B02/HN)
- Bo co lu chuyn tin t hp nht (Mu
s B03/HN)
- Thuyt minh bo co ti chnh hp nht
(Mu s B01/HN)
Khi trnh by Bng cn i k ton hp nht,
Tp on tch bit c khon li ch ca
c ng thiu s trong ti sn thun ca cng
ty con v trnh by thnh mt ch tiu ring
bit trn BCTC. ng thi li ch ca c
ng thiu s trong li nhun sau thu TNDN
ca cc cng ty con c tch v trnh by
theo mt ch tiu ring bit trn Bo co kt
qu hot ng KD hp nht.
Ngoi ra Tp on c th thc hin lp
BCTC hp nht, th Tp on m s k
ton hp nht (Mu s S01/HN)
+ V phng php lp BCTC hp nht: Mc
d mi thc hin lp BCTC hp nht nhng
Tp on s dng phng php ti khon
thc hin cho cc bt ton iu chnh khi
lp BCTC hp nht, phng php ny m
bo c tnh thng nht, tnh khoa hc trong
h thng cc phng php k ton. Bng vic
s dng bt ton N - C, m bo c tnh d
hiu, d kim tra i chiu s liu ca thng tin
k ton.
Tuy nhin, do mi thc hin hp nht v lp
bo co ti chnh hp nht t nm 2006, cng
tc lp BCTC hp nht ca Tp on khng
c lp k hoch chi tit mt cch y .
Do n cui nm ti chnh, khi t ra vn
lp BCTC hp nht th cc kh khn mi
c cp. Ngoi kh khn v nhn s th cc
thng tin phc v cho qu trnh hp nht thng
khng y , khng kp thi v khng cht
lng p ng yu cu hp nht. L do n
gin l cc thng tin ny khng c theo
di y v theo mt mu biu thng nht t
khi n pht sinh.
PHNG HNG HON THIN H
THNG BO CO TI CHNH TI TP
ON FPT
B sung thng tin trn bo co ti chnh
ca cng ty c phn theo yu cu ca th
trng chng khon;B tr li cc ch tiu
trn bo co ti chnh nin v gia nin
thng nht v hp l; ng nht quy
trnh kha s v lp BCTC hp nht;
- ng nht v chnh sch k ton p dng:
- ng nht h thng mu biu bo co:
- Quy nh v thi hn hon thnh bo co ti
cc cng ty con.
GII PHP HON THIN H THNG BO
CO TI CHNH TI TP ON FPT
Hon thin Bng cn i k ton
Hin ti bng cn i k ton dng cho Tp
on FPT vn cn mt s khim khuyt cha
p ng c nhu cu thng tin ca cc i
tng. gp phn hon thin bng cn i
k ton cn b sung thm vo Bng cn i

74
k ton hin hnh mt s ch tiu:
+ Ch tiu Phi thu vn gi cha gp ca c
ng. Ch tiu khon phi thu vn gi cha
gp c phn nh ring bit v c b sung
phn Ti sn-Loi A-Mc III Cc khon phi
thu.
Ch tiu ny nhm phn nh lng ti sn n
v nhn c trong tng lai khi cc c ng
gp vn theo thi im quy nh trong hp
ng t mua c phiu. M s c ngh l
137.
+ Ch tiu Phi tr c ng: c b sung
phn Ngun vn-Loi A-Mc I N ngn hn v
c chi tit theo hai ni dung thanh ton: c
tc tr bng tin v hon tr vn gp ca c
ng.
+ Ch tiu N vay do pht hnh tri phiu:
c b sung phn Ngun vn-Loi A-N
phi tr-Mc II N di hn
+ B sung cc ni dung chi tit lin quan n
ch tiu Ngun vn kinh doanh. cung
cp thng tin y ch tiu ngun vn kinh
doanh cn c chi tit theo ngun hnh
thnh bao gm: Vn gp ca c ng; Thng
d vn c phiu; Pht hnh c tc c phiu;
Vn gp do biu tng; Vn gp lin doanh
+ B sung ch tiu C tc phi tr bng c
phiu.Ch tiu c phn nh phn Ngun
vn-Loi B-Ngun vn ch s hu m s
417.
+ B sung ch tiu Vn gi cha gp. Ch
tiu c t phn Ngun vn-Loi B-
Ngun vn ch s hu sau ch tiu ngun vn
u t xy dng c bn, m s c ngh
418.
Hon thin Bo co kt qu hot ng KD
Sau hng qu, Tp on nn tnh li EPS ca
4 qu gn nht (gm LNST ca 4 qu gn
nht chia cho s c phiu bnh qun gia
truyn lu hnh trong 4 qu gn nht), c
c nhng thng tin v kh nng sinh li
trn 1 ng vn c ng trong 4 qu gn nht
va qua, gip cho nh u t nh gi chnh
xc hn sc mnh ca doanh nghip. Khi
ch tiu Li C bn trn c phiu s
c trnh by chi tit gm:
+ Li trn c phiu ca k bo co
+ Li trn c phiu ca 4 qu gn nht (So
vi thi im bo co)
Hon thin Bo co lu chuyn tin t
+Hon thin v cu trc bo co lu chuyn
tin t
+Hon thin ni dung cc ch tiu trong bo
co lu chuyn tin t
Hon thin Thuyt minh bo co ti chnh
+ i vi Thuyt minh BCTC gia nin :
B sung thng tin li trn c phiu
- C s tnh li c bn trn c phiu: Vic
tnh li c bn trn c phiu c tnh da
trn s li nhun thuc v c ng s hu c
phiu ph thng v s lng bnh qun gia
quyn ca s c phiu ph thng ang lu
hnh trong k.
- Li nhun thun thuc v c ng s hu c
phiu ph thng
Ch tiu
Lu k
n qu
(N-1)
Lu k
n qu
N
Li nhun thun trong
k (lu k 4 qu gn
k bo co nht)

- S c phiu ph thng BQ gia quyn ang
lu hnh trong k:
Ch tiu
Lu k
n qu
(N-1)
Lu k
n
qu N
- C phiu ph thng
pht hnh u k

- nh hng ca s c
phiu ph thng pht
hnh trong k
- nh hng ca c
phiu gim trong k

Ghi m
(...)

Ghi m
(...)
- S c phiu ph thng
BQ gia quyn cui k

+ i vi Thuyt minh BCTC nin : B
sung thng tin thu v cc khon phi np
Nh nc
KT LUN
Trn c s vn dng tng hp cc phng
php nghin cu, bm st mc tiu v phm
vi nghin cu ti lm sng t v c mt
s ng gp c bn sau y:
Mt l, h thng ha nhng vn c bn v
h thng bo co ti chnh hp nht. T
nu ln mc ch ca bo co ti chnh hp
nht, trch nhim, nguyn tc lp v trnh by
bo co ti chnh hp nht cng nh cc vn

75
lin quan n hp nht bo co ti chnh.
Hai l, lm r thc trng h thng bo co ti
chnh hp nht trn cc kha cnh: Ni dung;
thi hn lp v np, trnh t v phng php
lp bo co ti chnh ti Tp on FPT. Qua
nh gi nhng u, nhc im ca h
thng bo ti chnh ti Tp on.
Ba l, ti xut mt s gii php nhm
hon thin h thng bo co ti chnh hp
nht ti Tp on nhm p ng nhu cu
thng tin ngy cng hiu qu v nhanh chng
ca cc i tng s dng thng tin, nht l
sau giai on Tp on thc hin c phn
ha v nim yt c phiu trn th trng
chng khon.
Bn l, tc gi a ra mt s kin ngh vi
Nh nc, B Ti chnh, Tp on FPT
cng nh cc ban ngnh c lin quan vic
hoch nh chnh sch, ban hnh nhng
quyt nh, thng t nhm hon thin h
thng bo co ti chnh hp nht ca cc
tp on kinh t Vit Nam ni chung v ca
Tp on FPT ni ring.
Hon thin h thng bo co ti chnh hp
nht l mt ti rng ln, c nhiu hng
tip cn khc nhau i vi cc tp on kinh
t. Trong phm vi nghin cu ca ti ny,
tc gi ch tp trung i su nghin cu thc
trng h thng bo co ti chnh hp nht ti
Tp on FPT v a ra hng tip cn ring
cho FPT nhm hon thin bo co ti chnh hp
nht trong giai on hin nay v thi gian ti.

TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Bo co ti chnh, bo co thng nin cc
nm 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 ca Tp on FPT.
[2]. ISA 27 (2007), International Accounting
Standars
[3]. Hunh Th Ngc Phng (2007), Nguyn tc
v phng php iu chnh cc ch tiu khi lp
bo co ti chnh hp nht, Lun vn Thc s
kinh t - Hc vin Ti chnh, H Ni.
[4]. Nguyn Vn Cng (2005), Chuyn kho v
Bo co ti chnh v lp, c, kim tra, phn tch
bo co ti chnh, Nh xut bn Ti chnh, H
Ni.
[5]. Ng Th Chi (2005), Lp bo co ti chnh hp
nht theo chun mc k ton Vit Nam - VAS 25,
Nh xut bn Thng k, H Ni.
[6]. Nguyn nh , Nguyn Tun Anh (2004),
Phng php lp bo co ti chnh hp nht ca cc
tp on kinh t, Tp ch nghin cu ti chnh k
ton, s 16, trang 19-20.
[7]. V Vn Nh (2006), Hon thin bo co ti
chnh hp nht p dng cho Tng cng ty, cng ty
m - cng ty con Vit Nam, ti NCKH cp
B - Trng H Kinh t TP.H Ch Minh.

SUMMARY
IMPROVING THE SYSTEM OF CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
IN FPT CORPORATION

Thai Thi Thu Trang
*
, Dam Phuong Lan
Thainguyen University of Economics and Business Administration - TNU

In the trend of international economic integration, the enterprise consolidation is very essential to
reduce business competition, diversify the kinds of career and broaden the market. Therefore, the
currently financial information requirements of the economic group in Vietnam, in general and
FPT Group, in particular through its consolidated financial statements have to be more effective
and comprehensive. The current state understanding and assessment of the CFS system in FPT
Group aims to map out some solutions to improving the CFS system, meet the requirements of
providing effective financial information after the period of joint-stocking and developing
securities market in Vietnam.
Key words: consolidation, the consolidated financial statement (CFS), improving the
consolidated financial statement, FPT Group.

*
Tel: 0982.198.499; Email: Thaitrang.tueba@gmail.com

76

Nguyn Th Yn v TG Tp ch KHOA HC & CNG NGH 79(03): 77 - 81

77

PHT TRIN NNG NGHIP, NNG THN VI GIM NGHO
TNH THI NGUYN

Nguyn Th Yn
*
, Vn Giai
Trng i hc Kinh t & QTKD - H Thi Nguyn

TM TT
Pht trin nng nghip, nng thn v ngho i ca Tnh Thi Nguyn c nhng mi quan h nht
nh v c s thay i trong nhng nm tr li y. Tc tng trng cao v lin tc trong
nng nghip; s dng c hiu qu cc ngun lc cho sn xut; cng vi vic u t trong xy dng
c s h tng; v s a dng v a hnh l nhn t c tc ng tch cc n thu nhp ca h nng
dn, c bit l nhng h nng dn ngho.
T kho: Nng nghip, nng thn, ngho i, tng trng, h nng dn.

MI QUAN H GIA TNG TRNG KINH
T NNG NGHIP V GIM NGHO
Mc d quan h gia tng trng kinh t v
gim ngho (xc nh bng co dn tng
trng ca gim ngho c th c nh
ngha bng s thay i tng i ca gim
ngho trong hai thi k tnh ton cho 1% tng
thu nhp [6]) khng phi mang tnh c hc,
song nhn chung nhng nc giu c t l
ngho thp hn, v tng trng kinh t cao v
bn vng s dn n gim ngho. Trong sut
thp k 90 ca th k XX v n nm 2009
Vit Nam t c thnh tch tng trng
cao i i vi gim ngho nhanh chng. Tuy
nhin tc ng gim ngho ca tng trng
kinh t suy gim trong nhng nm gn
y: 1% tng trng GDP a n gim
0,77% s ngi ngho trong nhng nm
1993- 1998, nhng ch cn 0,66% trong giai
on 1998- 2002. iu ny cho thy tc ng
rt khc nhau ca chnh sch thc y tng
trng kinh t ca tng giai on [1].
Trong nhng nm qua, Thi Nguyn tp
trung mi ngun lc cho sn xut nhm thc
y nhanh tc tng trng kinh t, c bit
l pht trin kinh t cho khu vc nng thn.
Vi tc tng trng kinh t bnh qun giai
on 2000- 2009 t trn 10%/ nm, t l h
ngho nm 2009 ch cn 13,9% lm cho
thy thnh tch tng trng kinh t i i vi
gim ngho ca Thi Nguyn kh n tng.
co gin ca tng trng vi gim ngho
ca Thi Nguyn c xu hng tng ln trong
khong thi gian t nm 2006- 2009. C th,
nm 2007 khi thu nhp bnh qun u ngi
tng 1% th h ngho gim xung 0,03%,
nm 2009 l 0,15%. Thnh tch m tnh Thi
Nguyn t c v gim ngho l do mt s
chnh sch h tr kp thi ca nh nc trong
sn xut v i sng, cng vi n lc ca h
trong vic thot ngho.
Tuy nhin, tng trng kinh t tnh Thi
Nguyn t c do tng thu nhp t cc hot
ng kinh t hin hnh (nng nghip) v to
ra nhiu hot ng kinh t mi thng qua vic
thu ht thm lao ng. Mc d tc tng thu
nhp bnh qun u ngi trong giai on
2006- 2009 kh cao nhng tc gim ngho
tnh Thi Nguyn vn cn chm, t l h
ngho gim bnh qun khong 2-3%/nm.
Bng 1
*
Mi quan h gia tng trng kinh t v gim ngho tnh Thi Nguyn giai on 2004 - 2009
Ch tiu VT 2006 2007 2008 2009
Thu nhp bnh qun/ngi/nm Tr. 4,8 8,8 11,7 14,6
Tc tng TNBQ % 83,3 32,95 24,78
T l ngho % 20,69 17,74 13,99
Gim t l h ngho trong nm % -3,05 -2,95 -3,75
co dn tng trng ca gim ngho % 0,03 0,08 0,15
(Ngun: Nin gim TK Thi Nguyn 2006- 2009 v tnh ton ca tc gi)

*
Tel: 0912737179, Email: nguyenyenlinh03@yahoo.co

78
NGUN LC TRONG SN XUT NNG
NGHIP VI GIM NGHO
Trong hot ng sn xut, kinh t h nng
dn tnh Thi Nguyn ch yu din ra v xoay
quanh cc hot ng sn xut nng nghip.
Thu nhp v theo l mc sng ca h s
quyt nh bi cc ngun lc u vo trong
sn xut nh t ai, vn v lao ng. C
ngha l, mc sng ca nng h cao hay thp
ph thuc phn ln vo vic s dng cc
ngun lc hiu qu hay khng hiu qu.
t ai l loi t liu sn xut khng th thay
th trong hot ng sn xut nng nghip, t
c ngha rt quan trng trong vic to ra thu
nhp, c bit l i vi nhng vng c t l
lc lng lao ng tp trung ch yu trong
khu vc nng nghip nng thn nh tnh Thi
Nguyn.
gia tng thu nhp do t mang li, hai hnh
thc thng c cc h nng dn p dng
l hnh thc qung canh v thm canh.
Trong iu kin thiu vn cho sn xut th
hnh thc qung canh s c p dng l ch
yu, v iu ny cng ng vi hot ng sn
xut ca h nng dn tnh Thi Nguyn. S
dng hm sn xut Cobb- Douglas phn
tch nh hng ca t nng nghip n thu
nhp ca nng h cho thy: Khi din tch
t nng nghip tng ln 1% th thu nhp bnh
qun u ngi ca h tng ln 0,153%.
Tng ng, khi din tch t nng nghip
tng ln 1ha, thu nhp bnh qun ca h s
tng ln 218,7 nghn ng/thng [1].
Bng 2. Din tch t nng lm nghip bnh qun
h nng dn khu vc min ni Thi Nguyn
(VT: ha)
Ch tiu H ngho
H khng
ngho
t bng 0,155 0.233
t dc 0.493 0.850
t rng 0.734 1.408
(Ngun: Trn Ch Thin, 2007)
Khng th ph nhn vai tr quan trng ca
t trong vic nng cao thu nhp cho nng
h, tuy nhin nhng nhm h khng ngho,
c din tch t bnh qun cao hn dng nh
c s thun li hn trong vic to ra thu nhp.
Kt qu bng trn cho thy: Din tch t
nng lm nghip bnh qun h ngho thp
hn so vi h khng ngho c v quy m din
tch, cht t v v tr ca t. Trong khi h
ngho c din tch t bng bnh qun l
0,233 ha; t dc l 0,85 ha v t rng l
0,734 ha th h khng ngho c din tch t
tng ng l: 0,233; 0,850 v 1,408 ha. Vi
hn 90% s h ngho tp trung trong khu vc
nng thn, vi quy m din tch t manh
mn, nh l, l mt trong nhng yu t cn
tr cho vic canh tc ca h, y cng chnh
l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn nh hng
n ngun thu nhp ca h c to ra t t.
Trong iu kin qu t sn xut nng lm
nghip c xu hng ngy cng thu hp, cng
vi phng thc sn xut qung canh nh
hng n nng sut cy trng ca h nng
dn tnh Thi Nguyn. Nhm tng thu nhp
cho nng h bng vic gia tng nng sut trn
mt n v din tch th hnh thc thm canh
li c ngha quan trng. Tuy nhin hnh
thc ny li i hi ngun vn u t ln.
Thc tin chng minh tc ng ca
chng trnh u t trong nng nghip, nng
thn to ra s chuyn dch c cu kinh t
vng nng thn.
Nu nh vn u t xy dng c s h tng
c tc ng gin tip n thu nhp ca h th
vn u t ca cc h gia nh c tc ng
trc tip n thu nhp ca nng h. Trong
thi gian qua, vn u t cho sn xut ca
tnh Thi Nguyn khng ngng gia tng v
s lng v cht lng, Tuy nhin, hu ht h
nng dn u thiu vn, c bit l nhng h
nng dn ngho. Do vy c th u t
thm canh, h nng dn thng phi tm cc
ngun vn vay cho hot ng sn xut. Kt
qu kho st v nng h vay vn nm 2008
cho thy: So vi khu vc thnh th, khu vc
nng thn c thu nhp thp hn nhng t l
h vay vn li ln hn, trong khi khu vc
thnh th, t l h vay vn chim 43,1%, th
nng thn t l ny l 55,9%, cao hn so vi
khu vc thnh th 12,8 im phn trm. Do
thiu vn, h phi vay cc ngun vn t bn
ngoi, iu ny cng ng ngha vi vic tng

79
thm chi ph vn vay. Ngun chi ph ny cng
phn no nh hng n thu nhp ca nng
h, c bit l nhng h ngho.
Bn cnh ngun lc t v vn, lao ng
cng l mt ngun lc quan trng trong vic
to ra thu nhp. Trong nhng nm qua, lc
lng lao ng khu vc tnh Thi Nguyn
c s thay i ng k, l s gim xung
v s lng v s gia tng v cht lng. S
thay i ny c tc ng tch cc n s
pht trin kinh t x hi khu vc nng thn
tnh Thi Nguyn .
Nm 2006- 2008, tng ng vi mc gim v
s nhn khu bnh qun h, s lao ng bnh
qun h cng gim t 2,8 lao ng/h nm
2006 xung cn 2,64 lao ng/h nm 2008,
tuy nhin con s ny vn cao hn so vi 2,57
lao ng/h ca bnh qun chung c nc [5].
Xt theo nhm thu nhp, nm 2008 khu vc
nng thn nhm thu nhp cao nht c s lao
ng bnh qun h thp nht (1,93 lao ng).
iu ny cho thy, thu nhp c to ra
khng ch t quy m s lng lao ng ca
h m cn t cht lng lao ng v cc yu
t khc. Xt theo trnh hc vn, khu vc
nng, lm nghip v thu sn trnh lao
ng thp, trnh lao ng ch yu l tt
nghip tiu hc, chim ti 73,81%, trong khi
cc ngnh khc (dch v, cng nghip) t l
ny khng c, hoc nu c cng ch chim
mt t l rt nh.
S lng v cht lng lao ng nh
hng n thu nhp ca nng h, nm 2008
nhm c thu nhp cao nht t mc thu nhp
bnh qun/khu l 23.169.000, trong khi
nhm c thu nhp thp nht ch t
5.052.000, chnh lch thu nhp gia hai
nhm ny l 4,59 ln. R rng l nhm h c
thu nhp cao tuy s lao ng bnh qun trn
h thp hn nhng do c thu nhp u t
vo gio dc, nn trnh lao ng cao hn
thu nhp c c cao hn so vi cc nhm h
c thu nhp thp.
C S H TNG NNG THN VI
GIM NGHO
Bn cnh vic tng thu nhp ca h nng dn
bng vic s dng c hiu qu cc ngun lc
th kh nng tip cn vi c s h tng nng
thn, c bit l ng giao thng nng thn
cng l mt nhn t quan trng gip h nng
dn a ra nhng chin lc trong vic to ra
thu nhp. Tc ng ca c s h tng nng
thn n tng thu nhp ca h nng dn c
xem xt di cc kha cnh nh: (1) Vic
thc thi cc chnh sch nh nc v cc d
n; (2) Tip cn tin b k thut; (3) Kh
nng tip cn vi th trng; (4) Tm hiu cc
c hi vic lm khc m ch yu l cc hot
ng phi lm nghip.
Trong nhng nm qua, Nh nc trin
khai nhiu chng trnh v d n cho pht
trin nng nghip, nng thn tnh Thi
Nguyn, nh chng trnh ph xanh t trng
i ni trc; D n 5 triu ha rng; Chng
trnh pht trin kinh t x hi cc x c bit
kh khn min ni v vng su, vng xa (gi
tt l chng trnh 135)... Nhng d n u t
xy dng c s h tng t c nhng
thnh qu nht nh, trong khng th
khng k n kt qu ca chng trnh 135.
T nm 2006- 2009, tng vn thc hin cho
u t xy dng c s h tng nng thn t
145.182,3 tr. /147.000 tr. bng 98,76% so
vi k hoch. Tng s cng trnh c u t
xy dng trong giai on ny l 290 cng
trnh, trong : (1) u t ti x c bit kh
khn l 207 cng trnh (giao thng 77 CT,
thu li 20 CT, in 05 CT, trng hc 88
CT, trm y t 11 CT, ch 05 CT, nh vn ho
01 CT); (2) u t ti thn, bn c bit kh
khn thuc x KVII l 83 cng trnh( giao
thng 39 CT, thu li 07 CT, in 02 CT,
trng hc 05 CT, nh vn ho 30 CT) [4].
C s h tng nng thn c ci thin
gim bt chi ph trong vic di chuyn, nng
cao kh nng thu ht s h tr thng qua cc
d n, c bit l cc d n ca t chc phi
chnh ph nh nh PLAN, INSA- ETEA v
AIDA ca Ty Ban Nha. Ngoi ra, h thng
giao thng thun tin cng lm cho hot ng
trao i, giao lu hng ho trong v ngoi
vng c xu hng ngy cng tng ln.

80
Bng 3. a hnh v s phn b t l h ngho trn a bn tnh Thi Nguyn nm 2009
n v hnh chnh
Tng s
(x, phng)
Trong T l ngho
(%) Vng cao (x) Min ni (x)
TP Thi Nguyn 28 7 2,86
TX Sng Cng 9 1 6,35
Huyn nh Ho 24 3 21 23,21
Huyn V Nhai 15 11 4 25,20
Huyn Ph Lng 16 16 19,60
Huyn ng H 18 2 16 15,99
Huyn Ph Yn 18 6 17,59
Huyn i T 31 31 18,80
Huyn Ph Bnh 21 7 10,23
Tng s 180 16 109
(Ngun: Nin gim thng k tnh Thi Nguyn nm 2008 [3])
Nu nh trc nm 1990, hot ng sn xut
ca h nng dn ch n thun l sn xut t
tc t cp, th cho n nay nh p dng khoa
hc k thut vo sn xut thng qua cc hot
ng khuyn nng, nn lm cho nng sut
lao ng tng ln. S d dng di chuyn t
ni ny n ni khc cng gip h nng
dn a dng ho ngun thu nhp. Trc y,
ngun thu nhp ca nng h ch yu t hot
ng sn xut nng nghip th cho n nay
thu nhp ca h cn bao gm c ngun thu t
hot ng phi nng nghip. Cc hot ng phi
nng nghip trn a bn tnh gm c: lm
vic trong cc c quan nh nc, lm thu
thi v v bun bn nh. Lm vic trong cc
c quan nh nc v lm thu (trong x,
ngoi x) gip cho lao ng nng thn
tng cng v m rng cc mi quan h, gip
h c c nhng thng tin v c hi vic
lm nhng khu vc c thu nhp cao hn.
Nh s gia tng cc mi quan h x hi, cp
nht thng tin v th trng lao ng v tch
lu kinh nghim trong bun bn lm cho
c cu thu nhp ca h nng dn c s thay
i, thu nhp ngy cng tng, i sng ngy
cng c ci thin. Cng tc xo i gim
ngho t c kt qu tt, giai on
2006- 2009, t l h ngho cc x 135 bnh
qun mi nm gim 4,83%, (cao hn mc
gim bnh qun ton tnh).
A HNH VI NGHO I
S a dng v a hnh to ra nhng nt
ring bit trong hot ng sn xut cng nh
i sng cho h nng dn tnh Thi Nguyn.
Vi 3 vng a hnh l vng g i; vng ni
thp i cao v vng ni cao c tc ng
n s phn b dn c, cc phng thc canh
tc nng lm nghip v mc sng ca h.
Khng th ph nhn rng, s a dng v a
hnh to ra tp on cy trng a dng v
phong ph, p ng ngy cng tt hn cho
nhu cu c th ca ngi tiu dng. Tuy
nhin, vi loi t i ni cao c hnh
thnh trn cc loi m c s phn b xen
k, manh mn, b chia ct mnh v dc l
nguyn nhn ca hin tng ra tri, xi
mn, s gm mn t nh ni n chn ni
thung lng. Trong khi a hnh phc tp, b
chia ct cng vi nhng thi quen canh tc
lc hu nn ngun ti nguyn t, rng v
nc ngy cng b suy gim. iu ny tc
ng rt ln n sinh k ca h nng dn ca
huyn nh Ho, i T, Ph Lng v c
bit l huyn V Nhai (l huyn c s x
vng cao nhiu nht vi 11 x, c t l i
ngho cao nht l 25, 2% cao hn so vi mc
bnh qun chung ton tnh l 11,21 im %).
C th nhn thy rng, hot ng sn xut
nng nghip khi tin hnh trn nhng vng c
nhiu i, ni s cho nng sut lao ng thp,
thu nhp trn lao ng thp, kh nng ci thin
mc sng chm, lm cho t l i ngho cao.
Tm li, tc tng trng kinh t cao, s
dng cc ngun lc trong nng nghip nng
thn c hiu qu, u t pht trin c s h
tng nng thn ng b v a hnh thun li
l nhng yu t quan trng gim ngho
trn a bn tnh Thi Nguyn. Nghin cu
ny cng gp phn lng ho mi quan h

81
gia cc yu t trn vi gim ngho, v cng
ch ra xu hng vn ng ca chng trong
qu trnh pht trin kinh t - x hi ca khu
vc nng thn tnh Thi Nguyn.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Ng Quang Thnh v Nguyn Vit Cng,
Tng trng kinh t, ngho i, bt bnh ng thu
nhp v chin lc pht trin kinh t Vit Nam,
TC Nghin cu kinh t T3/2005.
[2]. Trn Ch Thin, 2007, Thc trng v gii
php xo i gim ngho cho ng bo vng ni
cao tnh Thi Nguyn, ti cp b m s: B2005-
18- 04.
[3]. Nin gim thng k tnh Thi Nguyn 2009, tr 12
[4]. Ban Dn tc tnh Thi Nguyn, Bo co tnh
hnh v kt qu thc hin cc chng trnh, chnh
sch dn tc t nm 2006 n nm 2009
[5]. Cc Thng k tnh Thi Nguyn, 2009, Bo
co mc sng dn c tnh Thi Nguyn nm 2008.
[6]. WB, Tng trng, ngho i v bt bnh ng

SUMMARY
DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE, RURAL WITH POVERTY REDUCTION
IN THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE

Nguyen Thi Yen
*
, Do Van Giai

Agricultural development, rural and poverty and the Thai Nguyen province has a certain
relationship and there was a change in those years. High speed and continuous growth in
agriculture, effective use of resources for production, along with investment in infrastructure
construction, and the variety of terrain is a factor affecting tubers positive income households,
especially poor farmers.
Key words: Agricultural, rural, poverty, growth, poor farmers

*
Tel: 0912737179, Email: nguyenyenlinh03@yahoo.com

82

Nguyn Th Lan Anh v TG Tp ch KHOA HC & CNG NGH 79(03): 83 - 87

83

VN HO V MI TRNG KINH DOANH CA DOANH NGHIP

Nguyn Th Lan Anh
*
, Nguyn Vn Anh
Trng H Kinh t & QTKD H Thi Nguyn

TM TT
Trong nn kinh t th trng hin i, vn ho doanh nghip c coi nh l mt loi ti sn v
hnh, m loi ti sn ny c th a doanh nghip ngy cng lm n pht t, nhng mt khc nu
chng ta khng bit pht huy th n s lm cho doanh nghip nhanh chng n ch ph sn. Vy
vn ho doanh nghip l g ? Nhn thc nh th no cho ng ? Lm g nng cao hiu qu vn
ho trong mi trng kinh doanh ca doanh nghip. y l mt vn m tc gi mun chia s
trong bi bo
T kho: Vn ho kinh doanh ca doanh nghip.

VN HO CA DOANH NGHIP
*

Vn ho doanh nghip c a ra bn t
rt lu, v cho n nay vn ang cn nhiu
cch hiu khc nhau, l: vn ho doanh
nghip l lc lng tinh thn, tinh thn y
l ton b s phn kch, cnh tranh trong sn
xut kinh doanh theo ng ngha lnh mnh;
vn ho doanh nghip l lc lng vt cht,
cch ny cho rng, nh c cch ng x vn
ho m doanh nghip to ra c mt lng
vt cht nhiu hn, tt hn vn ho doanh
nghip l lc lng vt cht v tinh thn ca
doanh nghip. Cch ny cho rng, s kt hp
hi ho cc yu t cn thit trong mi doanh
nghip to ra bu khng kh lm vic hng
say ca ngi lao ng, to ra nhiu ca ci
vt cht, vt cht c to ra mt phn s
dng vo ti to sc lao ng mi ngi
li tip tc lao ng sng to ra nhiu sn
phm c cht lng tt hn v s lng nhiu
hn. Bng nhng quan nim khc nhau m
ngi ta ng x n cng khc nhau trong
chnh mi doanh nghip. hiu ng vn
ho doanh nghip chng ta cn c im xut
pht ng, tc l phi tha nhn hai yu t
cu thnh, l: vn ho, theo l vn ho
phi gn vi doanh nghip.
Theo ng Amadau M.Bow, nguyn Tng
gim c Unesco "Vn ho l yu t c bn
cho sc sng ca mt dn tc, n tng hp
nhng hot ng sng to ca mt dn tc,
nhng phng thc sn xut v s hu,
nhng ca ci vt cht, nhng hnh thi t
chc, nhng tn ngng v nhng au

*
Tel: 0916.258.995
thng, nhng s nghip ang lm v nhng
gii tr, nhng m c v kht vng". Theo
Tng gim c Unesco, ng Federico Mayor,
th cch hiu "Vn ho bao gm tt c nhng
g lm cho mt dn tc ny khc vi mt dn
tc khc, t nhng sn phm tinh vi hin i
nht cho n tn ngng, phong tc, tp qun,
li sng v lao ng" c cng ng
quc t chp nhn v ph chun nm 1982.
Theo PGS, TS Trn Ngc Thm, "Vn ho l
mt h thng hu c cc gi tr vt cht tinh
thn do con ngi sng to v tch lu qua
qu trnh hot ng thc tin, trong s tng
tc gia con ngi vi mi trng t nhin
v x hi ca mnh" theo PTS L Vn
Chng "Vn ho l tng th v nhng thnh
tu, nhng gi tr vt cht v tinh thn do con
ngi kin to trong qu trnh quan h vi t
nhin, x hi v i sng tinh thn c tnh
c th ca mi dn tc".
D c nhng nt khc nhau trong nhng nh
ngha nhng chng c im ging nhau c
bn l:
(i) vn ho va l nhng biu hin c bn ca
con ngi trong qu trnh sinh tn v pht trin,
va l nhng hot ng nhn thc thc tin
nhm to ra nhng bin i ca x hi, ca mi
trng xung quanh v ca bn thn mnh.
(ii) vn ho tc ng theo ba qu trnh: qu
trnh ci to vt cht, qu trnh ci to c cu
x hi, qu trnh ci to tm l x hi tc l
quan h gia ngi vi ngi.
(iii) vn ho l mt sn phm c tnh cng
ng, t trin khai thnh mt sn phm c

84
tnh c nhn vi t cch l mt thnh vin
trong cng ng.
Vn ho c nhng c trng ring v nhng
c trng to cho vn ho nhng chc
nng khc nhau.
Th nht, vn ho c tnh h thng, tc n
bao gm nhng mi lin h mt thit gia cc
hin tng v s kin trong mt nn vn ho;
mi h thng vn ho s bao gm nhng h
thng nh hn v l thnh phn ca mt h
thng ln hn. Tnh h thng to cho vn
ho mt chc nng t chc x hi; n thng
xuyn lm tng n nh ca x hi.
Th hai, vn ho c tnh gi tr - gi tr vt
cht v tinh thn; gi tr s dng, gi tr o
c v gi tr thm m, gi tr ng i v
gi tr lch s. Chnh tnh gi tr ny to cho
vn ho mt chc nng iu chnh x hi,
gip cho x hi duy tr c trng thi cn
bng ng.
Th ba, vn ho c tnh nhn sinh. Tnh nhn
sinh cho php phn bit hot ng vn ho x
hi v vn ho t nhin. c tnh nhn sinh
to cho vn ho chc nng giao tip, vn ho
l ni dung giao tip.
Th t, vn ho c hnh thnh v tch lu
qua nhiu th h. Tnh cht ny ca vn ho
c duy tr bng truyn thng c duy tr
bng truyn thng, to cho vn ho chc nng
gio dc v pht trin.
NHNG NHN T HNH THNH VN
HO DOANH NGHIP
Ngy nay vn ho doanh nghip c xem
xt nh mt phn khng th thiu, ng thi
cng gi mt v tr quan trng trong vic xy
dng thng hiu ca doanh nghip. Nu c
th v thng hiu l ti sn ca doanh nghip
th cng c th v vn ho doanh nghip l
nhng vt dng c bit bo v v ct gi
ti sn . Mi doanh nghip c bn sc vn
ho ring, bn sc vn ho c hnh thnh t
cc nhn t:
Xy dng trit l kinh doanh ca doanh
nghip: trit l kinh doanh ca doanh nghip
l t tng chung ch o ton b suy ngh v
hot ng ca doanh nghip t ngi lnh
o, b phn qun l v nhng ngi lao
ng trong doanh nghip. Mi doanh nghip
thng c trit l kinh doanh ring ca mnh
mc d c s khc nhau nh vy, song nhn
chung trit l, kinh doanh ca doanh nghip
c th bao hm trong n.
- Mc tiu ca doanh nghip hng ti s
pht trin lu di, bn vng.
- nh hng kinh doanh ca doanh nghip
v vic phc v li ch ca x hi thng qua
phc v khch hng.
- cao gi tr con ngi t con ngi vo
v tr trung tm trong ton b mi quan h
ng x trong doanh nghip.
Tinh thn ca ngi sng lp: nh quan nim
sng, cch ngh, c tnh ca ngi sng lp.
Quy phm hnh ng hng ngy: nh mc
trch nhim, tnh c lp, v c hi m mt
c nhn trong doanh nghip c c khi thc
hin mt nhim v no .
Cu trc t chc: ny sinh t h thng qun
tr ca doanh nghip nh mc v quy tc,
iu l v s gim th c s dng qun
tr v kim sot hnh vi ca nhn vin.
Mi trng x hi: Bn sc vn ho dn tc,
ngn ng, sinh hot, tn gio, c cu chnh tr
- x hi
Cc phong tro v ngy k nim ca doanh
nghip ra i t cc hot ng theo nhm nh
v vui chi, gii tr, trang phc, xut
kin
Nh vy vn ho doanh nghip l tng hp
nhng quan nim m cc thnh vin ca
doanh nghip "hc" c trong qu trnh gii
quyt cc vn ni b v x l cc vn
vi mi trng xung quanh. Vn ho doanh
nghip l "tng hp nhng quan nim" v th
cha m bo l tt hay khng tt. Chng
hn, quan nim "khch hng l thng "
nu nhn theo mt gc no ch l mt
quan nim mang tnh thc dng. Hay trong
khi tiu chun nh gi nhn vin ca a s
doanh nghip nc ngoi ch yu da vo
nng lc, trnh th cc doanh nghip Nh
nc ca ta li cao o c, tnh tp th
Kh c th kt lun quan nim no ng,
quan nim no sai nhng chc chn n tc
ng trc tip ti hnh vi ca doanh nghip,
t tc ng ti hiu qu kinh doanh.

85
V d: c im vn ho ca 2 doanh nghip A v B.
Doanh nghip A Doanh nghip B
L mt doanh nghip c nhiu quy tc v iu
l i hi phi qun th.
L mt doanh nghip c rt t qui tc v iu l
Nhn vin c phm vi hot ng trong cng
vic rt hp, nu c vic bt thng phi trnh
bo cp trn gii quyt.
Nhn vin c khuyn khch pht trin ti
nng chuyn mn t gii quyt kh khn, t do
hi kin cp trn nu cn.
Nh qun tr khng tin tng nhn vin v vy
m qun l v kim sot cht ch.
Nhn vin chm lm v ng tin cy v s qun
l rt lng lo.
Nhng c tnh c cao v khen thng:
C gng
Trung thnh
Cng tc
Trnh sai lm
Thng thng ginh cho nhng ngi c ng
gp nhiu nht cho doanh nghip ngay c khi
h b nhn nhn l c nhng kin l lng,
nhng c ch khc thng, nhng tp qun lm
vic khng theo quy c.
Nhng c tnh m t v vn ho ca hai
doanh nghip ny l n nh v thng
xuyn, t thay i theo thi gian. Doanh
nghip A c m t l mt doanh nghip
nghim tc, lnh lng v khng a may ri.
Cn doanh nghip B ngc li khng nghim
tc, c cu lng lo c tnh nhn bn cao. Tuy
tri ngc nhau nh vy nhng c hai u l
nhng doanh nghip c qun tr tt.
MI QUAN H GIA VN HO DOANH
NGHIP V QUN TR DOANH NGHIP
Vn ho doanh nghip hnh thnh cch nhn
v quy nh hot ng ca doanh nghip mt
cch t nhin. Vn ho doanh nghip c quan
h su sc vi ng c hnh ng ca doanh
nghip, to ra nh hng chin lc cho bn
thn doanh nghip. Rt nhiu cng trnh
nghin cu kt lun rng cc doanh nghip
thnh cng c nn vn ho doanh nghip
mnh c gy dng trn c s tinh thn
cng ng tp th, c bit l mi quan tm
i vi nhng li ch ca tp th hoc doanh
nghip. l cc cng ty ni ting IBM,
Proctec & Gamble, Mobil, Gillett. nc ta
hin nay, Cng ty pht trin u t cng ngh
(FPT) cng l mt trong nhng n v i u
trong vic hnh thnh v xy dng c vn
ho doanh nghip mnh. Mi doanh nghip
u c vn ho ca mnh, ch c iu vn ho
c mnh hay khng v c tc ng ch yu
l tch cc hay tiu cc ti cht lng kinh
doanh. Vn ho doanh nghip mnh ch khi
n tc ng tch cc ti hot ng kinh
doanh, ng thi m bo tnh bn vng. Mt
doanh nghip c nn vn ho mnh s c tc
dng khuyn khch ng vin nhn vin lm
vic t nguyn, nhit tnh, pht huy c ti
a nng lc ca mi c nhn v hng h v
cng mt pha, l mc tiu, tm nhn ca
doanh nghip. Hn th na, nn vn ho
doanh nghip mnh s c tc dng thu ht,
duy tr nhng nhn vin c nng lc, c trnh
gn b vi doanh nghip. Rt nhiu nh
doanh nghip lm tng rng c tr lng
cao s thu ht, duy tr c ngi ti, tuy
nhin tin lng mi ch l mt phn, m
quan trng hn l c nhn phi cm thy
thch th khi c lm vic trong tp th.
Vn ho doanh nghip nh hng trc tip
n nhng nh qun tr, n gii hn s la
chn cho nhng kh nng hnh ng ca nh
qun tr. Nhng gii hn ny c th c th
hin trong cc quy nh cng c th l nhng
quy c bt thnh vn. Nh qun tr cn nhn
thc c c ngh thut thch hp trong
qu trnh qun tr. Chng hn nh qun tr
phi bit c trong doanh nghip mnh
nhng tnh hnh no cn b qua, tnh hnh no
cn nm vng.
Vn ho doanh nghip nh hng n chc
nng ca qun tr, do cn c chin lc
qun tr thch hp.
Chc nng hoch nh
Hoch nh l chc nng u tin trong qu
trnh qun tr, bao gm :xc nh mc tiu, xy
dng chin lc tng th, thit lp mt h
thng cc k hoch phi hp cc hot ng.
Chc nng t chc:
T chc: bao gm vic xc nh nhng vic
phi lm, nhng ai s phi lm vic , cc

86
cng vic s c phi hp li v nhau nh
th no, nhng b phn no cn phi c
thnh lp, quan h phn cng v trch nhim
gia cc b phn , v h thng quyn hnh
trong doanh nghip.
Chc nng ch huy
Ch huy: cng vic trong doanh nghip cn
phi c ngi thc hin. p ng yu cu ,
nh qun tr phi tuyn chn, thu dng, b tr,
bi dng, s dng, ng vin, kch thch.
Vic thit lp quyn hnh v s dng quyn
hnh giao vic cho nhn vin, ra ni
quy, quy ch lm vic, u quyn cho thuc
cp, ng vin nhn vin. l chc nng th
3 ca nh qun tr,
Chc nng phi hp
Chc nng ny phi hp theo chiu dc l
phi hp gia cc cp qun tr v phi hp
theo chiu ngang l phi hp gia cc chc
nng,cc lnh vc qun tr
Chc nng kim tra
Chc nng cui cng ca nh qun tr. Cng
tc kim tra bao gm vic xc nh thu thp
thng tin v thnh qu thc t, so snh thnh
qu thc t vi thnh qu k vng, v tin
hnh cc bin php sa cha nu c sai lch,
nhm m bo t chc ang i ng ng
hon thnh mc tiu.
PHT TRIN LI TH CNH TRANH
CA DOANH NGHIP THNG QUA VN
HO DOANH NGHIP
Mun pht trin li th cnh tranh ca doanh
nghip trc ht phi pht huy c ti a
nhn t con ngi, trong nn vn ho
doanh nghip mnh s c ng gp quan
trng "Mt nn vn ho doanh nghip mnh
khi nhng gi tr then cht c gi vng v
chia s rng ri trong doanh nghip". Cc
thnh vin trong doanh nghip cng chp
nhn nhng gi tr then cht nh tinh thn
ng i, tinh thn trch nhim, s cam kt
trung thnh vi doanh nghip, s cng bng,
s trung thc th vn ho doanh nghip cng
mnh v ch ngha c nhn s b th tiu.
to dng v duy tr mt nn vn ho
doanh nghip thc s mnh, cc nh qun tr
cn phi thit lp nhng quy ch, gii hn r
rng, ph hp cho cp di m bo cho h
thc hin tt cng vic ca mnh. Nhng bin
php c th m nh qun tr tp trung thc
hin l:
Khuyn khch tinh thn cng ng trong
doanh nghip.
Matsushita Konosuke, ngi xy dng s
nghip t mt xng lm ui bng n nh
b tr thnh tp on Matsushita ni ting ca
Nht Bn i n kt lun "tr tu tp th l
sc mnh c bn pht huy s tuyt vi ca
cc t cht con ngi". Chnh nim tin
gip ng thnh cng trong hn 60 nm trn
cng v lnh o.
Mun xy dng c tinh thn cng ng
trong doanh nghip, nh qun tr khng ch
tp trung vo cng vic hng ngy ca nhn
vin m cn tp trung vo c cc vic:
- Khuyn khch v to iu kin hnh thnh
cc nhm cng tc t nhin. S say m v
tinh thn lm vic ca nhm t nguyn
thng hn nhm do nh qun tr ch nh.
- Kt hp hi ho gia li ch ca doanh
nghip v li ch ca c nhn.
Vic ny i hi nh qun tr phi nm bt
c nhu cu, mc tiu ca cc nhn vin v
bin nhng mc tiu thnh ng lc thc
y h trong cng vic.
- Thng xuyn t chc cc hot ng vui
chi gii tr nh thi u th thao, d hi, d
ngoi lm cht gn kt gia cc thnh vin
trong doanh nghip, to iu kin cho cc
nhn vin hiu nhau hn, ng thi qua
gio dc c tinh thn ng i.
m bo s cng bng trong doanh nghip.
Trong doanh nghip, vic thng pht cng
minh s khuyn khch ngi lao ng lm
vic c trch nhim hn, trung thc hn, duy
tr mi quan h gn b gia cc thnh vin tt
hn. Mun m bo s cng bng, nh qun
tr phi:
- Thc hin tr lng, thng, thng chc,
ging chc da trn nh gi kt qu thc hin
cng vic v kh nng ca ngi lao ng.
- Thng, pht phi cng khai tt c mi
ngi u bit.

87
- Quan tm n cc yu t chi phi nhn thc
ca ngi lao ng v s cng bng v to
iu kin ngi lao ng c c s nhn
thc ng n.
Xy dng v thc hin h thng quy ch,
quy nh ca doanh nghip.
Trong doanh nghip cn c nhng quy ch,
quy nh r rng v ch lm vic, qun l
cc ngun lc, ch thng pht v c
cng b cng khai cho tt c mi thnh vin
trong doanh nghip bit thc hin. Sau khi
ban hnh phi thc hin ngay v phi thng
xuyn kim tra gim st vic thc hin cc
quy ch, quy nh.
Tm li: Vn ho doanh nghip khng t
nhin m c, n phi c xy dng, c ngha
l phi c hnh thnh v pht trin. Mt
doanh nghip c vn ho thi im ny,
nhng c th mt i mt thi im khc sau
. V vy phi coi vic xy dng vn ho
doanh nghip l mt nhim v thng xuyn
ca doanh nghip, l nhim v khng ch ca
ch doanh nghip, ca cn b qun doanh
nghip, m cn l nhim v ca tt c ngi
lao ng trong doanh nghip.
Vn ho doanh nghip phi c xy dng
bt u t vic xc nh chin lc v s
mnh ca doanh nghip. Kinh doanh l mt
s nghip, m cng vic nghim tc, ngay t
khi thnh lp doanh nghip, phi xc nh
c s mnh doanh nghip, doanh nghip
c thnh lp lm g, nhm thc hin
mc tiu g.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. PGS. TS. L Vn Tm, PGS.TS Ng Kim
Thanh ( 2008) Qun tr doanh nghip, Nh xut
bn Kinh t quc dn, H Ni.
[2]. PGS.TS Nguyn Thc Minh ( 2008), Qun tr
kinh doanh, Nxb Ti chnh, H Ni.
[3]. Ban Tuyn gio TW, Hip hi doanh nghip
va v nh Vit Nam, Hip hi UNESCO Vit
Nam. ( 2008), Hi tho pht trin vn ho
doanh nghip.
[4].TS. V Th Nhi (2008) Nng cao hiu qu
vn ho doanh nghip thi k hi nhp, Hc vin
chnh tr hnh chnh quc gia H Ch Minh.

SUMMARY
CULTURE AND BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT OF THE BUSINESS

Nguyen Thi Lan Anh
*
, Nguyen Van Anh
Thai Nguyen Universiy of Economics and Business Administration - TNU

In the modern market economy, entreprenure culture is viewed as an intangible asset. This kind of
asset can quickly promote the business of entreprenure. Otherwise, it can make the entreprenure
come to bankrupt if we dont know how to develope it. Then, what is entreprenures culture? How
to understand in correctly? What to do inorder to raise the effective of entreprenures culture in its
business environment? This is one of point that the author want to share in this article.
Key words: Entreprenures business culture

*
Tel: 0916.258.995

88

Hong Th M Hnh Tp ch KHOA HC & CNG NGH 79(03): 89 - 92

89

NHNG YU T TC NG N S PHT TRIN
KINH T - X HI TNH THI NGUYN

Hong Th M Hnh
*

Trng i hc S phm - H Thi Nguyn

TM TT
Trong s vn ng khng ngng v chuyn bin mnh m nn kinh t- x hi c nc, thc hin
sng to ng li i mi ca ng vo hon cnh c th ca a phng, t mt nn kinh t ch
yu l nng nghip, vi tim nng sn c, tnh Thi Nguyn gp phn quan trng cho s pht
trin kinh t - x hi t nc. Vi s n lc phn u trong 13 nm t khi ti lp tnh (1997
2010), ng b v nhn dn tnh Thi Nguyn t c nhng thnh tu bc u quan trng
trn cc lnh vc kinh t - x hi, song cng cn bc l nhng tn ti, bt cp cn phi c khc
phc. Trong s pht trin , nhng tc ng ca bi cnh quc t v khu vc ng vai tr quan
trng i vi qu trnh pht trin kinh t - x hi tnh Thi Nguyn.
T kha: Thi Nguyn, kinh t, x hi, vn ha, hi nhp

Thi Nguyn l mt tnh min ni v trung du,
nm trong vng ng Bc. Pha bc gip Bc
Kn, pha nam gip thnh ph H Ni, pha
ng gip vi cc tnh Lng Sn, Bc Giang,
pha ty gip vi cc tnh Tuyn Quang, Vnh
Phc. Thi Nguyn khng ch l mt trong
nhng vng ch ni ting, m ni y tng l
Th ph Khu t tr Vit Bc, l chic ni ca
cng nghip luyn kim Vit Nam, vi khu
cng nghip gang thp c xy dng t
nhng nm cui thp k 50 (th k XX). S ra
i ca cc khu cng nghip nng, cng
nghip nh, cng vi nhiu khu m, to cho
Thi Nguyn mt dng hnh c trng mt
trung tm cng nghip ca min Bc.
*

Trong s vn ng khng ngng v chuyn
bin mnh m nn kinh t - x hi c nc,
thc hin sng to ng li i mi ca
ng vo hon cnh c th ca a phng,
t mt nn kinh t ch yu l nng nghip,
vi tim nng sn c, tnh Thi Nguyn
gp phn quan trng cho s pht trin kinh t-
x hi t nc. Vi s n lc phn u
trong 13 nm t khi ti lp tnh (1997
2010), ng b v nhn dn tnh Thi
Nguyn t c nhng thnh tu bc
u quan trng trn cc lnh vc kinh t - x
hi, song cng cn bc l nhng tn ti, bt
cp cn phi c khc phc. Trong s pht
trin , nhng tc ng ca bi cnh quc

*
Tel: 0942781982; Email: hanh.dhsp@yahoo.com
t v khu vc ng vai tr quan trng i
vi qu trnh pht trin kinh t - x hi tnh
Thi Nguyn.
* Vn th trng:
Qu trnh hi nhp mang li th trng rng
ln cho hng ha v dch v ca Thi
Nguyn. Hi nhp cng cho php hng nhp
khu thm nhp th trng Thi Nguyn d
dng hn. Gi c hng ha v dch v s
mang tnh cnh tranh hn v c quyt nh
bi quan h cung cu trn th trng.
Vic nc ta l thnh vin ca Hip hi cc
quc gia chu (ASEAN) v tham gia cc
Hip nh v thng mi, u t ca t chc
ny nh Hip nh Khu vc mu dch t do
ASEAN (AFTA) vi chng trnh trng tm
l u i thu quan c hiu lc chung
(CEPT), Hip nh Khu vc mu dch t do
Trung Quc ASEAN (C AFTA), Hip
nh Khu vc u t ASEAN (AIA) m ra
nhiu c hi m rng th trng cho sn
phm xut khu nc ta ni chung v Thi
Nguyn ni ring. c bit, vic nc ta tr
thnh thnh vin chnh thc ca T chc
Thng mi th gii (WTO) vo u nm
2007 ang m ra rt nhiu c hi pht trin
thng mi, hp tc, u t cho tng a
phng trong c nc.
Nhng xu th ny s c nhng tc ng thun
li v bt li i vi Thi Nguyn. Th trng
ngy cng m rng cho php tnh m rng

90
thm quy m sn xut, pht trin thm nhiu
sn phm mi, tng thm kim ngch xut
khu... nhng cng t tnh ng trc nhng
thch thc, cnh tranh ngy cng gay gt.
Do tnh c truyn thng sn xut lu i v
nhu cu i vi cc mt hng luyn kim,
khong sn (thic, qung km) khng ngng
tng ln, cho nn, y l nhng sn phm c
kh nng cnh tranh ca Thi Nguyn. Tuy
nhin, hn ch i vi tnh l ngun nguyn
liu u vo ngy cng hn hp nn khng c
kh nng p ng nhu cu th trng.
i vi th trng ch, gi ch trn th gii
ang c xu hng gim nhanh trong nhng
nm gn y do lng cung ng trn th
trng vt qu nhu cu tiu th. Tuy nhin,
theo d bo ca Vin Nghin cu Thng
mi (B Thng mi), gi ch c kh nng
phc hi t nm 2006 tr i do tiu th ch
ti cc nc nhp khu ch tim nng tng ln
nh vic ct gim hng ro thu quan theo
Hip nh v nng nghip ca T chc
thng mi th gii (WTO). Cc nc nhp
khu ch ch yu l Lin minh chu u (EU),
SNG, Pakixtan, M, Nht Bn. Do th trng
ch c xu hng d tha nn mun m rng
th trng xut khu ch, ngoi cc th trng
truyn thng, Thi Nguyn cn khai thc cc
th trng ch tim nng. Mc d, ch l mt
mt hng xut khu c ting lu i ca Thi
Nguyn nhng gi ch xut khu lun thp
hn so vi gi bn trong nc. Mun c c
ngun thu ngoi t ln hn, tnh cn a dng
ha cc sn phm ch ch bin ca mnh theo
nhu cu ca th trng th gii. Ngoi ra, yu
t cht lng v v sinh thc phm cn c
lin tc nng cao p ng yu cu ngy
cng kht khe ca cc nc nhp khu.
Hng may mc l mt trong nhng mt hng
xut khu ch lc ca Thi Nguyn, t nm
2002 n nay, gi tr xut khu hng nm
lun chim 1/3 tng kim ngch xut khu ca
tnh. Nhu cu nhp khu hng may mc trn
th gii c d bo tip tc tng ln, nht l
cc nc mi pht trin. Vi vic b qua
quota hng dt may theo Hip nh a si
(MFA) ca WTO, mc cnh tranh trong
xut khu mt hng ny s tng nhanh. Cc
i th cnh tranh ch yu ca nc ta l
Trung Quc v mt s nc khc khu vc
chu . Cc nc nhp khu hng may mc
ln nht trn th gii l Lin minh chu u
(EU) v chu M. Thi Nguyn cn ch trng
khai thc nhng th trng ny, c bit l th
trng Hoa K - th trng c sc mua rt ln.
Th trng cc sn phm dch v l khu vc
th trng rng ln, a dng, c nhiu tim
nng pht trin nhng cng rt kh cnh tranh
trong tng lai. Thi Nguyn ch nn la
chn mt s dch v quan trng, c gi tr gia
tng cao m mnh c li th xut khu.
Trc mt, Thi Nguyn nn tp trung vo
dch v thng mi, giao thng vn ti v
cc dch v xut khu ti ch (du lch sinh
thi, du lch ngh dng, bn hng lu
nim, ngn hng, bu chnh vin thng...)
phc v khch du lch.
Hi nhp kinh t quc t khin cho hng ha,
dch v ca Thi Nguyn phi i mt vi
nguy c cnh tranh gay gt hn ngay c trn
th trng ni a. Cc sn phm du lch ca
tnh c th s phi cnh tranh vi cc sn
phm ca mt s nc trong khu vc hoc
ca cc a phng khc trong nc nh Bc
Kn, Lng Sn.
Xu th ny i hi Thi Nguyn phi c cc
gii php v chnh sch ph hp trong cc
chin lc pht trin ca mnh nhm nng cao
kh nng cnh tranh ngy cng c nhiu sn
phm c kh nng cnh tranh trn th trng
trong nc v quc t nh ct gim thu i
vi nhiu loi hng ha cng nghip, thit b
in t, nng thy sn; tng cng quan h
hp tc kinh t, thng mi v u t....
* Vn chi ph sn xut
Nh nhng u i v iu kin tip cn th
trng v thu quan do hi nhp mang li,
cc doanh nghip sn xut trong nc ni
chung v cc doanh nghip ca Thi Nguyn
ni ring c th nhp khu vt t, nguyn
liu, my mc, trang thit b (nht l my
mc, trang thit b cng nghip luyn kim,
ch bin nng sn thc phm) vi mc thu
quan nhp khu thp, nh gim c chi
ph sn xut, h gi thnh sn phm v nng
cao kh nng cnh tranh.

91
* Vn tip cn tin b khoa hc v
cng ngh
Hi nhp kinh t quc t cho php Thi
Nguyn tip cn d dng hn nhiu vi nhng
thnh tu khoa hc v cng ngh hin i ca
th gii. Nhng tin b khoa hc v cng
ngh trong lnh vc ging cy trng, vt nui,
thm canh, chn nui theo phng thc cng
nghip, nui trng thy sn, luyn kim, ch
bin nng sn, kinh doanh thng mi, dch
v... m Thi Nguyn c th tip cn c
trong bi cnh hi nhp s to iu kin cho
tnh a dng ha cy trng, vt nui, tng
ng k nng sut cy trng, vt nui; sn
xut, ch bin cc sn phm c cht lng
cao t tiu chun quc gia v xut khu; p
dng cc phng thc qun l v kinh doanh
hin i, t tiu chun khu vc v quc t.
* Vn hp tc kinh t gia Thi Nguyn
vi cc nc
Thi Nguyn c nhiu tim nng hp tc vi
cc quc gia chu (ASEAN, Trung Quc)
v du lch. Vic cc nc ASEAN c cc
chng trnh xc tin hp tc du lch nh
ASEAN mt im n l c hi tt
Thi Nguyn hp tc vi cc nc hnh thnh
cc tour du lch xuyn , thu ht ngy cng
nhiu khch quc t v ni a. Tuy nhin,
iu ny cn c thc hin trong khun kh
chung v hp tc du lch gia nc ta vi cc
nc ASEAN.
Thi Nguyn cn c kh nng hp tc pht
trin cng nghip luyn kim vi cc nc sn
xut ln v hin i trong khu vc, trc ht
l Trung Quc v Hn Quc.
Xu hng chung ca cc nc cng nghip
c thu nhp cao l chuyn giao dn cc
ngnh s dng nhiu lao ng v ti nguyn
thin nhin sang cc nc ang pht trin
c thu nhp thp, ngun lao ng di do
v giu ti nguyn thin nhin. y l c
hi rt ln Thi Nguyn hp tc v thu
ht u t nc ngoi.
Ngoi ra, Thi Nguyn c nhiu kh nng hp
tc v nghin cu v o to vi cc nc v
l ni tp trung ng cc trng i hc, cao
ng, trung hc dy ngh....
Vi mi trng u t hp dn ca c nc,
hn na h thng kt cu h tng ca tnh
c ci thin ng k trong nhng nm gn
y, theo nh gi ca nhiu nh u t nc
ngoi , trin vng u t trc tip nc ngoi
(FDI) vo nc ta ni chung v Thi Nguyn
ni ring l tng i kh quan. Tnh cn tn
dng hiu qu ngun vn ny nng cao
nng lc sn xut v kh nng cnh tranh ca
mt s ngnh v sn phm ca mnh, nht l
cng nghip ch to c kh, cng nghip in
t, tin hc, gio dc o to. Mt xu th ni
bt trong lung FDI quc t l cc cng ty,
tp on ln trn th gii ang u t ngy
cng nhiu vo xy dng cc trung tm
thng mi, khch sn, khu ngh dng, vui
chi gii tr cao cp cc nc ang pht
trin, nht l cc nc chu . Do vy, Thi
Nguyn c th tranh th ngun vn ny
pht trin c s h tng cho du lch v mt s
lnh vc dch v khc, to thm vic lm cho
ngi lao ng, ng thi tranh th tip cn
nhng k nng qun l, kinh doanh dch v
hin i.
Vi s tc ng ca bi cnh quc t v khu
vc, cng vi nhng tim nng sn c ca
mnh, Thi Nguyn s tng bc khc phc
nhng tn ti, bt cp. Thi Nguyn s tip
tc hon thnh s mnh l mt trong nhng
trung tm kinh t, vn ha, x hi ca vng
trung du min ni Bc B v l ca ng giao
lu kinh t - x hi gia vng trung du min
ni Bc B vi vng ng bng Bc B. Vic
nh hng kinh t - x hi pht trin theo
hng Cng nghip ha s gp phn lm tng
nng lc sn xut cng nghip ca tnh, thc
y s pht trin cng nghip ca c vng.
Mt khc, vai tr ca tnh c nng cao
trong vic thc y giao lu kinh t, thng
mi trong vng v gia vng vi cc a
phng trong nc cng vi cc nc khc,
nht l cc nc trong khu vc.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Nin gim thng k tnh Thi Nguyn -Thai
Nguyen Statistical YearBook (2009),Thi Nguyn,
4/2010.
[2]. Thi Nguyn- Th v lc mi trong th k
XXI, Nh Xut bn Chnh tr Quc gia, 2005.
[3]. Tnh y- Hi ng nhn dn - y ban nhn
dn tnh Thi Nguyn, a ch Thi Nguyn, NXB
Chnh tr Quc gia, 2009.
[4]. y ban nhn dn tnh Thi Nguyn, Bo co
quy hoch tng th pht trin kinh t - x hi tnh
Thi Nguyn n nm 2020, 5/2007.

92

SUMMARY
THE IMPACT FACTORS TO THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL THAI NGUYEN

Hoang Thi My Hanh
*

College of Education Thai Nguyen University

In the non-stop movement and a vigorous economy and socio- country, implementing creative
renewal of the Party in the circumstances of the local economy from a mainly agricultural, with the
existing potentials, Thai Nguyen province has contributed significantly to economic development -
national society. With the joint efforts of the 13 years since the re-establishment (1997-2010), the
Party and people of Thai Nguyen has gained initial achievements in important economic sectors -
social, but also also reveal the shortcomings and inadequacies need to be overcome. In that
development, the impact of international context and the region plays an important role for
economic development - social, Thai Nguyen province.
Keyword: Thai Nguyn, economy, social, cultural, integration

*
Tel: 0942781982; Email: hanh.dhsp@yahoo.com
ng Huy Ngn Tp ch KHOA HC & CNG NGH 79(03): 93 - 98

93

QUN TR RI RO TRONG U T CHNG KHON

ng Huy Ngn
*
Trng i hc Kinh t Quc dn

TM TT
Bi vit tri nh ba y c s ly thuy t ca hai m hnh : m hi nh phn tch trung bnh - phng sai ,m
hnh Black-Scholes. Trn c s o ta c gia a ra ca c phng a n u t nh m ha n ch ru i ro cho
nh u t khi tham gia thi tr ng ch ng khoa n.
T kha: Mean- variance analysis, portfolios, option, European option

M U
*

T nhng nm 50 ca th k trc Harry
Markowitz nghin cu l thuyt qun l
danh mc u t. Ni dung ch yu ca n
cp ti vic a dng ho v phn tn ri ro
trn c s la chn mt s chng khon
tng quan hoc tng quan yu nhm hn
ch ri ro ton cc ca danh mc u t. Nm
1973 hai nha kinh t kim toa n ho c My la
Fisher Black va Myron Scholes cho ra i m
hnh Bl ack-Scholes i nh gia ta i sa n trong
m t thi tr ng v i th i gian lin tu c .T k t
qu ta c th nh gi chng khon v cc
h p ng quy n cho n r i a ra ca c
phng a n u t phu h p . Ti Vit Nam,
nhng nghin cu ton ng dng trong ti
chnh ni chung cn i t , tuy nhin cng c
nhiu kt qu kh su sc. Bi vit ny c p
n mt lnh vc khoa hc mi m v ha
hn nhiu ng dng trong tng lai.
M HNH PHN TCH TRUNG BNH -
PHNG SAI
Mt bi ton quan trng trong qun l danh
mc u t l ta phi la chn cc chng
khon, t trng gi tr ca chng khon sao
cho va gim thp nht ri ro (phng sai hay
lch chun ca li sut nh nht) va t
c mt mc li nhun mc tiu no .
a) Bin hiu dng: Gi s mt nh u t c
n ti sn u t vi vc t li nhun l
1 2 n
S (S , S ,..., S ) = v vc t trung bnh

*
Email: danghuyngan@gmail.com
1 2 n
( , ,..., ) = . Ta xt tp cc trung bnh
v lch chun ca phng n u t l:
| |
( ) { }
2
( ' ), ' ( ' ; ; ' 1
n
A E S E S E S e o o o o o = e =
Trong 2 phng n u t c cng lch
chun, phng n u t no c li nhun
trung bnh cao hn c gi l phng n
tri. Nu 2 phng n c cng li nhun
trung bnh, phng n no c lch chun
thp hn c gi l phng n tri hn.
Bin hiu dng ca tp A l tp tt c cc cp
trung bnh, lch chun m chng khng
c lm tri hn bi 1 phng n u t no
trong A.
Nh u t ng nhin quan tm nhiu n
bin hiu dng ny c th a ra quyt
nh u t.
xc nh bin hiu dng ca mt tp A, ta
xt bi ton: cho trc mc li nhun e m
v cc tiu ho lch chun (bi ton cho
trc lch chun v ti a ha li nhun
c gii quyt tng t).
Gi s ma trn hip phng sai ca cc c
phiu l ma trn i xng xc nh dng
| | E (S )(S )' I = . Gi c l ma trn cn
bc 2 ca I ngha l . ' I = c c . Ta c cc bi
ton sau:
Bi ton 1:
1
2
' . . min o I o vi rng buc
1 ' e
' . m
o =
o =


94
S dng phng php nhn t Lagrange gii
h iu kin cn
1 2
' 1
'
e
e
m
o
o
o
I = +

ta tm c phng n u t = o q u m ,
vi:
1 1
1
2 2
2
1
1
-1 -1 -1
-1 -1 -1
-1 -1 -1 ' -1
( ') [(e' e).( ') -(e' ) .e]
( ') (e' ) ( ' ) .e
.e . . (( .e) ( . ))

q = c I c I c
( u = c I I c
A = c c c c

Do tnh li ca hm mc tiu v tnh tuyn
tnh ca rng buc nn iu kin c tho
mn. lch chun khi l:
'
f(m) (m v) (m v) = q I q .
Ta cng chng minh c tnh li ca ng
bin hiu dng
{ }
0
( , ( )); A m f m m m
+
c = > (1)
vi
0
' '
' '
e
m
e e
q u
q q
I I
= =
I I
. Khi ng bin
hiu dng l ng cong pha di vi ng
tim cn
0
( ) ' q q c = I m m .
b) Th trng tin t: Xt th trng vi t
sut li nhun l r,
0
0 r m s < . Trn s
ti sn ny biu din bi im (r,0).
Bi ton 2: Nh u t phi kt hp u t
vo mt ti sn khng ri ro v mt phng
n u t C no thuc bin hiu dng AE
theo cch no hiu qu li xut hin.
T im (r,0) k tip tuyn ti ng bin
hiu dng vi tip im l ( )
* *
, m c v ta gi
tip tuyn ny l ng gi tr. Ta c th
chng minh cc phng n trn ng gi tr
c u th hn so vi cc phng n kt hp
gia mt im trn bin hiu dng v im
(r,0).
T h iu kin
* * * *
* * *
*
*
*
( ) '
( ) ( ) '( )
' ( )
'( )
( )
f m
f m m r f m
m
f m
f m
o o
q q u
= c = I
I
=

* * *
( ) '
( ) '
r
m m
r
u q u
o q u
u q q
I
= =
I

A

E

M

c=f(m)

c= (m-m
0
)
'
. . q q I

0

r,0

m
0
,0

m
*
m

c
*
c
p


95
Nh v y v i m hi nh th i gian r i ra c ta co
th a ra phng a n u t hi u qua , tuy
nhin ca c di n bi n ta i chi nh di n ra nhanh
chng v kh lng, nh u t gp kh khn
trong vi c i u chi nh danh mu c u t theo y
mu n, cu ho i t ra la li u co ca ch u t
no khc va em li li nhun va hn ch
t i thi u ru i ro trn thi tr ng ch ng khoa n
hay khng?
M HNH BLACK-SCHOLES
Gi s ta c mt th trng hot ng lin
tc,c li sut khng i, n gin ta cha
xt chi ph giao dch v c tc ca c
phi u.K hiu S
t
l gi c phiu ti thi im
t,
t
dS l lng thay i ca gi c phiu trong
khong thi gian [t,t + dt]. Ta gia s thay
i tng i v gia ti l thu n v i da i th i
gian v i m t ty l no :
t
t
dS
dt
S
~ .
Ngoi ra ta phi k n tc ng ca yu t
ng u nhin trong thi tr ng . Cc yu t ngu
nhin ta o nn m t loa i nhi u ng u nhin .
n gia n ta xe t nhi u ng u nhin co phn ph i
xc sut chun th hin qua vi phn ngu
nhin
t
dB ca mt chuyn ng Brown
t
B v i m t h s ty l la o no .Do o ta
t:
t
t t t t t
t
dS
dt dB dS S dt S dB
S
= +o = +o
a) Cng th c It va cng th c nghi m cu a
phng tri nh m hi nh Black-Scholes:
Xt qu trnh It dX
t
=a(X
t
,t)dt+b(X
t
,t)dz (1),
a la ph n qua n tnh t thay i ca X
t
, b l
m c thay i ng u nhin theo th i gian (N u
nghin c u thi tr ng gia c phi u ph thng
th hu ht chng u c mt b phn cu
thnh ca gi tr t thay i c qun tnh ko
nh t i nh v phn b sung thm cho phn
ng u nhin).
By gi gia s Y la ha m cu a qua tri nh It v a
cho ,v n la xa c i nh
t
dY .
Xt trong mt khong thi gian nht nh
cng th c (1) c th vit xp x nh sau:

t
X a t bdz. t A = A + A

Loi b cc s hng t o hm cp 3 tr i ta
c:

Cho x dx; t dt A A ta c
2
2
2
1
2
t
Y Y Y Y
dY (a b )dt b .dz
X t X X
c c c c
= + + +
c c c c

y chi nh la cng th c It m t chi u.By gi
ta t ha m
2
1
2
f(t, x) exp ( )t x

= o +o
`
)
;
Xt qu trnh
2
0
1
2
t t t
S S exp ( )t B f(t, B )

= o +o =
`
)

Ta co
2 2
2
2
2
f f f
( )f ; f ; f
t x x
c o c c
= = o = o
c c c

p dng cng thc tch phn It trn ta
c
t t t t
dS S dt S dB = +o

96
Nh v y phng tri nh th hi n gia c phi u
theo th i gian lin tu c la
2
0
1
2
t t
S S exp ( )t B

= o +o
`
)

b) i nh gia quy n cho n b ng m t phng a n
u t ba o h :
Xt mt quyn chn mua mt c phiu vi
gi thc thi X thi im o hn l T ;k hiu
T
S l gi c phiu ti thi im T.
+ Gi V(S,t) l gi mt quyn chn mua ,gi
thi t ha m V (S,t) l hm hai bin kh vi n
m t c p na o o . Ta se i xy d ng cng th c
tnh ca V(S,t).
S du ng cng th c khai tri n Taylor va t hay
dS b ng bi u th c trong m hi nh Black -
Scholes, th c hi n ti nh toa n nh mu c 2 ta
c phng tri nh a o ha m ring:
2
2 2
2
1
2
V V V V
dV S S dt S dB
t S S S
| | c c c c
= + + o +o
|
c c c c
\ .

(2)
Ta se cn b ng gia tri cu a quy n cho n b ng
cch to ra mt phng n u t c ng gia tri
do o ta co phng tri nh
t t t
V(S , t) .S P = o +| (3)
S
t
l gi mt c phiu,
t
P l gi mt tri phiu
tha mn cc phng trnh
t t t t
dS S dt S dB = +o ;
t t
dP rPdt =
3 ( ) dV ( S r P)dt SdB = o + | +oo
Cn b ng bi u th c dV na y v i cng th c (2)
ta c:
t
V
(t) (S , t)
S
c
o =
c
;
2
2 2
2
1
2
V V
r P S
t S
c c
| = + o
c c

M t kha c
V
P V S V S
S
c
| = o =
c

2
2 2
2
1
2
V V V
r(V S ) S
S t S
c c c
= + o
c c c

2
2 2
2
1
0
2
V V V
S rS rV
t S S
c c c
+ o + =
c c c

Gii phng trnh o hm ring trn vi cc
i u ki n bin:
i)V(S, T) (S X)
+
=
1
S
V(S, T)
ii) lim
S
=
iii) N u ta i
0
t t = m
0
0 S(t ) = th V(S,t) = 0
ti mi
0
t t >
Ta c k t qua :
1 2
rT
t t
V(S , t) S N(d ) Xe N(d )
=
V i
2
1 2 1
1
2
S
d ln (r )T ;d d T
X T
( o
= + + = o
(
o

2
2
1
2
x u
N(x) e du
=
t
}

+ Gi quyn chn bn kiu Chu u: Nh u
t th c hi n mua m t c phi u v i gia S , bn
m t quy n cho n mua v i gia C , ng th i
cng mua mt quy n cho n ba n v i gia P (gi
th c thi X , v thi gian o hn T ging nh
quy n cho n mua). Gi s th trng khng c
chnh thi gia .
Ta co ng th c
rT
(S P C)e X + =
rT
P C S e .X
= + .Thay cng th c gia

quy n cho n mua va o va bi n i ta c
cng th c Black-Scholes i v i quy n cho n
bn l
1 2
rT
t t
P(S , t) S N( d ) Xe N( d )
= +
V d : Ta s du ng chu i gia c phi u cu a
cng ty CP ch ng khoa n Sa i Gn SSI ti thi
i m o ng c a k t ngy 25/1/2006 n
ngy 03/03/2011.
T ta c c chui li sut tng ng, v
thu c dao ng theo ngy ca chui li
sut SSI: = 0.030595
- dao ng theo nm ca chui li sut
SSI:
483749 . 0 030595 . 0 * 250 * 250 ~ ~ ~
ngy n
o o
- Tri phiu c k hn 5 nm, pht hnh ngy
15/6/2010, o hn ngy 1/6/2015, li sut
danh ngha l 11,33%/nm, nh vy ta c th
ly mc li sut phi ri ro R
f
= 11.33%
- Ta tin hnh nh gi quyn chn mua hoc
bn kiu u v c phiu SSI, k hn 6 thng,
gi hin thi ca c phiu SSI tm ly l gi
ng ca ca SSI ngy 03/03/2011:
SSI=22 000 VND.

97
- Gi thc thi ca quyn chn: X=22 000 VND
- Vi cc thng s trn ta hon ton tnh c
gi ca Call v Put kiu u trn. Nhp cc d
liu u vo vo bng tnh Excel ta cng thu
c: C = 3600 VND; P = 2300 VND
PHNG N U T C BN C S
DNG QUYN CHN
Xt mt nh u t u t vo c phiu S.Sau
y la m t s kha nng u t c ba n co s
dng quyn chn
a) Tr ng h p nha u t khng co trong tay
c phi u
* N u gia c phi u hi n ta i la S
0
nh u t
sau khi phn ti ch a ra d ba o gia c phi u
c th tng gi ln gi S
T
ti thi im T .
Nhng co th n th i i m T gia la i gim
khng u ng nh d ba o. Th thi trong tr ng
h p na y , va gim thiu ri ro m vn thc
hi n theo d ba o nha u t co th u t va o
m t quy n cho n mua c phi u v i gia th c
hi n
0
S ti thi im T . V l i nhu n thu
c la max{S
T
- S
0
,0} - C. Nh v y ru i ro
l n nh t ma nha u t pha i chi u la C -gi
quy n cho n mua . Khng nh ng th s v n
ban u bo ra chi la C ( nhiu th trng
trn th gi i gia c phi u co th la r t cao, do
v y n u u t tr c ti p va o c phi u thi s
v n bo ra cu ng se l n va khng pha i ai cu ng
th c hi n u t tr c ti p c).
By gi co m t v n t ra la n u trong
khong thi gian t nay cho n thi im
o hn T nu gi c phiu tng mnh n gi
T'
S no (m T<T, ngha l cha thc hin
c quy n cho n mua ) nh u t mu n gi
l i nhu n, phng trng hp gi c th gim
v y nha u t se ha n h ng nh th na o , v
gi S
T
no m bo li nhun.
Trn c s phn ti ch ta co th a ra phng
n nh sau:
+ Phng a n 1: Nh u t bn quyn chn
mua a co v i gia l n hn
rT'
Ce hin thc
ha li nhu n.
+ Phng a n 2: Nh u t mua thm mt
quy n cho n ba n (gi quyn chn bn k hiu
l P
T
) v i th i i m a o ha n la T, gi thc thi
chnh l gi S
T
. thu c l i nhu n l n
hn l i nhu n cu a ta i sa n phi ru i ro t h ta phi
c bt ng thc
0
rT r(T T')
T' T'
P S S Ce .e

( s

* Ng c la i n u nha u t phn ti ch kha
nng gia c phi u na o o co th se gia m nha
u t se mua quy n cho n ba n v i gia th c
hi n
0
S ti th i i m T . V li nhun thu
c la max{S
0
- S
T
,0} - P. Trong tr ng h p
ny ri ro ln nht m nh u t phi chu l
P-gi quyn chn bn.Cng tng t nh trn
n u gia gia m su ta i th i i m T cha pha i
th i i m a o hn th nh u t c th bn
quy n cho n ba n a co v i gia phu h p hi n
th c ho a l i nhu n ho c mua thm m t quy n
chn mua (v i gia th c hi n
T'
S v thi im
a o ha n la T )v thu c l i nhun ln
hn l i nhu n cu a ta i sa n phi ru i ro thi ta pha i
c bt ng thc
0
rT r(T T')
T' T'
C S S Pe .e

( s

* N u nha u t khng co c phi u va th c
hi n phng a n u t nh sau : Mua m t
quy n cho n mua c phi u S v i gia C (gi
th c thi la X, th i gian cho n a o ha n la T);
ng th i cu ng la i ba n m t quy n cho n ba n
v i gia P (gi thc thi v thi gian o hn
nh quy n cho n mua ). V i phng a n na y se
a m ba o gia th c thi trong mo i ti nh hu ng la
X va l i nhu n cu a nha u t la

T
(P C) (S X) t = +
Trong cng th c trn s ha ng (P-C) l s
chnh l ch gi a gia quy n cho n mua va ba n
v i cu ng thng s ky thu t do o la tng i
nh ;nh v y l i nhu n ch yu ph thuc
vo hiu s S
T
- X m thc cht l lng thay
i gia gi a gia c phi u lu c a o ha n va gia
th c thi ; trong nhi u tr ng h p hi u s co
th la s dng l n (l i nhu n cao), ng c la i
cng c th m nhi u (t n th t l n).Hn n a
chi phi bo ra ban u la (P C) nh nn c
th th c hi n nhi u quy n cho n do v y co th
c li nhun rt ln,ng c la i nha u t cu ng
c th ph sn.V vy ta gi u t theo ca ch
ny l s u t ca nhng nh u t a
mo him.Trong cng th c trn n u gia th c
thi b ng gia hi n ta i thi ta co th xem phng

98
n u t trn nh s mt nh cc vo s
tng gia cu a c phi u sau khong thi gian T.
Tr la i vi du mu c 3 trn gi s nh u t
220 tri u va o c phi u SSI ngay thi l i nhu n
sau 6 thng na l
1
10000 22
T
(S ) t = trong
khi o n u u t h t va o quy n cho n mua
v i gia th c hi n 22000 th li nhun l
2 2 1
170000 22 17
T
(S ) t ~ t ~ t
b) Tr ng h p nha u t co trong tay c
phi u:
Gi s bn l c ng ca mt cng ty nim
y t vi m t ly do na o o ba n khng mu n ba n
c phi u cu a mi nh nhng la i lo l ng v gi c
phi u co th gia m . Bn c th mua quyn
chn bn vi gi hin ti . V i ca ch na y ba n
m t phi la P a m ba o gia tri c phi u ng
th i cu ng gi c l i nhu n trong tr ng
h p gia c phi u tng.
- M t ca ch kha c ba n co th xem xe t la ba n
bn quyn chn mua vi s lng ph hp
v gi thc thi cao (Trong tr ng h p na y
n u gia c phi u i ngang th p hn gia th c
thi thi l i nhu n ma ba n thu c la gia
quy n cho n mua).

TI LIU THAM KHO
[1].Vng Qun Hong, Ng Phng Ch:
Nguyn l ti chnh - Ton ca th trng ti
chnh Nxb chnh tr quc gia 2000.
[2].Nguyn Duy Tin, V Vit Yn: L thuyt xc
sut, Nxb. Gio dc, 2001
[3].Trn Hng Thao (2003): Nhp mn Ton hc
ti chnh; Nxb Khoa hc v K thut .
[4].A.N. Shiryaev; Essentials of Stochastic
Finance,1999, world Scientific.
[5].David.C.Hedth,Glen Swindle and
Editor,Introduction to Mathematical Finance,San
Diego,Califorlia,1997.

SUMMARY
RISK MANAGEMENT IN STOCK MARKET

Dang Huy Ngan
*
National Economics University

Vietnamese stock market is newly established and inherits a great deal of potential risks. Therefore,
how to manage risk wisely when investing in the market is essential for investors. This paper
presents two theoretical models: mean-variance analysis model and Black- Scholes model, in which
stochastic differentials and stochastic integrals are used. We also apply the models to propose several
investment plans for investors in order to reduce the risk when participating the market.
Keywords: Mean- variance analysis, portfolios, option, European option

*
Email: danghuyngan@gmail.com
V Xun Hng v TG Tp ch KHOA HC & CNG NGH 79(03): 99 - 103

99

THC TP S PHM V THC TRNG NNG LC S PHM
CA I NG GIO VIN DY NGH

V Xun Hng
1*
, Trng i c
2

1
Tng cc Dy ngh,
2
Trng Cao ng Kinh t K thut - H Thi Nguyn

TM TT
Bi vit trnh by nhng nghin cu v nh hng ca hot ng thc tp s phm ti nng lc s
phm ca i ng gio vin dy ngh nh nng lc dy hc, nng lc gio dc, nng lc qun l, t
chc hot ng s phm. Bn cnh bi vit c nhng phn tch, nh gi lm r thc trng
nng lc dy hc, nng lc gio dc v nng lc qun l, t chc qu trnh dy hc ca i ng gio
vin dy ngh lm c s xut gii php nng cao cht lng hot ng thc tp s phm ti cc
trng s phm k thut, nng cao nng lc s phm ca i ng gio vin dy ngh. Theo ,
hng tip cn o to theo nng lc thc hin c coi l gii php hiu qu nng cao cht
lng hot ng thc tp s phm, t nng cao nng lc s phm ca gio vin.
T kha: S phm k thut; Nng lc s phm, Thc tp s phm; Gio vin dy ngh;Nng lc
thc hin

Chin lc pht trin ngun nhn lc, nht l
ngun nhn lc lao ng k thut l mt
trong nhng yu t quan trng trong pht
trin kinh t-x hi ca mi quc gia, trong
c Vit Nam. p ng yu cu pht
trin ngun nhn lc, mt trong nhng nhim
v cp bch hin nay l pht trin o to
ngh ni chung, i ng gio vin dy ngh
(GVDN) ni ring.
*

Trong thi gian qua, cng vi vic pht trin
mng li c s dy ngh, i ng GVDN
cng c pht trin mnh c v s lng v
cht lng, ng gp quan trng vo vic o
to ngun nhn lc cho s nghip cng
nghip ha, hin i ha ca t nc. Tuy
nhin, thc t cho thy nng lc ni chung,
nng lc s phm k thut ca i ng
GVDN tt nghip cc trng s phm k
thut ni ring cn nhiu bt cp. Trong nhiu
nguyn nhn, c nguyn nhn su xa t vic
o to ni chung, t chc thc tp s phm
(TTSP) ni ring trong qu trnh o to
GVDN ti cc trng s phm k thut
(SPKT). Do vy, thi gian ti y, bn cnh
nhiu gii php nng cao nng lc i ng
GVDN i hi phi tm ra c nhng gii
php ngay trong hot ng o to, TTSP
nng cao nng lc s phm cho sinh vin,
ngi GVDN tng lai.

*
Tel: 098.375.2225; Email: hungvdtn@gmail.com
NH HNG CA TTSP TI NNG LC
S PHM NGI GVDN
o to s phm k thut c th ni l hot
ng phc tp nht trong cc hot ng o
to s phm. i tng sinh vin trong cc
trng s phm k thut l nhng gio vin
tng lai, ngi quyt nh quan trng cht
lng ngun nhn lc lao ng k thut trc
tip cho quc gia. Do vy, nhng yu cu v
nng lc t ra i vi ngi hc trong qu
trnh o to rt cao, h va c nng lc ca
nh s phm, va c nng lc ca nh chuyn
mn ngh nghip v va c nng lc ca nh
hot ng x hi. Nhng i hi hnh
thnh nn nng lc s phm k thut ca
ngi GVDN (H1).
Hnh 1. M hnh cu trc nng lc
s phm k thut

Nng lc SPKT

Nng lc
chuyn
mn

Nng
lc s
phm

Nng lc
x hi

100
Trong cc nng lc trn, nng lc s phm
c coi l nng lc chuyn bit, c trng
ca nng lc s phm k thut. Nng lc s
phm l t hp nhng c im tm l ca
nhn cch nhm p ng cc yu cu ca hot
ng s phm v quyt nh s thnh cng
ca hot ng s phm. Nng lc s phm
ta nh l hnh chiu ca hot ng s phm.
Nng lc s phm mt mt c hnh thnh
v pht trin thng qua qu trnh o to ti
cc trng s phm k thut v mt khc l
thng qua giai on TTSP.
TTSP c coi l mt bc trong quy trnh
rn luyn nng lc s phm, l giai on
luyn tp nng cao trn i tng thc.
Thng qua giai on ny, ngi hc tin hnh
cng c, vn dng kin thc l thuyt, rn
luyn k nng bng vic thc hin mt cch
tng i c lp nhim v dy hc, gio dc
v cng qua hnh thnh v pht trin nng
lc s phm ca ngi GVDN.
Nng lc s phm c hnh thnh t nhiu
cc nng lc. Tuy nhin, trong c mt s
nng lc ng vai tr ch yu, quyt nh n
nng lc ny l: Nng lc dy hc, nng
lc gio dc v nng lc qun l, t chc hot
ng s phm [3].
Nng lc dy hc (bao gm c dy l thuyt
v thc hnh ngh hoc dy tch hp) l mt
nng lc tng hp ca nhiu nng lc v l
nng lc quan trng trong nng lc s phm.
Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta ch cn
thng qua nng lc dy hc cng c th nh
gi c nng lc s phm ca ngi GVDN.
Nng lc dy hc c biu hin qua cc
nng s phm nh nng lc thit k dy hc
(son gio n, cng, nghin cu ti liu
ging dy, chun b cc iu kin bi hc);
nng lc s dng phng php dy hc (la
chn, vn dng, phi hp...); nng lc chun
b, s dng cc phng tin dy hc; nng lc
giao tip (s dng ngn ng ni, vit, ngn
ng hnh th...); nng lc kim tra, nh gi.
Ngoi ra, nng lc dy hc cn th hin
thng qua cc nng lc khc na nh nng
lc phn tch chng trnh o to; nng
lc vit, v trn bng; nng lc d gi, rt
kinh nghim v.v....
Mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng ca
ngi GVDN l hnh thnh nhn cch ngi
lao ng mi cho th h tr. Mun vy, ngi
GVDN phi c nng lc gio dc ngh
nghip. Nng lc th hin kh nng cm
ha, thuyt phc hc sinh ca ngi thy.
Ngi GVDN phi bit c im tm l ca
tng ngi hc c phng php gio dc
ph hp vi tng i tng, nht l vi i
tng c bit. Mun lm tt cng tc gio
dc, ngi GVDN phi thc s gng mu
v mi mt ngi hc noi theo. TTSP
khng ch l iu kin rn luyn cc nng lc
dy hc m cn l mi trng thun li
ngi hc vn dng nhng hiu bit v tm l
hc, gio dc hc vo t chc hot ng gio
dc khng ch trong gi hc m cn c ngoi
gi hc. V vy, ngi GVDN s c c hi v
iu kin rn luyn cc nng lc s phm
cn thit nh: Nng lc xy dng k hoch
cho cc hot ng s phm; nng lc hnh
dung c hiu qu ca cc tc ng gio
dc; cc nng lc lm cng tc ch nhim;
nng lc t chc cc hot ng gio dc
ton din v.v
Dy hc, thc cht l qu trnh t chc hot
ng dy hc v gio dc theo ngha hp, v
vy i hi ngi GVDN phi c nng lc
qun l, t chc qu trnh ny. Nng lc qun
l, t chc qu trnh hot ng th hin s
phi hp nhp nhng nhng hot ng ca
thy v tr trong dy l thuyt, thc hnh
ngh, tham quan thc t v cc hot ng
ngoi kha. Nng lc ny c biu hin qua
cc nng lc nh: Nng lc t chc hot
ng tp th trong gi hc (hot ng
nhm); nng lc t chc hot ng thc
hnh, thc tp; nng lc x l thng tin;
nng lc lp k hoch; nng lc t chc thc
hin nhim v gio dc, o to; nng lc
ch o, iu hnh v.v
Nh vy, nh hng ca giai on TTSP
trong qu trnh o to GVDN ti cc trng
s phm k thut l r. Qu trnh TTSP
m bo cht lng tt s gip cho ngi
ngi hc, ngi GVDN tng lai thc hin
tt nhim v ging dy, gio dc, t chc v
lun vng vng trong thc tin ngh nghip
a dng v phong ph.

101
THC TRNG NNG LC S PHM
CA I NG GIO VIN GVDN
Trong nhng nm gn y, i ng GVDN
pht trin nhanh chng. Theo s liu thng k
ca Tng cc Dy ngh, tnh n thng 12 nm
2009, c nc c 20.195 GVDN ti cc trng
cao ng ngh, trung cp ngh v trung tm
dy ngh, trong , 4.678 gio vin ti cc
trng cao ng ngh, 9.583 gio vin ti cc
trng trung cp ngh v 5.934 gio vin ti
cc trung tm dy ngh. Ngoi ra, cn c gn
16.000 gio vin thuc cc c s gio dc c
tham gia dy ngh, trong , ring 142 trng
i hc, cao ng, trung cp chuyn nghip c
7.006 gio vin tham gia dy ngh [7].
Gp phn vo vic pht trin s lng i
ng GVDN, mng li cc trng s phm
k thut o to GVDN c cng c,
pht trin. Tnh n nm 2009, c nc c 4
trng i hc s phm k thut (HSPKT)
(Trng HSPKT Hng Yn, HSPKT Nam
nh, HSPKT Vinh, HSPKT Thnh ph
H Ch Minh), 01 trng cao ng s phm
k thut (Trng Cao ng s phm k thut
Vnh Long), v 15 khoa s phm k thut ca
mt s trng i hc k thut tham gia o
to GVDN.
Hin nay, mc d khng nhiu nhng s
gio vin tt nghip cc trng s phm k
thut ang ng vai tr nng ct trong cc
c s dy ngh. Tuy nhin, mt iu tra,
kho st trong phm vi c nc vi 112
gio vin ti 40 c s dy ngh (15 trng
cao ng ngh, 10 trng trung cp ngh, 5
trung tm dy ngh) cho thy nng lc s
phm ca i ng GVDN tt nghip cc
trng s phm k thut cn yu, mc d
c o to c bn, c th:
- Thc trng v nng lc dy hc
Theo kt qu iu tra, kho st v nng lc
dy hc (gm c dy l thuyt v thc hnh
hoc tch hp), trong 215 gio vin c 15 gio
vin t loi gii (chim 6,97%), 45 gio vin
t loi kh (chim 20,92%), 75 gio vin loi
trung bnh (chim 34,87%) v 80 gio vin
loi yu (chim 37,2%). Trong s 80 gio
vin loi yu th c 52 l gio vin tr mi ra
trng. S gio vin t loi kh, gii u l
gio vin c thm nin ging dy t 3 nm
tr ln.
Thng qua kt qu iu tra, kho st cho thy
i ng GVDN l nhng ngi tt nghip cc
trng s phm k thut bc l nhng
im yu v nng lc dy hc nh sau:
+ Vic thit k dy hc (son gio n) thiu
tnh khoa hc, thun ty da trn ni dung
dy hc, rt t gio vin quan tm n vic
xc nh ng mc tiu dy hc cng nh
phn tch dy hc. Gio n ch l mt ti liu
lit k li dn bi v ni dung chnh, km theo
tn phng php ging dy m gio vin chn
hoc cm thy nn chn, khng th hin c
hot ng hc v cc tiu ch phi t c
ca hot ng hc. S phn b ni dung, thi
gian cha hp l nht l trong phn hng
dn thc hnh; Cn mt s gio vin xc nh
khng ng mc tiu dy hc, nhm ln gia
mc tiu dy v mc tiu hc, gia mc tiu
v yu cu;
+ Cha nm vng cc phng php dy hc,
nn la chn phng php khng ph hp vi
ni dung v i tng. Khi thuyt trnh, gio
vin khng th hin c mc tiu dy hc,
v th hc sinh khng c nh hng c
vn . Khi m thoi, sau khi t cu hi
nhiu gio vin yu cu hc sinh tr li
ngay. Nu hc sinh tr li ng th gio vin
chuyn sang hat ng khc, nu sai th gio
vin truy n cng hoc l t tr li. Nh
th, thc s cha c s i thoi trong gi
hc v khng nh gi ng mc cu tr li
ca hc sinh. Do vy, cha pht huy c
tnh tch cc ca hc sinh bin qu trnh
o to thnh qu trnh t o to.
+ Hn ch v nng lc s dng phng tin
dy hc, lm dng cc phng tin trc quan,
nht l cc phng tin dy hc hin i lm
cho bi ging tr thnh ni ph din thit b,
cng ngh m hiu qu tc ng n ngi
hc thp.
+ Yu v s dng ngn ng, din t khng
r rng, ngi hc kh tip thu bi.
+ Vic kim tra, nh gi kt qu hc tp
nng v thnh tch, khng thc hin c
chc nng quan trng ca kim tra, nh gi
trong qu trnh dy hc.

102
- Thc trng nng lc gio dc
Theo kt qu iu tra, kho st c 23,25%
gio vin yu v nng lc gio dc. Chm
phn ln trong s gio vin yu k trn l s
gio vin tr, c thm nin t 1 n 2 nm,
cha c nhiu kinh nghim gio dc. Nhng
im yu c bn v nng lc gio dc ca
GVDN c bc l nh sau:
+ Cha kt hp c vic gio dc thi
i vi tng cng vic cng nh cc phm
cht ngh nghip thng qua gi ging nht l
i vi cc gi ging l thuyt thun ty, lm
cho qu trnh hnh thnh nhn cch ngi
hc cha c r nt;
+ Cha to cho ngi hc lng say m ngh
nghip;
+ Thiu kinh nghim trong cng tc gio dc
c bit, hay dng mnh lnh, khng lm cho
ngi hc khm phc; x l cc tnh hung
s phm cha kho lo, cng nhc.
Thc trng nng lc qun l, t chc qu
trnh dy hc
V nng lc qun l, t chc qu trnh dy
hc c 7,9% gio vin b xp loi yu v ch
yu trong s gio vin tr mi ra trng. Hn
ch v nng lc qun l, t chc qu trnh dy
hc biu hin c th trn mt s ni dung sau:
+ Thiu tnh k hoch trong cc hot ng
dy hc, hot ng gio dc; cha phi hp
tt c hot ng dy hc v gio dc;
+ T chc qu trnh thc hnh, thc tp cha
ph hp vi quy lut hnh thnh k nng, k
xo ngh nghip nn kt qu thc tp ca hc
sinh cha cao;
+ Thiu kinh nghim trong vic t chc cc
hot ng tp th ca lp hc. Vic t chc hot
ng nhm thc hin mt cch my mc,
cng p, dn n khng t hiu qu cao.
XUT GII PHP NNG CAO NNG
LC S PHM CHO I NG GVDN
Trong nhng nm gn y, vic xy dng,
nng cao cht lng i ng nh gio ni
chung, GVDN ni ring c s quan tm
ca ng v Nh nc. Ch th s 40/CT-TW
ngy 15/6/2004 ca Ban B th Trung ng
ng; Quyt nh s 09/2005/Q-TTg ngy
11/01/2005 ca Th tng Chnh ph
khng nh r mc tiu xy dng i ng nh
gio theo hng chun ha, hin i ha, m
bo cht lng, v s lng, ng b v
c cu tip cn vi chun khu vc v th gii.
nng cao nng lc s phm k thut ni
chung, nng lc s phm cho i ng GVDN
ni ring, ngoi cc gii php nh nng cao
nng lc o to ca cc c s o to, bi
dng GVDN; xy dng li chng trnh, ni
dung o to th cn tp trung vo nhng gii
php c th, mang tnh t ph trong tng
khu, tng giai on ca qu trnh o to ti
cc trng s phm k thut.
Nh trnh by trn, nng lc s phm
ca GVDN c hnh thnh, pht trin ch
yu trong giai on TTSP. Mt khc, thc t
nng lc s phm ca i ng GVDN, nht l
nng lc dy hc, nng lc gio dc v nng
lc qun l, t chc dy hc cn rt yu, do
vy theo chng ti nn t ph vo vic nng
cao cht lng TTSP ti cc trng s phm
k thut theo mt cch tip cn mi: Tip cn
nng lc thc hin.
TTSP theo tip cn nng lc thc hin ch
trng vo u ra ca qu trnh o to, ngha
l ngi hc sau khi kt thc giai on TTSP
c kh nng thc hin nhim v ging dy,
gio dc, qun l v t chc dy hc theo tiu
chun t ra i vi tng nhim v, cng vic
c th, th hin mc cao nht nng lc s
phm ca ngi GVDN, p ng c ngay
nhng i hi ca thc tin gio dc, o to.
Theo hng tip cn ny, gii php trong giai
on trc mt l cn tp trung nghin cu,
vn dng, trin khai tip cn nng lc thc
hin trong o to GVDN ni chung v TTSP
ni ring. Gii php ny l cn thit, cp bch
v c tnh kh thi.
Nh vy, c th thy hot ng TTSP c nh
hng ln, quan trng ti nng lc s phm
ca ngi GVDN. Nng lc s phm rt
phong ph v phc tp nn vic hnh thnh n
ngi hc khng phi d dng. ngi
GVDN c nng lc s phm tt, khc phc
nhng yu km, bt cp hin nay, ngay trong
qu trnh o to, nht l qu trnh TTSP, cn
c nhng i mi nng cao cht lng

103
TTSP, c nh vy nng lc s phm ca i
ng GVDN mi thc s c m bo, gp
phn quan trng vo vic nng cao cht
lng o to ngun nhn lc lao ng k
thut cho s nghip cng nghip ha, hin
i ha t nc.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1].Nguyn Minh ng (2005), Tip cn h
thng trong nghin cu khoa hc v s phm k
thut, Tp ch Khoa hc gio dc, s 1, thng
10/2005
[2].Nguyn nh Chnh (1991), Thc tp s
phm, Nh xut bn Gio dc, H Ni
[3].Phm Minh Hc (2001), Tm l hc, Nh xut
bn Gio dc, H Ni
[4].Phan Kha (1992), nh gi i ng gio vin
dy ngh. ti Hd-92-95, Vin Vin Nghin cu
pht trin gio dc, H Ni;
[5].Nguyn c Tr (2004), Xy dng m hnh
o to gio vin k thut trnh i hc cho
cc trng trung hc chuyn nghip, dy ngh-
Vin Nghin cu pht trin gio dc, H Ni
[6].Quyt nh s 09/2005/Q-TTg ngy
11/1/2005 ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic ph
duyt n Xy dng, nng cao cht lng i
ng nh gio v cn b qun l gio dc giai on
2005-2010;
[7].B Lao ng - Thng binh v X hi, D
tho n pht trin i ng gio vin dy ngh
giai on 2009 - 2015
[8]. Hanno Hortsch (2003), Didaktik der
Berufsbildung, Hochschulskripten Universitaet
Dresden

SUMMARY
PEDAGOGICAL PRACTICE AND TEACHERS' CAPACITY STATUS OF
TEACHERS OF VOCATIONAL TRAINING

Vu Xuan Hung
1*
, Truong Dai Duc
2

1
General Department of Vocational Training,
2
Thai Nguyen University

The paper presents research on the impact of pedagogical practice to the pedagogy competence of
vocational training teachers as teaching competence, education competence, management
organizational competence of teaching. Besides article has analysis and evaluation to clarify the
current status of teaching competence, education competence and management organizational
competence of vocational teachers as a basis for all solutions for improving the quality of
pedagogical practice at school technical teachers, teachers' capacity building of teachers training.
Accordingly, the approach to competence based training has been considered an effective solution
to improve the quality of pedagogical practice, thereby improving the capacity of vocational
training teacher.
Keywords: Pedagogical technical; pedagogy competence; practice pedagogical; vocational
training teacher

*
L Th Thu Hng Tp ch KHOA HC & CNG NGH 79(03): 105 - 108

104


105

PHN HA NI DUNG DY HC MN TON TIU HC

L Th Thu Hng
*

Trng i hc S phm H Thi Nguyn

TM TT
Trong lp hc phn ha, gio vin ch ng ln k hoch phn ha cch thc tip cn vi ni
dung, quy trnh v sn phm ca qu trnh dy hc cho ph hp vi cc c nhn hoc nhm hc
sinh. Mc ch ca dy hc phn ha l nhm gip tt c cc em cng tin b. Bi bo cp n
nh hng phn ha ni dung dy hc mn Ton Tiu hc da trn trnh nhn thc v nhu
cu hc tp ca hc sinh. y chng ti xin gii thiu mt vi chin lc phn ha ni dung dy
hc mn Ton Tiu hc cng vi nhng v d l nhng tnh hung dy hc thc t m chng ti
tin hnh dy thc nghim ti trng Tiu hc Ph C TX Sng Cng tnh Thi Nguyn v
thu c nhng kt qu kh quan.
T kha: Dy hc phn ha; phn ha ni dung; trnh nhn thc, tiu hc

T VN
*

L lun v thc tin dy hc cho thy mi
hc sinh bnh thng u c kh nng lnh
hi chun chng trnh ph thng [1] v
theo Levine (2003) Bng cch s dng dy
hc phn ha, gio vin c th p ng nhu
cu ca tt c cc c nhn hc sinh, gip
cc em t c, thm ch vt chun
chng trnh [3].
Theo Carol Ann Tomlinson (2004): Trong
mt lp hc dy hc phn ha, gio vin phi
quan tm n t nht 3 yu t quan trng sau:
(1) Ni dung u vo, ci m hc sinh hc;
(2) quy trnh - cch thc hc sinh chim lnh
tri thc, k nng; v (3) sn phm u ra,
cch hc sinh th hin c nhng g m h
hc [2]. , gio vin a ra nhng cch
khc nhau ngi hc tip cn vi nhng
vn m h tm hiu, theo mt cch no
ph hp v din t, trnh by li nhng kin
thc mnh lnh hi c. Thng thng, tt c
gio vin u thit k k hoch dy hc sao
cho ngi hc c th khai thc v pht huy
c tt nht tim nng ca mnh.
C th hiu, ni dung dy hc l u vo
ca qu trnh dy hc. l tt c nhng g
m gio vin dy cho hc sinh v mun hc
sinh hc c [2]. Ni dung dy hc mn
Ton Tiu hc l nhng kin thc Ton hc
tuy n gin nhng rt quan trng v l

*
Tel: 0982002919, Email: huongltt.tue@gmail.com
nhng kin thc m u, lm nn tng cho
vic hc ton sau ny.
Carol Tomlinson (2004) cho rng phn ha
ni dung dy hc c th c t duy theo hai
cch: Mt l, gio vin c th iu chnh
nhng g m ta dy. Hai l, gio vin c th
iu chnh hoc b sung cch chng ta hng
dn hc sinh tip cn nhng g m chng ta
mun hc sinh hc [20]. Gio vin c th giao
nhim v ph hp vi trnh nhn thc v
kh nng ca hc sinh thay v giao cho tt c
cc em cng mt nhim v, trong c c
nhng em c trnh nhn thc kh gii, c
nhng em trung bnh, yu km. Bn cnh
, gio vin cng c th a ra cho hc sinh
nhng yu cu thc hin nhim v ging
nhau nhng thay i s hng dn cc em
tip cn vi kin thc, nhim v , yu cu
nhng hc sinh kh gii hon thnh nhim
v vi mt thi gian ngn hn v lm vic
c lp hn trong khi cung cp thm nhng
h tr, gi , hng dn v thi gian cn
thit. C th cn s dng c s h tr ca cc
bn trong lp cc em hc trung bnh, yu
km vn hon thnh c yu cu ging th.
Ni dung dy hc c th c phn ha theo
trnh nhn thc v nhu cu hc tp, hng
th hc tp; phong cch hc ca hc sinh v
tt nhin, n c th c phn ha cho ph
hp vi c ba yu t ny. Tuy nhin, chng
ti ch tp trung vo vic phn ha da trn
trnh nhn thc ca hc sinh.

106
PHN HA NI DUNG DY HC
Di y l mt s k hoch phn ha ni
dung dy hc ph hp vi trnh nhn thc
ca hc sinh.
a. Dy hc nhng kin thc c bn
Trong qu trnh dy hc, hc sinh c hc
rt nhiu khi nim, quy tc v cc em cng
qun nhiu nhng g c hc ging nh
l li nhng khi nim, quy tc pha
sau chuyn sang mt vn khc, mt
kin thc khc [2]. Thay v hc tp cn mn
nhi nht mt m kin thc, bn c th gip
hc sinh hiu r hn v nm c ngha ca
tri thc c hc thng qua vic nhn mnh
nhng khi nim hoc quy tc c bn. Khi ,
h thng tri thc m cc em thu c trong qu
trnh dy hc s tr nn vng chc hn.
V d 1:
- Gio vin thc hin: C gio Triu Thin
Hng trng Tiu hc Ph C
- Thi im thc hin: Sau khi hc sinh lp
c bng nhn 2.
- Mc ch ca gio vin: Gip hc sinh ghi
nh Bng nhn 2.
- Hc sinh thc hin: lp 3B
- Hot ng ca gio vin v hc sinh: Gio
vin chia hc sinh trong lp thnh 2 nhm:
+ i vi hc sinh trung bnh yu: GV yu
cu cc em nhn xt v hai tch lin tip trong
bng nhn ri rt ra kt lun (HS: hai tch lin
tip hn km nhau 2 n v).
+ i vi HS kh gii: GV yu cu hc
sinh nhn xt bng nhn v gii thch r ti
sao li rt ra c nhn xt (HS: hai tch
lin tip hn km nhau 2 n v v nu vit
php nhn di dng tng th tng sau
nhiu hn tng trc mt s hng bng 2)
- ngha ca hot ng: Thay v phi hc
thuc lng bng nhn (hc vt) hc sinh c
th tm ra quy lut ca cc tha s v tch
trong bng hc thuc bng mt cch d
dng hn. ng thi cc em s nh lu v
hiu su kin thc c hc hn.
Vic hc sinh hiu r bn cht ca mt khi
nim, mt qui tc hay mt tnh cht c bn s
gip cc em: (1) hiu ch khng ch l ghi
nh vn ; (2) ghi nh cc kin thc l thuyt
v thc tin bi v iu c ngha hn; (3)
tm ra mi lin h gia cc i tng v cc
kha cnh ca cng mt ch ; (4) lin h
kin thc c hc vi thc tin cuc sng v
(5) tm ra mi lin h c ngha gia nhng
kin thc ny vi cc kin thc c hc
trong thi gian tip theo. ng thi, n cng
gip cho qu trnh dy hc ca bn tr nn
hp dn, li cun v hiu qu hn.
b. Chng trnh dy hc t chn
Chng trnh dy hc ny c pht trin bi
Joe Renzulli i hc Connecticut v c
thit k ring cho nhng hc sinh kh gii
c th ti u ha thi gian hc tp ca mnh
(Reis & Renzulli, 1992) [4]. Theo Carol
Tomlinson (2004) [2, tr74], qu trnh dy hc
t chn gm 3 bc:
Bc 1: Gio vin xc nh nhng hc sinh
no c th tham gia vo chng trnh dy hc
t chn v xc nh kin thc c, kin thc
cha c ca hc sinh v vn . Hc sinh
c th a ra yu cu hoc gio vin c th
quyt nh ni dung chng trnh dy hc t
chn cho hc sinh.
Nhng nh gi ban u thng xy ra trc
hoc sm hn qu trnh dy hc. Vic nh
gi c th din ra mt cch chnh thc (nh
lm bi kim tra vit) hoc nh gi khng
chnh thc (v d nh gio vin v hc sinh
cng ngi tho lun, trao i v ch s
hc). Theo cch nh gi ny, gio vin s
nm c nhng kin thc v k nng m mi
hc sinh c (v d, hc sinh nm c
khong 70 75% ni dung dy hc hoc
hn). Nhng hc sinh c tham gia vo
chng trnh dy hc ny c th c tch ra
khi ni dung v nhng hot ng dy hc
ca c lp m h nm chc dnh thi
gian cho nhng vn nghin cu tip theo
mang tnh th thch hn.
Bc 2: Gio vin xc nh nhng kin thc
v k nng nm trong vn tm hiu m hc
sinh cha nm vng hoc cha nm c v
ln k hoch hc sinh tm hiu, chim lnh
nhng iu . K hoch ny c th yu cu
hc sinh phi tham gia cng cc bn khc
trong lp tm hiu mt phn ca ni dung
nghin cu, lm bi tp v nh, nh , cc
em s c thc hnh vi nhng k nng cha

107
nm vng hoc nm c nhng k nng ny
sn sng chuyn sang bc th 3.
Bc 3: Bc vo giai on ny, hc sinh v
gio vin thit k ra mt nhim v nghin cu
hc sinh thc hin trong khi nhng hc
sinh khc vn thc hin chung mt yu cu.
Gio vin v hc sinh s cng thng nht v
thi gian, cch thc, mc tiu, tiu chun
nh gi v cc nhn t khc v vic hon
thnh nhim v. Hc sinh khng phi mt thi
gian nghin cu li vn m em c tm
hiu trong ni dung chng trnh t chn.
V d 2.1:
- Gio vin thc hin: C gio Lu Thu H
- i tng hc sinh: Trong lp 1A, GV chn
ra c 7 hc sinh gii tham gia vo ni dung
dy hc t chn;nhng hc sinh cn li lm
phn 1 bi tp 2 trang 88 SGK Ton 1.
- Nhng kin thc, k nng hc sinh c:
Hc sinh nm c Bng cng v bng tr
trong phm vi 10. Gio vin c th cn cng
c cho hc sinh mi quan h gia php cng
v php tr.
- Bi 2 (SGK Ton 1 tr88)
S ?

- Ni dung dy hc t chn: Bn Mai c mt
s ko, Mai cho bn Hng 4 ci ko, sau
ch Nga li cho Mai thm 7 ci ko, ch H
cho thm 2 ci ko, cui cng Mai c 10 ci
ko. Hi lc u Mai c my ci ko?
Khi gii bi ton hc sinh c th v s sau
ri ln lt in s thch hp vo du hi (?)

- Mc ch ca gio vin:
Gip hc sinh kh gii rn luyn v pht trin
kh nng m hnh ha, s ha bn cnh k
nng tnh ton thnh tho cc php tnh cng,
tr trong phm vi 10.
V d 2.2:
- Gio vin thc hin: C gio Lu Thu H
- i tng hc sinh: Gio vin chn ra 20
em hc sinh trong lp tham gia vo ni dung
dy hc t chn, s cn li lm bi tp 1 trang
101 SGK.
- Kin thc, k nng c: Biu tng cc s t
0 n 12 v c k nng so snh cc s hc.
- Bi 1 (SGK tr101): in s thch hp vo
trng:

- Ni dung dy hc t chn:
Hy in s v k hiu so snh thch hp:

- Mc ch ca gio vin: Ngoi vic cng c
cho hc sinh v biu tng ca cc s cn
cng c thm v k nng so snh cc s .
c. S dng cc ngun ti liu hc tp a dng
Ni dung dy hc trong sch gio khoa
thng n gin i vi mt s hc sinh
trong khi n li phc tp i vi mt s khc.
S dng cc ngun ti liu hc tp khc nhau
v kt hp chng vi nhng b sung khc s
gip gio vin tip cn gn hn vi nhu cu
hc tp ca tng cc nhn hc sinh. Gio vin
c th thu thp cc ti liu hc tp ny thng
qua sch, bo, sch tham kho, internet,
i khi tm hiu mt vn phc tp,
nhng hc sinh kh gii c th tm thy s
h tr c lc t nhng ngun hc liu tham
kho nhng cng c khi h ch cn n ngun
hc liu n gin l sch gio khoa. Bn cnh
, nhng hc sinh trung bnh, yu km c
th nhn thc mt cch d dng hn thng
qua cc s hay m hnh c gii thiu t
nhng ti liu tham kho khc.
V d 3: lp 3B bn cnh sch gio khoa
Ton 3, c gio Triu Thin Hng s dng
thm sch tham kho cho hc sinh nh sau:
10
-7
+2
-3
+8
10
+ 2
?
?

+ 7
- 4
?


108
- i vi hc sinh trung bnh yu: V bi
tp trc nghim Ton 3
- i vi hc sinh kh - gii: Ton nng cao
d. K hoch hc tp
K hoch dy hc gia gio vin v hc sinh
c th a dng [2]. N cho php hc sinh c
thi gian t do trao i v hot ng. K
hoch dy hc c th bao gm c phn k
nng hot ng v ni dung hc tp thnh
phn v n h tr vic qun l lp hc dy
hc phn ha bi v cc phn ca bn k
hoch ny c phn loi da trn nhu cu
hc tp ca hc sinh. K hoch hc tp ny l
s kt hp gia mc tiu hc tp ca c nhn
v cc hot ng c lp. Hc sinh cng cn
c tho lun v lm vic theo nhm nh
hoc c nhn da trn s tin b v nhu cu
ca mi em.
e. Cc bi tp nh
Khi gio vin gii thiu vi ton lp mt ni
dung dy hc, mt s hc sinh c th nm bt
ngay c (hoc c th b qua v cc em
thnh tho vi k nng, kin thc ). Bn
cnh y, mt s hc sinh khc s cm thy
kh khn hoc khng tm thy mi lin h g
gia ni dung dy hc vi vn kin thc,
k nng c ca mnh. Vi nhng trng
hp ny, cc bi tp nh s rt c ngha
trong vic phn ha ni dung dy hc.
Da trn vic nh gi vn kin thc, k nng
c ca hc sinh, gio vin c th cn phi
dy li cho mt b phn hc sinh, tm cch
tip cn dy hc khc vi nhm hc sinh ny
hoc lm vic vi mt nhm hc sinh kia
m rng kin thc, k nng cho cc em.
Nhng bi tp nh t ra kh hiu qu trong
vic thc hin mc tiu dy hc phn ha.
V d 4:
- Gio vin thc hin: GV Triu Thin Hng
- i tng hc sinh: Hc sinh lp 3B (nhm
hc sinh yu - km)
- Thi im thc hin: Khi hng dn hc
sinh lm bi tp 4 trang 79 SGK Ton 2: Mi
gi m cn nng 80g, mi hp sa cn nng
455g. Hi 2 gi m v 1 hp sa cn nng bao
nhiu gam?
- Ni dung bi tp nh: hng dn hc
sinh lm bi tp trn gio vin a ra bi
tp nh sau:
Bi 4a: Mi gi m cn nng 80g. Hi 2 gi
m cn nng bao nhiu gam?
- Mc ch thc hin: Thng qua bi tp nh
4a, hc sinh c th tnh c cn nng ca 2
gi m v t tnh c cn nng ca 2 gi
m v 1 hp sa.
g. S dng h thng h tr a dng
Gio vin c th phn ha ni dung dy hc
phc tp cho ph hp vi hc sinh bng cch
s dng h thng h tr a dng nh hc tp
cp i, thng qua bng hnh, cng ngh a
phng tin, s c vn ca ngi ln,
Nhng chin lc ny c th gip hc sinh ti
a ha kh nng ca cc em.
V d 5: lp 3B trng Tiu hc Ph C,
c gio Triu Thin Hng dn Bng cu
chng ln bc tng pha cui lp hc, ni
hc sinh c th nhn thy thng xuyn khi ra
chi. iu ny s gip cc em ghi nh bng
d dng hn.
h. Cc ti liu in n c nh du
Mt gio vin c th nh du nhng quan
trng trong cc vn bn hoc ti liu b sung
v lu li mt vi bn trn bn gio vin. Khi
hc sinh gp kh khn trong vic nhn thc
ton b mt chng, mt bi, gio vin c th
cung cp cho hc sinh bn in c nh
du ny. Nhn thong qua, ti liu ny cng
ging nh nhng ti liu khc nhng v chng
c nh du nn hc sinh s d dng thng
qua n nm c nhng chnh, nhng
vn c bn, thit yu [2].
V d 6: Di y l mt bn ghi c
nh du (ch in m) ca c gio Hong Th
Hng gio vin ch nhim lp 5B.
Din tch xung quanh v din tch ton phn
ca hnh hp ch nht
a) Din tch xung quanh ca hnh hp ch nht
l tng din tch bn mt bn ca hnh hp ch
nht. Mun tnh din tch xung quanh ca
hnh hp ch nht ta ly chu vi mt y
nhn vi chiu cao (cng mt n v o).
b) Din tch ton phn ca hnh hp ch
nht l tng ca din tch xung quanh v
din tch hai y.
i. Ti liu tm lc vn c bn
Hu ht cc gio vin c kinh nghim u c
th, vi thi gian ti thiu, to ra mt n hai

109
trang nhng vn c bn ca bi hc. Bn
tm lc nh vy c th c ngha to ln i
vi nhng hc sinh yu km, gp nhiu kh
khn trong vic nm bt bi ging hoc t
chc hot ng. Cc bn tm lc ny c th
c trnh by di dng vn bn, s hoc
hnh nh minh ha. N cng c th l mt
danh sch nhng cu hi v cc vn then
cht trong bi. Bn tm lc ny s h tr GV
trong vic lm cho kin thc trng tm ca bi
hc tr nn d hiu hn, d nh hn [2].
V d 7:
- Gio vin thc hin: C gio Hong Th
Hng, ch nhim lp 5B.
- i tng hc sinh: Nhm hc sinh yu
km ca lp 5B.
- Thi im thc hin: Khi dy hc bi Vn
tc, qung ng, thi gian (tr138 SGK
Ton 5)
- Ni dung ca ti liu tm lc:

- ngha ca ti liu tm lc: Ch vi
cng thc trn, hc sinh c th nh ngay ra:
Mun tnh vn tc ta ly qung ng chia
cho thi gian.
i. S c vn ca bn hc v ngi ln
Tt c mi hc sinh, khng ch l nhng hc
sinh yu km u c th nhn c nhng
s h tr, c vn t pha ngi ln, nhng
ngi c th tr li cu hi ca cc em,
hng dn cc em cch thc rn luyn k
nng, [2] Mt hc sinh kh gii lp 5 c
th l mt c vn tuyt vi cho mt hc sinh
lp 3. Bn cng c th to ra mt h thng h
tr m rng bng cch s dng h thng con
ngi v cng ngh trong lp hc, trng
hc, trong cng ng. Thng qua , trao cho
mi hc sinh c hi hc tp tt hn v c th
gip ngi khc hc tp tt hn.
V d 8: Trong lp 3B, c gio ch nhim
Triu Thin Hng thc hin phn cng
em ng L Phng (hc sinh c trnh
nhn thc gii) ngi cnh em Trn Bnh
Trng (hc sinh c trnh nhn thc trung
bnh yu) trong cc gi hc ton em
Phng c th gip , hng dn cho em
Trng khi cn thit. Sau mt hc k thc hin
phn cng ch ngi nh vy, c Hng thu
c kt qu l em Trng c nhiu tin b
r rt trong hc tp. ng thi, kh nng din
t ca em Phng cng c rn luyn v
pht trin hn.
Kt lun: C nhiu cch phn ha ni
dung dy hc ph hp vi nhu cu v trnh
nhn thc ca tng ngi hc v ca bn thn
gio vin. Mc tiu ca phn ha ni dung
dy hc l a ra cch thc tip cn vi ni
dung dy hc (kin thc v k nng) ph hp
vi trnh nhn thc ca c nhn hc sinh
v gip tt c cc em cng tin b.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. B Gio dc v o to (2008), Hng dn
thc hin chun kin thc, k nng cc mn hc
Tiu hc Lp 3, Nxb Gio dc.
[2]. Carol Ann Tomlinson (2004), How to
Differentiate Instruction in Mixed Ability
Classrooms, Hawkwr Brownlow Education,
Australia.
[3]. M.Levine (2003). Celebrating diverse minds.
Educational Leadership, 61(2).
[4]. Reis, S., Renzulli, J., (1992), Using
Curriculum Compacting to Challenge the Above
Average, Educational Leadership 50(2), 51-57
SUMMARY
DIFFERENTIATING MATHEMATICS CONTENT AT PRIMARY SCHOOL
Le Thi Thu Huong
-

College of Education Thainguyen University

In a differentiated classroom, the teacher proactively plans and carries out varied approaches to
content, process and product that meets students individually. The purpose of diferentiating
instruction is support students making progress in learning. This article mention of the way content
can be differentiated in response to a students readiness level. Some examples (case study) were
experimented at Phoco Primary School successfully.
Key words: Differentiate instruction, differentiating content, readiness level, primary

-
Tel: 0982002919, Email: huongltt.tue@gmail.com
v = s : t
V Xun Hng Tp ch KHOA HC & CNG NGH 79(03): 109 - 114

110


111

MT S VN V THC TRNG RN LUYN NNG LC DY HC
TRONG THC TP S PHM CA SINH VIN CC TRNG
I HC S PHM K THUT

V Xun Hng
*
- Tng cc Dy ngh

TM TT
Bi vit trnh by nhng nghin cu v thc trng rn luyn nng lc dy hc ca sinh vin i
hc s phm k thut trong thc tp s phm. Nghin cu phn tch, nh gi lm r nhng
hn ch, bt cp trong mc tiu, ni dung, quy trnh v nh gi kt qu rn luyn nng lc dy
hc, dn ti nng lc dy hc ca sinh vin cha cao. C nhiu nguyn nhn nh mc tiu rn
luyn thiu c th, thiu tiu chun nng lc thc hin; ni dung rn luyn nng lc dy hc n
iu; quy trnh thiu tnh khoa hc; nh gi kt qu rn luyn nng lc dy hc cn phin din.
Trn c s bi vit xut mt s gii php khc phc thc trng trn nh: i mi mc
tiu rn luyn, ni dung rn luyn, quy trnh rn luyn v nh gi kt qu rn luyn nng lc dy
hc theo tip cn nng lc thc hin.
T kha: Thc tp s phm; nng lc s phm; nng lc dy hc; s phm k thut; gio vin
dy ngh; thc trng rn luyn.

Thc tp s phm (TTSP) l cng on quan
trng trong qu trnh o to ngi gio vin
ni chung v gio vin dy ngh (GVDN) ni
ring. Thng qua TTSP nhiu nng lc ca
sinh vin c hnh thnh v pht trin,
trong nng lc dy hc (NLDH) c coi
l nng lc quan trng, to nn s hon thin
trong nhn cch ngi GVDN. Tuy nhin,
vic t chc TTSP ni chung, rn luyn
NLDH ni ring trong cc trng i hc s
phm k thut (HSPKT) hin nay cn nhiu
hn ch, dn n NLDH ca sinh vin sau khi
tt nghip cn yu, lm nh hng ln n
cht lng o to ngun nhn lc lao ng
k thut. iu i hi cc trng
HSPKT phi tm ra hng gii quyt nhng
tn ti trn nng cao cht lng o to.
*

KHI QUT V TTSP V RN LUYN
NLDH CA SINH VIN TRONG TTSP
TTSP l hot ng thc tin ca sinh vin ti
cc c s gio dc sau phn hc l thuyt
nhm mc ch cng c v nng cao nhn
thc v lng yu ngh, p dng cc kin thc
vo thc tin, rn luyn cc nng lc dy hc,
gio dc.
TTSP l hot ng vn dng nhng tri thc
khoa hc v chuyn mn, nghip v ca sinh

*
vin vo vic tp luyn ging dy v gio dc
hc sinh nhm hnh thnh NLDH ca ngi
gio vin tng lai. Trong qu trnh tin thnh
TTSP, sinh vin tp lm mt cch trn vn cc
nhim v ca ngi gio vin trong thc t [1].
TTSP ca sinh vin cc trng HSPKT c
nhng im khc bit so vi TTSP ti cc
trng s phm o to gio vin ph thng
v mi trng TTSP (mi trng thc tp ca
sinh vin HSPKT l cc c s dy ngh);
i tng hc (hc sinh hc ngh); iu kin
thc tp (c s vt cht, trang thit b bao gm
c trang thit b, my mc phc v cho vic
o to ngh nghip). iu ny dn ti vic t
chc TTSP, rn luyn NLDH ca sinh vin
HSPKT cng c nhng khc bit cn lu .
T nhng phn tch trn, chng ti quan nim
TTSP ca sinh vin HSPKT l hot ng
thc hnh v nghip v SPKT nhm hnh
thnh, pht trin cc nng lc thc hin
(NLTH) t chc tt hot ng dy hc k
thut v gio dc, hnh thnh v pht trin
nhn cch ngi GVDN.
TTSP l vic t chc rn luyn nhiu nng
lc ca GVDN, trong c NLDH. NLDH l
mt thnh phn quan trng ca nng lc s
phm v l mt nng lc tng hp ca nhiu
nng lc. Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta

112
ch cn thng qua NLDH cng c th nh
gi c nng lc s phm ca ngi gio
vin. NLDH li c biu hin c th qua rt
nhiu cc nng lc khc nhau, ty thuc vo
cch tip cn, phn loi m c cc tn gi
khc nhau nh nhm nng lc chun b dy
hc; NLTH dy hc; nng lc t chc thc
hnh v nng lc kim tra, nh gi.
hnh thnh v pht trin NLDH, i hi
trong qu trnh TTSP cc trng HSPKT
phi t chc tt hot ng rn luyn NLDH
ca sinh vin mt cch ng b, ton din t
mc tiu, ni dung, quy trnh n nh gi kt
qu rn luyn NLDH ca sinh vin. Nu
khng, nhiu hn ch, bt cp s xy ra, lm
nh hng ln n cht lng o to.
THC TRNG RN LUYN NLDH
TRONG TTSP
Thc tin nhiu nm qua cho thy, cng tc
rn luyn NLDH ni ring trong TTSP, khu
rt quan trng trong o to GVDN cc
trng HSPKT cn nhng khong cch
ng k mi p ng yu cu ca s nghip
i mi gio dc ngh nghip. Qua vic kho
st thc trng rn luyn NLDH trong TTSP
ti cc trng HSPKT v mt s c s dy
ngh vi cc i tng l ging vin hng
dn (40 ngi), cn b qun l (40 ngi),
sinh vin nm th 4 (300 em) v GVDN (250
ngi) cho thy hot ng rn luyn NLDH
trong TTSP ti cc trng HSPKT cn c
nhng tn ti nh sau
V mc tiu rn luyn NLDH
Mc tiu rn luyn NLDH c cc trng
HSPKT xc nh chung trong mc tiu
TTSP v cha thng nht cho cc trng
HSPKT trong c nc. Tuy nhin, qua
nghin cu v tng hp ca chng ti cho
thy, v c bn mc tiu chung v rn luyn
NLDH ca sinh vin HSPKT trong TTSP
u nhm Chun b v thc hin cc bi hc
l thuyt, thc hnh v tch hp c phn
cng vi cc mc tiu c th nh sau:
- Hiu c khi qut v cng vic chun b
dy l thuyt, thc hnh
- Son c bi dy l thuyt, thc hnh theo
cc chng trnh mn hc;
- Chun b c dng, phng tin dy
hc; thit b, nguyn nhin vt liu
- Thc hin c bi dy l thuyt, thc hnh
theo cc chng trnh mn hc,
Kt qu kho st v mc ph hp ca
mc tiu rn luyn NLDH trong TTSP vi
thc tin gio dc, o to cc CSDN l
tng i ph hp (chim 57,2%); 32 %
kin cho rng mc tiu rn luyn NLDH
trong TTSP l khng ph hp v kin ny
tp trung GVDN ang trc tip ging dy.
C 6.1% kin cho rng mc tiu rn
luyn NLDH trong TTSP hon ton khng
ph hp (xem thm Bng 1).

Bng 1. Tng hp kin nh gi v mc tiu rn luyn NLDH trong TTSP

TT Mc
Ging vin
hng dn
Gio vin dy
ngh
Sinh vin
Cn b
qun l
T l
chung
SL % SL % SL % SL % %
5 Rt ph hp 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 8.7
4 Ph hp 6 15.0 4 1.6 17 5.6 1 3.3 28.0
3 Tng i ph hp 20 50.0 137 54.8 181 60.3 17 56.6 57.2
2 Khng ph hp 8 20.0 87 34.8 97 32.3 7 23.3 32.0
1 Hon ton khng
ph hp
6 15.0 22 8.8 5 1.6 5 16.6 6.1

113
Nh vy, rn luyn NLDH trong TTSP l
hot ng thc hnh ca sinh vin HSPKT
nm cui kha, nhng mc tiu rn luyn
NLDH trong TTSP vn ch mang tnh cht
nh tnh, chung chung, cha ch ra c
nhng cng vic c th m sinh vin cn phi
thc hin cng nh nhng chun thc hin
cc cng vic trong qu trnh rn luyn nng
lc dy hc.
V ni dung, quy trnh rn luyn NLDH
p ng mc tiu nh trn, ni dung v
quy trnh rn luyn NLDH ti cc trng
HSPKT cng ht sc n gin. Tuy cng c
khc nhau i cht song vn bao gm nhng
ni dung c bn v c thc hin theo quy
trnh chung nh sau:
Bc 1. Hng dn ca ging vin hng dn
(cc thao tc s phm c bn, cch son bi,
ln lp .); Bc 2. i d lp hc tp
kinh nghim; Bc 3. Nhn bi ging v
chun b dy hc (son gio n, chun b
cng (l thuyt hoc thc hnh) v chun b
phng tin dy hc); Bc 4. Tp ging ti
nhm; Bc 5. Ln lp
nh gi chung v ni dung rn luyn NLDH
trong TTSP c 20% nh gi mc ph
hp; 35,1% nh gi tng i ph hp v c
45,7% cho rng khng ph hp (Bng 2).
rn luyn NLDH, khng ch rn luyn cc k
nng m c nhng kin thc v thi i
vi tng cng vic ca ngh, trong khi
nhng ni dung ny cha c cc trng
HSPKT ch n trong qu trnh rn luyn
NLDH. Do vy, vi cu trc ni dung rn
luyn nh hin ti kh c th p ng c
yu cu .
nh gi chung v quy trnh rn luyn NLDH
trong TTSP c 31,5% nh gi mc ph
hp; 51.2% nh gi tng i ph hp;
24.1% nh gi mc khng ph hp (Bng
3) Trong quy trnh rn luyn cc ni dung nu
trn, c 57,5% kin cho rng quy trnh son
gio n hin nay khng ph hp vi thc t.
iu ny cng ph hp vi nh gi v nng
lc chun b dy hc ca sinh vin cn thp.
Bng 2. Tng hp kin nh gi s ph hp ca ni dung rn luyn NLDH trong TTSP
TT Mc
Ging vin
hng dn
Gio vin
dy ngh
Sinh vin
Cn b
qun l
T l
chung
SL % SL % SL % SL % %
5 Rt ph hp 0 0 0 0 5 1.6 2 6.6 1.1
4 Ph hp 3 7.5 8 3.2 50 16.6 3 10 20
3 Tng i ph hp 10 25 99 39.6 95 31.6 14 46.6 35.1
2 Khng ph hp 22 55 112 44.8 138 46 11 36.6 45.6
1 Hon ton khng
ph hp
5 12.5 31 12.4 12 4 0 0 7.7
Bng 3. Tng hp kin nh gi s ph hp ca quy trnh rn luyn NLDH trong TTSP
TT Mc
Ging vin
hng dn
Gio vin dy
ngh
Sinh vin
Cn b
qun l
T l
chung
SL % SL % SL % SL % %
5 Rt ph hp 0 0 3 1.2 18 6.0 4 13.3 4.0
4 Ph hp 12 30.0 15 6.0 69 23.0 5 16.6 31.5
3 Tng i ph hp 21 52.5 147 58.8 131 43.6 19 63.3 51.2
2 Khng ph hp 6 15.0 69 27.6 73 24.3 2 6.6 24.1
1 Hon ton khng
ph hp
1 2.5 16 6.4 9 3.0 0 0 4.1

114
Qua y c th thy, h thng cc NLDH cn
rn luyn cha c nh hnh r rng, c th;
Cc ni dung rn luyn NLDH trong TTSP c
cu trc cha cht ch, thiu logic, cha y
, xa ri kin thc l thuyt trong vic rn
luyn k nng; s lin kt cc kin thc v
tm l, gio dc v nhng k nng s phm
vi lnh vc kin thc chuyn mn ngh trong
cc trng HSPKT cn yu dn n nhiu
trng cn nhiu lng tng khi xy dng ni
dung rn luyn NLDH trong TTSP. Mt khc,
quy trnh t chc rn luyn NLDH trong
TTSP cn nng v kinh nghim, cha c quy
trnh c th. Cc bc thc hin cc cng vic
vn ph thuc ch yu vo kinh nghim ca
tng trng HSPKT, thm ch l ca tng
ging vin hng dn, cha c thit k
theo mt quy trnh tng qut mt cch khoa
hc va c cu trc ng tm, va c cu trc
tuyn tnh c th va d dng trong thc
hin, va hiu qu trong t chc rn luyn
NLDH. Quy trnh rn luyn NLDH trong
TTSP cha m hnh ho cc bc, cc cng
on v ton b qui trnh thnh mt h thng
chun d thc hin, c hiu qu cao.
V nh gi kt qu rn luyn NLDH
nh gi kt qu rn luyn NLDH thc cht
l vic xc nhn, a ra nhng nhn nh v
NLDH ca sinh vin, l kt qu ca qu trnh
rn luyn NLDH trong TTSP. nh gi kt
qu rn luyn NLDH trong TTSP cc
trng HSPKT hin nay cho thy s sinh
vin t kt qu kh, gii l ch yu, c th:
- D gi, trao i hc tp kinh nghim ging
dy: kh, gii chim 86%
- Chun b cc bi dy (l thuyt, thc hnh,
tch hp): kh gii chim 83%
- Thc tp ging dy: kh, gii chim 75%
kin v mc ph hp ca vic nh gi
kt qu rn luyn NLDH so vi thc tin
c th hin qua bng 4.
Hin nay, vic nh gi kt qu rn luyn
NLDH cc trng HSPKT khng thng
nht, phin din. Nhiu trng ch nh gi
nng lc ny ca sinh vin thng qua mt s
bi ging thc t vi mt b tiu ch nh gi
bi ging. im nh gi kt qu NLDH ca
sinh vin cng chnh l im nh gi bi
ging . Mt lot cc cng vic khc hnh
thnh v pht trin NLDH nh chun b dy
hc, thit k dy hc, son gio n, nh gi
bi ging; tp ging... thng b xem nh.
Nhiu ni dung trong khng c tiu ch
nh gi, nn nhiu khi c nh gi nhng
mang tnh cm tnh, i khi, chung chung.
Cng chnh v vy, thng tin t kt qu nh
gi khng phn nh thc cht kt qu rn
luyn NLDH ca sinh vin, khng gip ch
cho vic iu chnh qu trnh rn luyn .
Vic nh gi kt qu rn luyn NLDH ca
sinh vin trong TTSP ang b mt i ngha
ch thc ca n m ch cn l mt khu
mang tnh th tc.

Bng 4. Tng hp kin v nh gi kt qu rn luyn NLDH trong TTSP
TT Mc
Ging vin
hng dn
Gio vin
dy ngh
Sinh vin
Cn b
qun l
T l
chung
SL % SL % SL % SL % %
5 Rt ph hp 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0
4 Ph hp 4 10.0 6 2.4 22 7.3 0 0 10.0
3 Tng i ph hp 14 35.0 54 21.6 88 29.3 21 70.0 28.5
2 Khng ph hp 13 32.5 138 55.2 147 49.0 6 20.0 49.0
1 Hon ton khng
ph hp
9 22.5 52 20.8 43 14.3 3 10.0 17.2


115
nh gi chung v NLDH v rn luyn
NLDH ca sinh vin
Vic t chc TTSP ni chung, rn luyn
NLDH ni ring ti cc trng HSPKT
phn no hnh thnh v pht trin NLDH cho
sinh vin, ng gp quan trng vo vic cung
cp s lng ng k GVDN cho cc CSDN
nhng nm qua. Tuy nhin, t nhng hn ch
v mc tiu, ni dung, quy trnh v nh gi
kt qu rn luyn NLDH dn ti NLDH
ca sinh vin cha cao. Kt qu nghin cu,
kho st thc trng, kt hp vi nh gi t
thc tin cho thy, NLDH ca sinh vin cn
nhiu hn ch, c th:
- Nng lc chun b dy hc cn yu nht l
trong khu thit k dy hc (son gio n,
cng bi ging). Cn mt s sinh vin cn
nhm ln gia mc ch v mc tiu dy hc;
khng bit thit k hot ng dy hc pht
huy c tnh tch cc ca ngi hc;
- Nng lc thc hin dy hc cn hn ch;
dp khun, gio iu trong s dng phng
php; lng tng trong s dng, khai thc
phng tin dy hc; ty tin trong kim tra,
nh gi; thiu linh hot trong x l tnh hung
s phm dn n kt qu dy hc thng
khng t c mc tiu, nht l mc tiu ngoi
(cht lng cng vic thc tin i hi);
C nhiu nguyn nhn dn n thc trng
trn, nhng qua nghin cu ca chng ti cho
thy, nguyn nhn ch yu l do vn t
chc rn luyn NLDH trong TTSP, c th:
- Thiu tnh c th trong xc nh mc tiu
rn luyn NLDH, thiu chun NLTH
(chun u ra);
- Ni dung rn luyn NLDH cn n iu,
ch yu tp trung vo ni dung rn luyn l
k nng, ch khng phi l nng lc;
- Quy trnh rn luyn NLDH thiu tnh khoa
hc; quy trnh cha ti u;
- nh gi kt qu rn luyn NLDH cn phin
din, cha m bo tnh ton din, chnh xc,
khch quan, khng c c thng tin phn hi
chnh xc iu chnh qu trnh rn luyn,
mang tnh th tc; thiu tiu chun nh gi cho
tng ni dung rn luyn NLDH c th.
XUT MT S GII PHP KHC
PHC BT CP HIN NAY
Xu th i mi ni dung, phng php o
to ang din ra mnh m nhiu c s gio
dc i hc, v c s dy ngh, trong khi ,
hot ng rn luyn NLDH trong TTSP mt
s trng HSPKT vn p dng ni dung,
phng thc c, dn n nhng bt cp c v
mc tiu, ni dung, quy trnh t chc v
phng thc nh gi nh trnh by trn.
Do vy, cn c nhng i mi khc phc
nhng tn ti , gp phn nng cao cht
lng o to GVDN.
T thc trng nu trn, theo chng ti khc
phc nhng bt cp cn tp trung vo vic
i mi rn luyn NLDH theo mt tip cn
mi c nhiu u im hin nay, tip cn o
to theo nng lc thc hin. o to theo
NLTH nhm hnh thnh v pht trin
ngi hc nhng kin thc, k nng, thi
cn thit sau khi tt nghip h c nng
lc hon thnh tt c cc cng vic ca
ngh, t chun cht lng trong nhng
iu kin nht nh.
Theo , cn thc hin ng b vo mt s
gii php sau:
a) i mi mc tiu rn luyn NLDH theo
tip cn NLTH;
b) i mi ni dung rn luyn NLDH theo
tip cn NLTH;
c) i mi quy trnh rn luyn NLDH theo
tip cn NLTH;
d) i mi nh gi kt qu rn luyn NLDH
theo tip cn NLTH.
Chc chn rng, vi tip cn NLTH, nhng
gii php nu trn s gp phn gii quyt c
hiu qu nhng hn ch trong vic t chc rn
luyn NLDH trong TTSP hin nay, nng cao
NLDH ca sinh vin HSPKT./.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Nguyn nh Chnh (1991), Thc tp s
phm, Nh xut bn Gio dc, H Ni
[2]. i hc S phm k thut Tp. H Ch Minh
(2002), Nng cao cht lng thc tp s phm,
K yu hi tho khoa hc, Tp. H Ch Minh

116
[3]. Nguyn Minh ng (2005), o to theo
nng lc thc hin. Ti liu bi dng Gio vin,
H Ni
[4]. Phm Minh Hc (2001), Tm l hc, Nh
xut bn Gio dc, H Ni
[5]. L Vn Hng, L Ngc Lan, Nguyn Vn
Thng (2001), Tm l hc la tui v tm l hc
s phm, Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia, H Ni
[6]. T in Bch khoa ton th,
www.bachkhoatoanthu.gov.vn

SUMARY
SOME ISSUES ON THE STATUS OF TEACHING COMPETENCE IN THE
PEDAGOGICAL PRACTICE OF STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITIES TECHNICAL
PEDAGOGIC

Vu Xuan Hung
*

General Department of Vocational Training

This article presents research on the realities of practice teaching competence of students of
universities technical pedagogy in pedagogical practice. Studies have clarified the limitations and
inadequacies in the objectives, content, process and evaluate the capacity of teaching practice,
leads to the capacity of student teaching is not high. Current situation on many reasons such as
lack of goal specific training, lack of standards competence, training content monotonous teaching
competence, the process lacks scientific assessment competence of teaching practice also sighted.
Based on that article proposed some measures to remedy the situation focuses on: Innovation
training objectives, training content, training process and evaluation of teaching practice capacity
approach by competence.
Keywords: pedagogical practice; pedagogy competence; teaching competence; technical
pedagogical, trainers, training status.

*
Nguyn Th Qu Tp ch KHOA HC & CNG NGH 79(03): 117 - 121

117

THE EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH ON THE
PERFORMANCE IN ENGLISH OF THE SELECTED SOPHOMORE
STUDENTS OF COLLEGE OF SCIENCES - THAINGUYEN UNIVERSITY

Nguyen Thi Que
*

SUMMARY
Communicative Approach refers to the beliefs and theories of the language teaching, which
emphasize that the goal of language teaching is communicative competence. This is quite a new
method of teaching English for teachers of Thai Nguyen University in general and of College of
Sciences in particular. Therefore, this study sought to answer the question of whether
Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) improves the performance in English of selected
second year students of the College of Sciences, Thai Nguyen University in the first semester of
Academic Year 2009-2010. Two groups of students experienced two different teaching methods
namely traditional method and CLT participated in the study. Pre-test means scores showed no
significant difference between the control and experimental groups while comparisons of the post-
test means scores showed significant differences in the achievement. The study concluded that use
of various activities in CLT in teaching English helps motivate and enhance EFL students' learning
and mastery of English communication.
Key words: Communicative Approach, communicative competence, effectiveness, significant
difference, achievement, sophomore students, College of Sciences, Thai Nguyen University

INTRODUCTION
*

English has nowadays gained itself the status
of a world language, an international language,
or a lingua franca in almost all settings.
Knowing English well means holding a golden
key to open the great world of knowledge,
culture, technology, sciences etc.
Nguyen [3] stated that since our Party and
State have adopted a policy of
multilateralization and diversification of
external relations, particularly as Vietnam is
now a member of the World Trade
Organization (WTO), the teaching and
learning of foreign languages are facing new
requirements, in terms of size, scope, new
training methods characterized by high
quality, in order to meet the need for socio-
economic development of the country in the
renewal period. General speaking, more
attention is drawn to teaching of how to
communicate, rather than applying the old
methods, which was simply to provide
foreign language knowledge (principally
teaching how to translate a document) for
students.

*
Tel: 0963 888 288, Email: quenguyentnu@gmail.com
However, it comes as no surprise that the
capacity of using English as a means of
communication of Vietnamese learners is still
under acceptable level, which is really a tough
issue for our educators to think over. And
after four years of experience in teaching
English at Thai Nguyen University, College
of Sciences, the researcher does agree that
one of the factors that deter the improvement
in possessing good English skills of students
at the university comes from teachers sides.
Despite the fact that todays generation of
students enjoys new educational methods that
focus more on the growth of the individual
rather than mere academic achievement, most
of the teachers at the university in particular
and in Viet Nam in general still prefer
applying the traditional method with bookish
practice [4] that no longer motivates students
in learning. And therefore, choosing a suitable
and appropriate method to stimulate and
improve students English competence,
especially communicative competence is
always of the authors concern.
Of all the prominent methods in teaching
English that the writer has so far known,

118
Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) or
Communicative Approach has proved to be
widely accepted in different parts of the world
as the priority in teaching and learning a
foreign language. It is because of the fact that
CLT came into existence with the stress
placed upon language competence, which can
be understood as the unconscious intuitions
about language [2] and communicative
competence or the internalized knowledge of
the situational appropriateness of language.
Canale [1] mentioned about the main focus of
CLT, which is the What and the How the
English language is taught to learners. He also
emphasized that more focus would be placed
on the use of language for communication of
meaning than learning language structures,
forms and vocabulary. Ultimately, the What
aims towards communicative competence,
the use of language accurately and
appropriately. Meanwhile, the How deals
with the specific techniques and procedures
used to unconsciously acquire and
consciously learn a language through
communication.
Consequently, the CLT is really an
appropriate approach in teaching English to
students. The application of this method in
teaching learning process is expected to
enhance students achievement in English.
Thai Nguyen city where the writer works is
one of the educational centers of Viet Nam.
However, as being located in a mountainous
area, the teaching facilities and teaching
methods have not yet been upgraded. College
students of the College of Sciences come
from different parts of the country with
dissimilar habits and styles in learning
English, let alone some are completely
illiterate in English. And to non-native
teachers of English, teaching a foreign
language to college students, especially
teaching oral communication is really a big
challenge.
In recent years, new generation of worldwide
teachers has tried to apply modern methods in
teaching English in order to make the lessons
less monotonous. And CLT is one of the
methods of choice. A positive signal is that
teachers and educators in many countries in
the world and several big cities of Viet Nam
such as Ha Noi capital, Ho Chi Minh city, and
others have claimed the improvement in
students performance when using this
method in teaching English. With the hope of
finding suitable methods in teaching English
to students as well as testing the effectiveness
of this method in this disadvantaged region,
the researcher bravely experiments CLT in
her teaching. The question to rise when
applying CLT in teaching English is that what
particular communicative activities are
considered appropriate to most students in a
class. Since there is no single activity that is
claimed best for all students and all teaching
fields, hence, the combination of varied
activities in CLT is taken into serious account
in teaching English here.
Of all the aforementioned observations, together
with the researchers own interest in teaching
English, the Effects of Communicative
Approach on the English Performance of the
selected sophomore students of the College of
Sciences of Thai Nguyen University has been
chosen as her study.
SUBJECT AND METHODOLOGY
An experimental design specifically the
matched groups design was used to find out
the effects of Communicative Approach in
teaching English. Two comparable sections of
Second Year College of Sciences students
were used as respondents of the study. The
results of their English scores, second
semester of the first year 2008-2009; as well
as their age and gender were used for
matching purposes. There were 30 students
for each group. The control group was
subjected to the traditional method while the
experimental group was exposed to
Communicative Approach. The study was
conducted at College of Sciences, Thai
Nguyen University during the first semester
of the second year Bachelor in the Academic
Year 2009-2010.
A teacher-made achievement test was
validated and administered as a pre-tests and
post-test to both groups.

119
The t-test of dependent sample means was
employed to compare the pre-test mean of the
two groups and post-test mean of the two
groups. The t-test of dependent sample means
was also used to compare the pre-test and
post-test mean of each group.
FINDINGS
The following are the findings of the study:
1. There is no significant difference on the
pre-test mean scores of the two groups using
Communicative approach and the traditional
approach.
The control group obtained the mean score of
25.36 while the experimental group gained
25.13 in the mean score. When subjected to t-
test, the result revealed that there was no
significant difference between two groups in
the pre-test. Therefore, the two groups were
homogeneous at the beginning of the study.
2. The mean score of students in the post-test
using the Communicative approach differs
significantly from that of those using the
traditional approach.
After the treatment period, the two groups
were given a post-test. The mean scores of the
control and experimental groups were 29.23
and 32.6 respectively. The t-test showed that
there is a significant difference in the post-test
of the two groups as shown equal to 2.106.
The result proved that Communicative
Approach is more effective in improving
students competence in English than the
traditional method.
3. There is a significant difference between
the mean score of students in the pre-test and
in the post test scores using the traditional
method.
The pre-test mean score of the control group
was 25.36, while the post-test mean score of
this group was 29.23. The low scores in the
pre-test was due to the fact that the students
had little knowledge about the subject matters
that were still to be discussed. And the gain
scores somewhat revealed their acquisition of
previous study. When subjected to t-test, the
result showed that there is a significant
difference between pre-test mean scores and
post-test mean scores of the respondents in
the control group.
Table 1. T-test Results of the Pre-test Scores of the Control and Experimental Groups
Groups Mean
Scores
Mean
Difference
t-computed t- tab
= 0.05; df= 58
Remarks
Control
Experimental
25.36
25.13
0.23 0.159

1.67

Not
Significant
Note: t-tab: t value tabulated; df: degrees of freedom
Table 2. T-test Results of the Post-test Scores of the Control and Experimental Groups
Groups Mean
Scores
Mean
Difference
t-computed t- tab
= 0.05; df= 58
Remarks
Control
Experimental
29.23
32.6
3.37 -2.106

1.67

Significant
Table 3. T-test Results on the Pre-test and Post-test Scores of the Control Group
Control
Group
Mean
Scores
Mean
Difference
t-computed t- tab
= 0.05; df=29
Remarks
Pre-test
Post-test
25.36
29.23
3.87 -6.87

1.699

Significant

120
4. The mean score of students in the pre-test
differs significantly from that in the post-test
using Communicative approach.
The pre-test mean score of the experimental
group was 25.13, while the post-test of this
group was 32.6. When subjected to t-test, it
was revealed that there is a significant
difference between the pre-test and post-test
scores at 0.05 probability level.
5. Students exposing to Communicative
Approach performed better than those using
the traditional method.
The mean gain scores of the control and the
experimental groups were 3.87 and 7.47
respectively. The t-test proved that there is a
significant difference in the mean gain scores
between two groups. The results also revealed
that the students being taught with
Communicative Approach performed better
than those being exposed to the traditional
method of teaching English.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the findings of this study, the
following conclusions were drawn:
1. The hypothesis that there is a significant
difference in the pre-test scores of the two
groups using Communicative Approach and
Traditional Approach is not supported in this
study.
2. The hypothesis that the mean gain scores
in the post test of students using
Communicative Approach significantly differ
from those using the traditional method is
supported. It is evident that the mean score of
students using Communicative Approach is
significantly higher than that of students using
the traditional method.
3. The hypothesis indicating that there is a
significant difference between the pre-test
scores and the post-test scores of the control
group using the traditional method is also
supported in this study
4. The hypothesis that the mean gain scores
in the post test significantly differ from those
in the pre-test of students using
Communicative Approach is supported.
5. And the hypothesis that students in the
experimental group using Communicative
Approach perform better than those in the
control group using the traditional approach is
also supported.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the conclusions of this study, the
following recommendations were drawn:
1. The results of the study prove that the
mean scores of students using
Communicative Approach is significantly
higher than those of students using the
traditional method. Therefore, teachers of
English in the College of Sciences in
particular and teachers in Vietnam in general
may adapt Communicative Approach in their
teaching with regard to applying different
activities following this method to motivate
and improve students skills in English.
2. The study also reveals that there is a
significant difference between the pre-test
scores and the post-test scores of the control
group using the Traditional Method. Hence,
this method is still favorable for teachers to
integrate in their teaching.
Table 4. T-test Results on the Pre-test and Post-test Scores of the Experimental Group
Experimental
Group
Mean
Scores
Mean
Difference
t-computed t- t-tab
= 0.05; df=29
Remarks
Pre-test
Post-test
25.13
32.6
7.47 -11.019

1.699

Significant
Table 5. T-test for Two Independent Samples for Mean Gain Scores
Groups Mean Gain Scores t-computed t- tab = 0.05; df=58 Remarks
Control
Experimental
3.87
7.47
-4.087

1.67

Significant

121
3. The results infers that success in teaching
English to students may depend not so much
on the teachers competency or the students
capability but more than the approaches and
strategies that the teacher may use. As a
consequence, it is recommended that teachers
of English take into serious consideration all
the conditions to apply these innovative
approaches as well as combine harmoniously
different methods in their teaching so that
they could facilitate the students learning to
reach their utmost acquisition of the language.

REFERENCES
[1]. Canale, M (1993). From Communicative
Competence to Communicative Language
Pedagogy. In: Jack C. Richards & Richard
W.Schmidt. (Eds.), Language and communication.
London: Longman. 5
th
printing.
[2]. Noam Chomsky (2005), On Nature and
Language. Cambridge University Press.
[3]. Nguyen Huy Can (2007). Teaching and
Learning Foreign Languages in Vietnam: The
Current Situation and some Solutions. English
Foreign Language Journal.
[4]. Phan Le Ha (2004). University Classrooms in
Vietnam: Contesting the stereotypes. English
Language Teaching Journal.

TM TT
HIU QU CA PHNG PHP DY HC GIAO TIP I VI KH NNG
S DNG TING ANH CA SINH VIN NM TH HAI TRNG I HC
KHOA HC, I HC THI NGUYN

Nguyn Th Qu
*


ng hng dy hc giao tip (CLT) bao gm nhng l thuyt v ging dy ngn ng, trong
nhn mnh mc tiu cn hng ti ca vic dy ngn ng l kh nng giao tip ca ngi hc.
y l mt phng php kh mi m i vi ging vin ting Anh ca i hc Thi Nguyn ni
chung v i hc Khoa hc ni ring. Do , nghin cu ny tp trung gii p cu hi liu rng
CLT c ci thin kh nng ting Anh ca sinh vin nm th 2, trng i hc Khoa hc, i hc
Thi Nguyn ca hc k I nm hc 2009-2010. Hai nhm sinh vin c ging dy bng hai
phng php truyn thng v phng php dy hc giao tip tham gia th nghim trong nghin
cu. im trung bnh trc khi th nghim ca 2 nhm khng c s khc bit ng k trong khi
im trung bnh sau khi th nghim 2 phng php th hin s khc bit rt ln trong kh nng s
dng ting Anh ca 2 nhm. Kt qu ca ti cho thy vic s dng a dng cc hot ng theo
ng hng dy hc giao tip trong ging dy ting Anh thc s to ra ng lc hc tp v nng
cao kh nng s dng ting Anh ca sinh vin.

*
Tel: 0963 888 288, Email: quenguyentnu@gmail.com

122

Trn Thu Hng v TG Tp ch KHOA HC & CNG NGH 79(03): 123 - 127

123

SOME PROPOSED OF MASTER CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
IN THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

Tran Thu Huong, Nguyen Xuan Truong, Tran Thanh Van, Chu Hoang Mau
Thai Nguyen University

ABSTRACT
Study on finding solutions to improve the quality of current master training are problems that
many educators and societies care about. In which making the master training program under
new approach plays a very important role in organizing master training program. Based on the
assessment of current state of undergraduate and master training in Thai Nguyen University
and the change in training regulation of the Ministry of Education and Training and the
requirement of society, this paper presents the orientation of principle and method for
designing and building a master program including curriculum, standard output and detailed
subject outline. This contributes to improving the quality of graduate training institutions.
Key words: Standard of output, details outline, curriculum, program development, masters.

INTRODUCTION
*

In recent years, the process of renewing the
economy of Vietnam has achieved many
significant achievements, the life of the
people has been continuously improved. In
2007, Vietnam officially became one of the
member of the World Trade Organization [1].
The development of economic and social
demands higher requirements for the national
education system, particularly for
undergraduate education. Government of
Vietnam issued Resolution No. 14/2005/NQ-
CP on comprehensive reform of
undergraduate education to Vietnam for the
period of 2006-2020 to promote the reform of
higher education so that in 2020 Vietnam has
an advanced system of higher education [2].
Directive No 296/CT-TTg on 27/02/2010 of
the Prime Minister on the reform of higher
education management during the period
2010-2012 and building strategies period of
2011-2015 to towards to 2020 which
indicated the development of model of higher
education must be ensured as well as
improving the quality of training. Resolutely
put an end to uncontrolled quality training.
Need to create mechanisms and dynamics of
state management and Academic management
institutions to ensure implementation of goals

*
Tel: 0912215929
and improving the quality of training [2]. In
the report of Education and Training of
Ministry on the development of solutions and
higher education systems to ensure and
improve the quality of training has been
confirmed: "In general the quality of higher
education, especially the Academic of masters
and doctors are still limited, It has been
affecting for the economy in a relatively long
time "and one of the solutions to ensure and
improve the quality of Academic in the period
of 2009 -2012 is "standardizing and
improving the quality of academic programs"
[3]. Reforms academic program and built the
standard output of the academic program is
one of the problems of quality undergraduate
academic should be discussed and clarified.
SITUATION OF MASTER ACADEMIC
PROGRAM OF THAI NGUYEN
UNIVERSITY
Thai Nguyen University is interdisciplinary
university in education system of Viet Nam
which is assigned to educate 20 specialities in
Doctoral of philosophy program and 40
specialities in master program by ministry of
education. Before 2006, master program
training was composed 100 units but the
structure of program has been reformed 2
times for suitable with education system after.
The first time in 2005 2008 periods, the
master academic program was followed as

124
school year education system with 70 units
and delivered in 3 blocks of knowledge as:
general knowledge block (English and
Philosophy subjects), basic knowledge block
and specialized knowledge block and master
thesis included 15 units. From 2008-2009
school years, credit education system has
been applied to replace school year education
system including master academic program.
Master academic program include 50 credits
and to be able to graduate within 2 years with
3 blocks of knowledge, thesis and to be
delived follow as:
The general knowledge block (5 credits)
include philosophy and English subject.
English is not compulsory subject; depend on
the condition of school and the demand of
students to decide, but graduate students have
to submit English international certificate
before defend their thesis.
The basis knowledge includes 21 credits. The
specialized knowledge includes 12 credits,
and the master thesis includes 12 credits.
The differences of academic programs are
considered the different of contents,
compulsory subjects, elective subjects and
master thesis.
Regulation master's degree training issued
under Circular No. 10/2011/TT-BGDDT
dated Feb 28, 2011 by the Minister of
Education and Training has decided about 30
35 credits in master academic program and
to be derived in theory module(80%) and
master thesis (20%). The theory module
includes as: (i) the general knowledge block
with 3 credits of philosophy subject (social
science humanities specialized) or 2 credits
(others specialized); (ii) the basis and
specialized knowledge blocks including
compulsory and elective subjects (30% in
elective subjects) [5]. And the graduate school
must to finish the proposal of master academic
program at the last of 2011. Thus, improved
master academic programs of each institution
are required and are conducted regularly.
All of the schools base on the form of
ministry of education and training to set up
their academic program. But during the
process, some subjects which are available
proof and material facilities have been taught
and do not mention to the logical and
demands of program structures. It is common
in graduate academic program design that the
subjects belong to proof who set up the
program is more frequency in list of program
or they do not want to combine with other
subjects to become a new one. They did not
carry out surveys of the quality of graduation
students and not yet analyze and assess the
real needs of the knowledge that society
needs also.
In currently, our master quality is not satisfy
the requirements of social because of each
training institution have one type of training
only and to be affected others social problems
relative professors and students, material
facilities, reference books, Hences, it is
necessary to reform the structure of program
of each specialized for suitable and meet the
demands of socialities. The purpose of
development academic programs are able to
set up training programs to support each other
subjects and detail plan for integrating
between personal skills and communication
skills; product creation skills, processes,
systems to make sure the quality of
graduation students [1]. Beside that, English
is one of indispensable requirement to be able
to graduate of students. Thus, development of
master academic program is the best method
to improve the quality of masters.
PROPOSE A NEW APPROACH TO
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
MASTER
The changing of curriculum will be affected
to all of lectures, staffs, and potential of
Vietnam National University have overcome
the difficulties during the process base on 12
factors as considered culture changing and 3
steps in organization: Starting right - Motivate
key activities.
- Institutionalizing change [1]. Base on the
status of master academic program of Thai
Nguyen University, we recommend some
strategies approach to improve the quality of
master.

125
Curriculum development and requirement
satisfy of master graduation
Base on the master academic program
regulation of ministry of education and
training and status of College of Thai Nguyen
University to complete the master curriculum.
However, when developing training programs
should be rebuilt from scratch, pay attention
to continuity and can perform the procedure
as follows:
(1) Curriculum framework of each specialized
will be followed the rules and orientation of
Thai Nguyen University. And it is able to
design with 2 types of framework: (1)
Curriculum framework have only course
work and without thesis, but master students
have to finish a term paper before graduation
and not allow to take PhD with the same
specialized. (2) curriculum framework
include course work with general knowledge
block, basis knowledge block, and specialized
knowledge block and thesis with 20% of
course work among. The ones who graduate
to be able to take PhD.
(2) Graduate school has responsibility to
inform to faculties for review the objectives
and the existing framework. Establish project
team to develop training programs as the core
members of the Department of eel
management training program.
(3) Base on the objectives and curriculum
framework, the members of project team put
forward a proposed draft program and new
standard output (first version).
(4) Members of project team present to the
Scientific Council of Faculty Training
professionals to gather opinions and discuss
preliminary approval of the standard output to
deploy the survey process.
(5) Surveyed groups of stakeholders:
Teachers, graduate students, alumnus and
recruitors.
(6) Collection, processing and analyzing
information to propose the standard output
and curriculum framework (second version).
(7) Divisions have being made discussions for
introducing the third version to the Scientific
Council of Faculty Training professionals.
(8) Council for Science and Training to
discuss and make final decisions on
curriculum frameworks and standards of
professional output of the master that subject
(9) Complete the curriculum framework and
standard output of specialized training master
degree (final version)
The new curriculum framework should not
follow the old one to design. Do not base on
the potential available lecturers must be based
on the objectives and the standards output of
training programs. Base on survey the
stakeholders on the objectives and outputs
standard to design programs which include
training modules with appropriate subjects. In
the curriculum framework may have the new
courses, combine 2 or 3 subjects to form a
new course and it can be absent some subjects
which present in the old program. The new
curriculum framework is the brainchild and
will be tested, evaluated and improved during
the training process.
Standard output is the basis for set up an
integrated training program to ensure
achieving specific objectives. Integrated
curriculum includes many courses in close
contact with each other to provide the
knowledge, skills and attitudes for each
different level. It can be done by methods:
'from up to down assume the hypothesis,
estimate the knowledge, skills, and attitudes
of standard output to decide the contents of
courses. Hence, we have from the standard
output of the whole program to determine the
structure of academic programs and then will
build a detailed outline for each subject; or
other method : from the current state of the
old academic program, with the outline of the
old subjects, but the link between the subject
has not been clearly defined, the standard
output of each subject is also unclear, we
have to redefine the standard output of each
subject in a match with the standard output of
the whole program, identified the integrated
sequence of subjects to edit the old course
outline proposals to new one.
It is not only base on the objectives of
training but also base on the survey

126
stakeholders to set up the standard output.
The results of standard output survey may
show some problems: (i) which output is not
any stakeholders interested in? (ii) Which
output do not support by any subject? (iii)
The relative importance of each standard
output compared to the standard output Left
[7]. The objective of master academic
program is the product to be achieved after
the training process. Standard output is the
product-specific knowledge, skills, attitudes
can be measured to assess training objectives.
The construction of the training program
should have a consensus and concerns of the
leaders, lecturers, and academic program have
to meet the demands of stakeholder.
Survey the stakeholder
The results of survey stakeholder play an
important to assess practicability, logical of
standard output [8]. Objects are selected to be
surveyed are faculty, alumni and the
recruiters. Before conducting the survey, the
questionnaire design, methodologies of
survey must be done, and after conducting the
survey, all of information will be analyzed
and assessed. Questionnaire design, process
and methodologies have been suited with
each respondent.
Set up the detail outline
The detail outline and standard output are the
main component of master academic
program. A training program integrates many
subjects are related closely together to
provide knowledge, skills and attitudes for
each different level and in a sequence
determined [9]. Each course will be
determined by standard output specific
subjects to be able to achieve the standard
output of the training program.
Detailed course outline can be built under the
order include the following: (1) Determine the
objectives of subjects; (2) Determine the
correlation between the subjects under
consideration with other subjects in the series
subjects of the overall program;(3) Determine
the standard output follow criterion: scientific
knowledge, skills and attitude; (4) Determine
the correlation between the standard output
and standard output subject of training
programs, base on 3 criteria: Utilize- Teach-
Introduction; (5) Finally, selection
appropriate teaching methods for each of the
course content, the assessment methods to
ensure the attainment of the standard output
of the subjects mentioned.
It is complexity to develop the academic
program, identify the standard output, and
design the detail outline of subjects, so it is
necessary the corporation and effort of
managers and teachers for successful. The
managers have to innovate the method of
management and design the outline of
subjects. The teachers must boldly change,
have strong faith, always update their
knowledge and dare to innovate on the best
experiences of themselves. They must be
willing to listen and accept the opinions of
colleagues and others, enthusiasm, humility -
learning from mistakes and perseverance,
patience. Thus, the development of master
academic programs is archived efficiency and
goals.
REFERENCES
[1].Vietnam National University (2010),
"Proceeding an example CDIO model at the
Vietnam National University", Proceedings of
seminar on standard output and curriculum
development follow the model CDIO, pp. A1-A9
[2].www.chinhphu.vn (2005) Resolution No.
14/2005/NQ-CP on comprehensive reform of
Vietnam education period of 2006-2020 .
[3].Ministry of Education and Training (2010),
Innovation in management system of higher
education period 2009 to 2012, Education
Publishing House, pp. 28-44.
[4].Thai Nguyen University (2008-2010), Master
Academic program of Thai Nguyen University.
[5].Ministry of Education and Training (2011),
Regulations of Master Academic issued under
Circular No. 10/2011/TT-BGDDT on February
28, 2011 by the Minister of Education & Training
[6].Ho Tan Nhut, Doan Thi Minh Trinh (2009),
Reform and building training programs in
technical by method of approaching CDIO,
Publishing house of Vietnam National University.
[7].Dinh Ba Tien, Le Hoai Bac, Tran Dan Nhu,
Duong Anh Duc (2010), "Building Process of
Building standard output and training programs of
the Department of Information Technology, Ha

127
Noi university of Science and Technology in
CDIO", Proceedings of Seminar on standard
output and curriculum development follow the
model CDIO, pp. B1 1-12.
[8].Lam Quang Vu, Van Chi Nam, Tran Minh
Triet (2010), "Survey of access on standard output
of Department of Information Technology, Ha Noi
university of Science and Technology",
Proceedings of Seminar on standard output and
curriculum development follow the model CDIO,
pp. B2 :1-12.
[9].Ho Bao Quoc, Le Hoai Bac (2010), "Some
experiences in developing syllabus of subjects
follow CDIO", Proceedings of Seminar on
standard output and curriculum development
follow the model CDIO, p. B3 :1-9.

TM TT
MT S XUT PHT TRIN CHNG TRNH O TO THC S
CA I HC THI NGUYN

Trn Thu Hng
*
, Nguyn Xun Trng, Trn Thanh Vn, Chu Hong Mu
i hc Thi nguyn

Cht lng o to v nghin cu tm gii php nng cao cht lng o to thc s hin nay ang
l vn c nhiu nh gio dc hc v c x hi quan tm. Trong cc gii php vic thit k
chng trnh o to thc s theo hng tip cn mi c v tr ht sc quan trng trong t chc o
to thc s hin nay. Trn c s nh gi hin trng v chng trnh o to i hc v thc s hin
nay ca i hc Thi Nguyn, nhng thay i trong quy ch o to ca B Gio dc &o to
v yu cu ca x hi, bi bo trnh by nh hng v nguyn tc cng nh cch thc thit k v
xy dng chng trnh o to thc s bao gm c khung chng trnh, chun u ra v cng
chi tit mn hc, gp phn nng cao cht lng o to thc s ca cc c s o to sau i hc.
T kha: Chun u ra, cng chi tit, khung chng trnh, pht trin chng trnh, thc s

*
Tel: 0912215929

128

Nguyn B Dng v TG Tp ch KHOA HC & CNG NGH 79(03): 129 - 131

129

PHT TRIN T DUY L LUN NNG TM NHN THC CHO SINH
VIN V CON NG I LN CH NGHA X HI NC TA

Nguyn B Dng
1
, Ngc Hanh
2
*
Hc vin Chnh tr, B Quc phng

TM TT
Trong bi vit, cc tc gi tp trung lun gii vai tr ca t duy l lun i vi hot ng thc
tin ca con ngi. Pht trin t duy l lun l vic lm cp thit, c ngha c v l lun v thc
tin i vi sinh vin cc trng i hc, Cao ng hin nay. ng thi, cc tc gi ch r
nh hng pht trin t duy l lun ca sinh vin; trn c s , xut mt s gii php t ph
nhm pht trin t duy l lun ca sinh vin, p ng yu cu, i hi cp bch ca vic nng cao
cht lng gio dc Vit Nam hin nay.
T kha: Nng tm nhn thc cho sinh vin

Trong bi cnh lch s mi, s nghip cch
mng v vang ca ton ng, ton dn i
hi phi pht huy hn na sc mnh ca khi
i on kt dn tc. Sc mnh phi c
bt ngun trc ht t nhn thc ng n
ca mi ngi v con ng i ln ch ngha
x hi (CNXH) ca t nc, trong c mt
b phn v cng quan trng l th h tr ni
chung, sinh vin cc trng i hc, cao ng
ni ring:
*

Gi vng mc tiu c lp dn tc gn lin
vi CNXH l mc tiu phn u ca ton
ng, ton dn v ton qun ta, l trch
nhim v vang ca th h tr, l biu hin c
th ca ch ngha yu nc Vit Nam trong
thi k mi. Chng ta phn u xy dng
v pht trin t nc, nht thit khng th
tt hu so vi cc nc xung quanh, l
ch, l quyt tm khng g lay chuyn c
ca dn tc ta, ca chnh th h thanh nin,
ca sinh vin Vit Nam v i ng tri thc tr
ang hot ng trn khp mi lnh vc ca
i sng x hi [2].
nhn thc ng n v con ng i ln
CNXH m ng, Bc H v nhn dn ta
la chn; sinh vin phi thc hin thng li
cc nhim v x hi ca mnh, trnh tnh
hung ri vo sai lm, khuyt im. Mun
nh vy, h cn s ch dn ca l lun khoa
hc. Song, thc tin lch s cho thy rng,
khng phi khi no s vn dng l lun vo

*
Tel: 0919.604.599; Email: dnhanh242.vip@gmail.com
thc tin cng c th t ti mt hiu qu cao,
bi vic vn dng i hi ch th vn
dng l lun phi c mt trnh t duy l
lun nht nh.
Ch tch H Ch Minh khng nh: L
lun nh ci kim ch nam, n ch phng
hng cho chng ta trong cng vic thc t.
Khng c l lun th lng tng nh nhm mt
m i [3]. Nhn r tc dng v cng to ln
ca t duy l lun, Ph.ng ghen tng nhn
mnh: Mt dn tc mun ng vng trn
nh cao ca khoa hc th khng th khng c
t duy l lun [1].T duy l lun c vai tr
quan trng i vi cc lnh vc hot ng ca
x hi, con ngi; c bit l qu trnh nhn
thc v con ng i ln CNXH nc ta
i vi sinh vin hin nay.
S pht trin vng bn ca t nc theo nh
hng XHCN i hi tt yu phi trang b
cho sinh vin nhng nhn thc chnh tr,
nhng kin thc v mc tiu, con ng i
ln CNXH ca t nc, nhng kin thc
chuyn mn, nghip v, ngay t khi cn ngi
trn gh nh trng. y l iu c ngha
v cng quan trng v cp bch bi v, ng
trc nhng bin ng phc tp ca tnh hnh
chnh tr th gii, khu vc; trc chin lc
din bin ho bnh ca ch ngha quc
v cc th lc th ch, tp trung chng ph
trn lnh vc t tng i vi th h tr, nhn
thc ca sinh vin cc trng i hc, cao
ng v con ng i ln CNXH nc ta
vn cn nhiu vn bt cp. H c nhng

130
hn ch v kin thc l lun, t duy l lun,
thiu s quan tm n tnh hnh kinh t, chnh
tr, vn ho, x hi ca t nc. Nguy him
hn, mt b phn sinh vin vi trnh t
duy l lun thp km, thiu nim tin vo con
ng i ln CNXH, qu cao li ch vt
cht, cha nhn thc y vai tr, trch
nhim ca mnh i vi t nc.
Pht trin t duy l lun nng tm nhn
thc ca sinh vin v con ng i ln
CNXH nc ta hin nay cn thc hin tt
nhng nh hng c bn sau:
Th nht, pht trin t duy l lun ca sinh
vin phi hng ti vic hon thin phm
cht, nng lc ton din ca h.
Trc yu cu xy dng con ngi x hi ch
ngha p ng cuc u tranh trn mt trn
chnh tr - t tng hin nay, i hi sinh vin
cn phi c mt cht lng mi ton din.
Cht lng mi ton din l kt qu tng
hp ca s pht trin nhiu yu t, trong s
pht trin t duy l lun gi vai tr nn tng,
chi phi ti s pht trin, hon thin nhn cch
ton din ca ngi sinh vin.
Th hai, pht trin t duy l lun phi hng
vo nng cao trnh khoa hc, cc hot
ng chuyn mn ca sinh vin .
Qu trnh hc tp, cng tc cc trng i
hc, Cao ng, i ng sinh vin cn phi
c trang b k nng, phng php bit
thuyt phc, vn ng, t chc v hng dn
mi ngi dn, mi t chc trong nh trng
thc hin thng li ng li, nhim v chnh
tr ca ng; lm cho mi ngi, mi t chc
hot ng mt cch t gic, sng to, ng
vi ng li, quan im ca ng bng cng
tc gio dc chnh tr, t tng v cng tc t
chc. lm c iu ny, sinh vin phi c
tnh khoa hc rt cao. Pht trin t duy l lun
cn hng ti nng cao trnh khoa hc, cc
hot ng chuyn mn ca sinh vin .
Th ba, pht trin t duy l lun ca sinh vin
phi gn lin vi qu trnh hnh thnh h
cc phm cht tr tu c bn.
Trong hot ng nhn thc cng nh trong
hot ng thc tin, t duy l lun v cc
phm cht tr tu ca sinh vin lun c quan
h cht ch vi nhau. Tr tu vi t cch l
nhn thc l tnh t ti trnh cao lun
i hi mi ngi, nu mun c mt nng lc
tr tu nht nh, th phi lun n lc t gic
cao v thng xuyn. Khng ai c th em li
cho h mt nng lc tr tu no nu mi
ngi khng t tm n vi n. Tr tu khng
phi l mt kh nng thin ph, cng khng
th c tr tu bng nhng trao i vt cht.
Mt tr tu uyn bc l mt tr tu khng ch
am hiu tri thc va rng, va su, m mc
cao hn, tr tu y phi c s dng vo
trong thc tin cuc sng mt cch tch cc,
lnh mnh, lm cho cuc sng vn ng, pht
trin theo hng ngy cng phong ph hn,
m cht nhn vn hn. Bi vy, mt trong
nhng nh hng c bn t ra l s pht
trin t duy l lun ca sinh vin phi gn
lin vi qu trnh hnh thnh h nhng
phm cht tr tu c bn.
Pht trin t duy l lun nhm nng tm nhn
thc cho sinh vin v con ng i ln
CNXH nc ta, i hi ng, Nh nc,
cc c quan, ban ngnh phi c bin php
thit thc, hiu qu bo m s pht trin
vng bn ca t nc theo CNXH; tp trung
vo mt s bin php nh:
Mt l, y mnh thng tin, tuyn truyn,
gio dc ch ngha Mc - Lnin, t tng H
Ch Minh, ng li quan im ca ng
nhm bi dng t duy l lun, nng cao
nhn thc ca sinh vin v mc tiu, l tng,
con ng i ln CNXH nc ta.
y l gii php c ngha chin lc trong
vic nng cao nhn thc ca sinh vin v con
ng i ln CNXH nc ta. thc hin
tt gii php ny cn phi:
- Nng cao cht lng i ng gio vin
ging dy cc mn khoa hc Mc- Lnin, t
tng H Ch Minh, Lch s ng cng sn
Vit nam, cc mn khoa hc x hi v nhn
vn khc, gp phn nng cao nhn thc chnh
tr cho sinh vin trong nh trng.
- Tch cc i mi phng php, hnh thc
gio dc chnh tr; trn c s gi vng nh
hng chnh tr trong mi bi ging, mi hnh
thc gio dc. V.I.Lnin dy Trong bt
k mt trng hc no, iu quan trng nht

131
l phng hng chnh tr v t tng ca
cc bi ging [4]; ngha l phi th hin c
tnh ng, tnh giai cp, tnh khoa hc trong
ni dung ca tng ch .
- S quan tm ca cc cp y ng, cc c
quan chc nng ca ngnh gio dc o to,
cc nh trng, cc t chc chnh tr x hi
trong gio dc, nng cao nhn thc ca sinh
vin v con ng i ln ch ngha x hi
nc ta.
Hai l, thng xuyn t chc cc bui Hi
tho khoa hc, Din n, Trao i ca sinh
vin cc trng; tp trung ch : Con
ng i ln ch ngha x hi nc ta
Pht huy sc mnh tng hp ca on TNCS
H Ch Minh, c bit l t chc on trong
cc trng i hc v cao ng nng cao
cht lng, hnh thc gio dc chnh tr cho
sinh vin; trong c vn Nng cao nhn
thc ca sinh vin v con ng i ln ch
ngha x hi nc ta.
Hng nm, t chc cc bui Hi tho: Nhn
thc ca sinh vin v con ng i ln ch
ngha x hi nc ta hin nay; cc bui
Din n: Tui tr vi khoa hc v cng
ngh; cc bui trao i trc tip gia sinh
vin vi cc ng ch lnh o ng v nh
nc
Ba l, pht huy vai tr xung kch, sng to
ca tui tr trong xy dng v bo v T quc
Vit Nam x hi ch ngha
Hng nm, Trung ng on TNCS H Ch
Minh pht ng phong tro Ma h xanh
khi dy lng yu nc v vai tr xung kch
ca tui tr, ng vin h tham gia cc phong
tro Thanh nin tnh nguyn, Sinh vin v
ngy mai ca t nc. y l nhng hot
ng thit thc, b ch, c ngha chnh tr to
ln i vi sinh vin cc trng i hc,
Cao ng hin nay.
To iu kn sinh vin pht huy tnh tch
cc, c lp, sng to trong hc tp, rn
luyn, nghin cu khoa hc, ng thi nh
hng cho sinh vin, h t tm ti sng to
v tham gia c hiu qu vo qu trnh xy
dng v pht trin t nc.
Th h tr ni chung v sinh vin cc
trng i hc, Cao ng ni ring cn c
mt bn lnh vng vng, mt l tng sng
ng n; bn lnh , l tng ch c
c trn c s sinh vin c trnh t duy l
lun cao, nhn thc ng n v khoa hc v
CNXH v con ng i ln CNXH ca t
nc - con ng m c dn tc la chn
v ang phn u i ln.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Ph.ng ghen (1876), C.Mc & Ph.ng ghen,
Ton tp, tp 20, Nxb. CTQG, H Ni 1994,
tr.489.
[2]. Nng c Mnh (2003), Bi pht biu ca
Nguyn Tng B th Nng c Mnh ti i hi
i biu ton quc ln th VII Hi Sinh vin Vit
Nam.
[3]. H Ch Minh (1948), H Ch Minh, Ton tp,
tp 5, Nxb. CTQG, H Ni 1995, tr.223.
[4].V.I.Lnin (1923), V.I.Lnin, Ton tp, tp 47,
Nxb Tin b, Matxcva 1981, tr.248.
ABSTRACT
DEVELOP THEORETICAL THINKING TO RAISE STUDENTS
AWARENESS OF THE PATH TO SOCIALISM OF OUR COUNTRY

Nguyen Ba Duong, Do Ngoc Hanh
*
Military Politics Academy, Ministry of Defense.

In this article, the authors have focused on interpreting the role of theoretical thinking to human
practical activities. Development of theoretical thinking is urgent need, which theorectically and
practically has meaning to students at universities and colleges today. Simultaneously, the authors
have clearly oriented students' thinking theoretical development; on that basis, we propose some
innovative solutions to develop students' theoretical thinking, to meet the requirements, urgency of
improving the education quality in Vietnam now.
Keywords: raise students awareness

*
Tel: 0919.604.599; Email: dnhanh242.vip@gmail.com

132

Ng Th Lan Anh Tp ch KHOA HC & CNG NGH 79(03): 133 - 137

133

S TIP BIN KHI NIM TM TRONG PHT GIO VIT NAM
V NHNG BIU HIN CA N TRONG I SNG O C
NGI VIT NAM

Ng Th Lan Anh
*
Trng i hc s phm - H Thi Nguyn

TM TT
Ch "Tm" trong Pht gio l ni dung quan trng gp phn to nn gi tr vn ha Pht gio. Khi
vo Vit Nam, hu ht ngha ca ch "Tm" vn c gi li. Vn c cm tnh v a chung o
Pht, nn ngi Vit Nam rt cao ch "Tm". T ci Tm trong sng, thun khit hnh thnh
ngi Vit Nam li sng bnh d, cht phc, tht th, rt i thu chung, c ngha c tnh, c trc,
c sau gp phn xy dng ln mt nn o c ph hp vi cc chun mc x hi, hng nhn dn
vo vic thc hnh nhng iu thin, trnh xa iu c; em li s thanh thn trong Tm mi con
ngi. Bn cnh nhng mt tch cc, ci "Tm" trong qu trnh ho nhp vo i sng ngi Vit,
vn cn c c nhng mt tiu cc cn c nhng bin php thch hp khc phc.
T kha: Pht gio; Pht gio Vit Nam; Tm; tip bin; i sng o c

T VN
*

Trong xu th hi nhp v m ca hin nay,
ng ta xc nh vn ha l nn tng tinh
thn ca i sng x hi, l mc ch v ng
lc ca s pht trin [1, tr.213]. Vit Nam
trn con ng hi nhp, khng th khng bt
u t nhng gi tr vn ha truyn thng
trong c vn ha Pht gio. Ch "Tm"
trong Pht gio l ni dung quan trng gp
phn to nn gi tr vn ha Pht gio. Trit l
v ch "Tm" trong Pht gio c ngha rt
su sc, n nh hng khng nh ti i
sng o c ca ngi Vit Nam trong qu
kh cng nh trong hin ti v c tng lai.
S TIP BIN KHI NIM "TM"
TRONG PHT GIO VIT NAM
Theo quan nim ca Pht gio phm tr
Tm c th khi qut thnh su cp nh
sau: 1. "Tm" l tri tim bng xng, bng
tht (Pht gio khng ti ngha ny); 2.
"Tm" l thc (vijnna) v theo mt ngha
no , n chnh l thc thng thng ca
con ngi; 3. Nhng khng ch thc, "Tm"
cn l ton b th gii bn trong, ci ch
quan, tm hn, tnh cm, , tinh thn, tm
l. "Tm" khng ch l l m cn l tnh. Ci
"Tm" ny chnh l manas; 4. gc
"Tm" l thc th tm, th n bao gm c

*
Email: ngolananh171082@gmail.com
tim thc, v thc; 5. "Tm" cn l s tng
hp ca tt c ci "Tm" theo ngha th hai,
th ba, th t; 6. Trong Pht gio, "Tm" cn
l bn th v tr, chnh l tm th, Chn
tm [2, tr.31].
Khi vo Vit Nam, hu ht ngha ca ch
"Tm" vn c gi li. Vn c cm tnh v
a chung o Pht, nn ngi Vit Nam rt
cao ch "Tm". Quan nim v Tm ca
Pht gio Vit Nam pht trin theo hai
khuynh hng:
Mt l, ci "Tm" theo hng bc hc m ni
dung ca n bao gm c su cp nh
c trnh by phn trn. Cch hiu v
"Tm" theo khuynh hng ny, chu nh
hng trc tip t quan nim "Tm" ca Pht
gio Trung Hoa. Ch ny c ngha kh rng,
va ch tinh thn, thc, li va ch tnh cm,
l tr; va l tri tim li va l tn chung
ch nhng phm cht ca tr c. Ngoi ra, n
cn ch nhng ci gia (trung gian, trung
tm). Khi Pht gio du nhp vo Trung Quc,
ch ny c ni hm v ngoi din cng m
rng. Ngoi ngha trn, n cn ch tm thc
(bt thc): nhn thc, nh thc, thit thc,
thn thc, t thc, thc, mtna thc (thc
th by), Alida thc (thc th tm) v kt
hp vi nhau gia chng. Trong Pht gio
cn mt ci "Tm" na, l t tnh, thanh
tnh "Tm" (Kin thc tm) hay Nh Lai
Tng tm (Chn nh).

134
"Tm" c hiu l ni c tr ca hot ng
tinh thn con ngi. N cn mang ngha l
lng tm, o c, tm lng, lng bao dung,
nhn i, lng, v tha, thng ngi nh
th thng thn. "Tm" cn biu hin l s
cm thng, bit chia x vi ngi khc lc
hon nn, kh khn. "Tm" l tm tnh, tm
can, tm t, tm khm, l ton tm ton cho
cng vic, cho s nghip, l tng ca mnh.
Trong i sng o c nc ta, ci "Tm"
bc hc cng nh hng nhiu ti con
ngi Vit Nam.
Hai l, ci "Tm" bnh dn, n gp phn hnh
thnh nn nn Pht gio dn gian Vit Nam.
y chnh l mt trong nhng biu hin s
bin i ca Pht gio khi vo Vit Nam,
ho hp vi i sng v s nhn thc ca
ngi dn ni y. Trong su cp "Tm"
ni trn, Vit Nam, Pht gio, c bit Pht
gio dn gian nhn mnh mt ch quan, tnh
cm theo kha cnh th ba trong khi nim
"Tm".
"Tm" hiu theo cch ny chnh l lng,
bng, d, rut l phn bn trong ca c th
con ngi, l ci quan trng nht, d nhn
bit c. "Tm" l tm lc, l s tp trung
cao ca sc lc con ngi. mi ngi,
ai cng tn ti ci Tm trong mnh. V th,
trong c x gia con ngi vi con ngi,
iu quan trng l tm lng, l thnh "Tm",
thc bng, sng ht lng v nhau.
V th, vi ngi Vit Nam, ngi ta thng
s dng ch lng thay cho ch "Tm". iu
ny c phn nh m nt trong kho tng ca
dao, tc ng Vit Nam, trong cc cu chuyn
c dn gian Theo kt qu kho cu ca
GS.TS Nguyn Hng Hu:
"Trong cun "Tc ng ca dao dn ca Vit
Nam" ca V Ngc Phan (in ln th tm, Nxb
Khoa hc x hi, 1978) nu gp c lng,
bng, d, rut vo lm mt th tn sut xut
hin ch lng ln gp 26 ln tn xut hin
ch "Tm".
Nhng ngc li, trong cc vn bn thnh vn
bng ch Hn trc nm 1282, tc trc khi
c ch nm th ta ch thy c ch "Tm", v
sau ny mi thay bng ch lng. c th vn
Trn Nhn Tng, ng dng c hai ch "Tm"
v lng. iu ny li dn ta ti mt kt lun
cao hn: ngi Vit dng ch lng l ch
yu, dng ch lng nhiu hn ch "Tm".
Phn ln nhng ngi tri thc c tinh thn
c lp t ch v sau h thng dng ch
nm, tc ch lng thay cho ch "Tm", mc
d cch vit hai ch ny nh nhau. Qua y ta
thy ch lng xut hin v xut pht t ch
"Tm" [3, tr.407].
C th thy r, trong suy ngh ca ngi Vit
Nam, ci "Tm" bt ngun t trong chnh bn
thn chng ta. Bng chng ta ngh g, th hnh
ng ca chng ta s nh vy. Cho nn, mun
tr thnh ngi tt th cn phi c ci "Tm",
tc l chng ta phi sng bng c tm lng
ca mnh, mi c x, hnh ng phi t y
lng mnh m ra. Phi lun gi cho mnh s
ngay thng trong "Tm", mi mong c c
s ngay thng trong cng vic, cuc i. Cho
nn cha ng ta mi dn d chu con rng:
sao cho va lng ngi
D ai gic ng, gic ngi m nao.
Ngay trong cch th hin tnh cm la i,
ngi Vit Nam cng ly bng, lng, d,
rut ra bc bch tnh cm ca mnh. Coi
l s thnh "Tm" ca mnh i vi ngi
mnh thng, mnh yu. Ch c nhng tnh
cm c khi mch t trong su thm ci
lng mi con ngi mi l tnh cm chn
thnh, ng qu, ng c trn trng, nng
niu. Cho nn mi c nhng hnh nh nh:
- Thng anh bng st tn da
Anh th khng bit tng l i cm
- Thng anh, em chng ni ra
Trong rut th ho, ngoi da th vng.
Trong gia nh, tnh cm ca con ci i vi
cha m mnh cng c bt ngun t trong
rut, bng, d... mi ngi:
- Chiu chiu xch gi hi rau
Ng ln m m, rut au nh dn.
Tm lng ca ngi con hng v cha m
mnh n mc "rut au nh dn" cho thy
mt s hiu rt ln ca ngi Vit Nam
i vi bc sinh thnh dng dc. Khng ch
trong tnh cm, m trong c vic nh gi,
nhn nhn v con ngi, ngi Vit Nam
cng da vo yu t bng, d, lng coi
nh thc o cn c vo m phn xt:

135
- Sng su cn c k d
Lng ngi nham him, ai o cho va.
- Dao vng ct rut mu ri
Rut au chng my bng li em than.
Nh vy, ci "Tm" trong cch hiu ca
ngi Vit Nam theo dn gian n l lng,
bng, d, rut.... Cch hiu ny tht dn d,
chn cht nh bn tnh con ngi Vit Nam,
khin ai cng hiu c, nhn ra c ci
"Tm" trong mi con ngi v bin n tr
thnh hnh ng ca bn thn mnh. Ci
"Tm" y thm m hn Vit, tnh nhn vn,
nhn o trong . ng thi, n cng to ra
mt mu sc ring trong quan nim v "Tm"
ca Pht gio Vit Nam. Bi n khng ch
bao cha tt c th gii ni tm bn trong m
cn bao cha trong c nhng mch ngun
cm xc, thng hoa tr tu, s cm thng, s
chia ca mi con ngi sng trn ci i ny.
MT S BIU HIN CA "TM" TRONG
I SNG CA NGI VIT NAM
Tm trong Pht gio Vit Nam c biu
hin ra v cng phong ph m trong khun
kh bi vit ny ch nu ln mt s biu
hin sau:
V mt tch cc, hin nay trong cuc sng c
hin tng gi di, ni mt ng lm mt
no. Trong c ch th trng, hin tng ny
c chiu hng pht trin. Bi vy, quan
nim tht "Tm", tht bng ca nh Pht gip
cho con ngi iu chnh hnh vi ca mnh,
v nu khng s b qu bo. Ngi lnh o
khng ch c tm nhn xa m phi c ci
Tm na. Tm v Tm khng tch ri
nhau, trong lnh o qun l. Biu hin ca
Tm v Tm theo mt ngha no cng
l biu hin ca c v ti. Nhiu ngi ca
thn, mt s cn b thiu c Tm ln
Tm. Bi vy, ng v Nh nc cn c c
ch c th chn c ngi c c Tm
ln Tm ra lnh o, c nh th s nghip
cng nghip ho, hin i ho mi nhanh i
n thng li.
Tm biu hin trong cuc sng ca ngi
Vit l lng hiu tho, s hiu thun, sng
c tnh, c ngha, c trc, c sau.
L ngi Vit Nam, o l lm ngi u
tin phi hc l hiu knh vi cha m, ng
b. N n su vo tm khm ngi Vit
Nam, tr thnh bn tnh t nhin. Di s nh
hng ca cc tn gio m ln nht l o
Pht, li dy ca Pht v vic nh n v bo
n cha m khc su hn na trong mi con
ngi Vit Nam.
Tu u m bng tu nh
Th cha knh m mi l chn tu.
Vi ngi Vit Nam di nh hng Tm
ca Pht gio, nhn dn lun nhc nh nhau
sng c tnh, c ngha, c lng tri vi nhau,
cng nhau to lp mt cuc sng tt lnh,
trnh b qu bo theo lut nhn qu. Ca dao
c cu:
- Cy xanh th l cng xanh
Cha m hin lnh c cho con.
Tm theo hng tch cc cn biu hin ra
li sng t bi, bc i, khng lm iu c,
tch cc lm iu thin, iu nhn c.
Trc khi Pht gio vo Vit Nam, nc ta
c truyn thng thng ngi, n xut
pht t chnh cuc sng ca ngi Vit c i
v pht trin theo lch s pht trin ca dn
tc Vit Nam. Nhng nt p trong truyn
thng ngi Vit th hin tinh thn:
- L lnh m l rch.
- Mt con nga au, c tu b c.
Khi t tng t bi ca Pht gio vo Vit
Nam, lm cho tnh thng ca con ngi
Vit Nam c nhn ln, m rng. Lng yu
thng con ngi, s lng bao dung,
khuyn thin, tr c, sng v tha ci
phn no nh hng n i sng ngi Vit.
Con ngi bit lo lng cho ngi khc hn
bn thn; bit bao dung lng hn, bit tha
th cho ngi li lm bit hi ci. Mt
ming khi i bng mt gi khi no, tr
thnh phng chm sng ca ngi Vit Nam.
Tnh thng y cn l tnh thng mun vt.
Cm st sinh, b th bt ngun t .
Khi c ci Tm thin, cuc sng s an lc,
thnh thi, thng bng, sng ho hp vi mi
trng xung quanh v nhng ngi ng loi.

136
Trong c ch th trng hin nay, nhng giy
pht ny tht l qu him, hnh nh cc ngi
cha vi nhng cnh quan ti p l im
dng chn l tng cho tm hn mi con
ngi trong cuc sng huyn no ni trn th.
Nhng kin trc v cnh vt trong cha
mang n vi mi con ngi s bnh yn,
thnh thi, th thi, b li ng sau nhng lo
toan tt bt ca cuc sng.
Nh vy, ci "Tm" trong qu trnh ho nhp
vo i sng ngi Vit, bn cnh nhng mt
tch cc nh trnh by trn, vn cn c
c nhng mt tiu cc.
Mt l, do qu cao ch Tm, nn ngi
Vit Nam c v hi nghing v tnh cm. Trong
hnh ng ca bn thn mi ngi, nhiu khi v
tm lng, v ch tnh m thnh ra hng vic, b
k xu li dng lm iu sai tri.
Quan nim "mt trm ci l, khng bng mt
t ci tnh" tr thnh thi quen ca ngi
Vit. H gii quyt cng vic khng theo l
m ch lu tnh. Ngi cng thn th cng
ng. V th, rt nhiu lng qu Vit Nam
vi li hnh x theo kiu trng tnh hn trng
l khin trt t k cng lng nc kh
c thc thi.
Hai l, v ci "Tm" ca Pht gio th hin t
duy hng ni, cho nn do nh hng ci
Tm ca nh Pht m mt s ngi Vit c
v thin trng v tnh cm, cao ci thin t
"Tm" m ra. V th, n c phn t quan tm
n khoa hc k thut, t quan tm lm th
no cho ca ci vt cht ngy cng tng, lm
th no gii phng con ngi v mt x
hi ng thi, nu ch th, th ci c s vn
tn ti, hin hu, pht trin trong i sng ca
chng ta. Bi vy, khng th ch bng s n
lc, rn luyn ca bn thn mi ngi, m
cn cn phi c s u tranh loi tr ci
xu, ci c khi cuc sng x hi.
Ba l, Pht gio cho rng cuc i l b
kh, hnh phc khng phi trong chnh i
sng ca con ngi, m l ni cc lc. iu
ny, dn ti nhng tiu cc, lm nht ch
phn u ca con ngi trong i sng hin
thc, s bi quan, chn nn i vi hin ti,
vi nhng g ang xy ra trong chnh i
sng hin thc ca con ngi.
Con ng tu luyn d Pht tr Tm m
Pht gio nu ra cng cha phi l gii php
ti u nht. Bi n mi ch da vo nng lc,
s nhn thc ca c nhn mi con ngi. i
hi mi ngi tnh t gic, tinh thn t phn
u vn ln ca mi con ngi, cha
phi l con ng c th quy t c sc
mnh ca qun chng trong vic u tranh
xo b nhng bt cng trong x hi hin ti
v xy dng mt x hi hin thc tt p hn
ni trn th.
Cho nn, rt nhiu ngi khi gp phi nhng
bt trc, trc tr trong cuc i tm ti ca
Pht n nu mnh, v hnh chung h ang
quay lng vi hin ti v quay tr v vi qu
kh. H coi ca Pht l c o h r b
trn i, tu dng "Tm" mnh, tr nn
thanh thn, sng mt i sng bnh lng, v
lo trc cuc i.
Tm li, Tm ca Pht gio khi vo Vit
Nam ho nhp vo i sng tn ngng
ca ngi Vit Nam, chi phi mi hot ng
ca qun chng nhn dn. Vi cch hiu
Tm l tm lc, l lng chn thnh, l s
ngay thng n tn ti trong tt c ngi Vit
Nam. Ai cng c th tm thy ci Tm
trong bn thn mnh v nu thc hin theo ci
Tm c Pht chng ta s c Pht bn
mnh. V th, ci Tm trong Pht gio
chi phi, tc ng ln ti i sng o c
ca ngi Vit Nam, trong c c nhng tc
ng tch cc v c nhng hn ch nht nh.
khc phc nhng hn ch v pht huy
nhng gi tr tch cc trong qu trnh nh
hng ca ci Tm trong Pht gio ni
ring v Pht gio ni chung ti i sng o
c ca con ngi Vit Nam hin nay, ng
v Nh nc ta cn quan tm hn na ti cc
hot ng tn gio trong c hot ng ca
Pht gio. Thc hin cc bin php nng
cao trnh nhn thc, i sng vt cht, tinh
thn cho nhn dn, c bit ng bo c o.
Khuyn khch h gn nim tin tn gio vi
ch trng, ng li chnh sch ca ng v
Nh nc, cng ng gp cng sc vo
cng cuc xy dng t nc ngy mt giu
p hn, c v th trn trng quc t.
Chng ta cn phi c s phi hp cht ch
gia cc ban ngnh chc nng, cc lc lng
khc nhau trong x hi to nn sc mnh
tng hp trong vic thc hin cng tc tn
gio, a hot ng ca cc tn gio trong

137
c hot ng ca Pht gio i vo n nh,
trt t tun th theo quy nh php lut, ng
thi cng khng gy nh hng ti quyn t
do tn ngng ca nhn dn, nhn dn tin
tng v i theo con ng m ng v Ch
tch H Ch Minh la chn.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. ng cng sn Vit Nam, Vn kin i hi
i biu ton quc ln th X, Nxb Chnh tr Quc
gia, H Ni, 2006.
[2]. Nguyn Hng Hu, Gp phn tm hiu t
tng trit hc Pht gio Trn Thi Tng, Nxb
Khoa hc x hi, H Ni, 1996.
[3]. Nguyn Hng Hu, Trit l trong vn ho
Phng ng, Nxb i hc S Phm, H Ni, 2004.
[4]. V Ngc Phan, Tc ng ca dao dn ca Vit
Nam", (in ln th tm), Nxb Khoa hc x hi, 1978.

SUMMARY
THE ADOPTION AND ADAPTATION OF THE CONCEPT TM IN
VIETNAMESE BUDDHISM AND HOW IT REVEALS IN THE VIETNAMESES
MORAL LIFE

Ngo Thi Lan Anh
*

College of Education- Thainguyen University

In Buddism, Tm (heart) is an important aspect partly contributing to the value of buddhistic
culture. When being introduced into Vietnam, Tam still remains almost all of its meanings.
Thanks to the available love for Buddhism, Vietnamese people highly respect the aspect of Tam.
Owning pure and warm hearts, the Vietnamese have led a plain, rustic and faithful life with a
closely sentimental attachment. This helps much to build a cultural basis that is appropriate for
social morals and leads the people to follow the good as well as to avoid the bad, which will bring
a peaceful heart for everyone. Apart from the positive points, Tam on the process of being
integrated in Vietnam unavoidably contains the negative points that need solving appropriately.
Key words: Buddhism; Vietnamese Buddhism; Tam (Heart); adoption and adaptation; moral life

*
Email: ngolananh171082@gmail.com

138

Nguyn Th Gm Tp ch KHOA HC & CNG NGH 79(03): 139 - 144

139

LI SNG CA N GING VIN TR I HC THI NGUYN
I VI QUN O THI TRANG

Nguyn Th Gm

SUMMARY
Nghin cu li sng ca ngi tiu dng n i vi qun o thi trang c thc hin nhm xc
nh cc on th trng qun o thi trang ca n ging vin tr thuc i hc Thi Nguyn vi
mc ch cung cp thng tin cho cc nh sn xut kinh doanh mt hng thi trang cng s trn a
bn thnh ph Thi Nguyn. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy c s khc nhau v li sng gia nhng
n ging vin tr ca i hc v h l nhng ngi nh gi cao tnh hp thi trang, lch s, tao
nh v ph hp vi bn thn hn l cc yu t v cht lng v gi c. Da vo kt qu nghin
cu, mt vi kin ngh c xut.
T kho: Li sng, ngi tiu dng, hnh vi mua, thi trang

T VN
*

Ngy nay nhu cu v cht lng cuc sng
trong i sng ca ngi dn Vit Nam ni
chung v ca cn b ging vin cc trng
i hc ni chung ngy cng tng. Ngoi nhu
cu c bn ca cuc sng, th trang phc p,
hp thi trang v cht lng tt,... l mt
trong nhng mi quan tm c bit ca cc
cn b gio vin tr trong cc trng i hc.
Trong xu hng thay i , nhng n ging
vin i hc s dng trang phc nh th
no? Phong cch sng la chn thi trang ca
h ra sao? Nhng yu t g nh hng ti
quyt nh mua ca h? cn l mt cu hi
i vi cc nh nghin cu, nh sn xut v
nhng n v kinh doanh thi trang ni chung
v i vi cc c s sn xut kinh doanh trn
a bn Thi Nguyn ni ring.
Cho n nay cha c mt ti no nghin
cu phong cch sng cng nh nhng yu t
nh hng n quyt nh mua ca cn b
ging vin i hc gip cho cc cng ty
sn xut cng nh cc ca hng thi trang
cng s c c nhng chin lc kinh doanh
ca mnh ph hp hn. V th, chng ti la
chn ti nghin cu Li sng ca
ngi tiu dng n l cc cn b ging
vin tr i hc Thi Nguyn i vi qun
o thi trang.

*
Tel: 0912805980; email: ntgam@tueba.edu.vn
MC TIU, I TNG V PHNG
PHP NGHIN CU
Mc tiu ca bi vit l (1) nghin cu
phong cch sng ca ngi tiu dng n l
cn b gio vin tr ca i hc hc Thi
Nguyn (HTN) v (2) xc nh nhng yu
t nh hng n quyt nh mua ca h
cung cp thm s hiu bit su hn v hnh vi
mua ca n gio vin tr vi k vng kt qu
thu c s cung cp thng tin hu ch cho
cc nh kinh doanh trong qu trnh xy dng
chin lc kinh doanh sn phm qun o thi
trang trn a bn thnh ph.
i tng nghin cu: ti tp trung
nghin cu phong cch sng v hnh vi mua
ca cn b gio vin tr trong tui t 22
35 ca HTN.
Phng php nghin cu
S liu th cp c thu thp t cc n
phm, ti liu cng b v hnh vi ngi
tiu dng v thi trang
S liu s cp c thu thp t iu tra ngu
nhin 110 cn b gio vin n ca HTN t
thng 12 nm 2009, trong , 40 mu iu tra
ti Trng i hc Kinh t v Qun tr Kinh
doanh, 35 mu Trng i hc S phm v
35mu Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin. Phiu
iu tra c ly t phiu iu tra ca Khi
Tchan Lan (2000).
Phng php phn tch: ti nghin cu
s dng phng php phn tch yu t v
phn tch m t nghin cu hnh vi ca
ngi tiu dng n l ging vin tr ca i
hc Thi Nguyn.

140
Cng c phn tch: phn mm SPSS phin
bn 16 c s dng lm cng c phn tch
s liu s cp.
Gi thuyt nghin cu
- H1. Cc gio vin n ca HTN c li
sng khc nhau
- H2. Cc n gio vin ca HTN nh gi
tnh hp thi trang (lch s), ph hp vi bn
thn ca qun o thi trang hn so vi cc
yu t khc
KT QU NGHIN CU V THO LUN
Chng ti xem nhng n ging vin trong
tui t 22 khi mi tt nghip ra trng cho
n tui 35, c gia nh, c con, c tch lu l
nhm n gio vin tr. tui ny, xu
hng thi trang l mt trong nhng yu t
m nhiu khch hng n theo ui. Mu
nghin cu bao gm 110 cc gio vin n tr
trong tui t 22 n 35 tui ca i hc
Thi Nguyn, trong s ging vin n tr
trong tui t 25 30 chim ti 64%.
Li sng
Kim nh KMO v Bartletts Test c gi tr
Kaiser Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling
Adequacy c gi tr l 0.564, ln hn gi tr
cho php l 0,5, c ngha l cc s liu em
phn tch l c ngha.
Li sng ca cn b gio vin n (sau y gi
l ngi tiu dng n) c phn tch bng
phng php Phn tch cc yu t (factor
analysis). Phn tch ny cho kt qu ma trn
gm 6 nhm. tin phn tch, chng ti t
tn cho mi nhm yu t ngi tiu dng v
c im ca tng nhm khch hng (ph lc
1) c th hin nh sau:
Nhm 1, nhm khch hng theo thi trang
truyn thng. Chng ta c th thy y l
nhng ngi quan tm n hnh thc, thch
sn phm r tin, la chn qun o ph hp
vi ni mnh s n, mua qun o ph hp
vi nhng qun o mnh c. im ng
ch l h c quan tm ti khuynh hng
thi trang v c gng bt kp n.
Nhm 2: Nhng ngi tm kim cht lng v
nhn hiu. y l nhng ngi quan tm ti
cht lng hn gi c, c nhn hiu yu
thch, tin tng vo sn phm ca cc cng
ty ni ting vi cht lng tt v khng
mc qun o li mt.
Nhm 3: Ngi i mi thi trang. y l
nhng ngi thch nhng loi qun o bt
mt, ph hp vi thi cuc, mua qun o ph
hp vi cc qun o khc v h l nhng
ngi ch ti khuynh hng thi trang v
c gng bt kp n.
Nhm 4: y l mt nhm c s biu hin
khng r v tng t nh biu hin ca nhm
khch hng khc. Chng ti tm gi l nhm
nhng ngi theo xu hng thi trang. H l
nhng ngi quan tm ti s ph hp ca
qun o i vi mnh khi quyt nh mua,l
ngi ch ti khuynh hng thi trang v
c gng bt kp n.
Nhm 5: Nhng ngi quan tm ti kinh t.
H l nhng ngi ch n gi c, ch
khng quan tm n cht lng v thit k, c
th mua gn nh cho d c t hn mt cht
v thng la chn cc ca hng hay nhn
hiu quen bit trc y mua.
Nhm 6: y l mt nhm c s biu hin
khng r v tng t nh biu hin ca nhm
khch hng khc. Chng ti tm gi l nhm
nhng khch hng thc t. H quan tm n
tnh thit thc ca qun o v tm mua
nhiu ca hng khc nhau, min l tm mua
c qun o r.
xc nh s cc trng hp trong tng
nhm trn chim bao nhiu trong tng s mu
nghin cu, chng ti s dng phng php
phn tch quick cluster. Kt qu phn tch
ANOVA cho thy nhm 1 c 3 trng hp
(2,7%), nhm 2 c 8 trng hp (7,3%),
nhm 3 c 1 trng hp (0,9%), nhm 4 c
30 trng (27,3%), nhm 5 c 42 trng hp
(38,2) v nhm 6 c 26 trng hp (23,6%).
Kt qu nghin cu gi tr ca F v mc
ngha ca F <0.05 (xem Ph lc 2 ANOVA)
cho thy c c s bc b gi thuyt
khng c s khc nhau v phong cch sng
gia cc ging vin n tr ca HTN v chp
nhn gi thuyt th nht (H1) l c s khc
nhau v phong cch sng gia cc n ging
vin ny.
Hnh vi mua qun o thi trang ca ngi
tiu dng n
* Phn thng tin chung:
Chng ti quan tm tm tm hiu loi qun o
m nhng ngi c phng vn thch mc.

141
C ti 60.9% s ngi tr li l thch mc
qun o hp vi mnh, 33,6% thch mc qun
o thun tin v thoi mi. Ch c 5% thch
mt thi trang. Khng ai trong s ngi
tr li thch mc qun o truyn thng. iu
ny c hon ton ng vi nghin cu ny khi
i tng nghin cu l nhng khch hng
n, tr tui, nhng ngi thng c xu hng
theo ui nhng thi trang tn tin.
Lin quan ti hnh nh v qun o thi trang
m i tng c nghin cu theo ui,
chng ti thy ti 58,2% s ngi c tr
li mong mun trang phc mnh mc th hin
c s thanh lch, tao nh cng nh hnh nh
n tnh (19,1%) ca ch nhn. Kt qu nghin
cu ny ph hp vi i tng nghin cu l
nhng ngi tr tui, cn th hin s thanh
lch, tao nh ca mnh i nhng ngi xung
quanh, cng nh khi ng trn bc ging.
iu ng ngc nhin l ch c 8,2% mong
mun hnh nh th thao v 5,5% mun qun
o th hin hnh nh tr thc.
* Hnh vi mua qun o thi trang:
Chng ti i su tm hiu ngun thng tin
chnh v thi trang ca i tng nghin cu.
Hu ht cc n ging vin tr u c c
thng tin v thi trang t bn b ng nin
ca mnh. Ngun thng tin ny chim ti
36,4% s ngi c hi, t tivi 11,8% v
t tp ch ph n 10,9%. Cn cc ngun
thng tin khc nh nhn vin bn hng,
internet, u phn b u trong khong
di 10%.
Mt cu hi t ra ti sao h mua qun o
mi? Cu tr li l ti mua n thay i
theo ma v v ti thch n chim ti 56,4 %
s ngi c tr li. 15,5% s ngi c
hi cho rng h mua qun o v ngh rng
n s ph hp vi qun o khc v 14,5%
mua qun o c s a dng trong t qun
o. Cng rt t ngi ni h mua v h ht
qun o. Ch c 1,8 % ngi tr li mua sn
phm v n theo gu thm m ca mnh hay
v mun to ra s mi m v t tin hn.
Chng ti quan tm ti vic nghin cu
ngi tiu dng n nh gi yu t no l
quan trng nht khi mua qun o. Kt qu
nghin cu cho thy 56.4% ngi c hi
tr li h nh gi tnh hp thi trang v
lch s ca qun o. iu ny hon ton ph
hp vi c th ngh nh gio l cn c thi
trang lch s, song m bo hp thi trang v
hp vi thi cuc. Con s ny cng ni ln
rng, hu ht cc ging vin n tr trong i
hc u quan tm n xu hng thi trang
trong trang phc ca mnh. Tnh thit thc,
kiu cch, cht liu v s thoi mi l nhng
yu t i sau khi nh gi v thi trang. c
bit l rt t ngi quan tm n nhn hiu
(1,8%). iu ny c th c gii thch l do
tnh cht ngh nghip, nn mi tm ln dnh
cho vic mua nhng qun o m bo tnh
lch s v hp thi trang. Bn cnh , do
tui ca i tng nghin cu l nhng n
ging vin tr, nhng ngi a thch thi
trang, thch thay i nn vn v nhn hiu
yu thch khng phi l mi quan tm ca h.
Bng 1. L do mua qun o
Ti sao bn mua qun o
Tn sut %
c s a dng trong t qun o 16 14,.5
Thay i theo ma 31 28,2
Bi ti thch qun o 31 28,2
thay i tm trng 3 2,7
Bi ti chng c g mc 6 5,5
Bi trong t qun o khng cn ci
no ph hp
3 2,7
Toi mua n v mi ngi ni vi ti
rng ti cn mua qun o
1 0,9
Ti mua n bi ti ngh rng n s ph
hp vi qun o khc ca ti
17 15,5
Khc 2 1,8
Tng s 110 100,0
Tai sao ban mua quan ao
Khac Toi mua boi
nghi rang
no se phu
hop voi
quan ao
khac cua
toi
Toi mua
quan ao
khi moi
nguoi noi
voi toi rang
toi can
mua quan
ao
Boi trong
tu quan ao
khong con
cai nao
phu hop
Boi toi
chang con
gi de mac
De thay doi
tam trang
Boi toi
thich quan
ao do
Thay doi
theo mua
De co su
da dang
trong tu
quan ao
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
30
20
10
0
Tai sao ban mua quan ao

Ngun: S liu iu tra ca tc gi

142
Bng 2. Nhng yu t nh gi khi mua thi trang
nh gi yu t quan trng nht
khi mua qun o

Tn
s
%
Hp thi trang, lch
s
62 56,4
Tnh thit thc 18 16,4
Thun tin 5 4,5
Kch c 2 1,8
Cht liu 10 9,1
Nhn hiu 2 1,8
Kiu cch 9 8,2
Gi c 2 1,8
Tng s 110 100,0

Ban thuong danh gia yeu to nao nhat khi mua quan ao
Gia ca Kieu cach Nhan hieu Chat lieu Kich co Thuan tien Tinh thiet
thuc
Hop thoi
trang, lich
su
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Ban thuong danh gia yeu to nao nhat khi mua quan ao

Ngun: S liu iu tra ca tc gi
C th ni xu hng mua sm hin i
c pht trin trong gii tiu dng i vi
mt hng qun o thi trang. Cc siu th v
ca hng thi trang l a im mua sm
chnh ca phn ln s ngi c iu tra
(65%). S t cn li l mua cc ca hng
qun o nh (9,1%), ch (9,1) hay nh may
(11,8%), ni m trc y vn c coi l
nhng a im mua truyn thng ca nhng
ngi tiu dng n khi mua qun o. im
ng ch y l cc n ging vin tr,
nhng ngi thch tnh lch s v hp thi
trang, li khng quan tm nhiu n vic mua
qun o ti cc ca hng gim gi (1,8%), khi
m cc qun o phn ln u l nhng
mt c hay khng cn hp thi na. Kt
qu nghin cu cn cho thy phng thc bn
hng qua mng i vi nhng n ging vin
tr cha phi l cch tip cn ph hp (ch c
0.9% mua hng qua mng).
Cc n ging vin tr chnh l nhng ngi
cui cng ra quyt nh la chn qun o
thi trang cho mnh. T l ny chim ti
84,5%. Ch c 9,1% l do ngi yu, bn
trai hay chng quyt nh. nh hng ca
gia nh ti quyt nh mua ca h khng
phi l ln, ch c 2,7% s ngi la chn
cu tr li ny.
iu g nh hng ti quyt nh mua ca
nhng n ging vin tr nhiu nht khi h n
cc ca hng mua qun o. Chnh vic mua
qun o mc c nh hng ln nht n
quyt nh mua ca h (60,9%). Ch trn
10% chu nh hng t bn b v 9.1% t
cch sp xp ca ca hng. Ngoi ra, gii
thiu ca nhn vin (6,4%) v c mt s yu
t khc (4,5%) nh tin c nh hng ti
quyt nh mua ca h.
T kt qu phn tch trn, chng ti c th kt
lun ging vin n i hc Thi Nguyn nh
gi cao tnh hp thi trang, lch s, tao nh v
ph hp vi bn thn hn l cc yu t v
cht lng v gi c. iu ny do c th
tnh cht ca cng vic, nn vic nh gi trn
l hon ton ph hp.
KT LUN V XUT
Kt qu nghin cu 110 n ging vin tr
trong tui t 22 n 35 cho thy c s
khc nhau v phong cch sng gia cc n
ging vin tr ca i hc Thi Nguyn.
Phng php phn tch yu t cho ra 6 nhm
khch hng khc nhau. Trong , nhm
nhng ngi thc t (nhm 6, chim 23,6%)
v nhm ngi tm n vn kinh t
(nhm 5 38,2%) v nhm nhng ngi
theo xu hng thi trang (nhm 4- 27,3%)
chim ti 94% s mu nghin cu. Ch c 1
trng hp (chim 0,9%) l ngi i u
trong vic i mi thi trang (nhm 3), 8
trng hp (chim 7,3%) l nhng ngi
lun quan tm n nhn hiu qun o khi
mua (nhm 2) v c 3 trng hp (chim
2,7%) l ngi theo t tng truyn thng
trong thi trang (nhm 1).

143
Gi thuyt th hai cng c chng minh qua
kt qu nghin cu ging vin n thuc i
hc Thi Nguyn nh gi cao tnh hp thi
trang, lch s, tao nh v ph hp vi bn
thn hn l cc yu t v cht lng v gi c.
T nghin cu trn chng ti c mt s xut sau:
1. Do nhm khch hng l ging vin n
c phn chia thnh nhiu nhm i tng
khc nhau ( 6 nhm) vi nhng c im
khc nhau, khi sn xut hay kinh doanh cn
ch ti cc c tnh ring bit c c
cc chin lc kinh doanh ph hp vi tng
i tng. C th l, nhm i tng khch
hng quan tm n kinh t, nhng ngi theo
xu hng thi trang v nhm nhng ngi
thc t l cc nhm chim s ng th vic
a ra cc sn phm nn c gi phi chng
song m bo tnh hp thi trang, nhng nhn
hiu quen bit l yu t quan trng c th
dn n quyt nh mua ca ngi tiu dng.
2. S ph hp ca qun o i vi ch
nhn v qun o phi th hin c hnh
nh thanh lch v tao nh, nn vic thit kt
cng nh kinh doanh cc mt hng qun o,
cn ch ti cc c im trn c c
nhng thit k ph hp vi hnh nh ca
mt n ging vin tr.
3. Vic a sn phm thi trang ti ngi
tiu dng nn s dng knh phn phi qua
cc siu th v shop thi trang.
Hn ch: ti nghin cu ch tp trung
nghin cu i tng n ging vin tr thuc
HTN vi 110 mu. Vi s mu trn cha
thc s i din cho ton b ging vin i
hc ni chung, cng nh ngi tiu dng n
tui 22-35 ni chung. V vy, kt qu
nghin cu ch c th p dng trong gii
hn n gio vin tr ca i hc. hiu
su hn v hnh vi mua thi trang ca
ngi tiu dng n trn a bn Thi
Nguyn ni ring v cc khu vc khc ni
chung th cn c nghin cu chuyn su hn
v vi s mu nghin cu ln hn.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1].Anderson WT and Golden LL (1984). Life
style and psygraphics: a critical view and
recommendation. Advances in Consumer
Research, vol 11, 1984.
[2].David L Loudon, Albert J Della Bitta (1993).
Consumer behavior, 4
th
edition, McGraw Hill
International editions, New York 1993.
[3].Hirschman EC and Holbrook MB (1982).
Hedonic cunsumption:emerging concepts,
methods and propositions. Journal of Marketing,
vol 46, 1982, trang 92-101.
[4].Khi Tchan Lan (2000). Female cconsumerss
lifestyle and patterns of buying behavior of
fashiion clothing in Russian. MS thesis, 2000
[5].Philip Kotler (2008). Principles of Marketing.
Prentice Hall.
[6].Shifman v cng s (2003). Consumer
Behavior.
[7].Sproles G.B (1974). Fashion Theory.
Advances in Consumer Research, vol 1, 1974,
trang 463-472
[8].Tatzel M. (1982). Skill and motivation in
clothes shopping: fashion-conscious, independent,
anxious and apathetic consumers. Journal of
retailing. Vol 58, No4, 1982. trang 90-97.
[9].Tiger D.J and et all (1976). Fashin
involvement and buying behavior: a
methodological study. Advances in Consumer
Research, vol 3, 1976
SUMMARY
LIFESTYLE OF YOUNG FEMALE LECTURERS OF
THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY TOWARDS FASHION CLOTHING
Nguyen Thi Gam
*

Thai Nguyen University of Economics anh Business Administration - TNU
A study on Lifestyle of young female lecturers of Thai Nguyen University towards fashion
clothing is conducted in order to identify the segments of fashion clothing of Thai Nguyen
Universitys young female lecturers to provide useful information for manufacturers and traders of
fashion products in Thai Nguyen City. The research findings showed that there are several distinct
lifestyle types among young female lecturers of the university. They value fashinableness,
elegance and clothes that look good on me than quality and price. Baed on these findings, some
recommendations were forwarded.

*
Tel: 0912805980; email: ntgam@tueba.edu.vn

144
Ph lc 1. c im ca cc nhm khch hng
Nhm khch hng c im
Factors
loadings
Nhm 1:
Ngi theo thi
trang truyn thng
D c lm g i chng na, ti lun quan tm n hnh thc ca mnh .745
Ti thch loi sn phm r tin -.692
Khi ra ngoi ti lun chn qun o ph hp vi ni ti n .671
Ti thng mua qun o ph hp vi qun o khc ca ti .449
Ti ch ti khuynh hng thi trang v c gng bt kp n .442
Nhm 2: Ngi
tm kim cht
lng v nhn
hiu
Ti ngh rng cht lng quan trng hn gi c .730
Ti khng mc qun o li mt .726
Ti c nhn hiu qun o yu thch .513
Tin nhng cng ty ni ting s sn xut sn phm c cht lng tt .388
Nhm 3:
Ngi i mi thi
trang
Ti thch mc loi qun o bt mt .756
Ti c nhn hiu yu thch .538
Ti thng mua qun o ph hp vi qun o khc ca ti .484
Ti ch ti khuynh hng thi trang v c gng bt kp n .374
Nhm 4: Ngi
theo xu hng thi
trang
Khi mua ti lun xem xt qun o c ph hp vi ti khng .740
Tin nhng cng ty ni ting s sn xut sn phm c cht lng tt .652
Ti ch ti khuynh hng thi trang v c gng bt kp n -.437
Nhm 6:
Ngi quan tm
n kinh t
Ti quan tm ti gi hn cht lng v thit k sn phm -.751
Ti thch mua sm ca hng gn nh nht, d t hn mt cht .701
Ti thng la chn nhng nhn hiu quen bit mua trc y .503
Nhm 6:
Nhng ngi thc
t
Tnh thit thc ca qun o quan trng hn mu sc v thit k .826
Ti mua qun o nhiu ca hng khc nhau v tm mua loi qun
o r
.678
Ph lc 2. Kt qu phn tch ANOVA
Cluster Error
F Sig. Mean Square df Mean Square df
Nhm 1 11.366 5 .502 104 22.657 .000
Nhm 2 11.471 5 .497 104 23.098 .000
Nhm 3 8.398 5 .644 104 13.033 .000
Nhm 4 3.088 5 .900 104 3.432 .007
Nhm 5 12.418 5 .451 104 27.531 .000
Nhm 6 4.398 5 .837 104 5.256 .000

Phm Th Thanh Mai Tp ch KHOA HC & CNG NGH 79(03): 145 - 152

145

NH HNG V GII PHP Y MNH PHT TRIN NNG LNG
TI TO CHO PHT IN VIT NAM

Phm Th Thanh Mai
*

TM TT
Nng lng l ng lc pht trin kinh t - x hi. Cng vi tng trng kinh t, nhu cu s dng
nng lng cho sn xut v i sng ngy mt tng cao, trong khi ngun nng lng ho thch
ngy mt khan him, vic tiu th nng lng ny ang gy ra nhim mi trng nghim trng.
Vit Nam c tim nng to ln v NLTT, pht trin NLTT l gp phn gim tiu th than, du, kh
ng thi gim pht thi kh nh knh. Tuy nhin y l ni dung cn mi nn khi trin khai Vit
Nam cn gp nhiu kh khn, ro cn. Bi bo ny s trnh by v tnh hnh sn xut, s dng v
d bo nhu cu tiu th in Vit Nam n nm 2030; Thc trng khai thc v tim nng ngun
NLTT cho pht in Vit Nam; Nhng kh khn thch thc trong trin khai nghin cu ng dng
NLTT; nh hng v mt s gii php y mnh pht trin NLTT cho pht in Vit Nam.
T kha: Nng lng, ti to, pht in, pht trin, bn vng

T VN
*

Nng lng (NL) l ng lc pht trin kinh
t - x hi. Cng vi tng trng kinh t, nhu
cu s dng nng lng cho sn xut v i
sng ngy mt tng cao, trong khi ngun
nng lng ho thch ngy mt khan him,
gi c t . Mt khc sc p v mi trng
ngy cng tng. Vn m bo nhu cu
nng lng an ninh v bn vng l nhng
thch thc c tnh thi i. Vit Nam cng
khng nm ngoi quy lut chung . gim
bt kh khn v ngun nng lng v gim
thiu nh hng xu ti mi trng; vic pht
trin v s dng cc ngun nng lng ti to
(NLTT) tr thnh chin lc ca hu ht
cc quc gia trn th gii.
Vit Nam l nc c nh gi c ngun ti
nguyn nng lng ti to phong ph v a
dng nh: Thu in nh, sinh khi, nng
lng gi, mt tri, a nhit... c th c
khai thc s dng cho cc nhu cu nng
lng, c bit l cung cp in cho cc khu
vc xa li in. Tuy nhin cho ti nay
Vit Nam cn gp rt nhiu kh khn, thch
thc trong vic chuyn i ngun nng lng
di do ny thnh in nng s dng. Hin
nay chng ta ch mi khai thc v s dng
c mt phn rt nh ca tim nng, theo s

*
Tel: 0912804979; Email: phamthanhmai1979@yahoo.com
liu thng k cha y , lng nng lng
s dng c ch khong 1,5 - 1,8% tim
nng ca NLTT [4], mt khc gi thnh cao,
tnh n nh thp. V th, h tr pht trin
NLTT ang l vn c quan tm trong
chin lc pht trin nng lng Vit Nam.
Trn c s nhng ti liu, thng tin cng
b v tnh hnh s dng in nng, d bo
nhu cu nng lng in, tim nng v hin
trng khai thc, s dng ngun NLTT bi bo
a ra mt s nh hng v gii php nhm
y mnh pht trin NLTT cho pht in
Vit Nam.
HIN TRNG KHAI THC NGUN
NNG LNG TI TO CHO PHT
IN VIT NAM
Cc h thng in hin ti Vit Nam bao
gm nh my nhit in kh trn (39%), cc
nh my thy in (37%), v than t nhit.
Vic truyn ti v phn phi in nng ti
Vit Nam vn cn tn hao ln ngay c khi n
c gim mnh t 22% nm 1995 xung
12% nm 2005. in lc Vit Nam pht
trin mt k hoch gim tn tht truyn ti
v phn phi n di 8% vo nm 2025 [2],
[3] S pht trin ca ngnh nng lng in
ti Vit Nam c qun l bng cch s
dng Quy hoch pht trin, trong c tnh
nhu cu v k hoch pht trin chung ca
ngnh in trong thi gian 10 nm, tnh n
10 nm tip theo.

146
Hin trng v d bo nhu cu nng lng in Vit Nam

Hnh 1. Bn phn b cc ngun in Vit Nam giai on 2005 2010 [5]

Nhu cu tiu th in (TWh) ti kch bn cao
Nhu cu tiu th in (TWh) ti kch bn thp
Nhu cu tiu th in (TWh) ti kch bn trung bnh
Nhu cu ti cao im (GW) ti kch bn trung bnh
Nhu cu ti cao im (GW) ti kch bn cao
Nhu cu ti cao im (GW) ti kch bn thp
Hnh 2. Hin trng v d bo nhu cu nng lng in ti Vit Nam 1995 2030 [1]
Nh my than
hin c
Nh my than
d kin
Nh my thy
in hin c
Nh my thy
in d kin
Nh my du
kh hin c
Nh my du
kh d kin

147
Nm 1990, khi Chnh ph Vit Nam pht
ng mt cuc ci cch ton din, ci cch
ny gip ci thin iu kin sng ca nhn
dn v thc y s pht trin ca nn kinh
t quc gia. Gi tr sn xut trong nc
(GDP) ti Vit Nam tng trng nhanh
chng 8,2% nm trong thi gian 1991-1995.
S tng trng kinh t mnh l do chnh l
nhu cu in tng 13,5% so vi cng k.
Nhu cu tng trng nhanh hn, tng
14%, trong giai on 1995-2005, cng vi
pht trin kinh t. Tng s quy hoch pht
trin in VI xy dng da trn kch bn
s pht trin ca thnh phn kinh t khu vc
v phn tch, so snh bng cch s dng ba
phng php d bo ca nhiu n hi, hi
quy v cng . Theo k hoch ny, nhu cu
in d kin s tng 15%/nm trong bi cnh
nhu cu thp v 18%/nm trong kch bn cao
nhu cu trong giai on 2010-2030. [1]
Tim nng ngun nng lng ti to Vit Nam
Loi ngun
Tim nng
(V t
nhin)
Tim nng
(Quy
KTOE)
Kh nng khai thc
SX in (MW)
Khu vc/i tng s
dng
1. Thy in nh > 4000 MW > 1376
+ K thut: >4000
+ Kinh t: 2200
+ Mun khai thc hn
cn h tr gi
Khu vc min ni: ng
Bc; Ty Bc, Bc Trung
b; Nam Trung B; Ty
Nguyn. Cho ni li v
li in mini
2. Gi
+ WB: >8700
-100000 MW
+ EVN: 1785
MW
Cha xc
nh
+ Kinh t: khng kinh
t gi bn hin nay.
Cn h tr
+ Min trung, ty nguyn,
cc o
+ Cc khu vc ven bin
v ni c gi a hnh
khc
3. Mt tri
4-5
kWh/m
2
/ngy
> 40000000
> 15 MW cho khu
vc ngoi li
+ Nhit mt tri: Tt c
cc khu vc dn c
+ in mt tri: Khu vc
dn c ngoi li
4. Sinh khi
+G ci
27,60
triu tn
9 660
Cho h gia nh, Tiu th
cng nghip cc tnh
+ Ph phm nng
nghip
72,37 triu
tn
21 711
+ Tru: 197-225
+ B ma: 221-276
Tru: Khu vc ng bng
sng M Kng
B ma: Khu vc ch bin
ng
5. NL sinh hc
+Kh sinh khi
>570 triu m
3
285 58
+ H gia nh nng thn
+ Trang tri, Khu ch bin
+Nhin liu sinh
hc

Cha xc
nh
Cha xc nh
+ Giao thng vn ti
+ Sn xut in
6. a nhit
300- 400
MW
250
+ Hin ti gi khng
kinh t . Cn h tr
Khu vc min Trung, Ty
Bc
7. Thy triu > 100 MW
Cha xc
nh
Cha xc nh Cc tnh duyn hi
8. Rc thi sinh
hot
10,54 triu
tn
1 581 222 Cc khu th
Ngun: Bo co Chin lc, Quy hoch NLTT, BCT, 2008

148
Thc trng khai thc ngun nng lng ti
to Vit Nam
a. Khai thc cc ngun NLTT sn xut in
Hin ti, c 5 loi NLTT c khai thc
sn xut in, theo thng k cha y tng
cng sut lp t khong 1260MW. Cc
ngun NLTT ang c khai thc l thu
in nh (1100MW), sinh khi (150MW), rc
thi sinh hot (2,4MW), mt tri (1,25MW)
v gi (1,2MW nhng cha hot ng c).
Chi ph u t cho sn xut in t NLTT
hin nay cn cao, nht l i vi in gi v
in mt tri.
- Thy in nh (1500-2500) USD/kW tu
theo vng.
- Pin mt tri (10.000- 11.000) USD/kWP.
- in gi (2500-3500) USD/kW.
Tng sn lng in sn xut t cc ngun
NLTT trn mi ch chim mt t trng nh,
khong 1,8% tng nhu cu in (nm 2005).
Trong , mi ch c 3 loi NLTT sn xut
in bn ln li in l thu in nh (trn
100MW), sinh khi (b ma 30MW), v rc thi
sinh hot (2,4MW). Gi mua in hin nay t
cc d n in ti to khong 4USCents/kWh l
khng hp dn cc nh u t.
Ngoi ra, NLTT c th khai thc v s dng
hiu qu cho cc khu vc dn c xa li in
quc gia. Hin ti vn cn gn 500 x phn
ln nm cc vng nng thn min ni v
hi o, cha c in, trong c ti 200 x
li in quc gia khng th ko ti c do
hiu qu kinh t qu thp. Chng trnh in
kh ho nng thn t mc tiu t 90% s
h c in vo 2010 v 100% s h c in
vo 2020, trong khuyn khch s dng cc
ngun NLTT cung cp in cho cc vng
li in quc gia khng th ko n.
C hai hnh thc cung cp in t NLTT cho
cc khu vc ngoi li ang c khai thc:
li in c lp quy m nh; cung cp in
cho h gia nh ring r.
Theo kt qu iu tra, hin c khong 50
nghn h dn ang s dng in t cc
ngun thy in nh, cc nh, pin mt tri,
gi, biogas.
b. Khai thc NLTT cp nhit v nhin liu
+ Ci g v cc ph thi nng - lm nghip:
y l mt ngun NL kh quan trng khu
vc nng thn. Hin c gn 70% dn s nng
thn ang s dng cc dng nhin liu ny
p ng nhu cu nhit. Ngoi ra chng cng
c s dng lm nhin liu trong mt s
ngnh sn xut tiu th cng nghip a
phng nh sn xut vt liu xy dng, ch
bin lng thc-thc phm. Tng tiu th ci
g v cc ph thi nng - lm nghip cho cc
mc ch s dng nhit khong 13,5 triu
TOE (tn du tng ng), chim khong
38% tng tiu th NL cui cng ca Quc gia
(nm 2005).
+ Khai thc v s dng Kh sinh hc
(KSH): Cng ngh KSH hin ang c pht
trin v ng dng mnh m khu vc nng
thn (h gia nh v quy m trang tri). KSH
ang c s dng un nu, thp sng v
gn y chy my pht in. Hin c nc
xy dng c hn 80.000 cng trnh KSH
cc loi. NL to ra hng nm t ngun ny
c t khong 50 nghn TOE/nm.
+ S dng NL mt tri un nc nng:
Cc thit b un nc nng mt tri c ch
to trong nc hoc nhp khu ang c s
dng ngy cng ph bin ch yu khu vc
thnh th. Nm 2005, c nc mi lp t
4000m
2
(2700 thit b), t l gia s thit b
vi s h thnh th ch t 0,35%. Nhng
trong nm 2007, c nc lp t c
khong trn 48000m
2
(20000 thit b), t t
l l 0,65%.Hin c nc c khong 60 nh
cung cp thit b un nc nng mt tri. un
nc nng bng NL mt tri vi mc ch l
tit kim in. Nhu cu lp t thit b ny s
tng mnh trong thi gian ti.
+ S dng nhin liu sinh hc (NhLSH):
Ngy 20/11/2007 Th tng Chnh ph k
Quyt nh 177/2007/Q-TTg v vic ph
duyt " n pht trin nhin liu sinh hc
(NLSH)". Hin nay, trong nc ang hnh
thnh 6 d n sn xut cn nhin liu
(ethanol), trung bnh mi d n c cng sut
khong 100 triu lt/nm. (Mt d n d kin
s i vo sn xut trong nm 20092010, mt
d n mi khi cng 6-2009) s cung cp mt

149
lng ethanol kh ln c kh nng m bo
xng E5 (xng pha 5% ethanol) cho nhu cu
trong nc. Tuy nhin, s dng chng mt
cch an ton v bn vng cn c cc tiu
chun v cht lng. Mt khc sn xut
ethanol i tr cn c quy hoch t ai v
cy trng trnh tnh trng thiu ht nguyn
liu v nh hng ti lng thc.
c. Nhng kh khn thch thc trong trin
khai nghin cu ng dng NLTT Vit Nam
Vic nghin cu, th nghim v pht trin
nng lng ti to VN c trin khai
khong 30 nm nhng kt qu cn rt hn
ch. C th tm tt nh sau :
- Pht trin c kt qu cc ng c gi pht
in v bm nc cng sut di 1 kW
- Sn xut cc dn un nc nng dng nng
lng mt tri,
- Lp t cc dn pin mt tri cng sut nh.
- Sn xut v lp t cc trm thy in nh.
- Sn xut cc loi bp un ( than, ci,
rm) hiu sut cao.
- Pht trin hn 50 ngn cng trnh biogas
quy m gia nh v mt s cng trnh quy m
trang tri.
Tuy nhin do khng c c quan qun l theo
di chuyn v nng lng ti to nn khng
c s liu thng k v nh gi y v tnh
hnh pht trin nng lng ti to nc ta.
Trong qu trnh trin khai nghin cu ng
dng NLTT Vit Nam, th hin nhng kh
khn thch thc ch yu nh sau:
+ Thiu khung th ch, chnh sch v cc qui
nh khuyn khch pht trin, s dng;
+ Thiu nghin cu iu tra c bn do
thiu ngun s liu tin cy cho quy hoch v
pht trin cc d n;
+ Chi ph u t cao c bit i vi sn xut
in t cc ngun NLTT cao hn nhiu so vi
cc ngun in c in, nn khng hp dn
cc nh u t;
+ Mt s vn k thut v dch v khc:
. Kh nng tip cn cc ngun vn vay cho
pht trin NLTT cn hn ch
. Thiu cng ngh v cc k nng thc hin
cc d n in NLTT
. Thiu dch v cung cp cng ngh trong
nc v cc dch v sau lp t.
. Thiu cc tiu chun k thut cho cc thit
b NLTT.
. Thiu ngun s liu tin cy v tim nng
NLTT
+ Nhn thc v t chc v pht trin NLTT
cn hn ch.
NH HNG V GII PHP Y
MNH PHT TRIN NLTT CHO PHT
IN VIT NAM
nh hng pht trin nng lng ti to
cho pht in Vit Nam
Vic nh hng pht trin nng lng ti to
nc ta cn da vo cc yu t sau :
a. c th kh hu v sn xut ton lnh
th v tng vng min
c th kh hu nc ta l kh hu nhit i
m, nh vy m c tc tng trng sinh
khi cao, ng ngha vi tim nng nng
lng sinh khi rt ln. Theo s liu thng k
nm 2004, tng nng lng s cp tiu th
trong nc l 28,8 triu TOE (du 38,3%,
than 26,8%, thu in 20,2%, kh t 14,7%).
Tng tiu th nng lng phi thng mi (ci
g, than g, ph phm nng nghip nh tru ,
b ma) cng tc l nng lng sinh khi l
14,82 triu TOE. Nh vy nng lng sinh
khi sinh khi chim khong 33% tng tiu
th nng lng trong nc. Tuy nhin nng
lng sinh khi hin nay vn trong tnh trng
th ni, mc cho dn t lo.
Tru l ngun nng lng sinh khi ang b
ph, nhiu ni t b i hoc xung sng,
gy nhim. Tru chim trn 20% trng
lng ca thc. Vi sn lng thc hin nay,
mi nm c gn 10 triu tn tru. C 2,7 kg
tru cho 1kWh in. Ch cn tn dng trn na
lng tru hng nm a vo pht in, mi
nm sn xut c khong 2 t kWh in.
Kh sinh hc cng c coi l ngun nng
lng ti to. Cc cng trnh kh sinh hc quy
m gia nh cung cp lng kh dng cho
un nu v thp sng. Cc cng trnh kh sinh
hc quy m trang tri (ln hoc b) vi quy
m t hng trm n hng nghn con th
lng kh sinh ra rt ln, ch c cc my pht

150
in cng sut hng chc ti hng trm kW
mi tiu th ht kh. Hin nay cc cng trnh
kh sinh hc quy m gia nh ang pht trin
mnh 30 tnh/thnh ph v s ph kn ton
quc trong vi nm ti. Tuy nhin cc cng
trnh kh sinh hc quy m trang tri cn pht
trin chm v cha p ng c nhu cu ca
trn 16000 trang tri chn nui.
Nh vy nng lng sinh khi v kh sinh hc
l ngun nng lng ti to c tim nng ln
nht nc ta, n c th m bo nng lng
un nu cho khong 70 triu dn sng nng
thn, thm ch ven , ng thi cung cp
in cho nhu cu nng thn.
b. Nhng tin b k thut ca th gii v tng
chuyn ngnh
Tin b k thut trong lnh vc nng lng
mt tri l Pin mt tri ni li (grid
connected Photovoltaic) m ra trin vng
rt ln v s dng pin mt tri. T ch in
t pin mt tri cung cp qua c quy hn
ch cng sut s dng quy m kW th nay
pin mt tri ni li khng cn hn ch cng
sut s dng. Pin mt tri ni li l gii
php tt cho vic x hi ho sn xut in v
vn u t khng ln v phn tn, khng cn
nhin liu, khng cn nhn vin k thut qun
l. iu cn thit nht l chnh sch khuyn
khch ca nh nc (u i u t, gi c,
min gim thu) v cc cng ty in phi
cng hp tc vi dn, v pin mt tri ni li
l ngun in ph nh cho li in (gi
nng t 9 gi n 17 gi). C chnh sch tt
cng vi t chc tt, mi nm ta c th pht
trin hng chc MWp pin mt tri ni li.
Tin b k thut trong lnh vc gin un
nc nng bng nng lng mt tri l h
thng xy phng nhit vi b thu ng chn
khng lm tng hiu sut nhit.
Tin b k thut chnh v my pht in gi
l gim tc khi ng my pht in
500kw t 6m/giy xung 2,5 m/giy. Nh vy
Vit Nam c nhiu thun li pht trin
phong in.
Qua cc thng tin nu trn cho thy, trng
tm pht trin nng lng ti to nn tp
trung vo :
1/ Nng lng sinh khi.
2/ Sn xut in t cc ngun nng lng
ti to nh tru, kh sinh hc v pin mt tri
ni li.
i vi cc ngun nng lng ti to khc
u c khuyn khch pht trin.
Cc gii php y mnh pht trin nng
lng ti to
a. Xy dng v trin khai chng trnh sn
xut in t nng lng ti to (gi tt l
chng trnh in ti to).
Chng trnh in ti to gm 3 thnh phn,
mi thnh phn c t chc thnh 1 d n.
- Sn xut in t tru gi tt l in tru,
- Sn xut in t kh sinh hc gi tt l in
kh sinh hc,
- Sn xut in t pin mt tri ni li gi tt
l in pin mt tri ni li,
Chng trnh c trin khai theo 3 bc ;
- Bc 1: Xy dng n kh thi v trnh
duyt.
- Bc 2: Trin khai cc im trnh din v
rt kinh nghim.
- Bc 3 : Trin khai m rng.
Hip hi Nng lng l t chc ln, c uy tn
nn ch tr xy dng v trin khai Chng
trnh in ti to. C th cn a ra cc mc
thi gian cho tng bc, tng giai on v
xut cc n v tham gia xy dng n kh
thi nh: Trung tm Enerteam lp n kh thi
v in tru; Trung tm kh sinh hc lp n
kh thi v in kh sinh hc; Trung tm tit
kim nng lng lp n kh thi v in pin
mt tri ni li. T , trung tm t vn
nng lng s tng hp thnh n kh thi
ca chng trnh in ti to Hip hi
Nng lng trnh duyt.
Nn u tin m hnh ngun in tp trung c
li ti v phn phi in mini 220V-50Hz.
Ngun in ny thch hp vi cc thit b
in ph thng; iu ho c nhu cu ph
ti, gim thiu lng ph; qun l vn hnh,
bo tr bo dng thun li d dng. Vi h
thng ny c th t chc t k thut chuyn
trch v thun li hn cho vic bn in.
Khng cn c cc dch v c bit. Nu c

151
iu kin c th kt hp vi cc ngun nng
lng khc (h lai ghp). Cn t chc mng
li dch v cung cp cc ph kin chuyn
dng trong h in NLTT nh n 12VDC,
B iu khin, B Bin i in,....Cn bin
son cc ti liu hng dn vn hnh, bo tr,
bo dng di dng ngn gn, d hiu cung
cp rng ri cho ngi dn khu vc d n.
b. Thnh lp c quan qun l pht trin nng
lng ti to
NLTT chim t trng ng k trong h thng
nng lng ca nc ta, a dng v phn tn,
nhng do nh nc cha c chnh sch
khuyn khch pht trin NLTT, v cha c c
quan chuyn trch qun l pht trin NLTT,
nn NLTT khng pht trin c nc ta.
V vy mun pht trin NLTT th nh nc
cn thnh lp c quan qun l pht trin
NLTT (tng ng cp Cc). C quan ny
c chc nng nh sau:
- Xy dng chnh sch khuyn khch pht
trin NLTT trnh chnh ph ph duyt.
- T chc trin khai chnh sch khuyn khch
pht trin NLTT c chnh ph ph duyt.
c. Tng cng u t nghin cu c bn v
NLTT
Nc ta c tim nng rt ln v NLTT nhng
cho ti nay vn cha c nhng nghin cu
y , c th v chnh xc rng tim nng
l bao nhiu, kh nng khai thc v s dng
n mc no. Chnh v vy cn tng cng
u t cho nhng nghin cu c bn v
NLTT c s liu y , h thng v tin cy
v tim nng khai thc, s dng NLTT cho
pht in cho tng vng, min Vit Nam.
d). Xy dng chnh sch khuyn khch, h tr
hot ng nghin cu ng dng NLTT
Khng c s h tr ny th khng th trin
khai rng ri cng ngh ngun in thch hp
vi nng thn vng su vng xa. C th ni
gn nh tt c cc nc pht trin v rt nhiu
nc ang pht trin u c chnh sch h
tr ng dng in NLTT. n lc nc ta
cn phi c cc chnh sch, chin lc quc
gia v NLTT.
e. Xy dng c ch qun l sau d n:
Nn c s tham gia ca chnh quyn on th
qun chng a phng vo cng tc qun l
ny. T k thut cn c la chn v o to
k cng, khng nn t chc mt cch hnh
thc. Nn u tin m hnh ngun in tp
trung c li ti v phn phi in mini
220V-50Hz. Ngun in ny thch hp vi
cc thit b in ph thng; iu ho c
nhu cu ph ti, gim thiu lng ph; qun l
vn hnh, bo tr bo dng thun li d
dng. Vi h thng ny c th t chc t k
thut chuyn trch v thun li hn cho vic
bn in. Khng cn c cc dch v c bit.
Nu c iu kin c th kt hp vi cc
ngun nng lng khc (h lai ghp). Cn t
chc mng li dch v cung cp cc ph
kin chuyn dng trong h in pin mt tri
nh n 12VDC, B iu khin, B Bin i
in,....Cn bin son cc ti liu hng dn
vn hnh, bo tr, bo dng di dng ngn
gn, d hiu cung cp rng ri cho ngi dn
khu vc d n.
KT LUN
Ngun nng lng truyn thng ca nc ta
ang suy gim dn do tr lng c hn, cng
ngh khai thc cn lc hu, tn tht, lng ph
ln, cha hiu qu v cha c k hoch khai
thc hp l, km theo l vic tiu th nng
lng ny ang gy ra nhim mi trng
nghim trng. Vit nam c tim nng to ln v
nng lng ti to, pht trin nng lng ti
to l gp phn gim tiu th than, du, kh
ng thi gim pht thi kh nh knh. V th,
Vit Nam cn h tr pht trin NLTT bo
v mi trng, m bo nng lng pht trin
theo hng hiu qu v bn vng trong chin
lc pht trin an ninh nng lng quc gia.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. B Cng thng, 2007 - Tng s pht trin
in lc VN giai on 2006-2015 v nh hng
n 2025.
[2]. in lc Vit Nam, 2006a. K hoch Bo co.
H Ni, Vit Nam.
[3]. in lc Vit Nam, 2006b. Bo co tng kt
ca gi nhin liu v cng ngh th h trong
ngnh in Vit Nam, H Ni, Vit Nam.
[4]. Nguyn Thng, Hi tho quc t v pht trin
nng lng Vit Nam ln th 2, H Ni-2008
[5]. Nhan T. Nguyen, Minh Ha. Duong, Economic
potential of renewable energy in Vietnams power
sector, Energy Policy 37 (2009) 16011613,
France.
[6]. Website: www.unfccc.org.cdm

152

SUMMARY
ORIENTATION AND SOLUTIONS TO DEVELOPING RENEWABLE ENERGY
FOR POWER IN VIETNAM

Pham Thi Thanh Mai
*


Energy is the driving force of economic development - social. Along with economic growth,
energy demand for production and living on a rise, while fossil energy sources on a scarce, the
energy consumption is causing serious environmental pollution. Vietnam has great potential for
renewable energy, renewable energy development is to reduced consumption of coal, oil, gas and
reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But this is also new content so when deployed VietNam still
faces many difficulties and barriers. This paper will present the status of production, use and
forecast the demand for electricity in Vietnam to 2030; situation and the potential exploitation of
renewable energy sources for electricity generation in Vietnam; These challenges and the research
in renewable energy applications; orientation and a number of measures to promote development
of renewable energy for electricity generation in Vietnam.
Key words: Energy, renewable, power generation, development, sustainability

*
Tel: 0912804979; Email: phamthanhmai1979@yahoo.com
Nguyn Th Phng Nga Tp ch KHOA HC & CNG NGH 79(03): 153 - 159

153

KHAI THC TI NGUYN DU LCH VN QUC GIA BA B
PHC V MC CH DU LCH SINH THI

Nguyn Th Phng Nga
Trng Trung hc ph thng Vng cao Vit Bc
TM TT
Vn quc gia Ba B c nhiu tim nng cho pht trin du lch sinh thi. Ti nguyn t nhin l
th mnh ca vn quc gia hnh thnh cc tuyn im du lch vi nhiu a danh du lch.
Thm thc vt vi thnh phn loi a dng, cc kiu rng nhit i m thun li cho pht trin du
lch sinh thi. a cht, a hnh, kh hu, sng ngi to nn cc thng cnh p. Bn cnh ,
phong tc tp qun, sn phm vn ho truyn thng to nn cho Ba B sc hp dn ring, thu ht
khch du lch.
T kha: Ti nguyn du lch, du lch sinh thi, vn quc gia Ba B.

M U
*

Du lch sinh thi l hnh thc du lch da vo
thin nhin, gn vi bn sc vn ho a
phng vi s tham gia ca cng ng hng
ti pht trin bn vng. Vn quc gia
(VQG) Ba B c nhiu tim nng cho pht
trin du lch sinh thi. Vn quc gia c din
tch 10.048 ha do y ban nhn dn tnh Bc
Kn qun l, c phn thnh cc khu vc:
phn khu bo v nghim ngt c 3931 ha,
phn khu hnh chnh dch v c 34 ha, phn
khu phc hi sinh thi c 6083 ha. Nm 2004,
vn quc gia Ba B c UNESCO cng
nhn l vn di sn ASEAN v hin ti ang
trong qu trnh ngh xt duyt h s cng
nhn l di sn thin nhin th gii.
Vn quc gia Ba B c thnh lp nhm
mc ch bo tn cnh quan t nhin c
trng cho h sinh thi rng nguyn sinh trn
ni vi. Khu vn ny bo tn a dng
sinh hc cho 1281 loi thc vt bc cao, trong
c 77 loi b e da mc quc gia v
ton cu, 53 loi c ghi trong Sch Vit
Nam... Vi vai tr l tng cng chc nng
phng h u ngun cho h Ba B, nhm
phc v trc tip i sng v sn xut ca
cng ng dn c trong khu vc. ng thi,
vn quc gia Ba B pht trin, m mang du
lch sinh thi to iu kin cho ngi dn
trong khu vc c thm thu nhp da trn c
s du lch cng ng, nng cao nhn thc v
bo v mi trng cho ngi dn.

*
Tel: 0983746476; Email: ngatn129@gmail.com
TI NGUYN DU LCH VN
QUC GIA BA B
Ti nguyn du lch t nhin.
* H ng v thc vt
Thm thc vt vi che ph 73,68% din
tch rng kn thng xanh, trong rng
nguyn sinh t b tc ng chim 40,39% tng
din tch vn quc gia. y l mt trong
nhng vn quc gia c che ph v t l
rng nguyn sinh cao trong h thng cc khu
rng c dng ca Vit Nam v cc khu vc
ni vi trn th gii.
Kiu rng kn thng xanh ma m nhit i
trn ni vi c din tch 3421 ha, chim
34,11% tng din tch vn quc gia, phn b
thnh cc mng tng i ln trn a hnh
ni vi. Thc vt to rng kh phong ph,
ph bin l cc loi nh Nghin, Trai, My
To, r, Teo Nng, Lt Hoa, Sng, C L,
inh.... Rng thng chia lm 4 tng: tng u
th sinh thi gm cc cy c kch thc ln
ph bin nh Xoan nh, M, C L, Trai,
Gi, Lim xt, Ch Ch... Chiu cao cy rng
thng t 20 - 30 m, ng knh bnh qun
trn di 30cm. Tng di tn rng cao di
15m, gm cc cy g nh hn nh cc loi
trong chi i phong t, Chi Trm, Ch xanh,
R...... Tng cy bi cao di 5 m vi
nhiu loi khc nhau v phn b ri rc di
tn rng, ph bin l cc loi Ba Gc, ng
nh, Bng Bng, Lu, Gng, Hng b di....
Tng thm ti cc thung lng m t pht
trin dy c, cn trn sn ni dc tha
tht hn. Cc loi ph bin l cc loi trong

154
h Gai, h Thi Li, h Tai Voi, h R, h
Thu Hi, h Lan, h Ry.... Thc vt ngoi
tng cng kh phong ph.
Kiu rng thng xanh b tc ng trn ni
vi c tng din tch 3345ha, chim
34,11% din tch vn quc gia Ba B. y
l kiu rng b tc ng bi nhng hot ng
khai thc ca con ngi nhng cng phc
hi theo hng hi nguyn. Kiu ph ny
phn b ri rc khp vn quc gia vi 3
phn tng r rt. Tng u th sinh thi c rt
nhiu loi tham gia to tn rng lin tc vi
cc loi nh Su, inh thi, Ci, Dc, Vi,
Mng qun nht, Kho nht, Trm trng,
Sng, n, Kn... Tng di tn rng bao
gm nhng cy ti sinh ca tng u th cng
cc loi nh Rau sng, Thit inh, Ho Gn
y, Mng qun, Sanh, Cm, Du da xoan,
Na hng... Tng cy thm bi ti cao trn
di 5m, gm cc loi n, cc loi Lu,
cc loi ph bin trong h Ry, h Dng
x, h Kim cang, h Nam mc hng, h
Cam qut...
Kiu rng thng xanh b tc ng trn ni
t chim din tch khng ng k trong vn
quc gia vi khong 6,34% din tch t nhin
v phn b ch yu pha bc v ty bc ca
vn quc gia.
Kt qu ban u ca cuc kho st h thc vt
vn quc gia Ba B c 162 loi, 672 chi,
1281 loi thc vt bc cao. p dng khung
phn loi cc yu t a l ca Nguyn Ngha
Thn (1999) v L Trn Trn (1999) c kt
qu sau:
- Yu t ton cu c 1 loi cy (Thu du)
chim 0,19% tng s loi.
- Yu t lin nhit i gm 8 loi, chim
1,49% tng s loi ca ton h
- Yu t nhit i chu gm 3 loi l C
Gai, Chm Bo, Du M, chim 0,56% trong
tng s loi trong h.
- Yu t chu gm 70 loi, chim 13,01%
tng s loi trong h.
- Yu t ng Nam gm 67 loi, chim
12,4% s loi trong h.
- Yu t Nam Trung Quc gm 51 loi,
chim 9,5% s loi trong h.
- Yu t ng Dng gm 50 loi, chim
9,5% s loi trong h.
- Yu t c hu Vit Nam gm 52 loi,
chim 9,6% s loi trong h.
- Yu t c hu min Bc Vit Nam gm 35
loi, chim 6,52% s loi trong h.
- Yu t c hu Ba B: loi Trc dy
- Yu t c nhit i gm 3 loi, chim 2,4%
s loi trong h thc vt
V ng vt, pht hin 77 loi thc vt qu
him trong sch Vit Nam v sch
IUCN. Khu h ng vt bc u thng k
c 553 loi ng vt c xng sng, trong
th c 81 loi, b st 27 loi, chim 322
loi, c 106 loi... Trong s cc loi thng
k c 76 loi ghi trong sch Vit Nam
(2002), 32 loi cn u tin bo v mc
ton cu v ghi trong sch cc loi ng
vt c nguy c b e do ca IUCN, 1997.
Bng thng k cc loi ng vt ca 5 vn
quc gia in hnh trong c vn quc gia
Ba B cho thy h th rng ca Ba B c mc
a dng c lit vo th hng cao nht,
chim ti 29% s loi ton quc.
Bng 1. Ti nguyn th rng mt s vn quc gia trong c nc
STT Tn vn quc gia Loi H B % s loi ton quc
1
VQG Ba B 81 26 8 29
2
VQG Ba V 43 21 8 19
3
VQG Ct B 20 10 5 9
4
VQG Bn En 53 21 10 23
5
VQG Bch M 55 23 9 24

155
* c im a cht, a hnh.
Cc iu kin t nhin khc cng thun li
cho pht trin du lch sinh thi vn quc
gia Ba B. c im a hnh ni y kh
phc tp, bao gm phc h sng - sui - h -
m- ni - ni t xen k vi nhau vi 3
kiu a hnh chnh:
- Kiu a hnh ni trung bnh nm pha
nam v ng nam ca vn quc gia, ci dy
Phia-Bi Ooc cao trn 1000m. c im ca
dy ni c dc ln, kh him tr, l ni
u ngun ca sng Ch Lng.
- Kiu a hnh ni vi phn b tp trung
xung quanh h Ba B, dc theo hai bn b
sng Nng, cao trung bnh ca ni vi
khong 600 - 700m. Kiu a hnh ni vi
him tr, sn dc ng, b chia ct mnh.
Pha bc l dy Lung Nham v ni n vi
nh cao trn 1000m, pha ng l dy Khau
Vai vi cao t 800 - 1000m.
- Kiu a hnh h v thung lng vi h Ba
B l trung tm ca vng, ng thi l trung
tm ca vn quc gia. y l h kin to ln
nht nc ta. H co hp li gia c dng
mt hnh lang b kp gia cc dy ni vi.
gia h c 3 o nh, trong o ln nht l
An M, y h khng bng phng v c nhiu
ngm. H di 9km, chu vi ca h l 22km,
su trung bnh 17 - 23m, ni su nht l 35m,
tng lng nc trong h t khong 90 triu m
3
.
Cu trc a cht ca khu vc kh phc tp,
trong vng c ph bin cc thung lng v cc
cnh ng karst kh rng n thng vi nhau,
nhiu ni karst tr thnh ni st, cao
khong 800 - 900 m. Nhiu ni trong khu vc
a hnh karst, sng Nng v sng Ch Lng
chy qua nh mt lt x su. c bit, khi
sng chy ngm qua ni to thnh ng
Pung v ng Na Phng c vm rng v
cao, tr thnh nhng a im du lch thu ht
khch khi ti thm Ba B.
* c im Kh hu, thy vn
Kh hu ca vng nm hon ton trong vng
kh hu nhit i m gi ma, s bc hi
nc ca h Ba B din ra lin tc quanh nm
to nn tiu kh hu xung quanh h mt m v
m. Chnh lch v nhit , m gia cc
thng trong nm khng ln. Nhit trung bnh
nm l 22
o
C, nhit khng kh trung bnh cao
nht l 39
0
C, nhit trung bnh thp nht l
0,6
0
C. Lng ma trung bnh nm: 1343,5 mm,
m tng i trung bnh nm: 83%.
H thng thu vn VQG Ba B bao gm 4
con sng, sui chnh ni vi h Ba B. Pha
nam v ty nam c sng Ch Lng, sui B
L v T Han nc vo h vi tng din
tch lu vc l 420 km
2
. Ba con sng, sui
ny nc vo h, sau khi c iu tit,
mt phn nc hp lu vi sng Nng pha
bc h, tip tc chy v sng Gm. Sng
Nng l mt nhnh thng ngun ca sng
Gm v sng L, chy theo hng ng ty.
Tng din tch lu vc sng Nng l 1.420
km
2
. C 4 con sng, sui ni trn u bt
ngun t nhng nh ni cao, a hnh dc,
thng gy ra l ln.
H Ba B l trung tm ca vn quc gia, c
din tch rng hn 500 ha. Nu tnh c h ph
v mt nc sng rng 575 ha. Tc dng
chy trung bnh 0,5 m/s. V ma l dng chy
li, mc nc dng cao. H va mang tnh
cht ca h nc thin nhin va mang tnh
cht ca mt khc sng rng v su (c coi
l ph lu ca sng Nng).
Ti nguyn du lch nhn vn.
Ngoi ngun ti nguyn du lch t nhin
phong ph, a dng th ti nguyn du lch
nhn vn vi cc l hi truyn thng ca ng
bo cc dn tc cng mang li nhng nt c
trng cho Ba B.
* Cc di tch lch s
Vn quc gia Ba B l khu vc sinh sng
lu i ca mt s dn tc v lch s ca khu
vc cng gn lin vi lch s dng nc v
gi nc ca dn tc ta. Do ni y cng
c nhiu di tch lch s c th khai thc phc
v hot ng du lch.
- ng Pung: C chiu di 300 m, cao 50m.
y l thy ng, mt on con sng Nng
chy xuyn qua ni vi, trc khi sng
chy n thc u ng. y l phn cn st
li ca h thng hang ng v sui ngm
trc y. Du hiu chng minh h thng ny
tng tn ti chnh l cc nh treo l lng

156
trn nhng vch ng. ng Pung tng l
ni du qun trong trong cc cuc giao tranh
gia nh L v nh Mc th k XVI. Nhng
ph tch v thnh nh Mc vn cn c gi
li cc i quan st trn ni Pung.
- ng Na Phng thc cht l mt hang su
v nhiu ngc ngch nn tng l ni tr
ng ca qun nh Mc trong cc cuc giao
tranh. y cng l ni i ting ni Vit
Nam t c s hot ng thi k u cuc
khng chin chng thc dn Php (1946-
1954). ng Tin nm pha bc ca h Ba
B, cch mt h 15 m, ca hang cao 15m v
rng 35m. ng c nhiu thch nh, xp
np nhiu tng. T ng Tin c th ngm
ton cnh H Ba B. Cc nh kho c hc
tng xc nh khong 12 nghn nm trc y
cc c dn thi k mi tng nh c
ti y. Nhiu cng c bng nh ru, dao,
cuc cng nhiu ci chy v nhiu v c b
vi lp c tm thy.
- ng Thm Thinh: y l ni m cc nh
nghin cu cho rng con ngi nh c
sm nht Ba B vo cui thi k c,
khong 17 - 22 nghn nm trc y. Cc
bng chng kho c hc ti y cho thy
ngi nguyn thu sng da vo sn bn, hi
lm v lm ra cc cng c sn xut ly
cc sn phm cn thit t sng Ch Lng nm
cch khng xa.
- Ti cc a im nh N C, N Tm v
Khau La bc u tm thy mt s di ch
kho c ca nn vn ho H Giang thuc hu
k mi - s k kim kh (4000 nm - 3000
nm trc y).
Ngoi ra khu vc VQG Ba B cn c cc di
tch khc nh o P D Mi c bia khc
vua Khi nh th 9, c miu th B Go.
Trn o An M c c miu th vua thu t
v quan nh L.
* Vn ho ca dn tc thiu s
Vn ho cc dn tc ca Ba B cng li
du n su sc cho khch du lch. Ngi Ty
nh c dc theo thung lng cc sng sui v
thung lng cc tnh ng Bc nc ta. Trong
VQG Ba B, ngi Ty chim a s trong
tng s dn. Do vy vn ho dn tc Ty tr
thnh vn ho c trng cho khu vc ny.
Ngi Ty nh c thnh tng lng bn ng
c. Ngi nh truyn thng ca h l nh sn.
VQG Ba B, ngi Ty chn hng nh
theo thut phong thu: Tin thong hu th.
Pha sau nh da vo ni. Pha trc l con
sng hoc cnh ng rng, thong. Ca nh
khng hng vo nh ngi khc, khng
hng thng vo con ng. Quan trng nht
ca cn nh sn l b khung nh gm ct,
ko, x. G lm nh thng l g tt nh
nghin, ch ch, inh, lim Nh kt cu theo
kiu 5 - 7 gian, hng ct k trn tng. Cc
ct lin kt vi nhau bng x di xuyn qua
cc ct. Mi nh lp bng ngi m dng,
nh nhng cch nhit tt. Ngoi ra, c th lp
bng tranh hoc l c. Xung quanh nh thng
bng vn g hoc che bng lip na.
V m thc, ngi Ty trc kia n cm np
l chnh trong ba n hng ngy. Hin nay
thay i thi quen, nhng hu nh gia nh
no cng c ninh v ch xi. Trong cc
ngy l tt, h thng lm cc loi bnh tri
nh bnh chng, bnh dy, bnh gai, bnh
gio, bnh rn,bnh tri, bnh kho Cng
vi ch bin cc mn n t lng thc, ngi
Ty cn ch bin cc mn n t tht, c, xo
nu rau, mng, .... Nhng mn n dn d nh
tht g xo gng ngh, tht ln hm nh vi l
mc mt, c hm vi qu trm trng, c,
nhng tm, nhng ong khoi, nm t xo nu
vi mng chua, bt canh rau ngt rng ... rt
c ng bo a thch. Ba B cn c mm
tp, tm chua v ru ng c coi l c sn
ca vng.
V trang phc: B y phc c truyn ca ngi
Ty l o chm c lm t vi si bng t
dt, nhum chm, hu nh khng c thu tha
trang tr. Khi mc thng km theo cng c
v x tch bng bc. Ph n u vn khn,
mc o di ti bp chn, ng tay hp, x nch,
ci cc bn phi, tht lng bng vi.
V phong tc, l hi: Trong mt nm c nhiu
ngy tt vi ngha khc nhau. Tt nguyn
n, rm thng 7 v tt thanh minh (mng 3
thng 3) c t chc linh nh hn c. Hi
xun Ba B c t chc hng nm ko di
trong 3 ngy mng 9, 10, 11 thng 1 m lch.
L hi l ni ph din bn sc cc dn tc vi

157
nhiu tr chi truyn thng nh ua thuyn
c mc trn h Ba B, nm cn, chi b,
ma spcng nhiu hot ng vn ho khc
ca ng bo dn tc Ty cng nh cc dn
tc khc trong vng cu khn cho v ma
nm mi ma thun gi ha, an khang thnh
vng. Thuyn c mc l phng tin i li
c sc ca ngi dn tc Ty ni y v
cng l nt c sc ca du lich Ba B. Xa
kia hu nh nh no cng c thuyn nhng
nay ng s m mang, thuyn my v xung
my nhiu nn thuyn c mc t dn. lm
c thuyn c mc ngi ta phi x cy g
to ri tnh ton t m, chnh xc, chi li ri c,
o, vt, botn rt nhiu thi gian v cng
sc nn thuyn c mc c coi nh ti sn
c gi tr ca mi gia nh.
Cc sn phm vn ho truyn thng ca ng
bo cc dn tc th hin i sng tinh thn
phong ph, cc l hi truyn thng vi nhiu
loi nhc c nh: n tnh ca ngi Ty,
khn v so ca ngi Mng... Tt n trong
cc bn lng ca ngi Ty, ting n Tnh
v iu ht then thng vang ln rn r n
xun v. m nhc i vi dn tc Ty dng
nh c mt sc mnh k diu. H dng n
tnh v nhng iu then biu l tm t tnh
cm ca mnh. Ting n gip h qun i bao
vt v, lo toan i thng, m mnh trong
dng m thanh y sc quyn r hy vng
vo mt ngy mai ti sng hn. Ting Khn
ngm su vo mu tht ngi Mng, thn
quen nh ming "mn mn" (bt ng ) m
mm t lc mi bit n dm. Con trai 13 tui
c cy Khn trn vai mi khi ln nng,
xung ch. m thanh ca Khn mnh m nh
chnh cuc sng ngi Mng, bi nu khng
kin cng mnh m, ngi Mng xa kia
chc kh lng ng u ni vi s khc
nghit ni ni cao, dng.
KH NNG KHAI THC TI NGUYN
PHC V MC CH DU LCH SINH
THI VN QUC GIA BA B
Hin nay, VQG Ba B khai thc ti nguyn
t nhin cng nh ti nguyn nhn vn
hnh thnh cc tuyn, im du lch thu ht
khch du lch. Cc im du lch ni bt ca
VQG Ba B ch yu nh khu o An M,
khu ng Ao Tin, khu Pc Ngi, hnh thnh
cc tuyn du lch sinh thi v du lch nhn vn
trong khu vc h Ba B.
Tuyn tham quan h Ba B
y l tuyn thu ht khch du lch ln nht
hin nay. Khch tham quan c th ln thuyn
t bn pha ng hoc bn Pc Ngi i bng
thuyn trn h ngm cnh v gh thm cc
im danh thng k th nh: o B Go, o
An M, ng Tin, Ao Tin, hang Thm Kt.
H Ba B l h nc ngt t nhin p nht
nc ta vi din tch khong 500 ha. Thc
cht h Ba B gm 3 h ln thng nhau l P
Lm, P L v P Lng. H di 9 km, rng
0,2 - 1,0 km (thm ch ti 1,7 km vo ma
nc ln). H c chu vi l 22 km, su
trung bnh t 17 - 23m, ni su nht ln ti
35m. Tng lng nc trong h ln ti 90
triu m
3
. H bn ma nc trong xanh, trn
y. Ni y c v nh mt H Long trn
cn. Trong khu vc h c cc thng cnh nh:
- o B Go (P D Mi): o ny nm
cnh bn Pha nam, l mt o . Trn o
c cc cy c th nh lt, nghin, trai xen k
gi nn cnh p hu tnh. Trn o c di tch
v n th B Go.
- o An M: L o vi, o cao hn
mc nc h khong 27 - 30 m. Trn o c
nhiu cy c th. Nc o c nhiu ch c t
mn, c th trng rau xanh c. Xa kia c
n th vua thu t v cc quan nh L. y
l chn tm linh cu bnh an, rt cn cho cc
tuyn du lch.
- ng Tin: Nm pha bc ca H Ba B,
cch mt h 15m, ca hang cao 15m v rng
35m. ng c nhiu thch nh, xp np
nhiu tng. T ng Tin c th ngm ton
cnh H Ba B. Cc nh kho c hc tng
xc nh khong 12 nghn nm trc y cc
c dn thi k mi tng nh c ti
y. Nhiu cng c bng nh ru, dao,
cuc cng nhiu ci chy v nhiu v c b
vi lp c tm thy.
- Ao Tin: Nm pha bc ca h, nm trn
ni vi, cch mp h 120m, rng 1,5 ha.
Mt h yn tnh, nc trong xanh, ni c v
nh l gng tri.

158
- Hang Thm Kt: Hang nm cao 200m,
cu hang cao 10 - 20 m, rng 50 - 80 m. nh
sng vo su tn vch cc phng ngoi.
ng c nhiu phng, nhiu ngch su, b tr
thnh nhiu tng lp
- ng Chn Voi: ng nm gn hang Thm
Kt. ng rng v nng, thch nh trn vch
ca hang to thnh nhiu ct nh chn
voi, vi voi. y l mt trong nhng im
p ngm h nn cn c tn to li.
- ng Ba Ca: Cch hang Chn Voi 50 m.
Ca hang nhn sang pha ty nam v xm Pc
Ngi. Hang cch mt h 2 m, c 3 ca vo
hnh trn. Vch c thch nh nhiu tng, c
mt ngch hm di 70m a ti vch h nhn
thy o B Go.
- ng Na Phng: Nm gn bn pha nam
khong 2,5km v cch bn B L khong 2,0
km. Ming hang nhn v pha Bc. Hang cao
t 80 - 90m v rng 100 200m.
- Bn Pc Ngi nm ngay bn b h Ba B,
thuc x Nam Mu, l mt trong 10 lng vn
ho tiu biu ca c nc. Nm 2008, bn
c B Vn ho - Th thao v Du lch chn
xy dng thnh lng vn ho c sc. Pc
Ngi hin c 80 h dn vi 400 nhn khu.
Ngi Ty chim 98,5%. Bi vy c th xem
Pc Ngi nh bn vn ho Ty nm trn a
th ca sng, bn danh thng h Ba B.
Tuyn h Ba B i thc u ng
Theo tuyn, khch tham quan ln bn pha
ng i tham quan trn h, dc sng Nng v
xui theo sng thm thc u ng sau
quay ngc li. Ngoi cc im tham quan
tuyn trn H th cn c th thm im tham
quan bn Him m. y l mt bn du lch
vn ho dn tc Ty.
Thc u ng nm pha ty bc, xui theo
sng Nng khong 3km, gn bn T Kn ca
ngi Ty. Thc nm gn ni tip gip gia
Bc Kn vi tnh Tuyn Quang. Thc u
ng nm gia hai dy ni vi, c dc
ln, l ni con sng Nng b chn li bi
nhng tng ln, nh xp chng ln nhau
vi dc chng 500m, to thnh mt thc
nc ngon mc k v, ho vi phong cnh
rng nguyn sinh to ra mt n tng kh
qun. Khng nhng vy, ti y cn xut hin
loi c chin (c nhng con nng trn 10kg)
l loi c him thy hin nay.
Tuyn H Ba B i ng Pung
Khch du lch i bng thuyn t b h pha
nam i tham qua trn mt h, sau ngc
dng sng Nng i thm ng Pung v
thnh Nh Mc. Tuyn ny c th thm tt c
cc im ca tuyn h. Ngoi ra cn thm 2
im l ng Pung v thnh Nh Mc.
Ra khi H Ba B du khch s i thuyn vo
dng sng Nng. Sng Nng bt ngun t dy
Phia D, chy qua ven h Ba B ni hp lu
l u bn Cm. T y, ngc sng Nng
trn hm sng chng 6 km hai bn l vch d
dng ng chm vo ng Pung huyn o
c sc (C l c l ng Cung th ng
vi pht m ca dn tc Ty a phng v
ng vi thc t hn v Cung c ngha l
rng).
Cc tuyn tham quan i b
- Tuyn Keo Siu- An M. Khch i b t Keo
Siu, cch khu trung tm hnh chnh dch v
khong 1 km theo ng i b tham quam
kiu rng trn ni , qua cu treo xung o
An M. Tuyn ny c th tham quan cc loi
cy nghin, cy thung c th.
- Tuyn i b Buc Lm - Thnh Nh Mc.
Khch du lch qua sng theo ng du lch
qua sng theo ng i b ln trn nh ni
Lung Nham (pha di l ng Pung). Ti
y khch du lch c th t chc cm tri, pic
nc hoc leo ln chi quan st phong cnh
hoc ng vt hoang d.
- Tuyn Pc Ngi - ng Hua M - Khu du
lch sinh thi n n. Tuyn ny du khch
c th thm quan bn Pc Ngi, ng Na
Phng sau quay ngc li dc theo sng
Nng 5 km n ng Hua M. Sau tip tc
n thm khu du lch sinh thi n n, thm
bn N C, Bn N Ning. Ngoi ra, trn
ng tr v c th gh vo thc Tt M (hay
cn gi l Thc Bc - Hong Tr).
ng Hua M nm cch h Ba B khong 6
km v pha nam. ng Hua M cn gi l
ng treo v ng nm lng chng ni, c
cao so vi mc nc bin l 350m, chiu

159
di hn 700 m, trn ng c ch cao v rng
ti 40 - 50m. ng c ca vo pha ng
thng ra pha nam. Theo cc nh chuyn mn
v du khch n thm th ng Hua M c
nh gi l mt trong nhng ng p nht
trong khu vc v c th snh vi nhng hang
ng p ca Vnh H Long.
KT LUN
Vn quc gia Ba B c thnh lp nhm
mc ch bo tn cnh quan t nhin c
trng cho h sinh thi rng nguyn sinh trn
ni vi. Vi vai tr l tng cng chc
nng phng h u ngun cho h Ba B,
nhm phc v trc tip i sng v sn xut
ca cng ng dn c trong khu vc. Ngoi
cc chc nng trn, hin nay vn quc gia
Ba B pht trin, m mang du lch sinh thi
to iu kin cho ngi dn trong khu vc c
thm thu nhp da trn c s du lch cng
ng, nng cao nhn thc v bo v mi
trng cho ngi dn. Tuy nhin, do c s h
tng cha pht trin, c bit l ng giao
thng, cng tc qung b cha tt... cho nn
kh nng pht trin du lch cn hn ch. Vi
s u t ca nh nc, s quan tm ca cc
cp, cc ngnh, c bit l tnh Bc Kn, du
lch Ba B s c c hi pht trin trong
nhng nm sp ti, c bit l hnh thc du
lch cng ng v du lch sinh thi.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Bo co tng hp Nhu cu v c hi thit lp
c ch ti chnh bn vng cho VQG Ba B v khu
bo tn thin nhin Na Hang, T chc bo tn
quc t IUCN, 2002.
[2]. Bo co Thc trng du lch VQG Ba B 2005,
2006, 2207, 2008, 2009. Trung tm du lch sinh
thi VQG Ba B.
[3]. Phm Trung Lng (1999), Tim nng, hin
trng v nh hng pht trin du lch sinh thi
Vit Nam. Tuyn tp bo co hi tho xy dng
chin lc quc v pht trin du lch sinh thi
Vit Nam.
[4]. Phm Nht - L Trng Tri (1993), Bo co
chuyn ti nguyn ng vt VQG Ba B m
rng. Vin iu tra quy hoch rng, 3/1993.
[5]. Phm Nht (2003), a dng th VQG Ba B:
Thc trng v gii php bo tn. Bo co hi tho
khoa hc quc gia VQG Ba B, khu bo tn thin
nhin Na Hang.
[6]. Nguyn Minh Tu (ch bin), a l du lch,
Nxb Gio dc, H Ni, 2010.
[7]. Vin nghin cu pht trin du lch (2002),
Quy hoch chung khu du lch h Ba B n 2010
v nh hng n 2020.
[8]. Mt s trang Web:
- www.vuonquocgia.com
- www.dulichvietnam.com.vn
- www.backan.gov.vn
- www.babenatinonalpark.org

SUMMARY
TOURISM RESOURCE EXPLOITATION IN BA B NATIONAL PARK
PURPOSE FOR ECOTOURISM

Nguyen Thi Phuong Nga
*

Vietbac High school

Ba Be National Park has great potential for ecotourism development. Natural resources is the
strength of the national park for the formation of many tourist destinations tourist destination.
Vegetation with diverse species composition, tropical moist forest types favorable for development
of ecotourism. Geology, topography, climate, rivers create beautiful landscapes. Customary
practices, traditional cultural products created for Ba Be own attractiveness, attract tourists.
Key words: Ba Be National Park, ecotourism development, resources of tourist.

*
Tel: 0983746476; Email: ngatn129@gmail.com

160

Nguyn c Hnh Tp ch KHOA HC & CNG NGH 79(03): 161 - 163

161

NGHIN CU GING DY PHN VN HC A PHNG TI MT S
TNH MIN NI PHA BC VIT NAM THC TRNG V GII PHP

Nguyn c Hnh
*

Trng H S phm - H Thi Nguyn

TM TT
Trong chng trnh Ng vn ging dy cp THCS c phn vn hc a phng ging
dy cho tng tnh. Qua kho st ca chng ti ti 6 tnh min ni pha Bc, vic ging dy
chng trnh vn hc a phng vn cn nhiu bt cp. Tnh trng thiu gio trnh thng
nht, ging dy mt cch t pht vn cn xy ra. V th, chng ti mun xut mt s
gii php gii quyt nhng tn ti ny.
T kha: Vn hc a phng, nghin cu ging dy, min ni pha Bc Vit Nam

THC TRNG V NGUYN NHN
*

Thc trng
1. Sau khi hon thnh cun Vn hc Thi
Nguyn nm 2008, chng ti tip tc thc
hin ti Nghin cu trin khai ging dy
phn vn hc a phng cho cp Trung hc
c s ti hai tnh Bc Kn v Tuyn Quang.
T thc t kho st vic ging dy phn vn
hc a phng cho cp Trung hc C s ti
mt s tnh nh Thi Nguyn, Bc Kn,
Tuyn Quang, H Giang chng ti tht s
lo lng trc mt thc trng: trong rt nhiu
nm qua, vic thc hin chng trnh vn hc
a phng 24 tit theo quy nh ca B Gio
dc v o to cp Trung hc C s hu
nh b b trng. Cc trng Trung hc C s
trn a bn cc tnh c kho st u khng
c mt gio trnh thng nht. Tnh trng ging
dy ty tin t pht xy ra v ko di trong
nhiu nm. Cc thy c gio ti cc trng
Trung hc C s nh phi khc phc bng
cch tm c ti liu no th ging dy bng
ti liu y, nu khng tm c ti liu th
bin tit hc v vn hc a phng thnh tit
hc ht tp th hay gio vin chuyn bi hc
khc vo lp ch trng. Thc trng ng
bun v kh ph bin ny vn tn ti m
ngnh gio dc nhiu tnh vn cha c gii
php thch hp tho g. n nm 2010,
nh c d n Vit B, cc trng Cao ng S

*
Tel: 0913394322
phm cc tnh u thc hin v xut bn mt
gio trnh c tn gi Vn ha, vn hc v
ngn ng a phng ti tnh X ca mnh.
Nhng vi mc tiu bin son cho cng tc
ging dy v hc trong trng Cao ng S
phm, li khng ch tp trung nghin cu
phn vn hc a phng, gio trnh ny
khng p ng c mc tiu ging dy phn
vn hc a phng cho cp Trung hc C s
ti tng tnh. Chng trnh y i hi phi c
mt gio trnh dnh ring cho n.
2. Vi thc trng k trn, cc gio vin dy
vn ti cc trng Trung hc C s tng
tnh gp nhiu kh khn. Chng trnh ging
dy phn vn hc a phng theo quy nh
ca B Gio dc v o to khng c thc
hin nghim tc. Cc em hc sinh cp
Trung hc C s gp nhiu thit thi khi
khng c hc cc tc phm ca cc tc gi
ang sng v vit trn ngay qu hng mnh.
Tnh trng ty tin t pht ca cc gio vin
vn khi dy chng trnh ny, tuy l gii php
i ph v tm thi, vn dn ti hu qu l
nhng tc phm khng ph hp vi tm sinh
l v trnh tip nhn ca hc sinh cp
Trung hc C s vn c ging dy. iu
c th dn hc sinh ti ci nhn lch lc
phin din, thm ch l sai lm v vn hc a
phng ca tnh mnh. Trong c ch ai cng
c th b tin ra in sch ca mnh hm nay,
tiu chun cp php xut bn ca nhiu nh
xut bn c nhiu iu khon cht ch, nhng

162
khng h c tiu ch l tc phm y phi hay,
v vy vn c nhiu tc phm km cht lng
c xut bn v c mt trong i sng x
hi. Vi s non nt trong nhn thc, nu
cc em hc sinh cp Trung hc C s phi
hc tc phm yu km y th hu qu cn
nguy hi hn.
Nguyn nhn
Vy nguyn nhn no dn ti thc trng ng
bun k trn? Theo chng ti c mt s
nguyn nhn c bn sau:
1. Cc S Gio dc v o to ti cc tnh
phn ln cha thc hin ht trch nhim ca
mnh. Bi thc trng k trn ko di nhiu
nm, ai cng bit nhng cp lnh o cao
nht trong ngnh gio dc tng tnh li cha
c gii php c th nhm gii quyt thc
trng y. Hn th na, d c nhng kh khn
c v pha ch quan v khch quan, vic
khng thc hin nghim tc chng trnh
ging dy do B Gio dc v o to ban
hnh cng l mt thiu st khng th ko
di hn c na.
2. Cng tc l lun v ph bnh vn hc cc
Hi Vn hc ngh thut cc tnh cn yu v
nhiu bt cp trong c ch hot ng. Vi lc
lng cn rt mng, hu ht li khng
chuyn, kinh ph rt eo hp, vic bin son
mt gio trnh vn hc a phng l khng
h d dng.
3. Cc trng Cao ng S phm tng tnh
c nhim v o to gio vin t cp hc ca
Mm non, Tiu hc, Trung hc C s c trnh
t Trung cp n Cao ng S phm cho
tnh nh. y cng l ni tp trung i ng
gio vin c trnh cao nht ca tng a
phng, nu tnh cha c trng i hc
nh Bc Kn, Tuyn Quang, H Giang,
Lng SnNu cc trng Cao ng S
phm ca tng tnh sm pht huy vai tr
u tu ca mnh th thc trng ng
bun k trn khng tn ti.
3. S phi kt hp gia S Gio dc v o
to, Hi Vn hc Ngh thut tnh v trng
Cao ng S phm tnh cha tt. Vi mt
gio trnh vn hc a phng nh chng ti
thc hin Thi Nguyn, vic phi kt
hp gia ba c quan k trn em li kt
qu tch cc.
GII PHP V MT S BI HC
KINH NGHIM
Gii php
1. Gii php u tin v quan trng nht l
thc trch nhim ca cc S Gio dc v o
to cc tnh. Ch c S Gio dc v o to
mi c th c ngun kinh ph (hoc t ngun
ngn sch hoc t ngun x hi ha) bin
son gio trnh vn hc a phng bm st
chng trnh quy nh ca B Gio dc v
o to cho tnh mnh. Vic thc hin k
hoch khng th thiu s phi hp cht
ch vi Hi Vn hc Ngh thut a phng
v trng Cao ng S phm ca tng tnh.
2. Mi cc chuyn gia c kinh nghim t cc
Trng i hc bin son gio trnh vn
hc a phng cho tnh mnh.
3. B Gio dc v o to c ch trng v
kinh ph cho cc S Gio dc v o to ti
cc tnh thc hin nhim v ny. Khng ch
dng li , cn c mt tm nhn xa xy
dng cc b gio trnh vn hc a phng
cho tng vng vn ha trn c nc nh vn
hc a phng vng vn ha Vit Bc, Ty
Bc, ng bng sng Hng, Ty Nguyn,
ng bng sng Cu Long t , gio
vin v hc sinh cp Trung hc C s tng
tnh va c ci nhn chuyn bit va c ci
nhn ton din khi t nn vn hc a
phng ca tnh mnh i snh vi cc nn
vn hc a phng cng nm trong mt vng
vn ha. Ch c nh vy, chng ta khng ch
to s thng nht v gio trnh trong chng
trnh ging dy phn vn hc a phng cho
tng tnh, m cn qua gio dc cho hc
sinh tnh yu, lng t ho vi qu hng, t
nc, qua thnh tu ca vn hc a phng
gn gi vi mi ngi.
Mt s bi hc kinh nghim
Sau khi nghin cu v bin son xong ba cun
gio trnh vn hc a phng cho ba tnh Thi
Nguyn, Bc Kn v Tuyn Quang, chng ti
thy c mt s bi hc kinh nghim sau:
1. S Gio dc v o to Thi Nguyn c
mt cch lm hay khi ch ng hp tc vi

163
Hi Vn hc Ngh thut Thi Nguyn, mt s
chuyn gia c kinh nghim ca trng i
hc S phm i hc Thi Nguyn cng
bin son cun Vn hc Thi Nguyn in
ln u 26.000 cun v c s phn hi tch
cc t cc trng Trung hc C s trn ton
tnh. Hin nay, yu cu hon thin v ti bn
c t ra, nhm bin son ang tch cc
lm vic sm p ng yu cu .
2. Ci kh nht l xy dng tiu ch tuyn
chn tc phm a vo ging dy trong nh
trng. Chng ti xy dng mt s tiu ch
sau tuyn chn tc phm: Tc phm hay
ca tc gi l ngi a phng; Tc phm
hay ca nhng tc gi ang sng v vit a
phng; u tin tc phm hay vit v t v
ngi a phng y; D vit v ti no
th tc phm c la chn cng phi ph
hp vi tm sinh l v trnh tip nhn ca
hc sinh cp Trung hc C s.
3. Sau khi bin son, gio trnh y khng ch
c a ra hi tho m cn c dy th
nghim mt s trng Trung hc C s
trong tnh (t trng thnh ph n trng
vng su, vng xa). T vic x l cc kin
phn hi thu c m chnh l gio trnh
phc v thit thc cho i tng tip nhn.
KT LUN
Vic xy dng gio trnh vn hc a phng
l vic lm trc ht ca ngnh gio dc
tng tnh. Vic mi, thu khon chuyn gia
thc hin cng cn c s phi hp ng b
vi S Gio dc v o to, Hi Vn hc
Ngh thut tng a phng. Bi mi nn
vn hc a phng tng tnh u c bn
sc ring, li gn b cht ch vi iu kin,
c im kinh t chnh tr, vn ha, x hi ca
tng a phng, do , gio trnh vn hc
a phng khng ch thm m tinh hoa
ca vn hoc tnh nh m cn phi lm ni bt
bn sc vn ha ca tnh, ca vng min.
Khng ch c th, bn cnh thnh tu th hn
ch v hng pht trin ca nn vn hc a
phng y cng phi c cp ti. Ch c
nh vy, gio trnh vn hc a phng mi
p ng c mc tiu v nhim v t ra
trong chng trnh ging dy phn vn hc
a phng cho cp Trung hc C s do B
Gio dc v o to ban hnh. D l
mun, cng vic bin son gio trnh vn hc
a phng ca tng tnh cng l mt nhim
v cp thit i hi s i u ca tng S
Gio dc v o to v s chung tay ca cc
c quan vn ha trong tnh./.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1].TS. Nguyn c Hnh, Nghin cu trin khai
ging dy phn vn hc a phng cho cp Trung
hc C s ti hai tnh Bc Kn v Tuyn Quang
ti cp B, M s B2009 TN04 10.
[2]. Nhiu tc gi, Vn hc Thi nguyn. S
Gio dc v o to Thi Nguyn, (2008)
[3]. Nhiu tc gi, Vn ha, vn hc v ngn ng
a phng tnh Thi Nguyn, Trng Cao ng
S phm Thi Nguyn, (2010).
[4]. Nhiu tc gi, Vn ha, vn hc v ngn ng
a phng tnh Tuyn Quang, trng Cao ng
S phm Tuyn Quang, (2010).

SUMMARY
STUDY ON TEACHING LOCAL LITERATURE AT SOME MOUNTAINOUS
PROVINCES IN THE NORTH VIETNAM - CURRENT SITUATION AND
SOLUTIONS
Nguyen Duc Hanh
*
- College of Education - TNU

In the teaching of literature program for secondary schools. There is a part for teaching at
provincial level. Our survey in six northern mountainous provinces, teaching literature localities
program has still inadequate.
Lack of uniform syllabus, spontaneous teaching is still occurring. So, we want to propose some
solutions to address these shortcomings.
Key words: local literature, research teaching, mountainous northern Vietnam

*
Tel: 0913394322

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