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CNG N TP TT NGHIP X L NC CP ------------Cu hi 4 im Cu 1: Trnh by cc loi ha cht thng c s dng trong ngnh cp nc v mc ch s dng ca cc loi ha cht ? Ha cht dng keo t: Trong nc cha nhiu cn l lng m bn thn n khng th t lng c. B sung thm cht keo t ( phn nhm) to ra ion ngc du, to bng cn kch thc ln c kh nng lng c nc gim ti a hm lng cn l lng. Phn: thng dng keo t cn bn trong nc. Trn thc t ngi ta thng dng phn keo t cc ht cn l lng trong nc mt v kh mu. Tuy nhin mt s cng trnh x l nc ngm, do hp cht cha st c gc hu c, phc tp nn cng phi dng phn thc y qu trnh to cn. Ngy nay ti cc nh my nc thng dng cc loi phn sau: Phn nhm: sunfat nhm Al2(SO4)3.18H2O, aluminat natri NaAlO2, alumi oxyt clorit (Al2(OH)5)Cl.6H2O. Thng thng phn nhm thng phm c sn sut dng ht, cha trong cc bao. Khi s dng cn phi ha trn loi b cn v nh lng vo cng trnh x l dng dung dch. Phn PAC ( tc dng tng t phn nhm) : tn ti dng cao phn t, dng thay th cho phn nhm sunfat trong x l nc sinh hot v nc thi. Hiu qu cao hn 4 5 ln. Thi gian keo t nhanh, t lm bin ng pH ca nc, c th khng dng cht b tr loi b cht hu c khng tan tan v kim loi nng. Phn Fe : sunfat st ha tr II FeSO4.7H2O, clorua st FeCl3 v hn hp ca chng, sunfat st ha tr III Fe(SO4)3. Thng thng phn st c cha trong cc bn cha chuyn dng, khi s dng ch cn dng thit b nh lng chm vo cng trnh x l. Phn st t c s dng trn thc t do phi bo qun phc tp, d pht sinh s c khi vn hnh.
Cc cht dng tng cng qu trnh keo t : thng dng axit silixic hot tnh (Na2O)m(SiO2)n sn xut t thy tinh lng. Ngoi ra cn dng Polymer thc y qu trnh keo t to bng. Ha cht dng nng pH, kim ha nc: s dng khi pH ca nc ngm thp, mc

ch ta keo t, thun tin cho qu trnh x l, t tiu chun nc sinh hot. Vi : c dng ph bin nht. Vi cha ti sn xut hai dng cc v bt. Khi ti vi d nc thu c vi nho, khi ti vi khng d nc thu c vi dng bt st. Vi c ha tan thp nn thng nh lng cho vo nc dng sa vi. Sa : l bt mu trng d ht m cha 95% Na2CO3 v 1% NaCl ; c s dng trong nh my c cng sut nh. Xt n da : NaOH Mui n : NaCl Axit sunfuric k thut : H2SO4 Axit clohydric : HCl Trinatri photphat : Na3PO4.12H2O Ha cht kh trng: Clo lng Cl2: Thng s dng Clo ha lng cha trong cc bnh chuyn dng, khi s dng dng thit b nh lng clo nh Clorator thng qua Ejector ha trn Clo vo nc v
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chm vo nc sau x l ha l. Clo l cht oxi ha mnh khi tc dng vi nc s to thnh axit hipocloric (HClO), c tc dng tit trng mnh. Ozn: Hin nay ang c xu hng s dng Ozn thay th Clo trong vic kh trng v Clo ha s b ngun nc, do c nhng nghi ngi khi s dng nhiu Clo c th nh hng n sc kha con ngi. Ha cht thng dng kh trng nc quy m nh : s dng ha cht tiu dit vi trng, vi khun gy bnh. - Hypoclorit natri : NaClO - Hypoclorit canxi : Ca(ClO)2 - Clorua vi Ha cht tr keo t: Polymer. tr lng lm trong nc cp v nc thi. Ha cht dng x l chng r, chng rong, ru, to v cc qu trinh sinh hc khc nh: (NaPO3)6, sunfat ng
Cc ha cht dng trong cc qu trnh x l khc nh: Na2SiF6, NaF, Na2SiO3.7H2O, than hot tnh dng ht. Cu 2: Trnh by cc qu trnh x l nc cp. S dy chuyn cng ngh l g, v s dy chuyn cng ngh x l nc mt truyn thng v gii thch nguyn l lm vic? Cc qu trnh x l nc cp: 17 qu trnh. - H iu ha v s lng (h cha v lng s b): iu ha s dao ng lu lng gia ngun v trm bm nc th. - Song chn rc (cng trnh no cng s dng): loi tr cc vt tri ni tri theo dng nc. - Li chn rc: loi tr rc, cc mnh v c kch thc nh v mt phn rong ru. - B lng ct (thc t cha c nh my s dng): loi b ct c t trng v kch thc 0,2mm bo v my mc, gim lng cn tr trong cc b to bng cn v b lng. - X l nc ti ngun bng ha cht: loi tr kh nng pht trin ca vi sinh vt v thc vt gy ra mi, mu, v ca nc. Dng CuSO4 trong trm x l nh. Trm x l ln thng khng s dng. - Lm thong (hu ht c s dng trong cc cng trnh x l nc ngm): lm ha tan oxy t khng kh vo nc oxy ha Fe2+, Mn2+. Kh CO2, H2S trong nc, nng cao pH y nhanh qu trnh oxy ha v thy phn Fe, Mn trong dy chuyn cng ngh. Lm giu oxy tng th tch oxy ha kh ca nc, kh cc cht bn dng kh ha tan trong nc. - Clo ha s b: gim vi trng ngun nc th b nhim nng. Oxy ha Fe & Mn ha tan dng phc cht hu c. Loi tr rong ru, to pht trin trn thnh b trn, to bng cn, b lng v b lc. - Qu trnh khuy trn ha cht: phn tn nhanh , u phn v cc ha cht khc vo nc cn x l. - Qu trnh keo t v phn ng to bng cn: to iu kin v thc hin qu trnh dnh kt cc ht cn keo thnh bng cn c kh nng lng v lc vi tc kinh t cho php. - Qu trnh lng: loi tr lng cn v bng cn, lm gim lng vi khun, vi trng c trong nc. - Qu trnh lc: loi b ht cn nh khng lng c trong b lng nhng c kh nng kt dnh ln b mt ht lc. - Lm mm nc: kh ion Ca2+, Mg2+ n nng t yu cu. - Hp th v hp ph bng than hot tnh: kh mu, mi, v ca nc sau khi s dng phng php truyn thng khng t yu cu. S dng cho nhng ngun nc qu nhim, chi ph kh cao nn t c s dng.
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Flo ho nc (s dng trong nhng trng hp ngun nc cn b sung Flo : ng Nai, Si Gn): nng cao hm lng Flo trong nc bo v men rng v xng cho ngi tiu dng. - Kh trng nc (s dng cho tt c cc cng trnh): tiu dit vi trng v vi khun cn li sau b lc. - n nh nc (s dng mt s ngun nc ngm, ngun nc khng n nh): kh tnh xm thc, bm cn trn ng ng ca nc. - Kh mui: kh cation v anion ca cc mui ha tan n nng t yu cu. S dy chuyn cng ngh: L s trnh by tt c cc qu trnh x l trong nh my x l nc cp. Bt c nh my no cng c s dy chuyn cng ngh. Gm 2 loi s cng ngh tng qut v s cng ngh chi tit. S dy chuyn cng ngh x l nc truyn thng:
-

N Ngm

Trn Phn

Keo t to bng cn

Lng Lng nc ra lc

Lc

Tip xc kh trng X cn ra h nn cn Clo

CCp

Nguyn l : - Nc ngun c trn ha cht(phn,vi) trong b trn ri dn sang b keo t to bng to ra nhng bng cn ln c kh nng lng c trong b lng - B lng s gi li nhng bng cn c kh nng t lng, m bo hm lng cn sau b lng khng qu 12 mg/l - Nc sau b lc c a sang b lc loi b hon ton cn l lng c trong nc sau a sang b cha chun b a ra mng. Ha cht kh trng l Clo c chm vo b cha loi b vi khun, vi trng gy bnh . - Bn x b lng c a v h lng bn, nc thi ra lc c lng v a t li b trn, cn c a sang h lng. Cu 3: B phn ng c vai tr nh th no trong x l nc cp? Cc loi b phn ng, nguyn l lm vic v phm vi p dng trn thc t. Vai tr ca b phn ng: - To bng cn c kch thc ln t nhng cn l lng lng xung b lc. - Mc ch ca qu trnh phn ng to bng cn l to iu kin thun li nht cc ht keo phn tn trong nc sau qu trnh pha v trn vi phn mt n nh v c kh nng dnh kt vi nhau, va chm vi nhau to thnh ht cn c kch thc ln, c th lng trong b lng hoc gi li b lc. Cc loi b phn ng, nguyn l lm vic, phm vi p dng trn thc t: B phn ng to bng cn thy lc: Nguyn l vn hnh c bn l s dng nng lng ca dng nc, kt hp vi cc gii php v cu to to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh tip xc v kt dnh gia cc ht keo v cn bn trong nc. Gm cc loi sau: B phn ng xoy: Hnh tr: Thng c at trong be lang ng, ap dung cho cac nha may nc co cong suat nho. Be gom mot ong hnh tru at tam be phan tren cua be lang ng. Nc t be tron
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c dan bang ong roi qua hai voi phun co nh i vao phan tren cua be. Hai voi phun c at oi xng qua tam be, vi hng phun ngc nhau va chieu phun nam tren phng tiep tuyen vi ng chu vi be. Do toc o qua voi phun ln, nc chay quanh thanh be tao thanh chuyen ong xoay t tren xuong. Cac lp nc ban knh quay khac nhau co toc o chuyen ong khac nhau va tao ieu kien tot cho cac hat can, keo va cham ket dnh vi nhau tao thanh bong can.
Hnh cn: c dng nh 1 ci phu ln. Hiu qu cao, tn tht p lc v dung tch nh. Do kh tnh ton cu to, hnh dng cu to c bit kh xy dng nn trong thc t ch p dng cho nhng nh my nc c cng sut nh. Co dang nh mot cai pheu ln. Nc i vao ay be va dang dan len mat be. Trong qua trnh i len, do tiet dien dong chay tang dan lam cho toc o nc giam dan. Tuy nhien do anh hng quan tnh, toc o cua dong nc phan bo khong eu tren cung mot mat phang nam ngang, vao gan tam be, toc o cang ln hn va dong chay tam co xu hng phan tan dan ra pha thanh be. Ngc lai, do ma sat cac dong chay pha ngoai lai b cac dong ben trong keo len theo. S chuyen ong thuan nghch o a tao ra cac xoay nc nho phan bo eu trong be, lam tang hieu qua khuay tron. Cac bong can c tao ra co kch thc tang dan theo chieu nc chay, ong thi toc o nc giam dan se khong pha v cac bong can ln o. B phn ng c vch ngn: dng cc vch ngn to ra s i chiu lin tc ca dng nc, to thun li cho ha cht keo t kt hp vi cc ht cn trong nc. Xy dng kt hp vi b lng ngang. n gin trong xy dng, qun l vn hnh. Khi lng xy dng ln, gm 2 loi: b phn ng c vch ngn theo phng ngang v theo phng thng ng. B phn ng c lp cn l lng: thng xy dng lin pha trc b lng ngang. Hiu qu cao, cu to n gin, khng cn my c kh, khng tn chiu cao xy dng. Nhc im: khi ng chm, c hiu qu lm vic sau 3-4 gi lm vic. thng c xay dng lien pha trc be lang ngang . Nc vao be qua cac mang phan phoi eu at doc theo mat be. Cac ong ng dan nc t mang xuong ay be. ay, cac bc vach nghieng ay be co chc nang lam giam dan toc o dang len cua dong nc, ong thoi phan phoi eu dong i len tren toan bo be mat be. Mat khac, ay be co cau tao giong be phan ng xoay hnh con, nen khi qua het phan ay nc a c khuay tron s bo va cac bong can nho a hnh thanh. T ay nc cha cac bong can nho tiep tuc i len vi toc o khong oi. Cac bong can a hnh thanh tiep tuc hap thu cac hat can nho va ln dan len. Trong lng cua bong can ln dan lam cho toc o i len cua no giam dan trong khi toc o dong nc khong oi. S lech pha o giup cho cac hat can nho trong dong nc va cham va ket dnh vi bong can. Len en be mat be cac bong can se b cuon i theo dong chay ngang sang be lang.

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Do c cng khuy trn nh, gi tr vn tc gradien trung bnh t 30 50s-1, thi gian phn ng ko di t 15 n 30 pht nn thng p dng cho cc nh my nc c cng sut nh v va. B phn ng to bng cn c kh: Dng nng lng ca cnh khuy chuyn ng trong nc to s xa trn dng chy. Kh nng iu chnh cng khuy trn theo mun nhng cn c my mc, thit b c kh chnh xc v iu kin qun l vn hnh phc tp nn thng p dng cho cc nh my nc c cng sut ln. B phn ng to bng dng kh nn: trong thc t t dng do qun l phc tp. Dng bt khng kh nn a nng lng va nc khuy trn. u im l kt hp vic to bng vi qu trnh oxy ha mt phn cht hu c, gii phng mt lng CO2 do khi pha phn to ra nhng trong qun l phc tp nn trong thc t t dng.
B to bng tip xc qua lp vt liu ht: p dng vi ngun nc c nhiu cn hu c, nh (nc nhiu rong ru..). B keo t tip xc ng thi l b lc s b, do phi b tr cc thit b ra, dng nc qua lp tip xc c th i t di ln hoc t trn xung.B c hiu qu tt trong trng hp kh st v x l nc h c nhiu cn hu c.

Cu 4: B lng c vai tr nh th no trong x l nc cp? Cc loi b lng, nguyn l lm vic v phm vi p dng trn thc t. Vai tr ca b lng: lng cc ht cn c trong nc ngun v cn sinh ra trong b phn ng, m bo hm lng cn sau b lng < 12mg/L. Lng l khu quan trng trong dy chuyn cng ngh x l nc thin nhin. Cc loi b lng, nguyn l lm vic v phm vi p dng: - Lng tnh v theo tng m k tip : thng gp trong cc h cha nc khi nng cn trong h tng ln, nc trong h ng yn v cn lng tnh xung y. Trong cng nghip sau mt m sn xut nc c x ra lng bt cn, c tun hon li ti s dng cho qu trnh sn xut gi l lng tnh theo tng m k tip. - B lng c dng nc chy ngang cn lng ri thng ng (b lng ngang): dng lng cn th v cn keo t (HCN, hnh trn).

- B lng ng c dng nc i t di ln: cn ri t trn xung, dng lng cn keo t (hnh vung, trn). Hin nay loi b lng ny ang thng c s dng cho cng sut nh.

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B lng trong cc ng trn hoc trong cc hnh tr vung, trc lng t nghing so vi phng ngang 60o(b lng lp mng): dng ch yu lng nc trn phn. Hin nay loi b lng ny ang thng c s dng cho cng sut va nhng do h thng gt cn hay b h hng nn ngi ta rt t s dng.
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B lng trong c lp cn l lng: dng lng cn c kh nng keo t . Hin nay loi b lng ny ang thng c s dng cho cng sut nh v va
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Cu 5: B lc c vai tr nh th no trong x l nc cp? Cc loi b lc thng s dng, nguyn l hot ng v phm vi p dng. Vai tr ca b lc: l cng trnh cui cng loi b cn cn st li trong b lng. dng lc mt phn hay ton b cn bn c trong nc ty thuc vo yu cu cht lng nc ca i tng dng nc. Cc loi b lc thng s dng, nguyn l hot ng v phm vi p dng: B lc nhanh h : b lc nhanh h hay cn gi b lc nhanh trng lc, nc chy qua lp vt liu lc theo nguyn tc trng lc. b lc h theo cu to ca h thng phn phi nc ra v thu nc lc c th chia lm 2 loi : - B lc nhanh c h thng phn phi nc v gi ra lc bng gin ng khoan l - B lc nhanh c h thng phn phi nc v gi ra lc bng sn chp lc.
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Hin nay ngoi b lc nhanh truyn thng, ngi ta cn s dng loi b lc Aquazur ca hng Degremon Php, loi b lc ny khi ra lc khng dng dng nc i vo b to thnh dng nc qut trn b mt, tng hiu qu cho qu trnh ra lc. B lc p lc : nguyn l lm vic ging b lc nhanh trng lc ch khc bnh lc kn v bnh lm bng thp hoc composite v lm vic di p lc xc nh. Loi b lc p lc ny c th s dng ti nhng trm cp nc nh, cht lng nc tng i tt . Khi s dng b lc p lc c th khng cn s dng trm bm cp 2, s dng p lc d sau b lc cp cho cc i tng dng nc. B lc 2 lp vt liu lc: tng dung tch cha cn bn trong cc b lc nhanh c th t c bng cch dng 2 lp vt liu lc c ng knh ht v trng lng ring khc nhau, lp trn ca vt liu lc c ng knh lc ln hn v trng lng ring nh hn lp vt liu lc di. B lc ph (lc s b):dng lc nc c c 50250 mg/l trc khi cho nc vo b vo chn b lc ph ra bng gi kt hp c th thay cho b lng v t trc b lc chm. B lc c dng nc i t di ln cn gi l lc ngc hay lc tip xc : khi ra b lc nhanh bng nc thun ty hoc gi trc nc sau sy ra hin tng phn ha thy lc, cc ht b nm trn, ht ln nm di , cc lp ct lc nm di c cha cn cao hn cc lp trn. p dng x l nc cc trm c cng sut nh cp nc cho nng trng, lng x B lc khng c van iu chnh tc lc: thng c xy dng cc vng nng thn min ni, cc trm l c cng xut nh. Tc lc dao ng theo lu lng nc a vo b, nu nh lng nc th khng thay i th tc lc cng khng thay i B lc chm: lc nc qua lp ct lc vi vn tc v <= 0.5 m/h l lc chm. do vn tc nh nn lp trn cng ca ct lc dy khong 2 3 cm, cn bn tch li to thnh mng lc, trong mng lc cha v s cc loi vi sinh vt c kh nng lc v dit c 97 99 % vi khun c trong nc khi lc qua mng. B lc chm ch nn p dng i vi nhng cng trnh x l quy m nh. B lc nhanh c s dng ph bin nht. B lc ra lin tc, b lc p lc t ng ra theo chu k lc v b lc khng van kha t ng ra

Cu hi 3 im
Cu 1: Nu nhng tnh cht (ch tiu) c trng ca ngun nc mt v nc ngm: Cc ch tiu cht lng nc bao gm: ch tiu l hc, ha hc v vi sinh: Cc ch tiu l hc c bn: - Nhit : ph thuc vo iu kin mi trng v kh hu. N nh hng ti cc qu trnh x l nc v nhu cu tiu th. - mu: thng do cc cht bn trong nc to nn. n v o l Plantin-Coban (PtCo). mu biu kin trong nc thng do cc cht l lng trong nc to ra. - c: nh gi s c mt ca cc cht l lng trong nc nh hng n truyn nh sng. c khng gy nh hng n qu trnh lc v kh trng nc. - Mi v: cc cht kh, khong l mt s cht ha tan trong nc lm cho nc c mi. Cc mi v thng gp: mi t, mi tanh, thi, mi ha hc c trng nh: Clo, Amoniac, v cht, mn, chua. - phng x: nc ngm thng nhim cc cht phng x t nhin, thng th nc ny v hi i khi c th dng cha bnh. Nhng nu ch tiu ny b nhim bi cc cht phng x t nc thi, khng kh, t cc cht c hi vt gii hn cho php th rt nguy him.

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dn in: nc c dn in km. Nc tinh khit 200oC c dn in l 4,2MS/m. dn in ca nc tng theo hm lng cc cht khong ha tan trong nc v dao ng theo nhit . Trong cc ch tiu l hc trn quan trng nht l c, mu. Khi x l nc cp cn phi x l trit hai ch tiu ny. Cc ch tiu ha hc c bn: - pH: phn nh tnh axit hay kim ca nc. pH nh hng n cc hot ng sinh hc trong nc, tnh n mn, tnh ha tan. - axit: do s c mt ca CO2 hp th t kh quyn hoc t qu trnh oxy ha cc cht hu c trong nc thi cng nghip (chim a s), v nc phn. axit khng gy c hi n sc khe con ngi nhng nh hng n qu trnh XLNC, XLNT. - kim: do 3 ion chnh l HCO3-. OH- v CO32-. Nc c kim cao lm cho ngi s dng cm thy kh chu trong ngi. kim nh hng n qu trnh keo t, kh Fe, lm mm nc, kim tra n mn i vi ng ng cp nc. - oxy ha: l mt b phn nh gi s b nhim bn ca ngun nc. l lng oxy cn thit oxy ha ht cc hp cht hu c trong nc. Cht oxy ha thng dng xc nh ch tiu ny l KMnO4. - cng: tiu biu cho cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+ c trong nc. Trong k thut x l nc ta s dng ba khi nim cng : cng ton phn, cng tm thi, cng vnh cu. - Cc hp cht cha Nit: c to ra t qu trnh phn hy cht hu c. Vic s dng rng ri cc loi phn bn cng lm cho hm lng Nitrat trong nc t nhin tng. - Cc hp cht cha photpho: c to ra t cc qu trnh phn hy sinh hc ca cc cht hu c. Ngun photphat a vo mi trng nc l t nc thi sinh hot, nc thi cng nghip v lng phn bn. S tn ti ca cht ny vi hm lng cao trong nc s gy cn tr cho qu trnh x l. - Cc hp cht cha st: trong nc ngm Fe tn ti di dng Fe2+, kt hp vi gc bicacbonat, sunfat, clorua. Khi tip xc vi oxy hoc cc tc nhn oxi ha s to ra kt ta. - Cc hp cht cha Mn: thng c trong nc ngm dng ion Mn2+ v vi hm lng tng i thp. Nc mt: ch yu quan tm x l c, mu. Nc ngm: ch yu quan tm x l cc hp cht cha Fe v Mn. Thng kt hp x l Mn chung vi Fe do lng Mn rt thp. Cc ch tiu vi sinh: Vi khun: thng dng n bo Vi rut: Virut khng c h thng trao i cht nn khng tn ti c lp c. Nguyn sinh ng vt: l nhng c th n bo chuyn ng c trong nc. To: khng trc tip gy bnh cho ngi v ng vt nhng gy ra c t. Cu 2: Cc loi ngun nc thng c s dng lm ngun nc th. Thng thng i vi tng loi ngun nc cn phi x l nhng ch tiu c bn no? Cc loi ngun nc thng c s dng lm ngun nc th: nc ngm (nc khong), nc mt, nc l, nc ma, nc chua phn. - Nc mt: bao gm cc ngun nc trong ao, m, h cha, sng sui. Do kt hp t cc dng chy trn b mt v thng xuyn tip xc vi khng kh nn cc c trng ca nc mt l: cha kh ho tan c bit l oxy, cha nhiu cht rn l lng (ring trng hp nc cha trong ao, h do xy ra qu trnh lng cn nn cht rn l lng cn li trong nc c nng tng i thp v ch yu dng keo). C hm lng cht hu c cao, s hin din ca nhiu loi to, cha nhiu vi sinh vt.
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Nc ngm: c khai thc t cc tng cha nc di t. Cht lng nc ngm ph thuc vo thnh phn khong ha v cu trc a tng m nc thm qua. Do vy nc chy qua cc a tng cha ct v granit thng c tnh axit v cha t cht khong, khi nc ngm chy qua a tng cha vi th nc thng c cng v kim hydrocacbonat kh cao. Nc ngm c c trng l: c thp, nhit cao v thnh phn ha hc tng i n nh, khng c oxy v c nhiu kh nh CO2 v H2S, cha nhiu khong cht ha tan ch yu l Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, F, khng c s hin din ca VSV. - Nc chua phn : nhng ni gn bin nh BSCL, nc b nhim phn do tip xc vi t phn t c hnh thnh do qu trnh kin to a cht. Do qu trnh bi t, thm thc vt v lp sinh vt y b vi lp v b phn hy ym kh to ra cc axit mn hu c lm cho nc c v chua, ng thi c cha nhiu nguyn t kim loi c hm lng cao nh nhm, st v ion sunfat. - Nc ma: nc ma c th c xem l nc ct t nhin nhng khng hon ton tinh khit do c th b nhim bi kh, bi, thm ch c vi khun trong khng kh. Mi trng cng b nhim th nc ma cng b nhim bn. ng thi ngun nc ma ny b hn ch do ph thuc vo thi tit, ma v khu vc. Khai thc vi quy m nh. Hi nc cha trong khng kh cha nhiu oxit nit hay axit lu hunh s to nn cc trn ma axit. h thng thu gom nc ma s dng cho mc ch sinh hot gm h thng mi, mng thu gom dn v b cha. - Nc l : ti ca sng v cc vng ven bin,cc dng nc ngt ha trn vi nc bin. Do nh hng ca thy triu, ti ch gp nhau mc nc la cao lc thp, v do s ha trn ca nc bin lm cho hm lng cc cht trong nc khu vc ny c tr s cao hn tiu chun cp nc cho sinh hot v thp hn nhiu so vi nc bin gi l nc l.
-

Thng thng th x l nc cp nh sau: - Nc mt: x l ch yu cc yu t c v mu,pH, cht hu c, to, vi sinh vt. Ngy nay, ngun nc mt b nhim nng nn c th xut hin nhng cht nhim khc. - Nc ngm: cc hp cht cha Fe v Mn, c, pH, vi sinh vt - Nc l : ngoi cc ch tiu trn cn phi x l hm lng mui. Cu 3: Trnh by cc ch tiu c bn khi la chn ngun nc th cho nh my nc. Theo anh(ch) hin nay chng ta phi bo v ngun nc th nh th no? Cc ch tiu c bn khi la chn ngun nc th cho nh my nc : Cac so lieu c ban ve nguon nc: Viec la chon nguon nc e phuc vu cho muc ch sinh hoat co vai tro ac biet quan trong khi chuan b xay dng he thong cap nc, phu thuoc vao hang loat cac so lieu co lien quan nh: kh tng, thuy van, nhiet o, lng ma, lu lng, chat lng, mc nc, song ho, a hnh, a chat, o tham loc cua at, kha nang bo cap nguon nc ngam, thi gian co the khai thac - a hnh: a hnh khu vc, v tr o cao cua nguon nc so vi cac khu vc s dung nc, moi quan he a hnh gia cong trnh thu nc, ng ong chuyen tai, tram x ly Tat ca cac yeu to o eu anh hng en viec la chon nguon nc va phat trien he thong cap nc - a chat:

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X L NC CP Th.S. NGUYN VN SNG

Can phai tien hanh thu thap so lieu ve a chat, at a oi vi cac nguon nc ngam, nc mat, cac so lieu bao gom a tang, nguon goc cua tng a tang va can ch ro: Cac van e ve chat lng tiem tang cua nguon nc, co the cha sat, mangan, Flo Tiem nang ve phu sa, tram tch lien quan en cac van e cong nghe x ly nc o tham loc nc cua cac a tang va cac van e lien quan en kha nang khai thac cua nguon nc Nhng nguy c t thien nhien nh ong at, bao lut V tr nhng khu vc xay dng cong trnh, anh gia kha nang chu tai cua at - Cac so lieu ve a chat thuy van: V nguon nc ngam thng c u tien la chon hn so vi nguon nc mat trong nhng nam gan ay v cac ly do ve chat lng cung nh gia thanh. Tuy nhien, e co c so lieu ve nguon nc ngam thng gap rat nhieu kho khan. Noi cach khac, chi ph ve tham do, ang gia tr lng va xin phep khai thac nc ngam thng rat cao va mat nhieu thi gian, nhng ni mc nc ngam cao th ieu kien khai thac thuan tien, nhng van phai tm hieu pham vi va hng dong chay, anh gia tr lng tiem tang cua cac tang chc nc ngam. Trc khi xay dng cac gieng khoan can phai thc hien cong tac tham do, thu thap ay u cac so lieu ve mc nc ngam, mc nc tnh, mc nc ong,o ha thap mc nc, chieu day cac tang chc nc, kha nang khai thacTat ca nhng cong viec nay can c c quan chuyen nganh thc hien. - Cac so lieu ve kh tng thuy van: Hau het cac nguon nc eu co xuat x t nc ma. Cac so lieu ve ma rat can cho xay dng ke hoach va quy hoach cap nc. Phai thu thap cac so lieu ve lng ma trung bnh nam, ngay, thang theo chuoi nhieu nam. Nhng so lieu o phuc vu cho nhieu muc tieu khac nhau , nh e biet mua, thang nao cang thang ve nc, s tiem tang cua cac nguon nc, lu vc thu nc kha nang gay lu lut. Ngoai ra cung can phai thu thap cac so lieu ve tan suat chu ky lap lai cua cac tran ma, cac so lieu ve o am, boc hi, nhiet o, o am Cac so lieu ve mc nc cua cac song ho ac biet quan trong e xac nh tnh on nh cua he thong cap nc. Can phai thu thap so lieu ve mc nc thap nhat, cao nhat tai v tr d kien khai thac nguon nc. oi vi cac dong chay co lu lng thap nh suoi, rach th phai co phng an an toan nh xay dng ho cha. - Cac so lieu ve chat lng nguon nc: Cac so lieu ve chat lng nc la rat can thiet e la chon nguon nc. Cac mau nc c lay theo cac quy nh cua TCVN 5992-1995: chat lng nc, lay mau, hng dan ky thuat lay mau, TCVN 5993-1995: chat lng nc, lay mau, hng dan bao
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X L NC CP Th.S. NGUYN VN SNG

quan va x ly mau va cac tieu chuan khac nh TCVN 5994-1995, TCVN 5996-1995, TCVN 5997-1995 va tieu chuan TCVN 6000-1995. Cac mau nc co the c van chuyen va phan tch tai phong th nghiem. Mot so ch tieu nhay cam nh nong o CO2 hoa tan, ham lng sat caan c phan tch tai hien trng. So sanh, la chon nguon nc: So sanh, la chon nguon nc phu hp e phuc vu cho muc tieu cap nc sinh hoat la van e rat quan trong. Cac nguon nc khac nhau vi nhng ac tnh ve chat lng khac nhau se tac ong trc tiep en mc o yeu cau ve cong trnh x ly nc. V tr cua cac nguon nc, khoang cach t nguon nc en khu vc tieu thu nc, mc o phc tap khi thu nc cung vi ac tnh ve chat lng nc se anh hng trc tiep en gia thanh xay dng cong trnh va chi ph quan ly van hanh cung nh o an toan cua he thong cap nc. V vay, van e la chon nguon nc la mot trong nhng van e au tien can c xem xet, tnh toan mot cach ky lng da tren nhng so lieu co o tin cay cao khi xay dng cac phng an cap nc. La chon nguon nc se phai so sanh, anh gia tong hp rat nhieu yeu to, phng an chon nguon nc phai c anh gia toan dien ve ky thuat, kinh te , bao gom cac chi ph xay lap, quan ly, van hanh ong thi phai xet en anh hng cua viec khai thac nguon nc oi vi cac nganh kinh te khac Ve nguyen tac, khi la chon nguon nc e cap nc cho sinh hoat, co the tien hanh tren mot so c s sau ay: Tr lng ngun nc : kh nng khi thc ca ngun nc c cung cp cho i tng dng nc v cc mc ch khc m bo lu lng u v p lc cn thit. Cht lng ngun nc : sau khi phn tch xc nh ngun nc c t yu cu hay khng x l, tm ni khai thc thch hp. nh gi v mt k thut : cng ngh x l n gin hay phc tp, chi ph u t cao hay thp la chn nh gi , tm ra ni cung cp thch hp nht. nh gi ton din v kinh t : chi ph u t ban u, chi ph qun l vn hnh hng nm. Cc iu kin khc : v mt mi trng, cn xem xt khi khai thc c nh hng n mi trng hay khng, nh hng n ngnh khai thc , cuc sng con ngi, ngun nc ngm. nh th no.

So sanh, la chon nguon nc cap cho nhng cong trnh cap nc phan tan, nho le. Cho ti nay Viet Nam co ba nguon nc chnh c s dung cho nhng cong trnh cap nc nho le : nguon nc ma, nguon nc mat (song, ho, suoi, ap ), nguon nc di at (nc ngam, mach lo ). oi vi cac cong trnh phan tan nho le, ca ba loai nguon noi tren eu co the c chon la. Do cong suat cap nc rat nho
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X L NC CP Th.S. NGUYN VN SNG

nen van e kha nang bao am cung cap cua nguon khong con quan trong, yeu to can c xem xet e chon la ch la: Kha nang san co cua loai nguon nc. S tien li cua viec khai thac va s dung. Thoi quen phong tuc, tap quan s dung nc. S n gian cua quan ly, van hanh, bao dng. Kinh ph au t xay dng thap. Trong nhieu trng hp, nhieu vung cac gia nh nong dan tuy theo ieu kien hoan canh cua mnh s dung ong thi nhieu nguon cap nc, v du: Co be cha nc ma e lay nc an uong. Van co gieng khi e lay nc tam giat, sinh hoat. Hoac nhieu vung sinh hoat ch s dung nc mat (t song, ho ) Tom lai, viec la chon nguon cap nc se phai c xem xet ky cang va than trong oi vi cac cong trnh cap nc tap trung. oi vi cac cong trnh phan tan nho thng se ch la nhng hng dan gi y e ngi dan t nhan thc va dan dan chuyen oi. - So sanh, la chon nguon cap nc cho cac cong trnh cap nc tap trung. oi vi cac cong trnh cap nc tap trung viec so sanh, la chon nguon cap nc se phai lam ung nh cac nguyen tac c ban oi vi cac cong trnh cap nc thong thng, theo cac quy nh cua quy pham. Khong khi nao chon la nguon nc ma, tr cac trng hp khong con bat c cach nao khac hoac ch la bien phap mang tnh ho tr. Vi nguon nc ma ch co i vi phng an xay dng cac be cha nc ma rat ln (v du ngoai hai ao, nui cao ) hoac xay dng cac ho cha e d tr nc ma trong mua ma bien no thanh nc mat khai thac s dung lai trong mua kho. Nguon nc mat va nguon nc di at (nc ngam) se la oi tng chu yeu e so sanh, chon la trong cac phng an cap nc. Co the thay la se ch phai so sanh chon la khi trong khu vc co ong thi ca hai loai nguon nc. So vi nguon nc mat, nguon nc ngam vi ac iem chat lng, lu lng on nh, nhn chung la nguon tot thuan tien cho khai thac x ly phuc vu cho cac nhu cau sinh hoat an uong. La chon nguon cap nc se phai so sanh anh gia tong hp rat nhieu yeu to. Nguon nc ngam nhn chung la nguon nc tot, song khong phai khi nao cung la phng an la chon toi u. oi vi nguon nc ngam co chat lng kem (khi ham lng sat qua cao, dang keo hoac co cha mangan, amoniac ) qua trnh x ly phc tap phai can nhac u tien nguon nc khac, khong nen chon
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giai phap cap nc t nguon nc ngam v se phai chi ph qua ln cho au t, van hanh cac cong trnh x ly. Hien nay, vi nhng cong trnh cap nc quy mo ln th nguon nc mat co san can c chu y nghien cu e co the khai thac, nham phong tranh nhng nguy c khong lng trc c khi s dung nc ngam, nh o sut lun at, ha mc nc qua mc cho phep, bien ong ve chat lng nguon nc theo thi gian khai thac. Mat khac, nguon nc ngam co the d tr lam nguon d phong chien lc trong tng lai. Khi la chon nguon nc phai can c vao tai lieu kiem nghiem cua nguon nc va da tren cac ch tieu la chon nguon nc mat, nc ngam phuc vu he thong cap nc sinh hoat TCXD 233 1999; Tai lieu khao sat kh tng thuy van, a chat thuy van; Kha nang bao ve nguon nc va cac tai lieu khac. Trong mot he thong cap nc co the c phep s dung nhieu nguon nc co ac iem thuy van va a chat thuy van khac nhau Cch bo v ngun nc th: C quan nh nc v mi t chc, c nhn u phi c trch nhim bo v TNN. T chc, c nhn c trch nhim thng xuyn bo v ngun nc do mnh trc tip khai thc, s dng. Nghim cm vic a vo ngun nc cc cht thi c hi, nc thi cha x l hoc x l cha t tiu chun cho php theo quy nh ca php lut v BVMT. Ngoi ra, t chc, c nhn s dng nc trong sn xut, kinh doanh v cc hot ng khc nu x nc thi vo ngun nc th phi c php ca c quan nh nc c thm quyn. Vic cp php x nc thi vo ngun nc phi cn c vo kh nng tip nhn nc thi ca ngun nc, bo m khng gy nhim ngun nc v vic bo v ti nguyn nc (iu 18 Lut TNN). Thng xuyn theo di cht lng ngun nc c phng n x l. Khai thc hp l, s dng tit kim v ng mc ch cc loi ngun nc. Thc y vic qun l, bo tn v pht trin bn vng tt c cc loi rng. Vic trng mi, khoanh nui, bo v rng l tng bc nng cao nng lc phng h, bo v mi trng, bo v ngun nc v a dng sinh hc, thc hin cc cam kt quc t v mi trng v bin i kh hu. Cu 4: Liu lng ha cht dng x l nc c xc nh nh th no. Trnh by cc cng trnh chun b ha cht v chm ha cht vo cc cng trnh x l. Liu lng ha cht : dng x l nc c xc nh bng thit b nh lng ha cht vo nc di dng dung dch lng. Xc nh liu lng bng phng php Jartest : xc nh lng phn ti u, vng pH keo t ti u. - B Jartest gm 1 b my khuy c 6 cnh khuy ng vi mi cnh khuy l 1 bnh th tch 1 lt. Mi bnh mt th tch nc cn phn tch. - Cho cht keo t vo mi bnh vi liu lng khc nhau, ng thi khuy mnh 2- 3 pht. - Sau khuy nh 20 30 pht. - Lng kt ta trong thi gian 30 60 pht. - Ly mu nc lng trong mi bnh vi su nh nhau. Sao phn tch c, mu, cn l lng, pH, kim, lng d Al Fe. Xc nh liu lng theo s liu kinh nghim : TCXD33-2006. S dng kinh nghim ca cc cn b trong ngnh nc.
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X L NC CP Th.S. NGUYN VN SNG

Cc cng trnh chun b ha cht v chm ha cht vo cc cng trnh x l: Phn , vi : ta c th trn ha cht vo b tiu th v dng bm nh lng chm ha cht vo nc. Bm nh lng cho php ci t lu lng ha cht cung cp n nh hoc thay i ty theo s bin i cht lng ngun nc. Xt, axit, Clo: Cha trong cc thit b chuyn dng ty theo tnh cht ca ha cht

Sa : s- a khng c cn nn khng dng b trn m dng b tiu th cha s a cho vo nc cn x l. S chun b ha cht : Ha cht b ha trn b tiu th bm nh lng v tr chm ha cht. Cu 5: Vai tr ca b trn (cng trnh trn). Trnh by tm tt cc loi b trn thng c s dng trong XLNC v phm vi p dng ca n trn thc t. Vai tr ca b trn: So vi khi lng nc x l, lng ha cht s dng thng ch chim mt t l rt nh, khong vi chc phn triu. Mt khc phn ng ca chng li xy ra rt nhanh ngay sau khi tip xc vi nc. V vy cn phi khuy trn phn phi nhanh v u ha cht ngay khi cho chng vo nc, nhm t c hiu qu x l cao nht. Mc tiu ca qu trnh trn l a cc phn t ha cht vo trng thi phn tn u trong mi trng nc khi phn ng xy ra, ng thi to iu kin tip xc tt nht gia chng vi cc phn t tham gia phn ng. Hiu qu ca qu trnh trn ph thuc vo cng v thi gian khuy trn. Cng khuy trn ph thuc trc tip vo nng lng tiu hao to ra dng chy ri. Trong k thut x l nc cp s dng gradien vn tc biu th cng khuy trn. Cc loi b trn : Trn thy lc: v bn cht l phng php dng cc loi vt cn to ra s xo trn trong dng chy ca hn hp nc v ha cht. Ty theo cu to, qu trnh trn thy lc c thc hin bng my bm, thit b trn trong ng dn, b trn vch ngn v b trn ng. - Thit b trn t trong ng dn: u im l gn, khng c b phn chuyn ng, thi gian trn nhanh, khng cn a nng lng t ngoi vo v khng cn tn cao cng trnh. Thi gian trn 1 3s, tn tht p lc qua thit b 0,4 0,6m. - Khuy trn bng my bm: cc trm x l c cng sut nh. Tc nc trong ng dn 1,2m/s c th xi v ti cn lng bm vo ng ng trong thi gian bm ngng hot ng. - Trn trong ng dn: thng s dng nh khu trn s b khi cn cho 2 hoc nhiu loi ha cht ng thi vo nc. - B trn vch ngn (b trn ngang): p dng trn nc vi cc dung dch ha cht t cn nh phn, soda. Thi gian trn 1 2 pht. Khng nn trn dung dch vi sa v cn vi c th lng xung v ng thnh lp trc vch ngn. - B trn ng: thng c s dng trong cc nh my nc c x l bng vi sa. Vi chiu cao nc chy t di ln trn, cc ht vi c gi li trng thi l lng v ha tan dn. Trn c kh: thay bng nng lng dng nc, trn c kh dng nng lng cnh khuy to dng chy ri. Trn c kh c nhiu u im hn: c th iu chnh cng khuy trn, thi gian khuy trn ngn nn dung tch b nh, tit kim vt liu xy dng. Nhc im: cn c my khuy v cc thit b c kh khc, i hi trnh qun l vn hnh cao, cu to cng trnh phc tp p dng cho cc nh my nc c cng sut ln v va. Trn bng dng tia p lc: L mt hnh thc ca trn thy lc nhng phc tp hn. - Khng c tn tht thy lc trn dng nc th. Hiu qu cao m bo trn u v nhanh.
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iu chnh c cng khuy trn. - C th thay th my bm tia p lc. Cu 6: V s cu to b trn ng v gii thch nguyn l lm vic. S cu to ca b trn ng: - B trn ng gm 2 phn, phn trn c tit din hnh trn hoc hnh vung, phn di c cu to ging nh hnh nn ct hoc hnh chp ct. - Khi nc chy t di ln vi vn tc trong ng nc th V>=1,2m/s, do cu to c bit ca phn di ca b trn, nc th v ha cht s to ra dng chy xoy, kt qu l ha cht c trn u vi nc th. B trn ng thng c s dng trong cc nh my nc c x l bng vi sa. Vi chiu nc chy t di ln, cc ht vi s gi li c trng thi l lng v ha tan dn. u im l cu to cng trnh n gin, khng cn my v cc thit b phc tp, gi thnh qun l thp nhng khng iu chnh c cng khuy trn khi cn thit v do tn tht p lc ln nn cng trnh phi xy dng cao hn.
30cm

H3 (30-50cm) H1 B3

B1 W1

Vndng 1.2m/s W2 H2

B2

Gii thch nguyn l lm vic:

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Da vo sc nc ha trn ha cht. Cu to gm 2 phn: phn thn trn thng c tit din vung hoc trn, phn y c dng hnh cn vi gc hp thnh gia cc tng nghing trong khong 30o 40o. Vai tr: lm tan ha cht vo trong nc. Cu 7: V s cu to b phn ng c lp cn l lng v gii thch nguyn l lm vic. Thng c xy dng trc b lng ngang. Nc vo b qua cc ng phn phi u t dc theo mt b. Cc ng ng dn nc t mng xung y b. y, cch bc vch ngn nghing y b c chc nng lm gim dn tc dng ln ca dng nc, ng thi phn phi u dng i ln trn ton b b mt b.. Mt khc, y b c cu to ging b phn ng xoy hnh cn nn qua ht phn y nc c khuy trn s b v cc bng cn nh c hnh thnh. T y nc cha cc bng cn nh tip tc i ln vi tc khng i. Cc bng cn hnh thnh to thnh cc m my cn v tip tc hp th cc ht cn nh v ln dn ln, tc i ln ca n gim dn trong khi tc dng nc khng i. Ln n b mt b cc bng cn s b cun i theo dng chy ngang sang b lng. Gii thch nguyn l lm vic: Nc sau khi trn ha cht a vo mng theo ng dn chnh xung ng nhnh phn phi vo vng trng ca b to thnh nhng dng chy xoy v hnh thnh nhiu bng cn l lng c kch thc ln. Nh vn tc ca dng chy xoy a cc bng cn ln cao trn ra khi tng ngn v chy sang b lng. S cu to ca b phn ng:

ng chnh ng nhnh

Ngn lm thong

ng chnh

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X L NC CP Th.S. NGUYN VN SNG

Tng ngn

Nc a sang b lng

Cu 8: V s cu to b lc nhanh trng lc v gii thch nguyn l lm vic. S cu to ca b lc nhanh:

Nc vo

Mng thu nc ra lc

Lp vt liu lc ng dn nc ra lc

Lp vt liu

Sn

ng dn nc lc vo b cha Ngn phn phi nc

Chp lc

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X L NC CP Th.S. NGUYN VN SNG

< 2.2m

Mng thu nc ra lc

Mng tp trung nc ra lc

Gii thch nguyn l lm vic: Hu ht b lc cc nh my nc u dng van iu khin bng in, kh nn hoc bng thy lc. Dng cc thit b u chnh tc lc lm vic t ng theo nguyn tc gi mc nc khng i trn mt b lc hoc gi lu lng nc lc khng i trn ng nc ra khi b. Nc i vo b lc vn cn mt hm lng cn nht nh v nhim v ca b lc l phi gi li nhng ht cn ny. Khi nc i qua lp vt liu lc(thng s dng l ct thch anh), cc ht cn s c gi li trn b mt ca lp ct lc v kt qu l nc sau khi qua lp vt liu lc s loi b c cc ht cn m bo cht lng theo yu cu. Sau thi gian lm vic, cc ht cn bm trn b mt lp ct lc cng nhiu, lm gim kch thc cc l hng gia cc ht ct, dn n tn tht p lc qua lp ct lc tng ln v gim cht lng nc u ra, lc ta phi ngng b lc khi phc li trng thi ban u ca lp ct lc, qu trnh ny ngi ta gi l ra lc. Thi gian gia 2 ln ra lc ph thuc vo cht lng nc vo b lc, thnh phn lp ct lc... Khi thit k, vn hnh b lc ta cn phi ch n vic phn phi nc u vo cc b lc v duy tr vn tc lc nh thit k. Cu 9: Kh trng nc nhm mc ch g? K tn cc phng php thng s dng hin nay kh trng nc trong ngnh cp nc. Kh trng nc nhm mc ch: ph hy, tiu dit vi khun gy bnh nguy him m cha hoc khng th kh b trong qu trnh x l nc. ngn nga cc bnh dch, nc cp cho sinh hot phi c kh trng loi vi sinh vt kt bm ln thnh ng dn nc. Cc phng php thng s dng hin nay kh trng nc trong ngnh cp nc: Phng php l hc: - Phng php nhit: un nc n 100oC, n gin nhng tn km nng lng, p dng quy m nh. - Phng php dng tia cc tm (UV): dng nhng tia bc x c bc sng t 4 400 nm. Thng dng n thy ngn. Chi ph vn hnh cao, hiu qu nh hng nhiu do c v

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cht nhn ca nc. Phng php ny ch c tc dng tc thi, ch p dng trong nh my sn xut nc tinh khit, khng s dng cho nh my sn xut ln. - Phng php siu m: dng dng siu m cng tc dng > 2W/cm 2, thi gian s dng ln hn 5 pht. t c s dng. - Phng php lc: dng cc mng lc c kch thc lc nh c th loi b c vi khun. S dng trong nh my nh, khng s dng trong nh my ln. Cc phng php trn ch s dng cho quy m nh v iu kin k thut cho php. Phng php ha hc: - Kh trng bng Clo: l phng php ph bin nht, khi cho Clo vo nc s ta ra cht kh trng mnh HOCl. Dng trong cc nh my ln. Trong nh my x l nc cp sau khi kh trng xong th cn mt lng Clo d trong nc trnh s nhim bn tr li ca nc. Thng dng Clo x l nc v Clo sn c, gi thnh thp, c th lu li trong nc mt khong thi gian di tip tc kh trng trong ng ng di. Trong mt s trng hp nc b nhim bn nng c th s dng Clo vi liu lng 10mg/l nhng sau khi kh trng xong cn phi kh bt Clo d t chun 0,3 0,5 mg/l. Ngoi Clo c th dng mt s ha cht c gc Clo khc kh trng nh Canxi Hypoclorit, Clorua vi, Cloddioxxit, Natrihypoclorit. - Kh trng bng ozone: khi cho ozone vo nc, ozone s b phn hy ngay thnh oxy nn phi my sn xut ozone ngay ti ni cn kh trng. Kh nng kh trng ca ozone mnh hn rt nhiu ln so vi Clo nhng thi gian kh trng rt ngn, khng lu li lu trong nc nh Clo. Ozone khng c mi, kh mu phenol, xianua, tng nng oxy, khng to ra sn phm ph c hi nhng vn cao, tiu tn in nng cao iu ch ozone, khng lu li lu nn khng dng kh trng trong ng ng. Cu 10: Trnh by cc phng php x l nc ngm. V s cu to v gii thch nguyn l lm vic ca thng qut gi. Phng php x l nc ngm: x l Fe & Mn : Cc phng php kh st: Phng php lm thong: l lm giu oxy cho nc, to iu kin Fe2+ oxy ha thnh Fe3+, sau Fe3+ thc hin qu trnh thy phn to thnh hp cht t tan Fe(OH)3, ri dung b lng, b lc gi li. Lm thong c th l lm thong t nhin hay nhn to. Sau khi lm thoang qu trnh oxy ha Fe2+ v thy phn Fe3+ c th xy ra trong mi trng t do hay mi trng xc tc: Kh kh CO2, H2S co trong nc, lam tang pH cua nc, tao ieu kien thuan li va ay nhanh qua trnh oxy hoa va thuy phan sat va mangan, nang cao nang suat cua cac cong trnh lang va loc trong quy trnh kh sat va mangan. Qua trnh lam thoang tang ham lng oxy hoa tan trong nc, nang cao the oxy hoa kh cua nc e thc hien de dang cac qua trnh oxy hoa cac chat hu c trong qua trnh kh mui va mau cua nc. Phng php dng ha cht: Dng cht oxi ha mnh: Cl2, KMnO4, O3. Khi cho cc cht oxi ha mnh vo nc phn ng nh sau:
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2Fe2+ + Cl2 + 6H2O = 2Fe(OH)3 + 2Cl- + 6H+ 3Fe2+ + KMnO4 + 7H2O = 3Fe(OH)3 + MnO2 + K+ + 5H+ Trong phn ng oxi ha 1mg Fe2+ cn 0,64 mg Cl2 hoc 0,94 mg KMnO4 v ng thi kim ca nc gim 0,018 mgdl/l. Phng php ny xy ra nhanh hn so vi lm thong. Kh st bng vi. Khi cho chat kiem hoa vao nc nh voi CaO, NaOH, Na2CO3 ... pH cua nc tang len, pha v cac lien ket cua cac chat hu c moi trng axit, cac ion Fe2+ thuy phan nhanh chong thanh Fe(OH)3 va ket tua mot phan, luc nay oxy hoa kh cua he Fe(OH)2 /Fe(OH)3 giam xuong, oxy co trong nc de dang oxy hoa sat (II) thanh sat hoa tr III. Hydroxit sat (III) ket tu thanh bong can ln de loai bo bang be lang va b gi lai hoan toan trong be loc.Ty theo tng ngun nc, c th phi kt hp c cht oxy ha mnh v vi . oi vi mangan: s dung cac chat oxy hoa manh nh Clo, Ozon. KMnO4 e oxy hoa Mn2+ thanh Mn4+. Clo oxy hoa Mn2+ pH = 7 trong 60 en 90 phut. Clo ioxit (ClO2) va Oxon (O3) oxy hoa Mn2+ pH = 6,5 7 trong 10 en 15 phut. Cc phng php khc: Trao i Cation, vi sinh vt, in phn,lm thong kt hp ha cht. S cu to thng qut gi : 1. H thng phn phi nc; 2. Lp vt liu tip xc hoc cc sn tung; 3.Sn thu nc. 4. My qut gi; 5. ng dn nc ra. H1: Chiu cao phun ma( ti thiu 0,8m.) ; H2: Chiu cao lp vt liu tip xc. H3: Chiu cao sn thu nc (ti thiu 0,5m) Cu to ca thp lm thong cng bc cng gn ging nh thp lm thong t nhin, y ch khc l khng kh c a vo thp cng bc bng qut gi. Khng kh i ngc chiu vi chiu ri ca cc tia nc. Lu lng ti thng ly t 30 n 40 m3/m2.h. Lng khng kh cp vo thng ly l 10m3 kh cho 1m3 nc cn lm thong

ng phun c l

H11m

2
H2 1.5 2m
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gi 4

H30.5m