,e;J K];ypk; xw;Wikf;fhf cioj;j [pd;dh ,U ehl;Lf;

Nfhl;ghl;il Vw;f epHg;ge;jpj;j tuyhw;iwj; jUf.

,yq;ifapy; K];ypk; fhq;fpu]pd; Njhw;wk;> ,yq;ifapd;
murpaypYk;> K];ypk; r%fj;jpYk; mJ Vw;gLj;jpa
jhf;fq;fs; vd;d?



njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; ,];yhk;
,];yhj;jpd; guk;gy;: rPdh> ,e;jpah> gHkh> khiyj;jPT> rPdh> ,e;NjhNdrpah>
kNyrpah> gpypigd;];> ,yq;if.
,g;gFjpapd; K];ypk; mwpQHfSk; epWtdq;fSk;
K];ypk; murpay; eltbf;iffs;.
gpNjr kf;fspd; fyhrhu> ,yf;fpa gq;fspg;Gfs;
gpuNjrj;jpy; thOk; rpWghd;ik K];ypk;fspd; gpur;rpidfs;
K];ypk; ngz;Zk; Kd;Ndw;wKk;

\h`; typAy;yh`;> mGy; `]d; myp ej;tp> E/khdp> my;yhkh ,f;ghy;> mGy; fyhk;
M]hj;> u\Pj; upoh> NrH nra;aj; m`;kj; fhd;
mypfhH> jhUy; cY}k; ,];yhkpa epWtdk;
,e;jpahtpd; K];ypk; yPf;> K];ypk; fhq;fpu];
fpyhgj; ,af;fk;> ngkpyp Nyh> fd;bY}\d; khw;wk;

K];ypk; fhq;fpu]; : Njhw;wf; fhuzp> gpd;dzp> jw;Nghija epiy
rpWghd;ikahf thOk; K];ypk;fspd; gpur;rpidfs;
Modern lslam ln lndla Shlbll numanl Ameer All
alasLaln PlsLorlcal Learners
lslam and lndla

njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,];yhk;
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; jpuhtplHfs; $Ljyhff; fhzg;gl;ldH. tl ,e;jpahtpy; MupaHfs; $Ljyhff;
fhzg;gl;ldH. tl ,e;jpahtpy; f];dp K`k;kjpd; gilnaLg;GfNshLjhd; ,];yhk; mwpKfkhdJ.
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,g;gilnaLg;Gf;fs; ,d;wp ,];yhk; gutpaJ. Fwpg;ghf njd;dpe;jpahtpy;
jpg;G Ry;jhd;> i`juyp fhyj;jpy; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; xU gFjpapy; ,];yhkpa Ml;rp fhzg;gl;lJ.
i`juhghj; ePyk;> ikRiu jdJ Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; 1609y; nrd;idiaf; nfhz;L te;jhH. jpg;G Ry;jhd;
ey;y Ml;rpahsH. ,tH kf;fs; eyid ikakhf itj;Nj Ml;rp nra;jhH. kpirypd; cyfj;jpy; jpg;G
Ry;jhdpd; oncepL xd;W gd;dpaJ. mtH gpupj;jhdpahit gy Nghuhl;lq;fspy; ntd;whH.
fhl;bf; nfhLg;gpdhy; mtH ,we;jhH.
jkpo; ehL Nfush gFjpapy; 10 Nfhb kf;fs; tho;e;jNjhL ,e;jpa tuyhw;wwpy; ...
cs;s ,lk; .. vd;W nghJf; fUj;jhFk;. gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpf;F Kw;gl;l fhyq;fspNy ,];yhk;
,g;gFjpapy; gutpapUe;jJ. Mdhy; .. gilnaLg;Gfs;> MAjj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpa guk;gy; ,lk;
ngwtpy;iy. tl ,e;jpahtpy; ry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;j by;yp Ry;jhd;fNs nkhfyha
Ml;rpahsHfNsh .. muir tpahgpj;J nry;thf;Fg; ngwyhapd. Mjyhy;> mur ... fhuzkhfNt
MAjj;ijg; gpuNahfpj;Njh ,];yhk; jkpo; ehl;by; guk;gy; 2000 Mz;Lfs; .....
njd;dpe;jpafSf;F ... njd; kf;fNshL tHj;jf murpay; njhlHGfisf; nfhz;bUe;jdH.
,e;NjhNdrpa tiu ePz;L nrd;w rk;]hj;jh ghijfis jq;Fkplkhf njd;,e;jpaf; fiu mike;jpUe;jik
jkpo; ehl;Lj; njhlHGf;Ff; fhuzk;> NrU Nrhs ghz;ba muRfNshL ,];yhj;jpw;Fj; njhlHG
,Ue;jJ. jkpo; tHj;jfHfs; mNugpaNuhL nrd;W Nkw;Nf NuhkHfNshLk; fpof;Nf rPdh J}u
fpof;F Mrpa ehLfs; vd;gtw;NwhL tHj;jf> fyhrhu cwitf; nfhz;bUe;jdH.
rq;f fhy ,yf;fpa E}y;fshd vl;Lj;njhif> .... Kjyhk; E}y;fspy; muG tHj;jfHfNshL
nfhz;bUe;j cwT gw;wpa jfty;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd. mf;fhyg;gFjapd; muGfs;> atdHfs;>
NrhdfHfs; vd;w gjq;fshy; Rl;lg;gl;Ls;sdH vd;gH. mwG ehl;L tHj;jfHfspd; NfushtpYk;
jkpo; ehl;bYk; nry;thf;Fld; tho;e;Js;sdH. ,jDld; Mjhuq;fs; ,yf;fpa E}y;fs;> fy;ntl;Lfs;> Gij
nghUs; Ma;Tfspy; ngw Kbfpd;wJ. vdpDk; ,it ,e;jpahtpd; cj;jpNahfG+Ht tuyhw;W
E}y;fspy; ,Ul;lbg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. fp.gp. 630 ,y; gjpf;fg;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLk;
fy;ntl;nlhd;wpy; rpy jfty;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mit ,d;Wk; ghHitf;Ff; fpl;Lfpd;wd. kJiu efupy;
K];ypk;fs; ..... apUe;jhy; vd;Wk; Fwpg;ghf ghz;ba jiyefuhd Nfhupg;ghsaj;jpy;
epyq;fis mNwgpaH nfhz;bUe;jdH. egpfshH fp.gp. 632y; tghj;jhdHfs;. Nkw;Fupj;j
fy;ntl;L 630y; gjpag;gl;lJ. ,J egpapd; fhyj;jpNyNa ,];yhk; mwpKfkhfpd;wJ vdf;
fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ... ghz;bad;> kfhuh[h vDk; ghz;ba kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; fp.gp. 630 ,y;
gjpag;gl;Ls;s fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLk; K];ypk; ngaH mwG K];ypk;fisah my;yJ jkpoHfshf
,Ue;J K];ypk;fshd .. Rl;Lfpwjh vdj; njupatpy;iy. gwq;fpg; Ngl;ilapy; ,U ]`hghf;fspd;
mlf;fj;jyk; cz;L.
..... jiyefuhd nfhLq;fY}H (NfushtpYs;sJ) xU k];[pj; fp.gp. 629y;
fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mk;k];[pj; ....... vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jid epWptpa Mz;L gw;wpa
fUj;J Kuz;ghLfs; cs;sd. MapDk;> ,k;k];[pj; khj;jpukd;wp NkYk; gy k];[pj;fs; Nru ehl;by;
epWtg;gl;bUe;jd. re;jud; gpwe;j jpfjpia Nru kd;dd; ngUkhd; fz;ljhf tuyhW
Nfuf;fhd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;bUe;j NtW ehl;Lr; rpw;wud; k];[pj; xd;iwf; fl;Ltjw;fhf eyk;>
Njitahdtw;iw gzk; toq;fpdhd;. fp.gp. 9k; E}w;whz;by; epWtg;gl;lJ. mg;gs;sp ,d;Wk;
jpNu]; %@heres) gs;sp vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
,e;epyj;jpw;fhd capy; nrg;Gj;jfnlhd;wpy; vOjg;gl;Ls;snjd;Wk; mjw;F rhl;rpahf 10
K];ypk;fspd; ngaHfSk; muG nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;Wk; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.
Nrho murpd; jiyefukhd jpUr;rpuhg; gps;ispapd; fp.gp. 734y; xU k];[pj;
fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. jpUr;rp Nfhlilf;F mUNfAs;s uapy; epiyaj;jpw;F mz;ikapy; ,k;k];[pj;
,d;WKz;L. fy;Yg; gs;spfs; vd;W ,J miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Nrho ehl;bd; jiy efH jpUtUf;F
khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l gzpfspYk; Nfhapy; kjpy; Rtupy; K];ypk;fspd; ngaH gjpag;gl;Ls;sd.
Fwpg;ghf Nrhif .. vd;w ngaH cs;sJ. Nrho kd;dd; uhN[e;jpu fhyj;jpy; rhl;rpahsHfSs;
xUtuhf m`;kj; JUf;fd; vd;w ... ifnahg;gkpl;Ls;shH. ,tHfs; mwG tHj;jfHfs; vd;Wk;
jiyefupy; FbapUe;J Kf;fpa gpuKfH vd;Wk; fzpf;f KbAk;. mur gpufldk; xd;Wf;F xU
K];ypk; rhl;rpahsH ifnahg;gkpl;Ls;sik mr; r%fj;jpy; tho;e;j Kf;fpa gpuKfHfshf K];ypk;fs;
fUjg;gl;bUf;fpd;wdH vd;Nw mtjhdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jkpo; ehl;by; RkhH 100f;F Nkw;gl;l fy;Yg; gs;spfSz;L. mit fp.gp. 8k;
E}w;whz;bd; fl;ll mikg;Gg; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. K];ypk;fs; jkpo; ehl;by; tHj;jfHfshf
kl;Lkd;wp jkpo; kd;dH gilfspY: ,uhZt tPuHfshf epUthf mjpfhupfshf flikahw;wpAs;sdH.
,tHfspy; rpyH mwG ,dj;jtHfshf ,Uf;fyhk;. kw;Wk; rpyH RNjr K];ypk;fshf ,Uf;fyhk;. fp.gp.
13k; E}w;whz;by; ghz;ba kd;ddpd; gilapy; jsgjpfshfTk; ,Ue;Js;sdH. ,k;K];ypk; jsgjpfs;
fUg;ghw;Wf; fhtypd; vd;W miof;fg;l;ldH. ,g;ngaH flw;gilapd; jsgjpia fhl;Ltjhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
jfpAj;jPd; vd;tH ghz;ba flw;gilj; jsgjpahf ,Ue;Js;shH. FQ;nryp kiuf;fhaH> uhTj;jhH
Nghd;NwhH fhyhl;gilapd; gpurpj;j ngw;w jiytHfs;. jpUg;ngUe;Jiwg; Guhzk; vDk; irtf;
flTs; uhTj;jH vd;gtH Fjpiuapy; gpuahzk; nra;tJ Nghy ctkpf;fg;gl;Ls;shH. jkpo; ehl;by;
mwj;NjhH vDk; Nfhapypd; Kd;Gwk; uhTj;jH kz;lgk; vdg;gl;lJ.
kyghH fiuapy; tho;e;j kPd;gpbf; Nfhj;jpuj;ijr; NrHe;NjhH 12> 13k; E}w;whz;by;
Nfhj;jpuk; Nfhj;jpukhf ,];yhj;jpw;F te;jdH. ,tHfs; MAj gyj;ijg; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;Nlh>
Kw;Wifaplg;gl;Nlh ,];yhj;jpy; Eioatpy;iy. Nfus rdj;njhifapy; 25 tPjk; K];ypk;fs; kiyahsk;
NgRfpwhHfs;. kiyahs nkhopapyhd ,yf;fpaq;fis gilj;Js;sdH. fp.gp. 9k; E}w;whz;by;
,];yhk; mwpKfkhd NghJk; jpuhtpl ehl;by; ngsj;jKk; i[d rkaKNk nry;thf;fpoe;jd.
tlf;fpopUe;J te;j gpuhkzpa kf;fspdhy; ,uz;L rkaq;fSk; nrUf;FjYf;Fs;shf;fg;gl;L gy Mapu;
i[d rkaj;jpdH nfhy;yg;gl;ldH. ,t;thW nfhLikf;Fs;shf;fg;gl;l kjkhw;wk; epfo;e;j epiyapNyNa
,];yhk; mwpKfkhfp tuNtw;Gg; ngw;wJ.
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,e;J rkaj;ijg; NghyNt ,];yhKk; jdJ fyhrhug; ghjpg;igg; gjpj;Js;sJ.
,it ,yf;fpa e{y;fspYk; fy;ntl;Lf;fspYk; Gyg;gLfpd;wd. jkpo; nkhopapYk; Nehd;G> njhOif>
gs;spthry;fs; vd;gd tof;fpYs;s ,];yhkpa fyhrhu nry;thf;Ff;F cl;gl;l tpjk; gpuNahfq;fhSk;.
,e;J rkaj;jpy; jPz;lj;jfhjtHfshf fUjg;gLkl; jyPj; kf;fs; ngUk;ghNyhNdhH ,];yhj;jpy; ,ize;jdH.
tPughz;bad; fl;l nghk;kdpd; ,uhZtj;jpy; gy K];ypk;fs; ,ize;jpUe;jdH. mtHfSs; K`k;kj;
jk;gp A+]{g; nyg;ig> Fg;gh nrsj;jH> ,];kh<y; uhTj;jH Nghd;NwhH gilj;jsgjpfshf ,Ue;jdH.
kUjehafk; fhdpfh,g; vdg;gLk;l uhkidj; [py;ghypy; tho;e;j K];ypk; ngUkfd; jpUr;rpf;
Nghilapy; 1801y; gpupbrhUf;F vjpuhf MAjg; Gul;rpia Nkw;nfhz;lhd;. gpupl;rp\;fhuHfs;
mtiuj; J}f;fpypl;lhH. 1808y; mtUf;fhf jHfh fl;lg;gl;lJ. mJ fhd;rhfpg; gs;spthry; vd;W
jkpopYk; ghurPfj;jpYk; fy;ntl;L xd;wpy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nfhak;Gj;J}upy; fp.gp.
1800y; K];ypk;fs; ,e;Jf;fNshL ,ize;J muRf;nfjpuhf Gul;rp nra;jdH. mtH ifJ nra;ag;gl;L 4
K];ypk;fSk; 4 ,e;Jf;fSk; J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldH.
jkpo; ehl;bd; fPo;f;fiuapy; mg;Jy; fhjH kiuf;fhaH vd;gtUk; gpupb\;fhuHfshy; ifJ
nra;ag;gl;L J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhH. Nfushtpy; 14 mb 77 mq;Fy mstpyhd fw;jfnlhd;iw `p. 643
u[g; gpiw 13 vd;w ,yf;fk; gjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jkpo; ehl;by; r%ff; fl;likg;G cwtpy; Kiw vd;w xU topKiwAk; ehlhH Nfhj;jpuj;jppy;
,Ue;jtHfsJ ,f;fl;likg;G K];ypk;fspd; [khmj; mikg;gpypUe;J ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ. cwtpd; Kiw
[khmj; vd;w njhlH ,d;Wk; to;ffpYs;sJ. ,it K];ypk;fspd; fyhrhu nry;thf;iff; fhz;gpf;fpd;wd.
kJiuapd; Ml;rpahsuhf ,e;j kUjehafk; ARg; fhd; vDk; ngaupy; ,];yhj;ij jOtpdhd;. Nruhd;
ngUkhDk; ,];yhj;ij jOtpdhH.
Nfushtpy; K];ypk;fs; ngUkhsyH RNjrpfisg; mtHfs; khg;gps;is vd;W
miof;fg;gLtJz;L. Mjyhy; nrg;igfs;> uhTj;jHfs;> kiuf;fhaHfs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wdH.
,tHfs; mwG vOj;jpy; jkJ nkhopia vOjpdhH. K];ypk;fs; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F ngUe;
njhz;lhw;wpdH.
,e;jpahtpy; ,e;j ,e;J rkak; tudhrpu jHkj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. mjdbapyhd r%f
xOq;nfhd;W mjpy; ,.... Nfhj;jpuNk mbahf cs;sJ. Vnddpy; ve;jf; Nfhj;jpuj;jpy;
gpwe;jhYk; mNj Nfhj;jpuj;jpy; rhFk; tiu ... mf;Nfhj;jpuj; .. jpUkzk; Nfhj;jpu
kuGfis NkhJk; .. ahFkl;. mjid kPWtJ jz;lidf;Fupa nrayhFk;. mjdhy; ,e;j mikg;igg;
NgzpNa jhd; tho Ntz;Lk;. mtDf;F tpNkhrdk; kuzj;jpNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ. ghuj rkaj;ijg; Nghy
,e;J rkaj;jpYk; Vida rka epiyapypUe;J jdp rkaj;NjhL ,j;NjhL NrrHj;Jg; nfhs;s K..
,];yhk; ,jw;F khw;wkhdJ. rka Rje;jpuk; ... ,];yhj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu tzf;f topghLfs;
fyhrhu mikg;Gfs; vd;gtw;NwhL ,];yhkpa gpurhuj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpaJ. Mjyhy; kjk;
khWjypYs;s mDkjp ,y;iyNay; rka Rje;jpuk; ,y;iy vd;gNj fUj;J vd;W rpyH fUjpdH.
,yq;ifapy; Mq;fpNyaH Ml;rpf; fhyg;gFjpapy; gpupb\hH K];ypk;fSf;Fk;
,e;Jf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd gifia ..... tpf;f gyhj;fhu kjkhw;wk; gw;wpa nra;jpfisg;
gug;gpdH. Fwpg;ghf 1920y; kyghupy; Vw;gl;l fytuj;ij ikakhf itj;J kyghH K];ypk;fs;
,e;Jf;fisf; nfhiy nra;jdH vdr; nra;jp gug;gpdH. ,jdhy; ,e;J .. eyd; fUjp nraw;gLk;l rpy
,af;fq;fs; Njhd;wpd. mtw;wpy; ,];yhj;jpy; ,ize;j ,e;Jf;fis kPz;Lk; ,e;Jf;fshf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w
,yf;iff; nfhz;L FO cUthfpaJ. ,f;FOtpdH ..... vd miof;fg;gl;ldH. gpuhkzpa kj FUf;fNs
Rj;jp ,af;fj;ij Kd;ndLj;jdH. mjdJ ,];yhj;ij my;yJ fpwp];jtj;ij Vw;whYk; e[P]h .... mtiu
Rj;jg;gLj;j jhk; Kaw;rpf;fpNwhk; vd;wdH.
,];yhk; .... r%f fyhrhu cupikfis mDgtpj;j xUtH Raey Nehf;fk; ,y;yh epiyapy;
,];yhj;jpypUe;J ntspNawkhl;lhH.
tl ,e;jpahtpy; kl;LNk gilnaLg;NghL ,];yhk; mwpKfkhfpaJ. njd;dpe;jpah> ,yq;if>
kNyrpah> [hth> Rkhj;jpuh gHkh Nghd; ehLfspy; ve;jg;gilnaLg;Gk; ,d;wpNa ,];yhk;
mwpKfk;.
rPdf; fd;Nld; JiwKfj;jpy; 1300 Mz;Lfs; goikahd k];[pJz;L. etPd fhyj;jpYk; $l gyH
,];yhj;jpy; RakhfNt EiofpwhHfs;. MAj gyj;jpdhy; ,];yhj;jpy; Eioe;jhHfs; vd;W Fw;wk;
rhl;LtJ epahakw;wJ. RkhH 700 tUlk; ];ngapd; K];ypk;fs;; Mz;ldH. mq;F gyhj;jfhu
kjkhw;wk; ,lk; ngwtpy;yiy. mNj Ntis fhyg;gFjp ,e;jpahtpYk; K];ypk;fs; Mz;ldH. tUf;F
xUtH vDk; vz;zpf;ifapNyNa cs;sdH. MAjj;jpdhy; kjkhw;wk; nra;atpy;iy. J}u fpof;F
ehLfspy; MAjg; gpuNahfk; Nkw;nfhs;stpy;iy. Rthkp tpNtfhde;jupd; $w;W Nehf;fj;jf;fJ.
,e;jpahtpd; kPjhd K];ypk;fspd; gilnaLg;G VJ. Vio ... tug;gpufhrkhf ,Ue;jJ.
mjdhNyNa RkhH 20 tPjkhd ,e;Jf;fs; K];ypk;fshapdH. xU NghJk; MAjg; gpuNahfk;
kjkhw;wj;jpw;F gad;gltpy;iy. MAj uPjpapy; ,e;jpahtpy;; kjkhw;wk; vd;gJ mwptPdkhd
rpe;jidahFk;. NkYk; tpNthfhde;jH> ,k;kf;fs; ,];yhj;ij Vw;ff; fhuzk; [kPd;jhupd; gpuhkzp
kjkhw;wk;
,e;jpahTf;F ,];yhk; mwpKfkhfpJld; ,];yhkpa rpe;jidfs; Eioe;J NghyNt ,e;Jf;
fyhrhuj; jhf;fKk; ,];yhj;jpy; njd;gLfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf #gpr rpe;jidahsHfspy; ,jd; jhf;fk;
mjpfkhFk;. #gp rpe;jidahsHfsdpdJk; ,d;W Md;kPf QhdpfSf;FkpilNa rpy nghJg;
gz;Gfisf; fhz KbAk;. ,yq;ifapYk; ,e;Jf; fyhrhuj;jpd; jhf;fk; ,];yhkpa r%f rpe;jidahsHfsplk;
cz;L. mijg; NghyNt #gpr rpe;jidapd; jhf;fk; gf;jp ,af;fkhf jkpo; ehl;by; mwpKfkhdJ. gf;jpa
,af;fKk; xU flTs; Nfhl;ghl;il NgRfpd;wJ. mJ ,e;Jf;fspd; .. jHkk;> Nfhj;jpu mbikj;Jtk;
vd;gtw;iw Gwf;fzpf;fpwJ. gf;jp ,af;fjpdhy; ftug;gl;L Gfo; ngw;w jPz;lg;glhj
Nfhj;jpuq;fspypUe;J te;NjhH rpyUlDkl; .. fgPH vd;gtH. rtf;Fopf;F ikq;fis nfhz;L
nry;Yk; NghjpYk; mtH jd;id nghJthdtH vd;whH. jhd; k];[pJf;Fk; NfhapYf;Fk; nry;Ntd;.
my;yh`;Tk; uhkDk; xUtNd. vdpDk; .. nra;jhd;. ,it ,e;Jf;fsplj;jpYk; #gpr rpe;jidfspd; jhf;fk;
cz;L vd;gjw;F cjhuzk;. Rthkp tpNtfhde;jH ,j;jhf;fk; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ vkJ
,e;jpahtpy; ,e;Jj;JtKk; ,];yhKk; rq;fkpj;Js;sd. ,e;Jf;fspd; NtjE}iyAk; K];ypk;fspd; r%f
mikg;G khj;jpuNk ,e;jpahtpd; vjpHfhy r%fj;jpd; tsHr;rpf;Fk; cjTk; vdf; fUjpdhH.
,e;jpa K];ypk;fsplj;jpy; tsHe;j ,irf;fiyAk; ,U r%fj;jpduplj;jpYk; xd;wpf;f itg;gjpy;
gq;F tfpj;jd. ,U rkaq;fspYk; Nghjpf;Fk; md;G> rkhjhdk;> nghWik> fUiz Nghd;wd rpy
.. nghJkhdepfs; ,U r%fj;jpdiuAk; ,izf;fg; NghJkhdjhapDk; ghgup k];[pj; Nghd;w
epfo;TfspJk; 8SS Nghd;w mjpfhu Nkhfq; nfhz;l ,af;fq;fspdJk; ,uz;L r%fj;jtupilNa
,Ue;j ey;Ywit ngupJk; ghjpj;Js;sd..

h`; typAy;yh`; (1703 1763)
10 tajpy; ghurPf nkhopg; Gyik ngw;whH. 15 tajpy; jpUkzk; nra;jhH.
ef;ge;jp juPf;fhtpd; fyPghthf 17 tajpy; khwpdhH. kuhI;baH giInaLg;G>
cs;tPI;Lg; gpur;rpid vd;gtw;wpd; fhuzkhf nkhfyha MI;rp jsHr;rpAw;Ws;s fhyk;
mJ.
K`k;kj; ,g;D mg;Jy; t`;`hg; vjpHnfhz;I gpur;rpid NtWgI;IJ. (njs`PJId;
njhIHghdJ)
,tH vjpHnfhz;I gpur;rpid r%f khw;wk; MFk;. _'-,(' vDk; r%f vOr;rpNa ,tuJ
Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. -'-' =' == vd;w ,tuJ E}y; ,khk; f];]hypapd; ,---' ;-- -'-= Ig;
Nghd;wjhFk;.
,tH etPd fhy K];ypk;fs; ,];yhj;ij fIe;j fhy ,];yhkpa tpOkpaq;fspypUe;J
Kud;gIhj epiyapy; ,];yhj;jpd; midj;J mk;rq;fs; gw;wpAk; kPs; guprPyid
nra;tjhFk;.
,];yhj;jpw;F Gjpa _;, nfhLf;f Ntz;bath h`; typAy;yh`; vd my;yhkh ,f;ghy;
Fwpg;gpI;IhH.
,];yhkpa rpe;jidapd; (Modern 1h|nk) gue;j vy;iyapYk; MokhfTk;> fhy
khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g tpsf;fk; nfhLg;gij vLj;Jf; fhI;batH. capupay;> cstpay;>
xOf;ftpay;> r%ftpay;> nghUspay; Kjyhd midj;J JiwfSIDk; If;fpag;gIf; $bajhd
kdpj MSikfisAk;> tskhd r%f mikg;igAk; cUthf;f Kad;Ws;shH.
kdpj r%fk; vjpHnfhs;Sk; Kud;gI;I mDgtk;> #oypd; Njit vd;gtw;iw rkak;
ePz;I fhyj;jpw;F Gwf;fzpf;f KbahJ. mjid vjpH nfhs;Sk; jpwid tsHj;Jf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy; fhyj;jpw;Fk; ,Ij;jpw;Fk; nghUe;Jk; MNyhridfs; toq;fg;gI Ntz;Lk;
vd;whH.
,jdhy; rka rpe;jidf;F Gjpa mZFKiwfs; kdpj cstpay;> r%f rpwg;gpay;G
gw;wp Mokhfg; gbj;jhH. ,jdhy; r%fj;jpd; mbg;giIj; Njit rka uPjpahf gFj;jwpTId;
Kd;itj;jhH. ,jw;fhfNt FHMd; Rd;dhtpd; xspapy; rka rpe;jidia kWguprPyid nra;a
Ntz;Lk; vdf; fUjpdhH.
,tH Kmj;jhit mjpfk; Nerpj;jhH. Vnddpy; mbg;giIia itj;Nj ,tH rpe;jpj;jhH.
Gf`hf;fs;> #gpfs;> gFj;jwpTthjpfs;> m`;Yy; `jP];> t`;jJy; T[{j;> t`;jJ; {`{j;
Nghd;wtw;wpw;fpiINa cs;s NtWghLfSf;F kj;jpapYk; xw;Wikiaf; fI;bnaOg;g
Kaw;rpj;jhH. kj;`g;fSf;fpiINaAk; ey;nyz;zk;> njspT vd;gtw;iw Vw;gLj;j
Kaw;rpj;jhH.


ePq;fs; ve;j kj;`igg; gpd;gw;WtPH vdf; Nfl;l NghJ kj;`g;fs; midj;Jk; xUkpj;j fUj;ijf;
nfhz;lijg; gpd;gw;WNthk;. NtW tplaq;fspy; ]`P`hd `jP];fs; %yk; epWtg;gl;lij
gpd;gw;WNthk; vd;whH.
mtuJ ,e;jr; rpe;jid r%f tho;tpy; ,[;jp`hJf;F ,lk; nfhLj;jJ. mj;NjhL r%fj;jpd;
nraw;ghLfNshL gue;j csg;ghq;Fld; nraw;glTk; ,lkspj;jJ.
r%fj;jpd; tPo;r;rpf;F ,uz;L fhuzpfs; Jizahapd vd;W `{[;[Jy;yh`py; ghypfh vDk;
mtuJ E}ypy; Rl;bf; fhl;LfpwhH. flikfs; vjidAk; epiwNtw;whJ kf;fspy; xU njhifapdH gzj;ij
kl;Lk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy; MHtk; fhl;Lfpd;wdH vd;gJ mtuJ fUj;jhFk;. mjhtJ kf;fs; jhk;
epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba flikfis myl;rpak; nra;fpwhHfs;. cupikfisg; ngWtjw;F khj;jpuk;
Kaw;rpf;fpwhHfs;. ,jd; tpisthf muir Mjupj;J tho;gtHfshf khWfpwhHfs; my;yhJ ,];yhkpa
rpe;jidf;F capH nfhLg;gtHfshf ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
mtuJ rPHjpUj;j Kaw;rpfSs; Kf;fpakhdJ FHMidAk; Rd;dhitAk; gFj;jwpT uPjpahf
kf;fs; mZfr; nra;aj; J}z;baikahFk;. mjhtJ kf;fs; FHMid gf;jp G+Htkhf gbj;jhHfs;. khwhf
tpsq;fpg; gbf;ftpy;iy. ,jdhy; FHMDf;F ghurPf nkhopapy; ~=' _ vd;w ngaupy; xU
jg;]PH vOjpdhH. vdpDk; K];ypk; r%fk; ,J xU gpj;mj; vd;W giwrhw;wp mtUf;nfjpuhf
Fuy; nfhLj;jJ.
FHMdpaf; fiyfs; gw;wp ngsJy; fgPH vDk; ngaupy; xU E}iy ghurPf nkhopapy;
vOjpdhH. --~'=`' .- -~-' _ Kjyhk; E}y;fisAk; fpyhgj; Nfhl;ghl;ilAk; Kjy; 50 tUl
tuyhw;iwAk; vOjpdhH. jf;yPij fLikahf tpkHrpj;jhH. Mjyhy; ehd;F kj;`g;fspy; xd;iw fl;lhak;
gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;w rpe;jidf;F vjpuhf Fuy; nfhLj;jhH. mtH `dgp kj;`igr;
rhHe;jtuhapDk; Vida kj;`g;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; Muhag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij Kd;itj;jhH. RkhH
90 E}y;fis vOjpdhH. mtw;wpy; 46 kl;LNk thrpf;ff; fpilf;fpwJ vd;W $WtH.
kq;Nfhypaupd; gilnaLg;NghL ,];yhkpa fy;tp epiyaq;fs; nry;thf;F ,of;f Muk;gpj;jd.
kj;jpa fpof;fpypUe;J gy mwpQHfs; ,e;jpahit te;jile;jdH. mtHfs; rpyH ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s
fyhepiyaq;fspy; Nghjid elj;jpaJld; rpyH tPLfspy; kw;wtHfSf;Fg; Nghjid nra;jdH.
Mjyhy; ,e;jpahtpy; gy Jiw rhHe;j rpe;jidfs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ld. K/j]pyhf;fspd;
tPo;r;rpiaaLj;J rKfj;jpy; epytpa jf;yPj; rpe;jidj; jhf;fk; tYtile;jJ. mjd; gpd; ,g;D ijkpa;ah
mtHfspd; gFj;jwpT rpe;jidapd; mbahf fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jNjhL K`;aj;jPd; ,g;D mwgpapd;
t`;jJy; T[_j; Nfhl;ghl;il fLikahf tpkHrpj;jhH.
,g;D ijkpa;ah ,r;rpe;jidahy; K`k;kj; gpd; mg;Jy; t`;`hgpd; mwptpay; rpe;jidf;F
mbj;jskhapd. MapDk; ,g;D ijkpa;ahit kpQ;rpastpy; K`k;kj; gpd; mg;Jy; t`;`hg; jPtpukhd
fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jhH. ,f;fUj;Jf;fshy; ,e;jpahtpy; rpyUk; ftug;gl;ldH.
,g;gpd;dzpapy; \h`; ,];kh<y; vd;gtH jf;tpaJy; <khd; vd;w xU E}iy vOjpdhH. mjpy;
K`k;kj; gpd; mg;Jy; t`;`hgpd; fUj;Jf;fs; jHf;f uPjpahf Kd;itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. ,jid Mq;fpy muR
Mq;fpyj;Jf;F nkhopngaHj;J 8oyal Asla ArLlcle ournal vd;w rQ;rpifapy; ntspapl;lJ.
(Mq;fpy muR ,jid K];ypk; r%fj;ij fUj;J uPjpahf gpsT gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fpy;
jhd; nra;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.)
\h`; ,];kh<ypd; 'jf;tpaJy; <khd; vd;w xU E}ypd; %yk; ftug;gl;l m`;Y]; ]{d;dh
ty;[khmj;ijr; rhHe;jtHfs; jhq;fs; t`;`hgpfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLtij tpUk;ghkNyh my;yJ gae;Njh
m`;Yy; `jP]; vd jq;fis mioj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; xU FO cUthfpwJ.
1887 [dtupapy; nksyhdh K`k;kj; `{i]d; g$ytP vd;gtH m`;Yy; `jPi] ,];yhj;jpd; xU
gptpupduhf mq;fPfupf;FkhW xU tpz;zg;gj;ij nfhLj;jhH. muR ,jid Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. ,tHfSk;
FHMd;> Rd;dhtpd; mbg;gilapy; cUthd rl;lq;fisg; gpd;gw;Wtjw;F Kd;Dupik nfhLj;jhH.
,j;jifa xU gpd;dzpapy; jhd; Njt;ge;jpy; jhUy; cY}k; vd;w xU fyhepiyak;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;fyh epiyaj;jpd; Njhw;wk; 1857y; rpg;ghaf; fofj;ij mLj;J r%fj;ijg; gw;wpa
kWguprPyidapd; tpisthfj; Njhd;wpaJ vd;gH.
Nuhg;ghtpy; ,Ue;J te;J ,e;jpahit Ml;rp nra;j Vfhjpgj;jpathjpfshd ,e;jpahHfs;
........... Fwpg;ghf Mq;fpyk;> fyhrhuk;> fy;tp Kjypa midj;ijAk;
.......... RkhH xU E}w;whz;L fhyk; tho;tpy; midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; ,e;Jf;fis tpl
gpd; jq;fpapUe;jhHfs;.
NrH nra;apj; m`;kj; fhd; ,e;epiyapypUe;J kPl;gjw;fhf cUthf;fhpa mypfhH
fy;Y}upapy; khztHfs; gbf;f Muk;gpj;j gpd; jhd; gbj;j K];ypk;fsplk; xU tpopg;GzHr;rp
Vw;gl;lJ.
1867y; ,e;Jf;fs; cUJ nkhopf;Fg; gjpyhf ,e;J nkhop mur nkhopahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;w Nghuhl;lj;ij Kd;ndLj;j tpjk; ,e;Jf;fSf;Fk; K];ypk;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; epytpa xw;Wik Fiye;J
,e;jpah ghfp];jhd; vd gpsT gl;lJ.
1884y; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J ,e;Jf;fSf;F rhHghdJ. ,e;jpah xU
Njrk; vd;Wk; mjpy; K];ypk;fSk; cWg;gpduhf thoyhk; vd;w fUj;ij Kd;itj;jJ.
Mjyhy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; Njrpathjj;ij jdJ capNuhl;lkhf nfhz;lJ. ,f;fUj;jhy; rpy
K];ypk;fs; ftug;gl;ldH. Fwpg;ghf gpupb\; muirAk; mjid Mjupj;j NrH nra;apj; m`;kj;
fhidAk; vjpHg;gtHfs; ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]py; ,ize;J nfhz;ldH.
,g;gpd;dzpapy; \h`; typAy;yh`;tpd; rpe;jidfspd; top rpe;jpf;f Muk;gpj;j rpy
K];ypk;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; K];ypk;fs; MSk; tHf;fkhf ,Ue;jij Mq;fpy Ml;rpapy; ,yf;F njupahJ
nry;fpd;w FOtpduhf Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sij mtjhdpj;jdH.
MfNt> mtHfs; 1866y; Njt;ge;jpy; xU rpwpa kj;u]hit Muk;gpj;jhHfs;. ,J gpd; jhUy;
cY}k; vd kyHr;rp fz;lJ. ,e;j kj;u]h gpugy;ak; milahj epiyapy; $l ,Wjp fhyj;jpy; mjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,e;jpah KOtJk; czug;gl;lJ.
\h`; typa;Ay;yh`; fhyj;jpy; mtuJ ,af;fk; murpaiy ikakhf itj;J nraw;gl Muk;gpj;jhYk;
$l jw;NghJ mJ Kjw;fz; mwptpay; ,af;fkhf tsHe;J murpay; mgpyhirfis mila Ntz;Lk; vd;w
epiyg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;lJ.
mLj;j tUlk; mjhtJ> 1867y; jhd; cUJf;Fg; gjpyhf `pe;jp murpd; nkhopahf Ntz;Lk;
vd;w Kuz;ghL nry;thf;Fg; ngw Muk;gpj;jJ.
kj;u]htpy; Muk;g fhyk; KjNy ,uz;L mbg;gil topKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wpaJ.
1. `dgp kj;`Gf;F ,zq;f nraw;gly;
2. cJkhdpaj; JUf;fpaNuhL cwit tsHj;Jf; nfhz;lik
,jd; fUj;J gpupb\; Ml;rpAld; Kuz;gl;L> xj;Jg; Nghfhky; nraw;glhj jd;ik fhzg;gl;lJ.
Muk;gj;jpy; ,J kuj;jbapy; fPo; jhd; ,aq;fapJ. nksyhdh K`k;kJ fh]pk; fhD}jP mtHfs;
VO tUl ghlj;jpl;lk; xd;iw tFj;jhH. mJ \h`; typAy;yh`;tpd; ,yl;rpaq;fis ,yf;fhff; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
rka> murpay;> mwptpay; Jiw rhHe;j ghlnewpfis jd;Ds; mlf;fp ,Ue;jJ. \h`;
typAy;yh`; mtuJ kfd; \h`; mg;Jy; m]P]; vd;gtU rpe;jidfs; jhUy; cY}kpy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ld.
VO tUlj;ij Kbj;Jf; nfhz;l xU khztd; jhUy; cYkpy; jq;fp epd;W NkYk; Ma;Tfis
Nkw;nfhs;s Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;lhd;. Mrpupauhd K`k;kj; a/$g; vd;gtuplk; murpaw; rpe;jidfs;
topfhl;ly;fisg; ngw;whH.
,e;jpahTf;F ntsapypUe;J Fwpg;ghf Mg;fhdpypUe;J tUk; khztHfs; jj;jk; ehl;L
muRld; murpay; uPjpahd Kud;ghLfis tsHj;Jf; nfhs;tJ jil nra;ag;gl;lJ.
mq;F gbf;Fk; khztHfs; JUf;fp muRld; cwit tsHj;Jf; nfhs;s Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;ldH. mjw;F
kf;fhtpy; ,aq;fpa \h`; typAy;yh`;tpd; top te;jtHfs; Jiz Gupe;jdH.
nrhw;g fhyj;jpy; jhUy; cY}k; kuG uPjpahd gy;tpj; Jiwapy; rhjid gilf;fyhapw;W.
murpay; uPjpahf gpupj;jhdpa muRld; ey;YwitNa Ngz Kaw;rpj;jdH.
RkhH 40 tUl fyq;fSy; jhUy; cY}k; kpf rpwe;j xU fy;tpj; jhgdkhf tsHr;rp fz;lJ.
1906y; Nkhlh K`k;kJ `]d; jiyik jhq;fpajpypUe;J gpd;tUk; Jiwfspy; fy;tpg; Nghjid
mOj;jk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. FHMd;> Rd;dh> `dgp gpf;`; vd;gtw;wpy; Mokhd mwpitg;
ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jJ.
rhjhud Fbkf;fSf;F nra;ag;glhj epiyapy; Muk;g fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j J}a;ikahd ,];yhkpa
fUj;Jf;fs; Nghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. rhj;jpakhd vy;yh topfspYk; ,];yhj;ijf; fhg;gJ murpd; jiyaPLfis
Kbe;j tiu jtpHg;gJ. jhYy; cY}ik epfHj;j fy;Y}upfis ehl;bd; gy ghfq;fspYk; cUthf;fpdhHfs;.
m`;Y]; ]{d;dh ty; [khM FOtpdH rpW rpW fUj;J Kud;ghLfspy; xw;Wikg;gLj;jy;.
,j;jifa gzpfis Muk;g fhyj;jpy; mJ Nkw;nfhz;lJ. ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; gpupb\; murhq;fk;
jdJ Gjpa fy;tpj; jpl;lj;ij mwpKfj;ij Nkw;fpy; ifahsg;gLfpd;w Nghjid topKiwfisAk; Gjpa
Gjpa fy;tpj; JiwfisAk; mwpKfg; gLj;jp te;jJ.
Mq;fpyf; fy;tpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J fpioj;Nja nkhop ,yf;fpaq;fis fw;gpg;gjpy;
Cf;Ftpf;ftpy;iy.
K];ypk;fs; Mq;fpyf; fy;tpia Gwf;fdpj;jdH. r%f uPjpahf gpd; jq;fpAk; jho;Tr;
rpf;fy;fSf;Fk; cs;shdtHfshfTk; khwpdH.
fpwp];jtHfSk; gpuahdj;jpd; ...... NghJ ,];yhkpa .... > ,];yhkpa tuyhW
,e;jpa K];ypk;fspd; tuyh ....... rthyhf tpsq;fpaJ.
,g;gpd;dzpapy; m`;kj; fh]pk; jdJ fy;Y}up %yk; Mq;fpy nkhopia capHg;gpf;f
Kaw;rpj;jdH. Mdhy; ,];yhkpa Nfhl;ghLfSf;F cap&l;ba jhUy; cY}kpd; epjpg; gw;whf;Fiw>
murpd; MjuT mw;w epiyahYk;> K];ypk;fspd; xU gFjpapdupd; vjpHg;gpdhYk; ,f;fy;tp
ngWgtHfis t`hgpfs; vd;Wk;> top jtwpatHfs; vd;Wk; gpurhug; gLj;jpajhy; jhgdj;ij nfhz;L
elj;Jtj rpukkhfpaJ.
mj;NjhL 1857 fytuj;jpd; gpd;G> murpay; jiyikj;Jtj;;jij jhq;f jFjpahdtHfSk; mwpQH
Fyhj;jpdUk; Njb Njb nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ldH. ,jdhy; Gyik gilj;j MrpupaHfisj; NjLtJk;
rpkkhfpaJ.
jhUy; cY}k; kj;u]hTf;F Muk;gj;jpy; jiyik jhq;fpa fh]pk; mtHfspd; fLk;
Kaw;rpapdhy; ];jpug;glyhapw;W. mjw;F ...... kj;u]Jy; fh]pkpa;ah kw;Wk; fh]pKy;
cY}k; vd kf;fs; ....
mLj;J nksyhdh m`;kj; u\Pj; fq;$up nghWg;Ngw;whH. mLj:J nksyhdh k`;%j; `]d;
nghWg;Ngw;whH. ,tH jhUy; cY}kpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l xU khztH MthH. ,tH murpay; <LghL
nfhz;ltH. ,e;jpahit gpupj;jhdpahtplkpUe;J tpLtpf;f ,ufrpakhfr; nraw;gl;lhH. K];ypk;
ehLfs; vy;yhk; rpjpw tho;e;j jhUy; cY}kpd; khztHfs; ,tUf;F Mjutspj;jdH. Mdhy; murpaiy
Kd;ndLj;j NghJ .....
jhYy; cY}kpy; m`;Y]; ]{d;dh ty; [khM rpe;jidfs; Kd;ndLf;fg; gl;lNjhL `dgp gpf;`;
mbg;gilapy; nraw;gl;lJ.
mjd; epUthfpfs;> MrpupaH> khztH kw;w ve;j ,lq;fspYk; Nruf; $lhJ vd;W jil
tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
m\;mup Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; ek;gpf;fapd; mbg;gilapYk; nraw;ghLfis
Kd;ndLj;jJ.
Md;kPfg; gapw;rpf;fhf [p];jpah> fjupa;ah> #utHjpa;ah> yf;\ge;jpah juPf;fhf;fspy;
xd;iw gpd;gw;w mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ.
Rd;dhit KOikahfg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vd typAWj;jpaJ. gpj;MtpypUe;J ,];yhj;ij
fhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd fUjpaJ.

jhUy; cY}kpd; murpay; rpe;jidg; ghq;F
\h`; typAy;yh`; nkhfyhag; Nguuir me;epa nry;thf;fpypUe;J tpLtpg;gjw;F
vz;zpdhH. mtupy; ,r; rpe;jidg; ghq;Nf jhUy; cY}k; fUj;jpw; nfhz;bUe;jJ. vdpDk; ,g;gzpia
K];ypk;fshy; khj;jpuk; ntw;wpfukhf Kd;ndLf;f Kbahjjhy; ,e;J K];ypk; xw;Wikia typAWj;j
Kaw;rpj;jhH. Mjyhy; gpupb\{f;nfjpuhd kdg;ghhq;F cilNahH midtUlDk; xj;Jiof;f
tpUk;gpdhHfs;.
nksyhdh m`;kj; u\Pj; fhd;$up ,e;jpah Njrpa fhq;fpu]{ld; cwT itj;Jf; nfhs;tJ gw;wp
xU gj;th ntspapl;lhH. mjpy; cyfpay; rhHe;j tplaq;fspy; ,e;Jf;fNshL xUtUf;nfhUtH Jizahf
,Uf;f KbAk; vd;Wk; MapDk; mt;TwT ,];yhj;jpd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfisg; ghjpf;fhj Kiwapy;
mika Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;lhH.
,jd; fhuzkhf ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]py; K];ypk;fs; NrHe;J ciof;fyhapdH. ,e;j gj;thit
ikakhf itj;J 1948 fspy; nksyhdh mGy; fyhk; M]hj; Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ntw;wp
ngWtjw;fhf K];ypk;fs; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]{ld; ,izAkhW miog;G tpLj;jhH.
,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; K];ypk; yPf; ghfp];jhDf;fhf Fuy; nfhLj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,e;jpahit
,U $whf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;wJ. ,e;epiyapy; M]hj; $W Nghlg;glhj ,e;jpah> rka rhHgw;w muR
vd;gtw;Wf;fhf ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]{lk; ,izAkhW miog;G tpLj;jhH.
jhUy; cY}ikr; NrHe;jtHfs; nksyhdh K`k;kj; \hgP ,];yhkpa fz;Nzhf;fpy; ghfp];jhd;
cUthf;fj;jpid Mjupj;J xU gj;th ntspapl;lhH.
,t;thW Njt;ge;J cykhf;fspy; murpay; uPjpahf ,uz;L tifahd fUj;J epyt Muk;gpj;jJ.
jhUy; cY}kpy; .... rpe;jid topapyhd Nfhl;ghLfNs mq;fPfupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w
xU fUj;J epytpaJ. Mjyhy; jj;Jt uPjpahf ghlq;fs; Nghjpf;fg; glf; $lhJ vd;W rpyH fUjpdH.
m\;mup Nfhl;ghl;il gpd;gw;WgtHfshf mtHfs; ,Ue;j NghJk; m\;mup Kd;itj;j
Nfhl;ghLfs; fw;gpg;gJ mtrpakw;wJ. mjhtJ ,[;jp`hj; vd;gJ mtrpakw;wJ vd;w xU fUj;ij
mtHfs; itj;jpUe;jdH.
,jw;F khw;wkhf NrH nra;apj; m`;kj; fhd; jdJ gFj;jwpT rpe;jidA+lhf (,[;jp`hjpd;
topapyd;wp) etPd fy;tpia Mjupf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jhH.
Njt;ge;J cykhf;fspy; xU FOtpdH gpupb\hUf;F vjpuhfTk; fhq;fpu]{f;F rhHghfTk;>
ghfp];jhd; Njhw;wj;ij vjpHj;Jk; nraw;gl;l NghJk; ]hgpH m`;kj; c];khd; Njt;ge;J jiyikapy;
xU FOtpdH ,e;jpahit ,U Njrq;fshf gpupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdTk; Mjupj;jdH.
\h`; typAy;yh`;tpd; rpe;jid top cUthd m`;kj; fhd; xU topapYk; Njt;ge;J cykhf;fs;
kw;nwhU toapYk; nry;tijf; fhz KbfpwJ.
mypfhH fy;Y}up gpupbi\ Mjupj;j epiyapYk; Njte;J vjpHj;j epiyapYk; ... ,e;jpa
K];ypk;fspd; tuyhw;wpy; ,U Jiwfs; nrd;w NghJk; xU ,yf;if miltw;F nraw;gl;bUf;fpwhHfs;
vd;gijf; fhz KbAkhf cs;sJ.
NrH nra;apj; m`;kj; fhd; jhUy; cY}ik ... $l \h`; typAy;yh`;tpd; khztH
guk;giuapYk; fy;tp fw;wtHfs; vd;gJk; ,UghyhUk; ,U Jiwfspy; epd;W K];ypk;fspd;
vOr;rpf;F ghLgl;lhHfs; vd;gijNa fhz KbfpwJ.


Nra;f; m`;kj; rpH`pd;j;
`p. 971y; (fp.gp. 1564y;) gQ;Qhgpy; rpH`pd;j; khfhzj;jpy; gpwe;jhH. ,tH ckH
fj;jhgpd; topj;Njhd;wypy; te;jtH MthH. ,sikf; fy;tpiaj; je;ijaplkpUe;J ngw;whH. FHMid
kddk; nra;jhH. rpay;Nfhl; efUf;F fy;tp ngwr; nrd;whH. mq;F jHf;ftpay;> jj;Jt,ay;> rka,ay;
Kjyhk; mk;rq;fis Ky;yh fkhy fh\P vd;gtuplk; fw;whH.
,tuJ Mrpupauhf gFj;jwpT rpe;jidf;F xg;ghdhH. .... ]`P`{y; G`hupf;F tpupTiu
vOjpdhH. nra;f; ah$gp ]Hgp vd;gtuplk; `jP]; fiy gapd;whH.
17k; tajpy; jhafk; jpUk;gp 20k; tajpy; Mf;uhTf;Fr; nrd;whH. mq;F nkhfyha
murHfSld; njhlHig Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhH. ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; murit mwpQHfSk; xU
njhFjpapdH ,iw ek;gpf;if cilNahuhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; ,iwj;J}jH xUtH mtrpakw;wtH vd;w
fUj;ij nfhz;bUe;jdH.
,iw J}ij ek;gpatHfis rpj;jputijg; gLj;jpdH. ,iwj; J}ij epuhfupf;Fk; fUj;JilNahUf;F
mGy; go;y; vd;w mwpQH jiyik jhq;fpdhH. mtuplk; ,iwj; J}jpd; mwpit rpH`pe;jp
typAWj;jpa NghJ mGy; go;y; fLikahfr; rhbdhH. ,jdhy; rpH`pe;jpd; je;ij mtiu cldbahf
ehl;Lf;F mioj;Jf; nfhz;lhH.
tUk; topapy; Nra;f; Ry;jhd; vd;gtuJ kfis kzk; Kbj;jhH. jdJ khkdhupd;
Ntz;LNfhSf;F Vw;g fyhgdp vOjpa jmHUg; vd;w E}iyAk; R`;utHjp vOjpa mthupg; vd;w
E}iyAk; ,g;Dy; mugp vOjpa F]{]; vDk; EiyAk; jdJ je;ij topfhl;lypy; gapd;whH.
je;ij t`;jJy; T[{j; Nfhl;ghl;il gpd;gw;wpdhH. Mdhy; rpH`pe;jp mjdhy; ftug;gltpy;iy.
jd; je;ij ,we;j gpd; (1597) `[;[{f;Fr; nrd;whH. toapy; by;ypaypy; itj;J yf;\ge;jp juPf;fhtpd;
jiytuhd `h[h mg;Jy; ghfpiar; re;jpj;jhH.
yf;\ge;jp juPf;fh #gp] topKiwapy; \uPMit gpd;gw;Wtjpy; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jpdhH.
mjdhy; rpH`pe;J ngupJk; ftug;gl;L mg;Jy; ghfpaplk; igmj; nra;jhH.
jdJ Md;kPfg; gapw;rpia capNuhl;lKs;sjhFtjw;F mg;Jy; ghfpapd; topfhl;ly;
ngupJk; JizahfpaJ vd;W rpH`pe;J Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.
t`;jJy; T[{j; Nfhl;ghl;il epuhfupg;gjw;F mg;Jy; ghfpapd; NghjidfNs fhuzk; vd;gH.
jdJ FUtpd; kuzj;jpd; gpd; jdJ gpwe;j CH rpH`pe;jpy; yf;\ge;jp juPfhitg; gpurhuk;
nra;J kf;fSf;F mwpTiu $wpdhH. jq;fsplk; gapw;rp ngw;w khztHfis nkhfyha
rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; K;ffpa efHfSf;F gpurhuj;Jf;F mDg;gpdhH.
yf;\ge;jp juPf;fhtpd; rpwg;gpay;G Rd;dhTf;F ve;epiyapYk; Kud;glhJ Rd;dhtpy;
ve;epiyapYk; nra;tJ vd;W mtH Fwpg;gpl;lhH.
,irg; gapw;rpiaNah> jHgP\;fspd; ..... rj;jkpl;L jpf;H nra;tijNah ,e;jj; juPf;fh
mq;fPfupg;gjpy;iy.
czT> ..... epj;jpiu vd;gtw;wpy; eLepiy NgZfpwJ. j]t;Tgpd; ,yf;F ,iwtDld;
,uz;luf; fyg;gNjh my;yJ mtdj rpgj;Jld; ,iztNjh my;y. khwhf \uPMTf;F Kw;wpYk;
fPo;gbe;J my;yh`;tpd; cz;ikahd mbahdhf tho;tjhFk;.
mg;J vd;gij tpl kdpjDf;F kw;NwhH caHe;j epiy ,y;iy vd;gNj rpH`pe;jpapd;
fUj;jhFk;.
yf;\ge;jp juPf;fhit gpurhuk; nra;tijAk; cs;sj;ijj; J}a;ikg; gLj;JtijANk jd; gzpahff;
nfhz;bUe;jhH.
kf;fis Md;kPfj; Jiwapy; topelj;jTk; mtHfis G+uzj;Jtk; ngw;wtHfshf khw;Wtjw;F
jhd; gilf;fg;gltpy;iy. khwhf rka rPHjpUj;jg; gzpf;fhfj;jhd; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhff; fUjpdhH.
,iw epuhfupg;G> ,iw kWg;G Kjyhk; jtwhd Nfhl;ghLfis tpkHrpj;J t`p> gpufhuk;>
<khd; vd;gtw;iw cWjpg;gLj;JtijNa jdJ gzpahff; nfhz;lhH.
mtH vOjpa E}y;fspy; r%fj;jpy; cs;s FOf;fs; jtwhd rpe;jidfisAk; fUj;JfisAk;
tpkHrpj;J nghJkf;fs; mwpQHfs; murpay; thjpfs; KjyhNdhH tpLk; jtWfisAk; mtH Rl;bf;
fhl;bdhH.
gy;Jiw rhHe;j Kf;fpa gpuKfHfSf;F mtHfSila gpiofis Rl;bf; fhl;b fbjk; vOjpdhH.
murit mwpQHfshf ,Ue;j mGy; go;y;> je;ij Ky;yh Kghuf; $uP kw;Wk; gj;`{y;yh`; \Puhjp
Nghd;NwhH fpNuf;fj; jj;Jj;jpdhy; ftug;gl;bUe;jdH> egpatHfsJ tUif mtrpakw;wJ> \uPM
Njitaw;wJ vd;Wk; fUjpdH. ,f;fUj;Jf;fis epuhfupj;J nry;fpwhHfs;. ,f;ghYd; EGt;th vDk;
E}iy vOjpdhH.
\PMf;fs; jkJ MjuthsHfs; my;yhj midj;J egpj;NjhoHfisAk; tpkHrpj;jdH. rgpj;jdH.
K];ypk;fs; %d;W fyPghf;fisAk;> Map\h> jy;`h> ]{igH Mfpa egpj; NjhoHfisAk; fLikahf
tpkHrpj;jhH.
Mf;uhtpy; murit cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;j \PM mwpQHfshd fhop E}Uy;yh`; Ry;jhdp
vd;gtNu ,g;gpurhuj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhH. mtHfspd; ,f;fUj;Jf;fis fLikahf tpkHrpj;J rpH`pe;J
mtHfs; mHuj;JH uth`pyp vDk; E}iy vOjpdhH.
K];ypk; nghJkf;fs; tho;tpYk; \pHf;> gpj;mj; GFe;jpUe;jd. ,e;J fyhrhuj;jpy;
nry;thf;F ,jw;F fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ. #gpfs; vd;W jq;fis mioj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jtHfs; jkJ mwpahik
fhuzkhf kf;fis jtwhd topapy; nrYj;jpdH.
t`;jJy; T[{j; rpe;jid;F cs;shfp ,Ue;jhHfs;. \uPMitg; gw;wp ftiy nfhs;stpy;iy. t`;jJy;
T[{j; gw;wpa cz;ikahd mwpag; ngw;wtHfs; \uPMtpd; tpjpfisg; gpd;gw;wj; Njit ,y;iy
vd;W fUjpdH.
gpj;mj;ij mtHfs; ey;yJ> nfl;lJ vd;W tifg;gLj;jtpy;iy. egpapd; nraw;ghLfis ,uz;L
tifg;gLj;jyhk; vd;Wk;> ,ghjj;> Mjhj; vd;Wk; tifg;gLj;jpdhH.
,ghjj;fs; egpapd; topapypUe;J rWFfpd;w NghJ gpj;mj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.
kuGfspypUe;J NtWgLfpd;w NghJ mit gpj;mj; Mtjpy;iy.
nghJkf;fis \pHf;> gpj;mj; vd;gtw;wpypUe;J fhg;ghw;w Ntz;ba cykhf;fNs
mtw;wpy; <LgLtJ gw;wp ftiy nfhz;lhH.
rkfhy cykhf;fs; gpj;mis gpurhuk; nra;gtHfshfTk; Rd;dhit mopg;gtHfshfTk;
,Uf;fpwhHfs; vd;W ftiyg;gl;lhH.
,];yhkpa mwpQHfs; egpfshupd; ....... gpd;gw;w Ntz;LNk my;yhJ gpw
fyhrhuq;fs;> Nfhl;ghLfspypUe;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l jj;Jtq;fSf;F Kd;Dupik nfhLf;ff; $lhJ
vd;gJ mtuJ rpe;jidahFk;.
,e;jpahtpy; NrH nra;apj; m`;kj; fhd;> Njt;ge;J cykhf;fs; Nghd;wtHfs; ..... xU
rPHjpUj;j Kiwikia Kd;ndLj;jtHfNs. mNj Nghd;W Md;kPfj; Jiwapy; Eioe;jpUe;j jtwhd
rpe;jidfisAk;> Nfhl;ghLfisAk; ePf;Ftjw;F rpH`pe;J Kaw;rpj;Js;shH. ,tuJ Nfhl;ghL t`;jJ\;
\{`{j; vdg;gLfpwJ.


jPNd ,yh`p
mf;gH nkhfyha Ml;rpahsHfSs; Kjd;ikahdtH. K];ypky;yhj tuyhw;W MrpupaHfshy;
ngUkstpy; ghuhl;lg;gLfpd;w xUtH. ,e;J> K];ypk; xw;Wikia epiyehl;b ,e;jpahit
f;fpag;gLj;jpdhH vd;w epiyapy; ghuhl;lg; gLfpd;whH. ,e;J> K];ypk; Fbkf;fis Muk;g
fhyk; KjNy ,Ue;J te;j Ntw;Wik czHr;rpiaj; jtpHj;J mtHfis f;fpaj;ij Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;
Nehf;fpy; mtH jPNd ,yh`p vDk; Nfhl;ghl;il my;yJ rkaj;ij Kd;itj;jhH vd;gH.
Nfhl;ghL:
my;yh`;itj; jtpu NtW ,iwtd; ,y;iy
mf;gH mtdpd; gpujpepjp
mtUf;F Fbkf;fs; ]{[{j; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;
gpd;gw;WNthH xUtiu xUtH re;jpf;Fk; NghJ `= .= -' vd;W $w Ntz;Lk;
Gyhy; czit Kw;whfj; jtpHf;f Ntz;Lk;
xt;nthU cWg;gpdUk; jkJ gpwe;j jpdj;ij nfhz;lhLtJ fl;lhak;
,r;rkaj;ijg; gpd;gw;WNthH kPd;gpbfhuH> Ntl;ilahLNthH> ,iwr;rpf;fil elj;JNthH
KjyhNdhUld; xd;whf mkHe;J czT cz;zf; $lhJ. mtHfs; `pk;ir nra;fpwhHfs;.
jPNd ,yh`p Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;Ftjpy; fye;J nfhz;l Kf;fpa gpuKfuhd mGy; go;ypd;
$w;Wg;gb: ,jd; cWg;gpdHfs; jkJ new;wpia mf;gupd; ghjj;jbapy; itf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;Wk; mf;giu mtiu vOg;gp tpLthH vd;Wk; $WtH.
,jd; cWg;gpdHfs; ehd;F juj;jpduhf ,Uf;fpd;wdH.
1. jkJ Ml;rpahsHfSf;fhf jkJ cilikfis jpahfk; nra;jtHfs;.
2. jkJ cilikfisAk; capHfisAk; jpahfk; nra;jtHfs;
3. capH> cilik> fz;zpak; vd;gtw;iwj; jpahfk; nra;jtHfs;.
4. capH> cilik> fz;zpak;> rkak; vd;gtw;iw jpahfk; nra;jtHfs;.
tuyhw;W MrpupaHfs; rpyH ,jid xU rkak; my;y vd;Wk; ,J xU #gpj; juPf;fh vd;Wk;
$WtH. MapDk; ,jw;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;s ngaH> mf;gupd; kdg;ghq;F> jd;id cyfpy; ,iwtdpd;
gpujpepjpahf gilj;Js;shd; vd;w mtuJ $w;W vd;gd ,J xU juPf;fh my;y> khwhf xU rkaNk
vd;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ vd;gH.
jPNd ,yh`papd; Kf;fpakhd Nehf;fk; : tzq;fj;jf;f xUtuhf mf;giu Mf;fp tpLtjhFk;.
kdpjd; xUtid ,iwtdhf mq;fPfupf;fpd;w kuG ,e;J rkaj;jpw;F cupaJ. ,iwtd; mtjhuk;
vLf;fpwhd; vd;w fUj;J ,e;J rkaj;jpy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l xU fUj;jhFk;. MfNt> mf;gH jd;id
,iwtdhf mwpKfg;gLj;jpajpy; tpag;giltjw;F xd;Wkpy;iy. jd;id kf;fs; tzq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Mir
mf;gUf;F ,Ue;jJ vd;gH. mjd; mHj;jk; jdf;F tzf;fk; nrYj;Jk; Kfkhf new;wpia jiuapy; itj;J
]{[{J nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd vjpHghHj;jhH.
,];yhkpaf; Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gpd;gw;Wk; tiu xU K];ypk; xUNghJk; kw;nwhUtUf;F ]{[{J
nra;a khl;lhH vd;gJ mf;gUf;F njupe;j tplaNk. MfNtjhd;> ,];yhj;jpd; tiuaiwfSf;F ntspNa
epd;W jPNd ,yh`pia cUthf;fp jdf;F ]{[{J nra;AkhW $wpdhH.
mf;gH #upad;> neUg;G Nghd;wtw;iwnay;yhk; tzf;fk; nrYj;jpdhH. MapDk;>
Nehd;G gpbj;jjhfNth> `[;[{f;F kf;fh nrd;wjhfNth> ]fhj;> ]jfh vd;gtw;iw ViofSf;Ff;
nfhLj;jjhfNth gjpTfisf; fhz Kbatpy;iy. Mdhy; ,ilf;fpil m[;kPH jHfhTf;F (2 khj fhyj; J}uk;)
ele;J nrd;W te;Js;sij fhz KbfpwJ.
mf;gupd; ,e;j eilKiwiaAk; nraw;ghl;ilAk; eLepiyapy; epd;W Nehf;Fk; NghJ
mwpQHfs; mtH ,e;J rkak; rhHghfNt ele;J nfhz;lhH vd;gH.
mf;giu topelj;jpa mGy; go;y; ,e;jpa kf;fspilNa xUKfg;gl;l tzf;f topghLfisj;
Njhw;Wtpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj mf;gupd; Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ vd;whH.
,e;jpahtpy; gy rkaq;fs; ,Ue;jd. ,];yhk; rpiy tzf;fj;ij ntWf;fpwJ. ,e;J rkak; rpiy
tzf;fj;jpNyNa fl;b vOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. k[{]pfs; jPia tzq;fpdhy; fpwp];jtHfs; jpupia tzq;fpdH.
,tHfs; jj;jkJ rkaq;fis tplhj tiu ,tHfSf;fhf xU nghJ rkaj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;JtJ
rhj;jpakpy;iy. Mifahy; vy;NyhUk; mf;gUf;F tzq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ.
jPNd ,yh`p xU rkak; vd;w epiyapy; ntw;wp ngw;wjh> ,y;iyah vd;gJ
Ml;rpahsDf;F Kf;fpaky;y. murpay; uPjpahf jdf;F rhjfkhf mike;jjh vd;gNj Kf;fpakhFk;.
jPNd ,yh`p mf;gH capH tho;e;j NghJ $l rpwpa mq;fj;jtHfisNa nfhz;bUe;jJ. mtuJ
kuzj;Jld; KbT ngw;wJ. jPNd ,yh`p cz;ikahd khHf;fkhf ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; kuzj;jpd; gpd;
epiyj;jpUf;Fk;.
mf;gH cykhf;fisf; fz;L mQ;rpdhH. Mjyhy; mtHfsJ nry;thf;if xopg;gjw;F Kaw;rp
nra;jhH. mjw;fhf mf;gH jdJ Kbit rkag; gpur;rpidfspy; ,Wjpj; jPHthf mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
cykhf;fisf; nfhz;Nl mq;fPfupf;fr; nra;jhH.
mtuJ murit mwpQHfs; mf;giu jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; .~'' '~`' vd;W gl;lk;
nfhLj;jdH.
K];ypk;fs; fUj;J xw;Wikg;glhj tplaq;fspy; mf;gupd; KbNt kf;fshy; Vw;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij murit cykhf;fs; mq;fPfupj;jdH.
jPNd ,yh`p gw;wpa KOj; jfty;fSk; mlq;fpa VL mGy; go;yplNk itf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
uh[h gPHghy; vd;gtiuj; jtpu ve;j xU ,e;JTk; jPNd ,yh`pia mq;fPfupf;ftpy;iy.
mf;gH jd;id my;yh`;tpd; gpujpepjpahf mioj;Jf; nfhz;l gpwF rpy fl;lisfisg; gpufldg;
gLj;jpdH.
1. Fbkf;fs; kd;dUf;F ]{[{J nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
2. Mz; gps;isfSf;F 12 taJf;F Kd; fj;dh nra;af; $lhJ. 12 taJf;Fg; gpd; rpWtd;
tpUk;gpdhy; kl;Lk; fj;dh nra;ayhk;.
3. khl;biwr;rp rhg;gpLtJ jil
4. jhb itg;gJ jil
5. mjhd; $WtJ jil nra;ag;gl;lJ.
6. _-=-~ ~~=~ ~~= Nghd;w ngaHfs; itg;gJ jil nra;ag;gl;lJ.
7. mwG nkhop gapy;tJ Fw;wj;jpw;Fupa nrayhff; fUjg;gl;lJ.
mf;giug; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s jfty;fs; mtHfsJ MjuthsHfshSk; vjpupfshYk;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy; mtw;iw eLepiy epd;W Nehf;Fjy; mtrpakhFk;.
t`;jJy; T[{jpd; top epd;W rpe;jpj;jtHfs; mf;gH jd;id xU flTshff; $wpaijf; fz;L
tpag;gilatpy;iy. vt;thwhapDk; mf;guJ tho;f;if epfo;r;rpfs; K];ypk; r%f kuGfSf;F Kudhf
,Ug;gij ......
Mjyhy; jPNd ,yh`p xU rkakhff; fUjg;glhtpl;lhYk; $b kf;fs; jd;id flTspd; me;j];j;Jf;F
caHj;jp Nehf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtH fUjp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.


rpH`pe;J (1564 1624)
,tUf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk;
kd;dH mf;gH (1556 1605) Ml;rpgPlk; Vwp 10 tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jhH. vdNt>
mf;gupd; ml;lfhrq;fis vjpHnfhs;s Ntz;bapUe;jJ. mLj;J [`hq;fPupd; (1605 1627)
Ml;rpapYk; tho;e;jhH.
#oiy ,tH vjpHnfhz;l tpjk;
rpH`pe;J jdJ ,];yhkpag; gzpia %d;W Kf;fpa rthy;fSf;F Kfk; nfhLf;f Ntz;batuhdhH.
1. mf;gUk; mtuJ mbtUbfSk; Ra eykpf;f cykhf;fSk; ,];yhkpa nfhs;iffSf;F vjpuhf
nraw;wgl;l epiy.
2. \PMf;fspd; nry;thf;F
3. t`;jJy; T[{j; Nfhl;ghl;lhy; ftug;gl;bUe;j #gp]thjpfs;
,tuJ tuyhw;iwg; ghHg;gjpy; cs;s rpukk; : ,tuJ fUj;Jf;fs;> Mf;fq;fs; midj;Jk; E}y; tbtpy;
,y;iy. khwhf ,tH vOjpa fbjq;fNs mtuJ fUj;Jf;fis> rpe;jidfisg; gpujpgypj;jd. gpd;dH
fbjq;fNs njhFg;Gfshf ntspaplg;gl;ld. ,tuJ fUj;Jf;fs; fl;Liufshf vOjg;glhky; fbjq;fshfj;
njhFf;fg;gl;likapdhy; cs;s gpur;rpid vd;dntdpy;> fl;Liuiag; nghUj;jtiuapy; xU Nfhl;ghl;il
njspthf tpsf;Ftjw;fhd re;jHg;gk; cz;L. Mdhy; fbjq;fspy; tpspf;fpd;wtiug; ghHj;J vOj
Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; tpspf;fg;gLgtupd; juk;> Njit vd;gtw;iwg; nghUj;Nj fbjk; mikAk;. NkYk;>
fbjq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; fhy ,ilntspfSk; fhzg;gl;ld.
rpH`pe;jpd; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j cykhf;fs; ngUkstpy; gpj;mj;fis
Njhw;Wtpg;NghuhfTk;> Mjupg;NghuhfTk; ,Ue;jdH. rka rpe;jidapy; nry;thf;Fk;
mq;fPfhuKk; ngw;w xU cykh gpd;tUkhW gj;th nfhLj;jhH.
O `[;[{ila gpuahzk; ghJfhg;gw;wjhf ,Ug;gjhy; `[; nra;tJ xUtUf;Fk; flikahfhJ.
O mj;jpatrpaj; NjitfSf;fhf tl;b vLg;gJ MFkhdJ.
O Ml;rpahsiu fz;zpag;gLj;Jtjw;fhf R[{J nra;tJ MFkhdJ.
O RtHf;fj;jpy; jhb Kisf;fhj ,isQHfs; ,Uf;fpwhHfs; vd;gjhy; jhbia rpiwg;gJ MFkhdJ.
mf;fhy mwpQHfshf ,Ue;j Ky;yh Kghuf; mtuJ kfd; mGy; go;y; vDk; ,U cykhf;fSk;
jhd; mf;gH topnfl;Lr; nry;tjw;F fhuzkhapdH. ,f;fhy cykhf;fs; ehj;jpfUf;F vjpuhfTk;>
RaeykpfSf;F vjpuhfTk; NghuhLk; jpwd; mw;wpUe;jdH. jhd; rhuhj rkaf; FOf;fis fhgpH>
gh]pf; vd gj;th nfhLg;gtHfshf ,Ue;jdH.
,j;jifa cykhf;fSf;F> mtHfs; tpLk; jtWfis tpsf;fp rpH`pe;J mtHfs; fbjq;fis vOjpdhH.
jdJ ez;gHfSf;F ed;ikia Vtp> jPikiaj; jLf;FkhWk;> nghJkf;fSf;F \uPM gw;wpa mwpit
toq;FkhWk; tw;GWj;jpf; fbjq;fis vOjpdhH.
fp.gp. 1579y; mf;gupd; mur Fy cykhf;fs; 'mf;gH kpfTk; ePjpahdtH> kpf;f mwpT
Qhdk; cilatH> jf;th mjpfk; cilatH. Mjyhy; cykhf;fs; fUj;J Kud;gLk; tplaq;fspy; ,Wjpj;
jPHg;G toq;Fk; jifik Fwpj;Jk; mf;gUf;F cz;L vd;Wk; gj;th toq;fpdH.
,e;epfo;T %d;W tpisTfisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jJ.
1. jPNd ,yh`p mwpKfk; nra;ag;gly;
,];yhk; mwpKfkhfp 1000 tUlq;fs; fope;jpUg;gjhy; Gjpa rkak; xd;W mtrpak; vd;W
epahak; fw;gpf;fg;gl;L jPNd ,yh`p mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. jPNd ,yh`p vd;gJ ,];yhk;
jtpHe;j ,e;jpahtpYs;s Vida rkaq;fspypUe;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;;l rpe;jidfspd;>
fUj;Jf;fspd; fyg;glkhFk;.
mf;gupd; fhyj;jpy; 18 NgH kl;LNk ,jidg; gpd;gw;wpdH vd;Wk; ,f;fhyj;jpy; mf;gH
$l ,jw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fhjjhy; rpH`pe;J ,J gw;wp myl;bf; nfhs;stpy;iy.
2. ,];yhkpa ek;gpf;ifia tpkHrpf;Fk; cykhf;fs; muritapy; GFe;J nfhz;lik.
-' -~ vd;gij ,tHfs; epuhfupf;fhj NghJk; ,];yhj;jpd; Vida ek;gpf;iffis epuhfupj;jdH.
cjh: gpugQ;rj;ij my;yh`; gilj;jik
kyf;Ffs; cs;sik
kWikapy; vOg;gg;gly;
egpj;Jtk;
cyfk; mopahjJ vd;Wk; Md;kh kPz;Lk;> kPz;Lk; gpwf;Fk; vd;Wk; $wpdH.
egpfshiuAk; mtHfs; tpkupf;fj; jtwtpy;iy. `yhy;> `uhk; vd;gtw;iw cjhrPdk; nra;jdH.
,f;fUj;Jf;fis Vw;fhjtHfis mtkhdg;gLj;jpdH> rpiwapy; milj;jdH.
3. \uPMtpd; mbg;gilapy; mike;j ehl;by; epytpa rl;lq;fis mf;gH khw;wpaikj;jhH.
O ]fhj;> [p];ahit xopj;jhH.
O kJ> #J> tpgrhuk; vd;gtw;iw mq;fPfupj;jhH.
O gRf;fis mWg;gijj; jLj;jhH
O tpN\l jpdq;fspy; kpUfq;fs; mWf;fg;gLtij jLj;jhH
O [{k;M Fj;ghtpy; egp (]y;) mtHfspd; ngaiuf; $Wtijf; iftpl;lhH.
O `p[;up fyz;liu iftpl;lhH
O ,];yhj;ijAk; mwG nkhopiaAk; fw;gpg;gijg; Gwf;fzpj;jhH
,Nj fhyg;gFjpapy; ,e;J rka rPHjpUj;j Kaw;rpfs; Muk;gpj;jd. K];ypk;fs; jk; rkaf;
flikfisAk; rlq;FfisAk; epiwT nra;a mDkjp kWf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; ,e;Jf;fSf;F Cf;Ftpg;G
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
mf;gH ,we;j NghJ rpH`pe;Jf;F 40 tajhFk;. rpH`pe;jpd; rPHjpUj;jg;gzp Fwpg;ghf
[`hq;fPupd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; jhd; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.
fp.gp. 1605y; kd;dH [`hq;fPH gjtpNaw;whH. ,g;gjtpf;Fg; Nghl;bahsHfs;
cUthfpajhy; [`hq;fPH jdf;F mg;gjtpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf \uPMtpd; rl;lq;fis
eilKiwg;gLj;j> mKy;gLj;j eltbf;iffis vLg;gjhff; $wp K];ypk; mwpQHfspd; Mjuitg; ngw;W
rpk;khrdj;jpy; mkHe;jhH.
[`hq;fPH jdJ thf;FWjpia epiwNtw;Wthuh vd;gJ gw;wp rpH`pe;Jf;F re;Njfk;
,Ue;jJ. Mjyhy; Kjy; fl;lj;jpy; [`hq;fPiu mZFtijj; jtpHj;J mtHfis; #o cs;s mwpQHfSld;
tha;g;Gf; fpilf;Fk; Nghnjy;yhk; [`hq;fPUf;F cgNjrq;fis toq;FkhW fbjq;fis vOjpdhH.
[`hq;fPupd; Mrpupauhd ]j;H < [`hd;> murit mwpQuhd fhd; < [`hd; vd;NghUf;F fbjk;
mDg;gp kd;dupd; cs;sj;jpy; ='~=' -~' .- rpe;jidfis tYg;gLj;JkhW Nfl;Lf; fbjk;
vOjpdhH. jdf;F MNyhrid $w ehd;F cykhf;fis epakpf;f [`hq;fPH fUjpdhH.
mr;re;jHg;gj;jpy; [`hq;fPiu rpk;khrdj;jpy; mkHj;j mUk; ghLgl;l nra;f; guPj; ) ~- _-~ (
vd;gtUf;F jFjpAk; jf;thTk; cs;s cykhit khj;jpuk; MNyhrfuhf epakpf;ff; Nfl;L fbjk;
vOjpdhH. ,ijg; NghyNt murpd; caH epiy cj;jpNahfj;jHfSf;F \uPMit capHg;gpf;f Kbe;j
midj;ijAk; nra;AkhW fbjk; vOjpdhH.
[`hq;fPH E}H[`hid jpUkzk; nra;jjhy; mtH rhHe;j FLk;gk; murpy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wJ.
mtHfs; \PMf;fisg; gpd;gw;wpajhy; mjd; jhf;fk; ='~=' -~' .- tpYk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
[`hq;fPH gjtpNaw;W Muk;g fhyj;jpy; mofp E}H[`hid kzk; Kbj;jhH. mts; jdJ fztd;
kPJ Mokhd nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;jpdhs;. jdJ rNfhjuidg; gpujkuhfTk;> jdJ je;ijia murit
cWg;gpduhfTk; epakpf;fr; nra;jhs;. ,J Kjy; \PMf;fspd; nry;thf;F muritapy; mjpfupj;jJ. ,jid
vjpHnfhs;s rpH`pe;jpd; eltbf;if vOj;j NghJ rpH `pe;jpd; eltbf;iffs; muRf;F mr;RWj;jyhf
mikfpwJ vd;W [`hq;fPuplk; Kiwapl;ldH. Mjyhy; 1619y; rpH`pe;J muritf;F miof;fg;gl;L
kd;ddpd; Kd; tprhupf;fg;gl;lhH. rpH`pe;jpd; gjpyhy; jpUg;jpAwhj [`hq;fPH mtiu rpiwapy;
milj;jhH.
,tH rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;likf;F ,uz;L fhuzq;fs; $wg;gLfpd;wd.
1. ,tuJ gjpy; kd;dUf;F jpUg;jpaspj;j NghJk; KiwaPl;lhsHfisj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
Ntz;b.
2. kd;dUf;F R[{j; nra;atpy;iy vd;gjdhy;.
rpH`pe;J rpiwapy; jdJ gzpiaj; njhlHe;jjhy; rpiwf;ifjpfs; ,];yhj;ij Vw;wdH. rpe;`pe;J
rpiw tho;f;ifia nghWikNahL mDgtpj;jhuy;yhJ mjw;nfjpuhf eltbf;if vLj;jjhfj; njupatpy;iy.
tuyhw;iw Nehf;Fk; NghJ Md;kPf rPHjpUj;jj;ij kl;Lk; ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L nraw;gl;ltHfSf;F
Ml;rpahsHfshy; gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gl;ljpy;iy. Mdhy; r%f rPHjpUj;jj;ijAk; ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L
nraw;gl;ltHfs; nghJthf rpiwapy; milf;fg; bl;bUf;fpd;wdH.
rpH`pe;J xU tUl rpiwj; jz;lidf;Fg; gpd; tpLjiy nra;agl;L muritf;F miof;fg;gl;lH.
[`hq;fPH mtiu nfsutpj;J gwpKjy; nra;ag;gl;l mtuJ nrhj;Jf;fis jpUg;gpf; nfhLj;J
md;gspg;ghf gzKk; toq;fpdhH. jdJ tPl;Lf;Fr; nry;yyhk; my;yJ muritf; Fyhj;jpdUld;
jq;fpapUf;fyhk; vd mtUf;F mDkjpaspj;jhH. rpH`pe;J ,uz;lhtij njupT nra;jhH. [`hq;fPiu
mbf;fb re;jpf;Fk; tha;g;G rpH`pe;Jf;F fpilj;jJ. mjidg; gad;gLj;jp FHMd;> Rd;dh> \uPM
gw;wp tpsf;fpapUf;Fk; tha;g;igg; ngw;whH.
,jd; tpisthf jhd; Gjpjhff; ifg;gw;wpa gFjpapy; [`hq;fPH \uPM rl;lj;ij mKy;gLj;j
eltbf;if vLj;jhH. K];ypk; ngz;fis K];ypky;yhNjhH tpthfk; Guptij jLj;jhH. `p[;up fyz;liu
kPz;Lk; mwpKfk; nra;jhH. ehzaq;fspy; ,];yhkpa RNyhfq;fisg; gjpj;jhH. mwG nkhop
fw;gpg;gij Cf;Ftpj;jhH.
rpH`pe;J ,f;fhyj;jpy; jdp kdpjdhfNt ghLgl;bUf;fpwhH. nghJthf fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;
jhd; ,af;fq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. Md;kPf ,af;fq;fs; fhydpj;Jtj;jpw;F Kd;Ng Njhw;wk;
ngw;wd. Vnddpy; mJ Md;kPf rPHjpUj;jj;ij kl;LNk fUj;jpw; nfhz;bUe;jJ. Mdhy;
fhydpj;Jtj;jpd; gpd; r%f rPHjpUj;j ,af;fq;fNs Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
j]t;Tg; Jiwapy; GFe;Js;s ,];yhkpa rpe;jidf;F Kud;gl;l mk;rq;fis vLj;Jf; fhlLtjpy;
mf;fiw nrYj;jpdhH. egp toapy; ,Ue;J vt;thW jwt;Tg; J}ukhfpr; nry;fpwJ vd;gijr; Rl;bf;
fhl;bdhH. #gp] tuyhw;wpy; Kjd; Kiwahf ,tNu #gp] mDgtq;fs; gw;wp tpkHrd uPjpahf
fye;JiuahbdhH vd;gH.
#gp] Qhdpfspd; mDgtq;fspy; ....... gz;GfisAk; tpsf;fpdhH. egp
topiaAk; #gp] topiaAk; xg;G Nehf;fp fhz;gpj;J egp topapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid tpsf;fpdhH.
#gpj;Jtj;jpw;Fs; GFe;Js;s ,];yhk; my;yhj rpe;jidfisAk; eilKiwfisAk; kpfj; Jzpthf
tpkHrpj;jhH. t`;jJy; T[{j; Nfhl;ghl;il fLikahf tpkHrpj;jhH.
,];yhkpa rpe;jidapy; mJ Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;ij Rl;bf; fhl;bdhH. t`;jJy; T[{j; Nfhl;ghl;il
tpl \uPM Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ vd;gijAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;bdhH. mtuJ rPHjpUj;jg; gzpfSs; t`;jJy;
T[{j; Nfhl;ghl;il tpkHrpj;J ,];yhj;jpw;F Gj;JapH Cl;ba gzpNa NkyhdJ vd;W fUJtH. t`;jJy;
T[{j; Nfhl;ghl;Lf;Fg; gjpyhf t`;jJ\; \{`{j; Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;itj;jhH.
fhydpj;Jtj;jpw;F Kd; Md;kPf uPjpahd tpopg;GzHT Njitg;gl;lJ. me;jf;fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j
kpfg; ngupa rthy; t`;jJy; T[{j; Mf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; r%f vOr;rpapy; \h`; typAy;yh`;tpd;
topKiw tpj;jpahrkhdJ.


mypfhH gy;fiyf;fofk;
1857y; NrH nra;apj; m`;kj; fhd; xU rhjhuz ,opfpjuhf ,Ue;jtH. mjd; gpd;dH jhd;
rpe;jid khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. K];ypk;fspd; Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzpfis gpd;tUkhW ,dk;fz;lhH.
1. jiyikj;Jtk; ,d;ik
2. Nghuhl Nghjpa tsk; ,d;ik
3. Mq;fpNyaH mtHfSf;Fr; rhHghfr; nraw;glhik
K];ypk; r%fk; jd;dk;gpf;ifapoe;J ,Ue;jJ. (%d;W tUlq;fs; K];ypk;fSf;F by;ypf;F tu
Kbahj epiy ,Ue;jJ) ,g;gpd;dzpapy; jhd; r%f vOr;rpia tpUk;gpdhH. ,jw;fhf Mq;fpNyaUld;
,ize;J> my;yJ rhHghf nraw;gly; Ntz;Lk; vdf; fUjp Mq;fpNyaUf;Fr; rhHghf E}y; vOjp
mtHfisg; Gfo;e;J neUf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhH.
NrH nra;apj; m`;kj; fhdpd; gzpfs; mypfhH ,af;fk; vdg;gLfpwJ. ,tuJ nra;wghLfs;
tpkupf;fg;glj; njhlq;fpaJ. vdpDk; 'K];ypk; r%fj;jpd; rpe;jidapy; xU khw;wk; Njit vd;gij
Kjypy; nrhd;dtH ,tHjhd; vd my;yhkh ,f;ghy; Fwpg;gpl;lhH.
,tiu Mq;fpNyaupd; ifahs; vd;wdH. ,tH xU gFj;jwpT rpe;jidahsH. vdNt> ,tH rpy
`jP];fisAk; epuhfupj;jhH. cjh: [p`hj; gw;wpa Gjpa tpsf;fq;fis mspj;jhH.
Mq;fpyj;jpw;F Kd;Dupik nfhLj;jjhy; r%fj;jpy; ,tH kPjhd ntWg;G Vw;gl;lJ. ,tH
gioikthjpAk; $l. cjh: gHjh fl;lhak; vd;whH. ngz;fs; gbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;whH.
,tuJ vy;yh nraw;ghl;ilAk; vjpHf;fpd;w xU FO cUthdJ.
NrH nra;apj; m`;kj; fhd; 1857 rpg;gha;f; fofj;jpd; gpwF K];ypk; r%fj;ij GjpanjhU
Nfhzj;jpy; rpe;jpf;fj; J}z;bdhH. Fwpg;ghf Mq;fpNyaH rhH rpe;jidA+lhfNt r%f
Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Kd;ndLf;f KbAk; vd;W mtH fUjpdhH. mjdhy; Mq;fpNyaUld; ey;Ywitg;
NgzpdhH.
khwpr; nry;fpd;w #oYf;F Vw;g ,];yhj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtH
fUjpajw;F Vw;g `jP];fis tpl gFj;jwpTf;F mtH Kd;Dupik nfhLj;jhH.
,it fhuzkhf mtiu Mjupg;gtHfis tpl vjpHg;gtHfspd; vz;zpf;ifNa mjpfupj;jpUe;jJ.
K];ypk; r%f ey Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf mtH Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfs; kf;fs; Vd; vjpHj;jhHfs; vd;gJk;
Nehf;fNtz;banjhd;whFk;. Fwpg;ghf tuyhw;wpy; rPHjpUj;jthj ,af;fq;fs; vy;yhk; Kjy;
fl;lj;jpy; vjpHg;igNa re;jpj;Js;sd. ,t;topKiw mypfhH ,af;fj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhdNj.
1857 Kjy; mtH Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs; K];ypk; r%fj;jpd; mjpUg;jpiag; ngw;wpUe;jd.
gpupj;jhdpa murpd; ifahs; vd;W fUjpdH. Mq;fpyf; fy;tpiaAk; fyhrhuj;ijAk; ghuhl;b
gpurhuk; nra;tjw;F muR rk;gsk; nfhLj;J mtiu epakpj;J ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W gyH fUjpdH.
mtH xU gFj;jwpTthjp vd;gjhy; Nkehl;L rpe;jid top ,];yhkpa fUj;JfSf;F tpsf;fkspf;f
Kaw;rpj;jhH. Mjyhy; K];ypk; mwpQHfs; kl;Lkd;wp K];ypk; nghJkf;fs; $l mtiu
Mjupf;ftpy;iy.
1857 fytuj;jpd; gpd; K];ypk;fspd; murpay; cupikfs; gwpf;fg;gl;L> nghUshjhu
eyd;fSk; cjhrPdk; nra;ag;gl;bUe;jjhy; gpupb\hiu MjupAq;fs; vd;w NrH nra;apj; m`;kj;
fhdpd; Nfhupf;if kf;fshy; vjpHf;fg;gLtJ jtpHf;f KbahjhFk;.
K];ypk;fspy; rpyH gpd;gw;wpa rka rpe;jidfSf;F Kud;gLfpd;w eilKiwfis NrH
nra;apj; m`;kj; fhd; tpkHrpj;jhH. ,jdhy; gyH mtH kPJ ntWg;Gf; nfhz;bUe;jdH.
,it mypfhH ,af;fj;jpw;F MjuT fpilf;fhikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; MFk;.
K];ypk; r%fj;jpy; ,Ue;j tWikAk;> fy;tpapd;ikAk;> %lek;gpf;iffSk;> nraw;jpwdw;w
jd;ikAk; mtHfsJ kdg;ghq;if Njf;fepiyia milar; nra;jpUe;jd. ,jdhy; NrH nra;apj; m`;kj; fhid
mtHfshy; Gupe;J nfhs;sNth> gpd;gw;wNth Kbatpy;iy.
gz;ila fhy ngUikiag; Ngrpf; nfhz;bUe;j K];ypk;fs; epfo;fhyk;> vjpHfhyk; gw;wp
rpe;jpf;f Kd;tutpy;iy. Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tpiaAk; ehfupfj;ijAk; nghUj;jtiu ,];yhj;NjhL ,ize;J nry;y
Kbtjpy;iy vd;w FWfpa kdg;ghq;F rka rhHgw;w rpe;jidiaAk;> tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tpAk;
,];yhj;jpw;F Vw;Gilajy;y vd;w fUj;J ,e;jpa kf;fsplk; ,Ue;jd.
Muk;gj;jpy; cUJ nkhop (jha; nkhop) %yk; fy;tp epiy Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;W fUjpa NrH nra;apj; m`;kj; fhd; ,q;fpyhe;J nrd;W jpUk;gpa gpd; Mq;fpy nkhop
%yf; fy;tpia tpUk;gpdhH. ,jdhy; NrH nra;apj; m`;kj; fhd; cUJ nkhopf;F vjpuhdtH vd;w
fUj;J kf;fsplk; Njhd;wpaJ. ,jdhy; NrH nra;apj; m`;kj; fhd; Kd;itj;j fUj;Jf;fis rPHJ}f;fpg;
ghHf;Fk; kNdh epiyapy; kf;fs; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. mjdhy; jhd; kf;fs; mtiu vjpHj;jdH.
fhyj;jpd; Njitf;F Vw;w fy;tp nghJkf;fSf;F toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJNt NrH nra;apj;
m`;kj; fhdpd; epiyg;ghlhFk;. Nuhg;gpaf; fy;tpiaf; fw;gJ vd;gJ mwpahikf;F rkNk vd;W
fUjpdH.
,e;jpa K];ypk;fs; fy;tpj; Jiwapy; Nkk;ghL mila Ntz;Lk;. mJNt midj;J JiwfspYk;
Kd;Ndw mbg;gil vd;W mtH fUjp mtH xU Muk;g ghlrhiyiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhH. mq;F
Mq;fpyk; xU Kf;fpa ghlkhff; fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Nkw;fpypUe;J tUfpd;w fy;tpAk; fyhrhuj;ijAk; K];ypk;fs; fw;gpg;gNjhL
Mq;fpNyaUf;F tpRthrkhf ele;J ,e;Jf;fNshL ew;GwNthL tho;tjd; %yNk ,e;jpa K];ypk;fs;
Kd;Ndw;wk; milayhk; vd;W fUjpdhH. ,jw;fhfNt> mtH xU fy;tp epiyaj;ij Muk;gpj;jhH.
mf;fy;Y}upapd; ,yl;rpaj;ijg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jpdhH.
O ,sk; jiyKiwapdH Ra Njitiag; G+Hj;jp nra;tjw;fhf xUtUf;nfhUtH JizahfTk;
xUtUf;nfhUtH jq;fpAk; epw;gNjhL jk;ik jpahfk; nra;aTk;> jkJ fz;zpaj;ij fhf;fTk;
Kaw;rp nra;J ,oe;j jkJ GfioAk;> mjpfhuj;ijAk;> fz;zpaj;ijAk; fhj;jy;.
O etPd topKiwapy; rpe;jpj;J jkJ fy;tpiaAk; fyhrhuj;ijAk; fhg;gtHfshf khWjy;.
O jkJ FWfpa kdg;ghd;ikiaAk;> gf;fr; rhHigAk; gadw;w gof;f tof;fq;fisAk; fld; ngw;w
rpe;jidfisAk; xJf;fp tpLjy;.
O etPd fy;tpiaf; fw;gjd; Clhf Gjpa rpe;jidfs; ngw;W jk;ik tYg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;.
O Gjpa ,e;jpahitf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; Mf;fG+Htkhd> RWRWg;ghd nraw;ghLfisf;
nfhz;ltuhapUj;jy;.
Gj;jfg; G+r;RfshfTk;> njhopy; NjLNthuhfTk; md;wp jkJ MSikia tsHg;gtHfshf
khztHfs; ntsptu Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ kw;nwhU ,yf;fhFk;.
K];ypk; r%fj;ij jiyik jhq;fp topelj;Jk; jpwik nfhz;ltHfshf Mf;Fjy; vd;gNj mtuJ
mypfhH ,af;fj;jpd; ,yl;rpaq;fshf ,Ue;jd.
,e;jpa K];ypk;fspd; fy;tp gpd;tUk; gz;Gfis Vw;gl;ljhf cs;sJ vd;whH.
,];yhk; Nghjpf;Fk; rNfhjuj;Jtj;ij jUtjhfTk; K];ypk;fs; jdp xU FOtpdH vd;gijAk;
mtHfs; ,e;jpahtpy; jdp xU Njrj;jtHfs; vd;w cupikiaAk; ngw;W tho Ntz;Lk;. FHMid tpsq;f
mwG my;yJ ghurPf nkhopiaf; fw;f Ntz;Lk;. fy;tpj; jpl;lj;jpy; Md;kPf> mwptpay; Jiw
tsHr;rpf;Fg; NghyNt ngsjPf clypd; tsHr;rp mtrpak; vd;gjhy; tpisahl;Lj; JiwAk; cs;slf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
,];yhk; tpUk;Gk; gz;Gfis Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf jkJ gioa fy;tpj; jpl;lj;ijg;
Gwe;js;sp Nkw;fpypUe;J te;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;w Gjpa fy;tpj; jpl;lj;ij gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;.
Ml;rpahsHfSld; ,zf;fkhf ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;whH.
,q;fpyhe;Jf;Fr; nrd;W mq;Fs;s fy;tpj; jpl;lj;ij Muha;e;jhH. Nfk;gpupl;[; juj;jpyhd
xU gy;fiyf;fofk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd mtH rpe;jpj;jhH.
jdJ kf;fs; Mq;fpyf; fy;tpia gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fshy; vjpg;gH vd;W mtH fUjpdhH.
1. Mq;fpyk; fhgpHfspd; nkhop
2. ,isQHfis ,];yhj;jpypUe;J J}ukhf;fp ehj;jpfj;jpd; ghy; ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;;.
3. Mq;fpyj;ij tpl kf;fs; mwigAk; ghurPfj;ijAk; tpUk;gpdH.
4. K];ypk;fsplk; ,Ue;j tWik
K];ypk;fspilNa etPd fy;tpia tsHg;gjw;fhf fpilf;Fk; tha;g;Gf;fis vy;yhk; gad;gLj;jpf;
fw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; jhd; ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F Nkw;nfhz;l tp[ak; gw;wpAk; Nfk;gpupl;[;
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; rpwg;G gw;wpAk; ghlj;jpl;lk; gw;wpAk; gj;jpupifapy; fl;Liufis vOjpdhH.
mypfhH fy;Y}upiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;J Neubahf fy;tp toq;Fk; eltbf;ifapy; <Lgl;lhH.
,e;jpahtpy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUfpd;w gz;ila fy;tp ... Kiw jdpj;Jtj;ijAk;> gad;ghl;ilAk;>
cj;Ntfj;ijAk; ,oe;Js;sJ vd;Wk; Mjyhy; ,e;jpa K];ypk;fs; jkJ muRupikia ,oe;jhHfs; vd;Wk;
mtH rpe;jpj;jhH.
mjd; fhuzkhf fy;tp vd;gJ ajhh;j;jkhdjhfTk; eilKiwr; rhj;jpakhdjhfTk; mika Ntz;Lk;
vd rpe;jpj;jhH. ,e;jpa K];ypk;fs; jkJ r%f> nghUshjhu eyd;fis Nkk;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; mur
cj;jpNahfj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Mq;fpy nkhopiaf; fw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;whH. Muk;g fy;tp
jha;nkhop ClhfNt fw;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. K];ypk;fs; Vw;fdNt tsHj;jpUe;j tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tpia
Nuhg;gpaH tpUj;jpailar; nra;Js;sdH. mtw;iwf; fw;gjd; Clhf ehk; ,oe;j mj;Jiwapy;
kPz;Lk; <LgLtjw;F tha;g;Gf; fpilf;Fk; Nkw;fpd; fy;tpj; jhgdq;fis epfHj;j ghlrhiyfs; gy
gFjpfspYk; epWtg;gl Ntz;Lk;. fy;tpj; jhgdq;fs; murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;J KOikahf tpLgl;L
Rje;jpukhf nraw;gl;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,f;fy;tpj; jhgdq;fs; fhl;Lk; jpwikapd; mbg;gilapy;
muR mtw;Wf;F ed;nfhilfis toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
Nuhg;gpa ghzpapyhd fy;tpAk; NrHj;J ,];yhkpa fy;tpAk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mjd;
%ykhfj;jhd; kpjkhf rpe;jpf;fpd;w khztHfisAk; mwpQHfisAk; Njhw;Wtpf;f KbAk;. ,jid
milaj;jf;fjha; mtH MOA College vd;w ngaupy; mypfhiuj; Njhw;Wtpj;j NghJ K];ypk; fy;tp
khehLfisAk; elhj;jp tpopg;gilar; nra;jhH.

,f;fy;tp epiyaj;jpd; ,yl;rpaj;ij gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;lhH.
O K];ypk; r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW JiwrhHe;j Fuiy xypf;fr; nra;tjw;fhd Nkilahf K];ypk;fSf;F
kj;jpapy; Gjpa rpe;jid xd;iwg; GFj;Jjy;.
O K];ypk; r%fj;jpd; gue;jstpy; Gjpa fy;tpiaAk; Gjpa rpe;jidfisAk; mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.
O kf;jg;> kj;u]h vdg;gLk; K];ypk;fspd; fy;tp epiyaq;fspd; ghlj;jpl;lj;ij kWrPuikj;jy;.
O K];ypk;fspd; fle;j fhy rhjidfs; gw;wp Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtNjhL ,yf;fpag;
gilg;Gf;fs;> milahsr; rpd;dq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; ghJfhj;jy;.
K];ypk;fspd; fy;tp khehl;il Nkw;Fwpj;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf kl;Lkd;wp murpaw;
rpe;jidfisg; gug;Gtjw;Fk; gad;gLj;jpdH. ,jdhy; gpupb\; muR 1890 Kjy; ve;j xU mur
cj;jpNahfj;jUk; fye;J nfhs;sf; $lhJ vd;W jil cj;juT gpwg;gpj;jJ. Mjyhy; K];ypk; fy;tp
khehLfs; murpay; Nkilfshf mika khl;lhJ vd;W khehl;L Vw;ghl;lhsHfs; mwptpj;jhHfs;.
fy;tp khehL gpd;tUk; gzpfis epiwNtw;wpaJ.
O caHfy;tpiaj; njhlu ,q;fpyhe;J nry;gtHfSf;fhf cgfhu epjp toq;Ftij Cf;Ftpj;J
jPHkhdq;fis epiwNtw;wpaJ.
O cs;ehl;by; cs;s Mq;fpy nkhop %ykhf cyff; fy;tpiag; ngwTk; rfha epjpia toq;fpaJ.
O FHMdpaf; fy;tp fw;gjw;F mJ mOj;jk; nfhLj;jJ.
O ehl;bYs;s jha; nkhop %ykhd fy;Y}upfis kWrPuikg;gjw;Fk; Cf;Ftpj;jJ. fhuzk;
Muk;gf; fy;tp Cl;Ltjpy; mit Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jd.
O khztHfSf;fhd ghlE}y;fis vOJtij Cf;Ftpj;jJ.
O mwG nkhopiaf; fw;gpg;gjw;fhf tf;G nrhj;JfspypUe;J ngwg;gLfpd;w epjpia
xJf;FkhW muirf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lJ. Mq;fpy nkhop %ykhd E}y;fis> ,yf;fpaq;fis cUJf;F
nkhopngaHf;f Cf;Ftpj;jJ.
O K];ypk; gy;fiyf;fofk; xd;Wf;fhf kf;fspd; ey;y mgpg;gpuhaj;ij xd;W jpul;l Kaw;rpj;jJ.
O ngz;fspd; fy;tpia Cf;Ftpj;jJ.
O fy;Y}upfspy; tpQ;Qhd tFg;GfisAk;> njhopy;El;gf; fy;tpiaAk; Muk;gpg;gjw;F
Mjutspj;jJ.
O 1889y; my`ghj; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; ghlE}y; gl;baypUe;J nfhf;]; vd;gtH vOjpa
',e;jpahtpy; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpia epWTjy; vd;gij ePf;fp tpLkhW gzpj;jJ.
O ngz;fspd; fy;tpia tpUj;jp nra;tjw;nfd;Nw xU jdpg;gpupT fy;tp khehl;by;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
O NrH nra;apj; m`;kj; fhd; Njhw;Wtpj;j fy;Y}upapd; tsHr;rpia Cf;Ftpj;jNjhL NrH
nra;apj; m`;kj; fhdpd; ngaupy; xU Cf;Ftpg;G epjpia Muk;gpj;jdH.
O mfpy ,e;jpa K];ypk; yPf; 1906y; Njhw;wk; ngw;wikAk; fy;tp khehl;bd; xU tpisT
vd;gH.





my;yhkh ,f;ghy;
1877 etk;gH 09k; jpfjp rpay;Nfhl;by; gpwe;J 1938 Vg;uy; 21k; jpfjp ,we;jhH.
,tuJ Kd;NdhH fh\;kPupy; tho;e;jdH. ,tHfs; gpuhkdHfspd; ]g;U Nfhj;jpuj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfs;.
17k; E}w;whz;by; ,];yhj;ij Vw;wdH. ,tuJ ghl;ldhH uhgpf; fh\;kPupy; rpay; Nfhl;by; 19k;
E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gg; gFjpapy; FbNawpdhH.
je;ij ~~=~ - _-~ xU tpahghup. ijay; fiyapy; if NjHe;jtH. Fwpg;ghf gHjhTf;fhd
NghHlH nra;tjpy; Mw;wy; kpf;ftH. ,tH xU #gp. Xa;T Neuq;fspy; #gp QhdpfSld; cwit
itj;Jf; nfhz;lhH. mwpitj; Njbg; gbj;jhH. mtuJ ez;gHfs; mtiu ghlk; gbf;fhj gz;bjH vd
mioj;jdH.
,tuJ jha; ,khk; gPgp Mo;e;j rkag; gw;Ws;stH. FHMd; kj;u]htpy; fpilf;Fk; mwpit
kl;Lk; ngw;wtH.
,tuJ je;ij nghUshjhuk; ,y;yhjtH. Mdhy; %j;j rNfhjuH ,uhZtj;jpy; NrHe;J xU
nghwpapaw; fy;Y}upapy; fy;tpa gapd;W nkfdpfy; ,d;[pdpauhf ,uhZtj;jpy;
gzpahw;wpajhy; nghUs; tsk; fpilj;jJ. mtNu ,f;ghypd; caH fy;tpf;fhf nryT nra;jhH.
,sikapy; kj;u]hTf;F mDg;g;gl;lhH. mjid elj;jpatH nra;apj; kPH `]d; vd;gtH MthH.
mk;kj;u]htpy; rkag;ghlq;fSld; mwG> ghurPf nkhopfisAk; fw;gpf;fg;gl;ld. ,tH NrH
nra;apj; m`;kj; fhdpd; mypfhH gy;fiyf;fofj;jhy; ftug;gl;ltH. ,e;j MrpupaUk; ,f;ghypd;
je;ijAk; ez;gHfshtH. mtupd; Ntz;LNfhis Vw;Wj;jhd; ,f;ghiy mtuJ je;ij $.oti. Mission
College ,w;F mDg;gp itj;jhH. mjpy; NjHr;rp ngw;w mtH khiyapy; nra;apj; kPH `]dpd;
tPl;by; mwG> ghurPfk;> cUJf; ftpijfisf; fw;whH. ,f;fy;Y}upapy; khztuhf ,Uf;Fk; NghNj
cUJ nkhopapy; ,f;ghy; ftpijfis ahj;jhH.

FLk;g tuyhW
1892y; fuPkh gPgp vd;w ngz;izj; jpUkzk; nra;jhH. %d;W gps;isfs; fpilj;jdH.
,tHfspy; my;jhg; ,f;ghy; yz;ld; nrd;W gup];lH gl;lk; ngw;W NyaH MdhH.
mjpa;ah Ngfj;Jld; Nerkhf gofpdhH. ,jdhy; fuPkh gPgpAld; gpur;rpid Vw;gllJ.
Mdhy; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s tpUk;gtpy;iy. mjpa;ah Ngfk; xU gpuG tk;rg; ngz;.
,uz;lhk; tpthfk; 1909y; ]HjhH Ngfk; vd;w ngz;izj; jpUkzk; nra;jhH. gpd; ,ts; elj;ij
Nkhrkhdts; vd;W jfty; fpilj;jjhy; FLk;gkhf tho tpy;iy.
Kf;jhH Ngfj;ij gpd; jpUkzk; nra;jhH. Mdhy; gps;is fpilf;ftpy;iy. 'vdJ tho;it tPzhf;fp
tpl;BH vd ,iwtdplk; KiwapLNtd; vd;W ]HjhH Ngfk; fbjk; vOjpdhs;. mjd; gpd; rpe;jpj;j
my;yhkh ,f;ghy; kPz;Lk; mtSld; ,ize;J tho;e;jhH. ,tuJ gps;isNa [htpj; ,f;ghy; MFk;.
,tH NyhaH njhopy; nra;jhH. ,jd; %yk; tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gil njhifia kl;LNk
rk;ghjpj;jhH. mjdhy; Neuk; fpilj;jJ. E}y;fis thrpj;jhH.
filrpapy; M];kh Neha; Vw;gl;L rpukg;gl;lhH. muR ed;nfhilaspj;jJ. ez;gHfs;
cjtpdH.
nghJthf fpof;fpd; Md;kPfKk; Nkw;fpd; Ma;Tk; ,ize;j r%fk; Njit vd;gNj ,tuJ ,yf;F. ,];yhkpa
r%f vOr;rpf;F ,JNt mtrpak;.
my;yhkh ,f;ghy; xU rpwe;j jj;Jt,ayhsUk; ftpQUk; MthH. .... xUtupd; Gj;jp
QhdKk; ftpQH xUtupd; Md;khTk; ,ize;jpUe;jtH. mtuJ jj;Jt,ay; rpe;jidfSk; ,yf;fpa czHTk;
cyfg; gpurpj;jkhdit. midj;J E}y;fs; cyf nkhopfs; gytw;Wf;F nkhop ngaHf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtH
jj;Jt,ayhsuhf ftpQuhf mwpag;gl;l msT r%f rPHjpUj;jthjpahfNth r%f rpe;jidahsuhfNth
mwpag;gltpy;iy. (\pf;th vd;gJ ,tuJ E}yhFk;)
N[Hkdpiar; NrHe;j fPioj;Nja Ma;thsuhd fyhepjp jpUkjp md;dh Nkup gpd;tUkhW
Fwpg;gpl;lhH. 'mtH xU ,iwj;J}jH my;yhj NghJk; ,iwj;J}jH xUtUf;F ,Uf;Fk; J}ug;ghHit
mtUf;F ,Ue;jJ.
my;yhkh ,f;ghy; m];uhNu Fjp vDk; E}ypy; gpd;tUkhW Fwpj;Js;shH. 'vdf;F
jw;fhyk; gw;wp nrtpkLf;Fk; nrtpg;giw Njitapy;iy. ehd; ehisf;fhf Fuy; nfhLf;Fk; ftpQd;.
vdJ fhyj;jtH vdJ Mokhf fUj;Jf;fisg; Gupa khl;lhHfs;. vdJ A+]{g; jw;fhy re;ijf;F cupatuy;y
mtH ftpQuhf ,Ue;j NghJk; jdJ rpe;jidfis fhtpr; nry;Yk; xU ClfkhfNt ftpj;Jt
Mw;wy;fisg; gad;gLj;jpdH. ,sk; guk;giuapdUf;Fk; xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;Fk; Kd; ,e;j Clfj;jpd;
%yNk cap&l;LfpwhH. my;yhkh ,f;ghy; xU nghOJ Nghf;Ff; ftpQH my;y. fiy fiyf;fhfNt
vd;w rpe;jid mtuplk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. kdpjdpd; ghijapy; ,Ue;J kiwe;j cz;ikfis mtHfSf;F vLj;Jf;
fhz;gpg;gNj ftpQHfspd; gzp vd;W fUjpdhH. jdJ fhyj;jpy; epytpa r%f xOq;Ffis> murpay;
Ruz;liy vjpHj;Jg; NghuhLkhW ,isQHfis Cf;Ftpj;jhH. cyfk; moptpd; tpspk;gpy; ,Ug;gijAk;
kf;fs; mr;rk;> ntWg;G> re;Njfk; vd;gtw;why; Ml;nfhs;sg;gl;bUg;gijAk; mtjhdpj;jhH. rkfhy
tho;f;if KiwapYs;s FiwghLfis ,dk; fz;lhH.
tWik> Ruz;ly;> r%f mePjp> Coy;> ,d Ngjk;> Njrpathjk; Kjyhk; nfhLikfs; r%fj;jpy;
Mokhf nry;thf;F tfpg;gij czHe;jhH. ,tw;wpy; ,Ue;njy;yhk; kdpj rKjhaj;ij kPl;nlLf;f> fpof;F
Nkw;F fyhrhu ngWkhdq;fspd; ,izg;G mtrpak; vd;W fUjpdhH.
fpof;fpd; ek;gpf;ifAk; (<khd;) Nkw;fpd; gFj;jwpTk; ,ize;j xU fyhrhuk; mtrpak;
vd;Wk; fUjpdhH. Kd;khjpup murpay; r%fk; xd;iw Vw;fdNt ,];yhk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpapUe;j
rkj;Jt newpapd; topapy; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F fpof;Fk;> Nkw;Fk; xd;wpizjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;
vLj;Jf;fhl;b mjw;fhd miog;ig tpLj;jhH. nghJ eyd; Ngzhj Raeyj;ij mtH RaeykhfNt
fUjtpy;iy.
kdpjd; ngsjPf cyfpy; v[khd; vd;w epiyapy; jdJ Mw;wiy czHe;J kdpj
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F coif;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUjpdhH. Kjy; ehd;F fyPghf;fspd; fhyj;jpd; gpd;
,];yhkpa czHTk;> fyhrhuKk; rPHFiye;J nry;tijf; fz;L kdk; GYq;fpdhH. ,j;jF xU r%fj;jpd;
Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf ,[;jp`hij ifahz;L GJtop fhz Ntz;Lk; vd typAWj;jpdhH. ,[;jp`hij ifahs;tjd;
%yNk xt;nthU guk;giuAk; jdJ fhy gpur;rpidfis vjpHnfhz;L Kd;Ndw KbAk; vd;W
fUjpdhH.
]`hghf;fspd; kiwTld; fpNuf;f jj;Jt,ay; nry;thf;Fk; ghurPf #gpr (nkQ;Qhd)
nry;thf;Fk; GFe;jjhy; ,];yhkpa r%fk; fPo; Nehf;fp rupa Muk;gpj;jJ vd;gH. FHMdpd;
vspa mZFKiwia ,r;nry;thf;F ngupJk; ghjpj;jJ. K];ypk;fs; FHMd; Maj;fSf;F tpj;jpahrkhd
tpupTiu toq;fpdH. Ml;rpahsHfspd; tpUg;G> ntWg;Gf;F Vw;wthW gj;thf;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld.
kf;fs;kakhd mZFKiwf;F khw;wkhf FbauR ikakhd mZFKiw r%fj;jpy; ,lk; gpbj;jJ. (kf;fs;
eyd; kd;dH eykhf khwpaJ)
mjdhy; my;yhkh ,f;ghy; ,];yhj;jpd; vspikahdJk; J}a;ikahdJkhd rpe;jidf;F
cap&l;Lk; tpjj;jpy; FHMd; Maj;fSf;F tpsf;fk; nrhy;y Kaw;rpj;jhH. mit jw;fhy kdpj
rKjhaj;jpw;F %d;W mk;rq;fs; mtrpaj; Njit vd;W fUjpdhH.
1. gpugQ;rk; gw;wpa Md;kPf uPjpahd tpsf;fk;
2. jdpkdpjdpd; Md;kPf uPjpahd tpsf;fk;
3. rHtNjr Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j rpe;jidfis Md;kPf uPjpahf vOr;rpailar; nra;jy;.
(gpugQ;rk;> kdpjd;> r%fk; Mfpa %d;wpYk; Md;kPfk; nry;thf;Fg; ngw Ntz;Lk;)
etPd kdpjdpd; rlthj rpe;jidg; Nghf;F Md;kPf uPjpahf rpe;jpf;Fk; kuGf;F
khw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtH ,jd; %yk; Rl;bf; fhl;LfpwhH. kdpj r%fk; Md;kPf Nkk;ghl;il
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mikjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W Rl;bf; fhl;LfpwhH.
xU Kd;khjpupahd r%fj;jpw;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba gz;Gfis gpd;tUkhW Rl;bf; fhl;bdhH.
1. Md;kPfj;ij mj;jpghukhff; nfhz;bUj;jy;
2. czHT+l;Lfpd;w jiyikj;Jtk;.
3. jdp kdpj r%f tho;it newpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xU rl;lf; Nfhit.
4. r%f> fyhrhu uPjpahf midj;J tplaq;fisAk; gpujpgypj;J xd;wpizf;ff; $ba xU ikak;
(kf;fh) ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. cs;sk; cliy ,af;FtJ Nghy; ,k;kj;jpa jsk; r%fj;ij top elj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
5. njspthd xU ,yf;F ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
6. tpQ;Qhd fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; Clhf ,aw;ifapd; kPJ Nkyhjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; jpwd;.
7. jhd; epiyehl;ba rhjidfisf; nfhz;L ngUikg;gLk; ,ay;G
8. jha;ikiag; ghuhl;Lk; gz;G.
,tw;iw tpupthf Nehf;fpd;
1. Nkw;Fld; Kuz;gLfpwhH. Nkw;fpy; Md;kPfk; vd;gJ gilj;jtDf;Fk; jdpg;gl;l
kdpjDf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwT. Mdhy; ,];yhk; r%f uPjpahf Nehf;FfpwJ. Nkw;fpy;
r%fj;jpw;Fk; Md;kPfj;jpw;Fk; njhlHG ,y;iy.
2. kpf Kf;fpakhdJ. egpatHfspd; jiyikapy; jhd; kf;fs; ngUkstpy; khw;wk; ngw;wdH.
3. ,];yhkpa rl;lf; Nfhit ,iwtidj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;JtNj ,yf;fhf; nfhz;lJ. Mdhy; Nkw;fpy; kdpj
Mirfisj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;JtNj rl;;lf; Nfhitapd; ,yf;F. cjh: MZk; ngz;Zk; tpUk;gp
,ize;jhy; Fw;wky;y.
4. kf;fh vd;gJ xU ehl;ilf; Fwpf;ftpy;iy. kf;fs; xd;wpize;J rq;fkpj;Jr; nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
ikaj;jsk; ,y;yhj NghJ xw;Wikg;gLtJ f\;lk;.
5.
6. K];ypk;fs; ,aw;ifapd; kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jhikapdhy; rpy nrhr;rq;fis kl;LNk
ngWfpd;wdH.
7. r`hgh r%fj;ijg; ghuhl;LtJ mjd; ntspg;ghL.
8. jha;ikf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspg;gjd; %yNk rpwe;j r%f cUthf;fk; tUk;.
my;yhkh ,f;ghy; fUJk; Kd;khjpup r%fk; Md;kPfg; ngWkhdq;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;ljhFk;. mg;gpuNjr ,d> nkhop> rlthj rpe;jid> Njrpathjk; vd;gtw;Wf;F
Kud;gl;lJ. NjrpathjKk; Vfhjpgj;jpathjKk; vq;fsJ RtHf;fj;ij mgfupj;J tpl;ld. rNfhjuj;Jtj;ij
mope;J gifikia tpijj;Js;sd vd;W fUJfpwhH.
my;yhkh ,f;ghy; kdpjd; G+uzj;Jtj;ij miltjw;F gpd;tUk; %d;W fl;lq;fisj; jhz;l Ntz;Lk;
vd;W fUJfpwhH. " .~'' '~-`' " vd;w gjj;ij mtH ifahs;fpwhH.
1. rl;lj;jpw;F mbgzpjy;
Vd; vjw;F vd;w Nfs;tp ,d;wp my;yh`;Tf;F> rl;lj;jpw;F mbgzpAk; gz;G.
2. KOikahd Ra fl;Lg;ghL
Mirf;F fl;Lg;glhJ Rakhff; fl;Lg;gly;. " -'- + ~=' ~ - " vd FHMd;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
cjh: Ra fl;Lg;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; j`[;[j;;; njhOif> Nehd;G vd;gd cs;sd.
,it tho;T KOtJk; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
3. ,iwtdpd; gpujpepjp
vkJ tpUg;gk; vd;W xd;W ,y;iy. khwhf my;yh`;tpd; tpUg;gj;jpw;F Vw;g kl;LNk
nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;.
([h`pypa;af; fhyj;jpy; kdpjd; G+uzj;Jtj;ij mila Ntl;ilahLjy;> Aj;jk; vd;gtw;wpy; <Lgl
Ntz;Lk;. #gpj;Jtj;jpy; jd;id mopj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.)
my;yhkh ,f;ghy; fhZk; G+uzj;Jtk; nka;Qhdpfs; fhZk; G+uzj;Jtj;jpypUe;J KOikahf
NtWgl;lJ. kdpjd; jhd; tho;fpd;w r%fj;jpy; ,Ue;J nfhz;Nl G+uzd; Mf Ntz;bAs;shd;.
kdpjj;Jtk; G+uzkiltjw;F nraw; Rje;jpuk; xU Kd; epge;jid vd;gH. mjhtJ mtd;
tpjpahy; fl;Lg;gLgtdy;yd;. tpjpia kdpjd; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpwhd; vd;gNj fUj;J vd my;yhkh
,f;ghy; fUJfpwhH.
kdpjd; jd; tpjpiaj; jhNd Nfl;Lg; ngw Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; tpjpfs; xd;wy;y. gyTs;sd.
mjpy; xd;iw kdpjd; njupT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; kl;LNk kdpjd; jd;idAk; jhd; thOk;
#oiyAk; khw;wpf; nfhs;s KbAk; vd fUJfpwhH.
rkak; Ml;rp nra;fpd;w xU cyifNa my;yhkh ,f;ghy; tpUk;gpdhH. rkak; fhZk;
cz;ikfNs caH ngWkhdk; vd fUjpdhH. mJjhd; mtH Kd;itj;j jj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghlhFk;. ,];yhkpa
Nghjidfis ikakhff; nfhz;bUe;jd. mtH toq;fpa nra;jpfSk; kdpj r%jha Nkk;ghl;il ,yf;fhff;
nfhz;bUe;jd.


K];ypk; ngz;fSk; mgptpUj;jpAk;
K];ypk; ngz;fs; ciog;gjw;F ngz;fSf;F rka uPjpahf VjhtJ jilfs; cs;sdth?
mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ r%f> fyhrhu uPjpahf mika Ntz;Lk;.
ngz;fspd; r%f> fyhrhu nraw;ghLfSf;F ,];yhk; Kl;Lf; fl;il NghLfpwjh? cjh: ngz;
gps;isfis ghlrhiyf;F mDg;ghik.
ngz;fSf;fhd jil vg;NghJ te;jJ?
1. mg;gh]paH fhyk; (me;epaf; fyhrhur; nry;thf;F)
2. fhydpj;Jtf; fhyk;
ngz;fSf;Fj; jiyikj;Jtj;ijg; ngwyhkh?
,yq;ifapy; n[]Pkh ,];kh<y; 'ngz;fs; fhop ePjpgjpfshfTk; gjpgtHfshfTk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd Fuy; nfhLj;jhH. '\hgp kj;`gpd; gb ,e;j ,lq;fspy; ngz;fs; gjtp tfpf;f KbahJ
vdg; gjpy; fpilj;jJ.
xU tPl;by; ngz; jhahf> kidtpahf> gps;isahf Nehf;fg;gLfpwhs;. Mdhy; r%fj;jpy;
,e;epiy ,y;iy.
,q;F Mz;> ngz; vd gpupj;J Nehf;fg;gLtNj gpur;rpid. jf;thtpd; mbg;gilapNy
jiyikj;Jtk; rpwg;ghfr; nraw;gl KbAk;.
ngz;fs; K];ypk; ck;khtpd; xU myNf md;wp> jdpahd xU gpuptpdH my;yH.
FHMd; Rd;dhtpy; ngz; jiyikf;fhd jil ,y;iy vd;w thjk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. egpatHfspd;>
]`hghf;fspd; fhyj;jpy; mt;thwhd Kd;khjpup ,y;iy vd gjpy; $wg;gl;lJ.
r%f mgptpUj;jpapy; K];ypk;fspd; gq;F vDk; NghJ r%fj;jpd; midj;J ey;y
mk;rq;fspYk; ngz;fspd; gq;F ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,d;W mjpfkhd ngz;fNs mNef ghlrhiyfspy; MrpupaHfshff; flikahw;Wfpd;wdH.
,jdhy; Mz; khztHfspd; MSik> Mz;ik tpUj;jpailAkh?
" _-- ` ".... vd;w `jP]{f;fhd tpsf;fk;:
1. <uhdpy; xU ngz; Ml;rp gPlk; Vw Kw;gl;l NghJ> me;j epfo;it xl;bf;
$wg;gl;lJ.
2. tuyhw;wpy; ngz;fs; Ml;rpahsHfshf ,Ue;Js;sdH.
- FHMd; Fwpg;gpLk; gy;fP];
- ghfp];jhd;> gq;fshNj\; Ml;rpahsHfs;.
$l;Lg; gq;fspg;ghfNt ghHf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. jdpj;jdpahf gpupj;J Nehf;fg;glf; $lhJ.

\uPM mq;fPfhuk; toq;Ffpwjh?
jdpj;J Nehf;fg;gl Ntz;Lkh?
jw;NghJ ngz;fs; xJq;fp ,Uf;fpwhHfsh?
,];yhkpa tuyhw;wpy; ngz;fspd; jiyikj;Jtk;
fy;tpj; Jiwapy; ngz;fs;.

,];yhkpaf; FLk;gtpay; (,yq;if> ghfp];jhd;)
1706 ,ypUe;J ,yq;ifapy; jdpahH rl;lk; cs;sJ. 1951y; cs;s rl;lk; jhd; jw;;NghJk;
eilKiwapy; cs;sJ.
1961,y; ghfp];jhdpYk; rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
1706,y; tpthfg; gjpTr; rl;lk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; 1922y; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
vdpDk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glhikapdhy; mJ thg]; ngwg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpahtpYk; 1930y; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
rkaq;fspy; jiyapLtij gpupb\; muR vr;rupf;ifNahL Nehf;fpr; nraw;gl;lJ.
tpthfk; nry;Ygbahf gjpT mtrpakhdjy;y. vdpDk; ,d;W gjpag;gLtJ Vd;?
kuG uPjpahdtHfs; gjpaf; $lhJ vd;Wk; gjptJ gpj;mj; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;ldH.
etPdthjpfs; gjpa Ntz;Lk; vd;wdH.
,yq;ifapy; gjpTr; rl;lk; nfhz;Ltug;gl Kd;Ng fLj;jk; vd;w mikg;G fhzg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;
,J gadw;Wg; NghdJ. fhuzk;:
1. vOjg;gl;l jhspd; jd;ik
2. nyg;igkhupd; xOq;fw;w Nghf;F my;yJ vOJNthupd; ftdaPdk;
1870fspy; rpj;jpnyg;igapd; jiyikapd; fPo; tpthfk; gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd Nfh\k;
vOg;gpdH. %d;W ,lq;fspy; gjpT ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpur;rpidfspd; NghJ rhl;rpahf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;wdH.
kuG uPjpahdtHfs; ,jid vjpHj;jdH.
vdNt> Mq;fpNyaH ,jid tpUg;Gf;Fupajhf khw;wpaJ.
1929y; mf;gH FO tpthfg; gjpT fl;lhakhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd tpje;Jiuj;jJ. mj;Jld; fhop
ePjpkd;wq;fs; mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> oard of Cuazl mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;wdH.
vdNt> 1951y; tpthfk;> tpthfg; gjpT mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
,yq;ifapYs;s gpur;rpidfs; :
FLk;gq;fsp;y; cs;s Coy;
O fs;sj; jpUkzk;
O kidtp iftplg;gly;
O nrhj;Jg; gpur;rpid
O gps;isfspd; jhgupg;Gg; gzk;
,e;jg; gpur;rpidfisj; jPHg;gjw;fhf Ntz;b gy tUlq;fSf;Fk; Nkw;gll Nghuhl;lj;jpd;
tpisthf 1951k; Mz;by; rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. ,jpy; gy khw;wq;fs; nfhz;L tug;llhYk; mbg;gil
khw;wg;gltpy;iy.

tpthfg; gjpT gw;wp FHMd;> Rd;dhtpy; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy; Kf;fpakhd
tplaq;fis vOjp itf;FkhW gzpj;Js;sJ. cjh: fld;> xg;ge;jk;> ...
xU tifapy; ,ghjj;jhf ,Ue;jhYk; r%ftpay; uPjpapy; jpUkzk; xU xg;ge;jk;. vdNt>
gjpag;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,[;jp`hjpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;jj; jPHT ngwg;gl;Ls;sjhy; mjidf; filg;gpbf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
gjpTfs; r%f eyid Nehf;fp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l xU mk;rkhFk;. ,jid czuhky; kuG
uPjpahd cykhf;fs; rl;lj;jpw;Fs; khj;jpuk; ,Uf;fpd;wdH.
tpthfk; vd;gJ NtW> tpthfg; gjpT vd;gJ NtW. tpthfk; Vd;? xU r%fj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;g
rpwe;j FLk;g mikg;gpw;F jpUkzk; mtrpak;.

ghfp];jhdpy; tpthfg; gjpT
1961,y; xU FO mikj;jJ.
1929y; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j rpy tpjpfis Kw;whf epuhfupf;fhkhy; rPHjpUj;jq;fisNa
Nkw;nfhz;L te;jJ.
ghfp];jhdpy; gjpahtpl;lhy; rpiw my;yJ E}W &gha; jz;lk; vd rl;lk; ,lk; nfhLj;jJ.
Mdhy; tpthfk; nry;Ygbaw;wjhfhJ.
ghfp];jhdpa cykhf;fs; gjptij Fw;wkhf fUjtpy;iy. Mdhy; gjpT nra;ahjtUf;F jz;lid
toq;FtJ jtW vd;W fUjpdH. ,jdhy; gy;yhapuk; tpthfq;fs; gjpag;glhky; cs;sd.
1961k; Mz;bd; rl;lk; ghfp];jhdpy; ntw;wp ngwtpy;iy. mjw;F %d;W fhuzq;fs;
1. tpthfj;ijg; gjpahtpl;lhy; tpthfk; uj;jhfhJ.
2. tpthfj;ijg; gjpahtpl;lhy; %d;W khjk; rpiw my;yJ E}W &gha; jz;lk;.
3. tpthfj;ijg; gjpT nra;ahjjdhy; Vw;gLfpd;w tpisTfs; ngUksT jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy.
(kidtpf;Fupa cupikfNsh> gps;isfspd; cupikfNsh iftplg;gltpy;iy)
ghfp];jhid tpl ,yq;ifapy; tpthfg; gjpT $Ljyhf ,lk; ngWfpwJ. fhuzk; mjpfk; gbj;jtHfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wik.

,yq;ifapy; gyjhukzk; :
1. Kjy; kidtpapd; mDkjp ngwg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
2. fhopahuplk; mDkjp ngwg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,jw;F e;J gbtq;fis epug;gp 5 Nguplk; nfhLf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
1. Fwpj;j ngz;
2. Gjpa ngz;zpd; gs;sp bu];b
3. gioa ngz;zpd; gs;sp bu];b
4. gioa ngz;zpd; fhopahH
5. gs;spapy; xU khjk; njhq;f tplg;gly;
,jd; gpd;Ng Nahrpf;fg;gLk;.

ghfp];jhdpy; gyjhukzk; :

oard of Cuazl f;F mg;gPy; gz;zg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mtHfs; ,U jug;gpdiuAk; mioj;J
tprhupf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd; me;jr; rig Njit vd;W KbT fz;lhy; mDkjp toq;fg;gLk;.
,uz;lhk; jpUkzj;jpw;fhd mDkjp toq;ff; fhuzk;:
1. ,e;jg; ngz; Foe;ij ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbahjts; vd;W epWt Ntz;Lk;.
2. cly; uPjpahf FLk;g tho;f;iff;F nghUj;jkpy;yjtshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. ngz; gLf;ifapy; fztid xJf;Fjy;
4. igj;jpakhapUj;jy;
,ij kPwp elf;f Ntz;Lk; vdpy;>
O Kjy; ngz;Zf;F midj;J nrhj;Jf;fisAk; jpUg;gp nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;
O ngz; tpUk;gpdhy; jyhf; nrhy;yyhk;.
O xU tUlk; rpiwj;jz;lid my;yJ ahapuk; &gha; jz;lk;
ahUk; gyjhukzj;ij `whk; vd;W $wtpy;iy. Mdhy; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd epge;jidfis
tpjpf;fpd;wdH.
,yq;ifapy; 8esearch for Women vd;w mikg;G $l epge;jidfis tpjpf;fpd;wdH. ,Nj
epiyjhd; ghfp];jhdpYk; cs;sJ.
Nkw;fj;jpa fhydpj;Jtj;jpd; gpd;Ng ,e;jg; gpur;rpid Vw;gl;lJ. Nkw;fj;jpa
tpkHrdq;fspy; ,Ue;J jk;ikg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s ,e;jr; rpe;jid Vw;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; jhd; kj;jpa
fpof;fpy; ,U gpur;rpid my;y.
FHMd; nrhy;Yk; gyjhukzk; jLf;fg;gl;lhy; r%fj;jpy; gy gpur;rpidfs; Njhd;Wk;.
FLk;gg; ngz; vd;gJ ngz;fSf;Fg; ghJfhg;ghf cs;sJ.
tpthfk; vd;gJ ntWkNd ghypay; czHTld; kl;Lk; Nehf;Fk; Nkw;fj;jpa kugpd; jhf;fk;
egpatHfspd; r%fj; Njit fUjp gyjhukzk;.

jyhf;
`=' -' _ .`='
MZf;F jyhf; nrhy;y fhuzk; mtrpakpy;iy.
,yq;ifapy; 1951k; Mz;L rl;lj;jpd; gb Rakhf jyhf; nrhy;y KbahJ. khwhf fhopahuplk;
tpz;zg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtH xU khjk; mjidj; jLf;f Kaw;rpg;ghH. Kbahtpl;lhy; jyhf;
nrhy;yg;gLk;. (,jd; %yk; fhy mtrhrk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ)
,];yhkpa rl;lj;jpYk; khjtplha; fhyj;jpy; jyhf; nrhy;y KbahJ vd;W $wp fhy mtfhrj;ijf;
nfhLf;fpwJ. ,e;j cupik ngz;Zf;F toq;fg;gltpy;iy.
,yq;ifapy; 1951k; Mz;L rl;lk; jyhf;> g];F vd;w ,U gjq;fis kl;LNk NgRfpd;wJ. Fy;c
mikg;gpy; xU ngz; fhopaplk; Kiwapl;Nl ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
fztd;> kidtp xUikg;gl;L xU ,zf;fj;jpw;F tUtJ KgHuM ) =~ ( vdg;gLfpwJ. gpd;
fhopaplkl; nrd;W $wp tpLtpj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.
ghfp];jhdpy; xUtH ngz;zplk; jyhf; nrhy;y khl;lhH. khwhf Nfhl;Lf;F mwptpg;ghH.
NghHl; mtiu tprhupj;J %d;W khjj;jpw;Fs; Kbit mwptpf;Fk;.
,yq;ifapy; 90 ehl;fspd; gpd;Ng jyhf; nry;YgbahFk;.
fe;Njhupy; cldbahfg; gjpag;gLtjhy; rl;lq;fs; xOq;fhf epHtfpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. 30
jpdq;fspy; ,J Apply gz;zg;gLk;.
rpy Ntis xU jug;gpdH rkhjhdj;jpw;F tuhky; ,Uf;fyhk;. ,q;F fhopahH Kaw;rpg;gijj;
jtpu NtWtopapy;iy.
g];F vd;gJ nghUj;jkw;w tpthfk; ,lk; ngw;why; mJ jhdhf KwpAk;. Mdhy; gjpit
fhjpahH %yk; uj;Jr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

,uz;L ehLfspYk; fhopapd; mjpfhuq;fs; Ngrg;gl;Ls;sd.
ngz; fhop ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W epahak; ngWtjw;fhd mbg;gilfs;
Ngrg;gl;Ls;sJ. cjh:
O gUt tajila Kd; jpUkzk;
O fztd; fhzhky; Nghd NghJ
O fztdhy; Jd;GWj;jg;gLk; NghJ (khdrPf uPjpahf tUj;jg;gl;lhYk; $l)

jhgupg;G
,yq;ifapy; fhopahH jhgupg;G njhifia epHzapg;ghH. mjid mwtpLk; cupik
mtUf;fpy;iy. nfhLf;fhtpl;lhy; fhopah&lhf ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ePjp kd;wk;
Nehl;B]; nfhLf;Fk;. vdNt> nryit nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ jz;lk; kw;Wk; rpiw
18 taJ tiu jhgupg;G toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gbg;gjhf ,Ue;jhy; ,d;Dk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
Kjypy; ePjpaikr;rNu epakpj;jhH. 1962y; tpkHrpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1965y; ePjpkd;w FONt
epakpj;jJ. epakdk; ePjpaikr;rpd; fPo; cgfhuk; cs;ehl;L mikr;rpd; fPo; vd;W
mikr;Rf;fspd; fPo; nraw;gl Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
ruj; vd; rpy;th re;jpupf;fhtpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; nfhLj;j mg;gPypd; gb cgfhuKk;
ePjpaikr;rpd; fPo; te;jJ. mj;Jld; rk;gsKk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.


gaq;futhjk;
1820 1845 tiu 5 Nfhb 90 ,yl;rk; NgH kdpjHfshy; nfhy;yg;gl;Ls;sdH. nrg;. 11y;
cr;r fl;lj;ij mile;jJ. ,jpy; 3000 NgH nfhy;yg;gl;ldH. 2k; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ `pl;yH
A+jHfisf; nfhd;whd;.
vq;F xU jhf;Fjy; ele;jhYk; K];ypk;fs; vd;Nw $wg;gLfpd;wd. gaq;futhjj;jpw;Fk;
,];yhj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd xU gpizg;G tpUk;gpNah> ntWj;Njh Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mbg;gil mjpfhu ntwp gpbj;jtHfis tPo;j;jNt Kaw;rp vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. mjpfhuj;ijf;
ifg;gw;wy; my;yJ gwpj;jy; njhlHghd nraw;ghL MFk;.

nfhLik nra;tJ kdpj ,ay;gh? kdpj ,ay;G ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
1. 'kdpjd; ,ay;ghfNt Nkhrkhdtd; kf;fpahty;yp
fhe;jpAk; $l mfpk;irA+lhf mjpfhuj;ij milaNt Kad;whH.
2. 'kdpjd; ,ay;ghf mg;ghtp. Mdhy; rkr;rPuw;w #oy; mtid nfhLikahf;fp tpLfpwJ -
&Nrh.
kdpj ,ay;gpNyNa mjpfhu ntwp fhzg;gLtJ Nghy; cs;sJ. kpUfq;fspYk; jhtuq;fspYk;
$l Nkyhjpf;f epiy cs;sJ. ,tw;iw newpg;gLj;Jtw;fhd toptiffisf; ifahs;fpd;wdH. %]hTk;>
gpHmt;Dk; mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;w ntt;NtW toptiffisf; ifahz;ldH.
mopf;Fk; flTs; fhspapd; gps;isfs; jf;]; vd;w mikg;gpy; 18k; E}w;whz;L tiu
nraw;gl;ldH.
,];yhj;jpy; m]h]pa;A+d;fs; vd;w FO ,Ue;jJ. RtHf;fj;ij nraw;ifahff; fhl;b nfhiy nra;aj;
J}z;bdH. kq;NfhypaH mopf;fg;gLk; tiu RkhH 300 Mz;Lfs; nraw;gl;ldH.
gaq;futhjk; Njhd;wpaikf;fhd fhuzpfs;:
1. r%ftpay; fhuzpfs;
O kdpjdplk; ,ay;ghf mike;Js;s czHTfs; gpwiu mlf;fp Ms Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ.
'kdpjdpd; cs;sk; xU ntw;Wj; jhisg; Nghd;wJ. r%fk; jhd; tpUk;gpa Xtpaj;ij
mjpy; tiufpwJ. r%fj;jpd; nry;thf;Nf jdp kdpj MSikiaAk; nry;thf;ifAk;
Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ vd &Nrh Fwpg;gpl;lhH.
O tpuf;jpapd; Njhw;wk; td;Kiwahf ntbf;fpwJ.

2. murpay; nghUspay; fhuzpfs;
O murpay; uPjpahf XLf;fg;gl;Ls;s> nghUshjhu uPjpahf Ruz;lg;gl;Ls;s kf;fs;
td;Kiwfspy; <Lglj; J}z;lg;gLfpd;wdH.
O ,tHfs; jkJ jiytpjpia ey;y topapy; Kbahtpl;lhy; FWf;F topapyhtJ Njl
Kaw;rpf;fpwhHfs;.
O murpay; uPjpahf eRf;fg;gLgtHfs;> jhk; epahakhd Nfhupf;iffis mila KbahJ
vd;W rpe;jpg;gtHfs; td;Kiwapy; <Lgl tha;g;Gz;L vd;gH.
O fhyzpj;Jt thjk;> FyNgjk;> tHf;f Ngjk;> murpay; td;Kiwfs; vd;gd
gaq;futhjj;jpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F cjTfpd;wd.
O rpWghd;ikapdH> ngUk;ghd;ikapdH jkJ epahakhd cupikfisj; ju kWf;fpd;w
NghJ td;Kiwfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
O murpay; jPHkhdq;fis vLg;gjpy; jkf;Fupa gq;F jug;gltpy;iy vd;W czHfpd;w
NghJk; ngUk;ghd;ik> rpWghd;ik vd;w NtWghbd;wp kf;fs; FOf;fs;
td;Kiwapy; <LgLfpd;wd. cjh: I
3. cstpay; uPjpahd fhuzpfs;
O r%fj;jpy; tWik my;yJ murpay; cupik ,oe;j NghJk; my;yJ nghUshjhu ,og;G
,Ue;j NghJk; midtUk; td;Kiwapy; <Lgltpy;iy. kpfr; rpyNu ,jpy;
<LgLfpd;wdH.
O vjpHkiwahf rpe;jpj;J mopT Ntiyfis jkJ topKiwahff; nfhs;fpd;w rpyNu
td;Kiwr; nray;fspy; <LgLfpd;wdH. ,tHfs; ngUk;ghYk; jPtputhj kdg;Nghf;F
nfhz;ltHfs;. ,tHfs; gaq;futhj nray;fis ey;y nray;fshff; fUJfpd;wdH. ,e;j
csg;ghq;Nf jkJ gaq;futhj nraw;ghLfis epahag;gLj;jp td;Kiwfspy; <Lgl
itf;fpwJ.
O ,e;j tif csg;ghq;F nfhz;ltHfis ,dq;fz;L mtHfisj; J}z;b gaq;futhj nray;fis
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdH. mtHfSk; ,e;jg; gzpapd; %yk; jpUg;jpailfpd;wdH.
O jPtpu rpe;jidg; ghq;F nfhz;ltHfs; kw;wtHfspd; fUj;Jf;fis Vw;gjpy;iy.
4. rkaj; jPtputhjk;
O rkaj;jpy; njd;gLfpd;w jPtpug; Nghf;F xU fhuzkhf cs;sJ. ,tHfs; ,iwtdpd;
jpUg;jpia ehbNa td;Kiwfspy; <LgLfpd;wdH.
O mz;ikf; fhykhf rka cl;gpupTfSf;F ,ilapyhd td;Kiwr; nray;fs; mjpfupj;J
tUfpd;wd. cjh: ghfp];jhdpy; \PM> Rd;dh.
O rkaj; jPtputhjk; MAj uPjpahf kl;Lkd;wp r%f uPjpahfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. cjh:
gUt taJila ngz;fs; gbf;fhik> gHjh vd;w cilaikg;G.
gaq;futhjj; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLgtHfis ehd;F FOf;fshf tifg;gLj;jp
Nehf;fyhk;.
1. MAjf; FOf;fspd; gaq;futhjk;
rka cl;gpupTfs;> nkhop> ,d> epw> Nfhj;jpu mbg;gilapyhd FOf;fs; jkJ
Nkyhjpf;fj;ij epiyehl;l Kaw;rpf;fpd;wd. ,it mgptpUj;jp mile;j> milahj ehLfspYk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cjh:
O rkaf; FO (maHyhe;J> gpupb\;)
O fWg;gH> nts;isaH (njd;dhgpupf;fh)
O ,e;J> K];ypk; (,e;jpah)
O \PM> Rd;dp
2. mur gaq;futhjk;
Vfhjpgj;jpa muRfs; jkJ vjpupfis td;nray;fs; %yk; mopf;f Kaw;rp nra;fpwhHfs;.
mtHfs; jk; ehl;Lg; gpuirahf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; rupNa. Nghypahd rhl;Lf;fisf; $wp ifJ
nra;J rpj;jputij> nfhiy nra;fpd;wd. ,Jty;yhj kiwfuk; %yk; mf;fpukk; nra;fpwhHfs;.
cjh: fl;rpfisj; jilnra;jy;.
3. rHtNjrg; gaq;futhjk;
u\;ahTf;Fk; mnkupf;fhTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd gdpg;Nghupy; Mg;fhd; K[h`pj;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
4. vy;iy jhz;ba gaq;futhjk;

gaq;futhj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs; gpd;tUkhW njd;gLfpd;wd:
O nfhiy
O jw;nfhiy
O flj;jy;
O gwpj;jy;


jw;nfhiy
,];yhj;jpy; nfhiy nra;tjw;F mDkjpf;fg;gl;l re;jHg;gq;fs;:
1. upj;jj;
2. nfhs;is
3. tpgr;rhuk;
4. fp]h];
,J Nghd;w fhuzq;fs; my;yhJ Ntnwhd;Wf;fhf jw;nfhiyj; jhf;Fjy; elj;JtJ rupah?
jw;nfhiy MFkh? $lhjh?
,];yhj;jpy; jz;lid nfhLg;gjw;F rhl;rpfs; %yk; epWtg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
gaq;futhjf; FOf;fs; jkJ jPHg;igNa toq;f Kaw;rpf;fpd;wd. Mdhy; ehl;bd; epWtd
uPjpahd jPHg;gy;y. jw;nfhiy ,];yhj;jpy; `whk;. Vnddpy; ,];yhk; thOk; cupikia
cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.
FHMDk; Rd;dhTk; nfhiyiaAk; jw;nfhiyiaAk; fz;bj;Js;sJ.

RtPldpy; ele;j fUj;juq;nfhd;wpy; A+]{g; my;fHshtp gy];jPid ikakhf itj;J jw;nfhiyj;
jhf;Fjy; gw;wp Kd;itj;j fUj;Jf;fs;.
1. ,];Nuiyg; nghUj;jtiu midtUk; ,uhZtg; gapw;rp ngw;wtHfs;. rpyH epue;ju gilapYk;
kw;NwhH njhd;lH gilapYk; ,Uf;fpd;wdH.
2. ,];NuypaHfs; Mf;fpukpg;ghsHfs;. vdNt> gy];jPd; kf;fs; jkJ nrhe;j G+kpia ghJfhf;f
Kw;WifahsHfis vjpHj;Jg; NghuhLfpd;wdH. ,J ,];yhj;jpy; gHS d; ) -= ( ,e;jg;
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; xU Foe;ij nfhy;yg;gl;lhYk; me;jf; Foe;ij nfhy;yg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w
mikg;gpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l jhf;Fjy; my;y.
3. ,J jhUy; `HGldhd Nghuhl;lk;. ,J xU jw;fhg;Gg; NghH my;y. ,];yhj;jpd; if
NkNyhq;f vLf;Fk; Nghuhl;lk;.
4. NghHf;fsj;jpy; vjpupfs; K];ypk;fis xU Nflakhf gad;gLj;jpdhy; K];ypk; r%fj;jpd;
eyd; fUjp Nflakhf mike;Js;s mg;ghtp K];ypk;fis nfhiy nra;ayhk; vd K];ypk; rl;l
ty;YdHfs; gj;th nfhLf;fpd;wdH. mg;gbahapd; K];ypk; ehLfis Mf;fpukpj;jtHfis nfhiy
nra;tJ MFkhdNj.
5. etPd fh Aj;jq;fspy; xU ehl;bd; gpuirfs; midtUNk VNjh xU tifapy; Nghupy; gq;F
nfhs;fpd;wdH. mt;tifapy; Fbkf;fs; midtUk; ,uhZt tPuHfNs. cjh: NghUf;fhf kf;fs;
tup nrYj;Jfpd;wik> NghH tPuHfis Fbkf;fs; tuNtw;fpd;wik.
6. mj;jpatrpaj; Njit vd;w epiyapy; jilahfTk; mDkjpf;fgl;ljhfTk; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
gy];jPdHfisg; nghWj;jtiu kpf kpf mj;jpatrpaj; Njit cilatHfs;. mf;fpukf;fhuHfspd;
cs;sj;jpy; mr;rj;ij Vw;gLj;j jw;nfhiyj; jhf;Fjy; Nkw;nfhs;tJ jLf;fg;gl;l nrayy;y.

nra;Fy; m];`H fyhepjp nra;apj; jd;jhtpapd; fUj;J:
'xU K];ypk; jdJ capH> cilik> fz;zpak;> jha;ehL vd;gtw;iwf; fhg;gjw;fhf midj;J
tsq;fisAk; gad;gLj;j flikg;gl;Ls;shd;. mt;tifapy; xUtuJ capUk; clYk; $l tsNk.
mf;fpukf;fhuHfs; rpWtHfs;> tNahjpgHfs;> ngz;fs; MfpNahiuf; $l tpl;L itf;fhJ nfhLikfs;
nra;fpd;w NghJ Kbe;j midj;J tsq;fisAk; gad;gLj;j mDkjp cz;L. ,t;tifapy; jw;nfhiy Fz;Lj;
jhf;Fjy; xU jw;fhypf Nghuhl;lNk. vjpup tPuHfis mopf;Fk; epa;aj;Jld; jw;nfhiyj; jhf;Fjypy;
<Lgl;lhy; mtH \`PjhfpwhH vd;gJ fUj;jhFk;.
,khk; \hjpgp mtHfSk; ,jid Mjupj;jhH. ,tH xU K[;j`pj;> Kg];]pH MthH.
'NghUf;Fj; jpl;lkply;> csT ghHj;jy;> e;jhk; gilahfr; nraw;gly;> Mjutspj;jy;>
Ngr;rhYk; vOj;jhYk; J}z;ly; Nghd;w gzpfisr; nra;NthH Mz;> ngz;> rpWtH> ngupatH
vd;w tpj;jpahrkpd;wpg; NghuhLgtH vd nksJ}jp Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.

[p`hj; gw;wpa fUj;Jfs;
1. egpatHfspd; fhyj;jpy; NghHf;fs xOf;fq;fs;
2. ,g;D U\;jpd; fUj;J
3. etPd fhy mwpQHfs;
(rHtNjr murpay; vd;W Ngr egpatHfspd; fhyj;jpy; ,y;iy. Mdhy; epiwa Kd;
cjhuzq;fs; cs;sd)

Nghupy; cs;sj;jpy; mr;rj;ij Vw;gLj;JtNj jw;nfhiyj; jhf;Fjy;. vdNt> ,J ghupa jhf;fk;
nrYj;JfpwJ. ,jid FHMd; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. " -' ~= - "

gaq;futhjk; Vd;?
rkak; mq;fPfupf;fpwjh?
,wg;gtHfs; \`Pj;fsh?

Ihf;IH `kPJy;yh`;
,tH tpthfk; GupahjtH. tho;f;if KOtJk; FLk;gr; Rikaw;wtH. ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F
gq;fhw;wpatH. ,tH xU fy;tpapy; Gyik cs;s xU FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhH. ,tuJ Kd;NdhH gyH
mwpQHfs;> vOj;jhsHfs;> Gf`hf;fs;> #gpfshf ,Ue;Js;sdH.
mNwgpahtpypUe;J rpy E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd; ,e;jpahtpy; FbNawpatHfs;.
`kPJy;yh`; mtHfspd; jha;topg; ghl;ldhH -' _'~ ~~=~ -' kpfr; rpwe;j xU mwpQuhff;
fzpf;fg;gLfpwhH. FHMDf;fhd xU rpwe;j tpupTiu vOjpdhH. mtH kl;uh]; khfhzj;jpd; gpujk
ePjpauruhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhH.
je;ij Kg;jp K`k;kj; fyPYy;yh`; kl;uh]pypUe;J i`juhghj;Jf;F FbNawpdhH. mjd;
Ml;rpahsH epohk; cs;ehl;L ,iwtupj; jpidf;fsj;jpd; gzpg;ghsuhf epakpj;jhH. mtH mq;F
tl;bapy;yh epjp epWtdk; xd;iw elj;jpdhH.
`kPJy;yh`; i`juhghj;jpy; gpwe;jhH. FLk;gj;jpy; ,isatH. mwG> ghurPfk;> cUJ
nkhopfspy; Gyik ngw;wtH. ,sikapy; tPl;by; fy;tp ngw;wtH. jd; rNfhjupfsplkpUe;Jk;
je;ijaplkpUe;Jk; tPl;Lf; fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhH. gpd; -~'=- ~~~ tpy; NrHe;J .~' _~
gl;lj;ijg; ngw;whH.
je;ij Mq;fpy nkhop %yf; fy;tpia mtUf;F toq;ftpy;iy. mjdhy; mtUf;Fj; njupahky;
Mq;fpyk; gbj;J nkl;upl; guPl;irf;Fj; Njhw;wpdhH. Kjyhtjhf te;jhH. ,jd; gpd;dNu je;ij
gj;jpupifapy; ghHj;J mwpe;J nfhz;lhH.
1924y; c];khdpag; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; Eioe;jhH. mq;F mtH MA fy;tpia Kjyhk; juj;jpy;
%
sL
lass) gh]; gd;dpdhH. mf;fy;Y}up mtUf;F rHtNjr ,];yhkpa rl;lk; gw;wp gbg;gjw;F
Scholorshlp toq;fpaJ. mjd; jfty;fisj; jpul;Lk; nghUl;L gy ehLfSf;Fr; nrd;whH. N[Hkpag;
gy;fiyf;fofk; Mhll gl;lk; toq;fpaJ. gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; mwG> cUJ tpupTiuahsuhff;
flikahw;wpdhH.
gpuhd;]pd; NrhNghd; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; fyhepjp gl;lj;jpw;F gjpT nra;jhH. 11 khjj;jpy;
gy;fiyf;fofk; lhf;lH gl;lk; toq;fpaJ.
gpd; JUf;fp nrd;whH. ,];jhd;G+ypd; E}y; epiyaq;fisj; juprpj;jhH. mwG> ghurPf>
JUf;fp nkhopapyhd ifNaLfs; mq;F epiwa ,Ug;gij mtjhdpj;jhH.
1938y; i`jhuhghj; te;jhH. mq;fpUe;j c];khdpa gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ,];yhkpa rl;lj;Jiw
tpupTiuahsuhf ,ize;jhH. ,e;jpah i`juhghj;ij 1948y; jd;Dld; ,izj;Jf; nfhz;ljd; fhuzkhf
`kPJy;yh`; gpuhd;]; nrd;W FbNawpdhH.
,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; JUf;fpapy; gy;NtW gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; tpupTiuahw;wpdhH. mtuJ
Kd;dhs; khztHfs; gyH ,g;gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; Kf;fpakhd gjtpfspy; ,Ue;jdH.
,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; ,];yhkpa fyhrhuj;Jld; njhlHGila gy Mf;fq;fisf; nfhz;L te;jhH.
FHMDf;F Mq;fpyk;> gpuhd;];> N[Hkdp Mfpa nkhopfspy; nkhopngaHg;ig toq;fpdhH.
`jP];> ]Puh> gpf;`;> ,];yhkpa \uPM> ,];yhkpa tuyhW Kjyhk; Jiwfspy; 100f;Fk;
Nkw;gl;l E}y;fisAk; 1000f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fl;LiufisAk; vOjpdhH. ,tH gpuhd;]py; xU khbapy;
186 gbfs; Vwpr; nry;y Ntz;ba xU miwapy; ,Ue;jhH.
Mq;fpyk;> gpuhd;];> N[Hkdp> mwG> ghurPfk;> cUJ Mfpa VO nkhopfspy; mtuJ
fl;Liufs; ntspte;Js;sd. mtUf;F 22 nkhopfs; njupe;jpUe;jJ. 84 tajpy; jha; nkhopia
fw;wpUf;fpwhH.
egpatHfspd; tuyhW gw;wp mtH vOjpa ]Puh E}y; 1935y; ntspte;jJ. mJ egpapd;
uh[je;jpuj; njhlHG gw;wpajhFk;. mwG nkhopapy; vOjpa -~'-~' -'`' vd;w E}y; 1941y;
vfpg;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. me;E}y; 300 f;F Nkw;gl;l Mtzq;fis cs;slf;fpajhfTk;> mit gw;wpa
tpkHrd uPjpahd Fwpg;Gfis cs;slf;fpajhfTk; cs;sJ. egpapd; fhyj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
cld;gbf;if> fbjj; njhlHGfs;> xg;ge;jq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw mJ cs;slf;fpaJ.
`kPJy;yh`;tpd; gq;fspg;Gfs; ghuhl;lj;jf;fd. Fwpg;ghf E}y; epiyaq;fspy; kiwe;jpUe;j
Mtzq;fs; mtH Njbf; fz;L gpbj;J ntspapl;lik> gjpg;gpj;jik> nkhop ngaHj;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
Fwpg;ghf `jP];> gpf;`;> jhuPf;> kUj;Jtk; Kjyhk; Jiwfspy; mtuJ Ma;T uPjpahdd
gq;fspg;Gfs; Rl;bf; fhl;lj;jf;fd.
`kPJy;yh`; \H`\p vOjpa -~-' -~ vd;w E}iy gpuQ;R nkhopf;F nkhop
ngaHj;Js;shH. 3000 gf;fq;fSf;F NkyhdJ. '=' _-=- gpud;R nkhopf;F nkhop
ngaHj;jhH.
1987y; ghfp];jhd; muR mtHfSf;F 25000 ];Nuypq; gTid mtuJ Nritia kjpj;J
md;gspg;ghf toq;fpaJ. mjid mtH ,];yhkhghj;jpy; cs;s ,];yhkpa Ma;T epWtdj;jpw;F
md;gspg;ghf toq;fpdhH. kd;dH ig]ypd; gupRf;F mtuJ ngaH tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l NghJk; mtH
mjid Vw;f kWj;jhH. mtH cyfpay; MirfspypUe;J jd;id tpLtpj;J nfhz;ltuhf ,Ue;jhH. jf;th>
vspik> kdpj Neak; vd;gd mtuplk; Fb nfhz;bUe;jJ.
mtH jdJ ,Wjp 50 tUlq;fisAk; gpuhd;rpy; xU miwapy; fopj;jhH. Mdhy; 1996y;
mtH fLk; NehAw;whH. mtuJ %j;j rNfhjupapd; kfs; mnkupf;fhTf;Ff; $l;br; nrd;W kUj;Jtk;
nra;jhH. 2002 y; kuzpj;jhH.

mlmslra[[gmallcom

rpj;jp nyg;ig
fpyhgj; ,af;fk;
fpyhgj; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzpfs;