Chng 9 SO SNH V CHUYN I

9.1 gii thiu

ng dng khuch i, lc v dao ng cho n nay ch l minh ha cho vic ly mu cn
bng ca cc kiu op-amp c s dng. Tuy nhin, op-amp thng c s dng trong nhiu
mch khc nhau, ni chng lm vic di tn c bit. chc nng nh vy bao gm so snh,
my d tm, gii hn, nhng thit b giao din s tc l b bin i. trong chng ny chng
ta s tho lun so snh, my d tm, gii hn v chuyn i s dng mc ch chung ca op-
amp. thu c hiu nng tt hn, chng ti s cng quan st nhng mch t hp c
thit k c bit nh mch so snh v b chuyn i.
Mt mch so snh, trong khi tn n bao hm, so snh mt in p tn hiu trn mt u vo
ca mt op-amp vi mt in p c bit gi l in p chun trn u vo khc. Di hnh
thc n gin nht, n th khng c g hown l mt op-amp vng lp m, vi 2 u vo
tng t, v mt u ra s; u ra c th (+) hay (-) in p bo ha, ph thuc vo u vo
no l ln. Mch so snh thng c s dng cc mch nh giao din s, triger Schmitt, b
phn bit, my d tm n by in p v mch dao ng
9.2 So snh c bn
Hnh 9-1 cho thy op-amp c s dng nh 1 mch so snh. C nh in p chun V
rof
l 1 V
c p dng u vo (-) v sai khc thi gian tn hiu in p v
in
c p dng u vo (+).
V s sp t ny, mch c gi l so snh khng o.
9.11 chuyn i tng t sang s v s sang tng t.
H thng s c s dng trong nhiu ng dng hn bi v n ngy cng tng tnh hiu qu,
ng tin cy, v hiu qu kinh t. Vi s pht trin cu cc b vi x l , vic x l d liu tr
thng mt phn ca nhiu h thng. x l d liu bao gm chuyn i d liu vo v ra ti
my vi tnh qua thit b ra vo. T h thng s nh my vi tinh s dng h thng nh phn vi
0 v 1, d liu s c dt vo my vi tnh phi c chuyn i t dng tng t sang dng s.
Mch m thc hin vic chuyn i c gi l mch chuyn i tng t dang s (A/D) . Mt
khc chuyn i s sang tng t (D/A) c s dng khi u ra nh phn t mt h thng s
phi c chuyn i tng ng sang in th tng t hay dng. u ra nh phn t mt h
thng s l kh phin dch; tuy nhin mt D/A lm vic phin dch kh d dng. Chc
nng ca D/A chnh xc l ngc li ca mt A/D. y l phn trnh by ca c hay cch
chuyn i. D/A l hin ti u tin bi v (1) n dn gin hn A/D v (2) n c th s dng
t mu A/D.
9.11.1 Chuyn D/A
Mt chuyn i D/A n n gin hnh thc l s dng 1 op-amp v hay in tr trng s nh
phn hay R v 2R. 9-18 v 9-19
9-11.1 (a) chuyn i D/A vi in tr trng s nh phn.
Hnh 9-18 cho thy chuyn i D/A s dng 1 op-amp vi in tr trng s nh phn. Mc d
trong hnh th op-amp l ni trong ch o, n c th c ni vi ch khng o. t s
ca u vo nh phn l 4, chuyn i ny gi l chuyn i 4 bit. Bi v n c 16 (2
4
) s kt
hp ca u vo nh phn cho b0 xuyn qua b3, mt u vo tng t nn c 16 gi tr tng
ng c th. Trong hnh 9-18, 4 s chuyn i (b0 n b3) c s dng m phng u vo nh
phn; trong thc hnh, mt truy cp 4 bit nh phn nh 7493 c th c s dng thay. Khi
chuyn b0 ng ( ni +5V), in p ngang qua l 5V bi v V
2
= V
1
= 0V. do dng qua R
l 5V/10 k = 0,5mA. Tuy nhin u vo lch dng I
B
l khng ng k. t y dng qua in
tr hi tip R
F
l cng 0,5mA, ln lt sn xut mt in p u ra -0,5 V. ch op-amp ang
lm vic nh l chuyn i dng sang th. By gi gi thit vi chuyn b1 ng v b0 m.
y l hnh ng ni R/2 vi ngun +5V, gy ra 2 lung dng in (1mA) qua R
F
, nn ln
lt gp i in p u ra. Do in p ra V
0
l -1 V khi chuyn b1 ng. Tng t nu c 2 b0 v
b1 ng, th dng qua R
F
s l 1,5 mA s chuyn i in p ra -1,5 V
Do , ph thuc vo c hay khng chuyn b0 n b3 l m hay ng, dng trng nh phn se thit
lp trong in tr u vo. Tng ca dng in l bng nhau trong dng qua R
F
, m ln lt
c chuyn i ti mt in p u ra cn i. khi m tt c chuyn ng, r rng u ra s ln nht.
in p u ra c cho bi cng thc:
0
0 1 2 3
(9 6)
/ 2 / 4 / 8
F
b b b b
V R
R R R R
| |
= + + +
|
\ .

Ti u vo b1, b2, b3 v b0 l c th l cao (+5V) hay thp (0V)
Hnh 9-18b cho thy u vo tng t chng li s kt hp c th ca u vo. u ra l mt ph
nh i dng sng bc thang vi 15 bc vi-0.5 V tng bc. Trong thc t, tuy nhin, nhng bc
ny khng phi tt c l ging nhau bi v s bin i trong n by in p cao lgic. Ch kch
thc cc bc ph thuc vo gi tr ca R
F
. Do , bc mong mun c th c bng cch la chn
gi tr R
F
, cung cp in p ra ln nht khng vt cp bo ha ca op-amp. Vi chnh xc ca
chuyn i D/A, in tr mng kim loi chnh xc c khuyn co.
Vn vi chuyn i D/A ca hnh 9-18 l n yu cu trng nh phn, m khng th sn sng c
sn, cch c bit nu s lng u vo l hn 4. Mt gii php hp dn l s dng R v 2R cho
chuyn i D/A t yu cu ch c 2 thit lp chnh xc gi tr ca in tr.
9.11.1(b) Chuyn i D/A vi R v 2R
Hnh 9-19 a cho thy chuyn i D/A vi R v 2R. trc , u vo nh phn l m phng bi b0
n b3 v u ra l t l vcoiws u vo nh phn. u vo nh phn c th c giai on cao (+5V)
hay thp (0V). Gi thit rng chuyn i b3 bit c ngha ln nht (MSB) c ni ti 5 V v nhng s
chuyn i khc c ni ti t nh hnh 9-19a. Thevenin mch ti bn tri (ca) chuyn i b3,
thevenin tng ng l :
( )
{ }
2 || 2 || 2 || 2 2 20
TH
R R R R R R R R R k
(
(
= + + + = = O
(


Kt qu mch trong hnh 9-19b, trong hnh (-) u vo ni t (
2
0 V V ~ ) do n qua R
TH
(=2R) l
0. Tuy nhin, dng qua 2R ni vi +5V l 5V/20k =0,25mA. Diu ny ging vi lung dng qua R
F

v ln lt sn xut mt in p u ra:
0
(20 )(0,25 ) 5 (9 7 ) V k mA V b = O =
S dng s phn tch ging nhau, in p u ra tng ng c th kt hp tt c ca u ra nh phn
c th c tnh ton nh hnh 9-19c. gi tr ln nht hay quy m y -9,375V l ang tn ti khi tt
c cc u vo mc cao. in p u ra c tch theo cng thc :
0
3 2 1 0
2 4 8 16
F
b b b b
V R
R R R R
| |
= + + +
|
\ .

Ti u vo b1, b2, b3 v b0 l c th l cao (+5V) hay thp (0V)
Li th ln ca chuyn i D/A trong hnh 9-19a l yu cu ch 2 thit lp gi tr chnh xc in tr.
Tuy nhin yu cu in tr nhiu hn v cng kh phn tch hn l kiu in tr trng nh phn. Nh
s ca u vo nh phn l tng ngoi 4, c hai chuyn i D/A mch to phc tp v chnh xc b
suy thoi. Do trong ng dng quan trng mt mch tch hp c bit thit k nh chuyn i D/A
l nn s dng