You are on page 1of 35



  !#"%$& ')(!#+*-,.


/ 0 1243'576 890:/#3<;=;?>@24A<BC6ED!0 10<F>@A<BC6:>@A)GIHJ0 KL>M;ON<B
5+K.PRQ:>@S=TOUPRAVT#WMXD-WYUZQ<3)TOP[S]\^R2_PRA<^[P`>@A<GaA<bY24A<P[PRSO2_A)b<6<c!S=2_dRWYA:>Z\eT7>fT?Pg#A<2ihYPRSO;O2iTj
N<k42_3 lL>@;=3m0nP[G<3
B \^7N<WeWYkoW@XpD-WYUZQ<3)T?24A<b<6)q!>MTO2_WYA:>Mkog#A<2ihYPRSO;O2iTj&W@Xp\2_A)bV>@QEWYSOP
\2_A)bV>@QEWYSOPsrYrutVv@wYx
y Xz>@SON<>@Gm6)T?>@A<^[k{6<U>@A<WYSO>@Af|~}Ml.^[WYUZQm0nA
3<;[0nP[G<30;=b
] )=+7~
'7~O<f?~'@~{~R<~=)-fu7oOC~mC{+7~={Reuz{fOM?~
{7o!{fMCfR!~{Co+~!@+f~CO7R
:{fOoonLC7=o~{pR{
{~{{=~fL=f-=Rz+{#fC=z~f~-f`C{+{+{=7R+~=~{#7~OL=CR9~
+RR{{f+-R{RVuLMCfR~R~nRf``{f-{+79=[{C{+{+{9={==
{f={]~C-{OzO+fRnR+`C{+{+{+]+~[{u~M={=9@~R-Cf{
.~f=~{fLR7.L~{Y]m+u+~fO7{~C+@~{{O`
{={~mfpf~M=pp!zCz{={9z{MC'{OzC@={=[O7{~`{fuf
+C~.+~C=~+~f-=[=Y=~~{nM=7R
'~f{~C+_~M+'=+z@+O~f
R+fR~L'~f~{~C@++[~fL?~{~Mp-+{C9~~=~f~fCzpm{f{+
{7u=M@+O 'R[{{~f'
'M@+o!fz{~CO{+{CR]zf-~{+
+uz{C{+{+{={~sC+:Lf=~+~<~+~{`+7+R~=9]+Cz{C~f
f?Rp{9?]~z+C+R+~=ROM+~f+{C{+fz~f:{=={+[{~C{+{+{={~.{fuf
R+R{{n@+7R
~+u{+Mz~+CM={+[f{=mf~C{=R~f{~RC+f=~:79uR{
#CO7RL-+{CLffC+7Rf+fz~fO+f~~@{ff~M=~{C+[{fO{+R+

{~~O]{{Oof]C{f{={=~]~C{+{+{={~

L[V 7R++{_O7_i7f 7f_ffu7_C{9-LM[<? '7_i7



-):.:-
7f{fR=:]uO-~7=)R-f~4[C~uf@?~ +~[{u~M+<{f+~[{uC
Rf:7p'RCf~7u@=<f?u~C+<~{fo?~f==ooRf~C7=:Cp~:M[{{=
~[!~C=~fRz{=.7{f~+=.RCo{[{={7+~[{u~Mz@={

7O+&p{fu@+~<+~[{u~Mm?~f=mRL7{{{=.MCffn+#~Ru{u9M=
~eC7O E~{+]+&R f{R m={ou@='
7=E~C@={=f]Of~z
{n@+7R{+=?== oC=+{~{+fCf{~+~fz+fz{7{nY++f+
@+={opu@== &=]COz~{=oEffOVRMfCR[{[f~f<7O R=<
fCf{~f{CO{<R{+~=7{O-{f~f{==7==<m+ ==-{9C=RC
uRf'=7='+{='@R{{pC=+{~{=fCf{~]R{{u+= ~
{+C  

&C+f{={uz{=E{f~' M  
@~f]      @+797~{~f ?C){-?~R9f{9~[uRf
7OC{OR f~{={~+~[{u~Mp={Rm?CRfz   _  O=R9'R{`[
ERRM  Rfz

 o{7uC=9R+=~'~fs +=Rf{[~fnn zfz[f-={+~
O7{f{O9Cf{!{C+={+]fCfm={!]u+~C7~RR=~f{C{+{+{
7O7R+pRRuRf~O+7#=z#M=Cf+=`f`zfO{R~C{+{+{=7R
R
@#f{+mf]C@+{=uO7{f{O~{=Rz+'{f+fVuf{~C~f]+C~e {=MRz=
pz{fC   _[CO7R9R=)=-R{oR+f{mfi~z{==  9R+=~47={" !i~ fRCOz~
{===[fCM{~#{fO$ #E~C=fzC{+{+{O7{O'~{f{f~+~fR=C{~{{='~f~
R+f{-{f~fz+~[{u~fpR==ef+f+{={=MR{R{++C~OV+~f~{OV
f{=~f{=fzOV%  ~fCnRLu`RC7[~~=~f?uLC{+{+{7!7~++~[{u~Mp~R
{{~:+R{{M+{~.O~R{{o=L~f!C=~eo{C{+{+{fm{+{+{=7R.{~
+=E[f~[{+RRuRfz{C==m9{f++=oEO7{~L={RM+~R#u{=f.
@~C+m)u=~R{{=
m<f~M=)+u+)CfpO7{~9{fuf+~z~f~C+O{oC{+{+{={~f{CO{={-
+={=on~fR='R{Yf~fL7uCO+~u~==[{+++f+p~C{={=~
~f+~=R+[=m.+fC=-~Lf@+~R~==~9~7=&  .uzOR
'
{=#L+[z{f~C{={~-+{Co{&~=-ff~{-RC{={~&
+f{CO{{fRzR'   (u={~* ) ]7u]fnM=RC+f~{~C{+fz7~f9{
Cp[{ufOuLuC~=
Cff#~=+)C='O7{~e
f`~MzC+CY++[
m?Co+7~f{C{+{+{={~{Ozfn+  & (uO{~+ M<'~@R{L= =~f=<+~
R-C{={~sCfZC=@+={+[7{~]-+{C-Rf{+~ &f!=O~
+={+[7{~CVz-7[CpC{={~!{Ozfn~@+f~{]f7{, !- {$ #. 
{~f7{OR+~~f{=-O7{~M-+R{{M+{~~C"  )/
RM9=7R=9+
-fz{7{~u-C={O)nY++[~R{{=0 (u={~1 9{7'{f{Oz~<+~f{
{~-CM={+[p~-R]7~{~fCpf`f~C{E{={n+9m9M@+RffCO
(uOR
2-o{.~fC=Om:uR{C{+{+{=7R#+{C.f#{{f+o~@

. :-: 
 .=~{+o?Cozp{=f[Om'={pf{=.{f.~m=[f~nou{LM]ORM4=[=f !i~Of9~
#{C{+{+{+R m+O#~~=7f# +[+R{{n@+7R]R{=u{p=RR~R
C{={~]+~=Rf~CR. R+'{pR==~uC{+{+{={~]~R~nEf?R@+=]~@R{=
~f=z{O{7sf7 C{+{+{={~fR{m@{=[{u{=Cf+Eo~fR:~M7ofm{+
R=~+7u=CR'~=~+~  ~+f+_?O7{~-+{C)f?R @++-C+R+~@=~R
CY++[={!+pC@={=Rp===zfM={uzO
ffzfM={uzOVVCuf
 7{YRRf

C+_{zf !{RC C7o #
 +~1 !@z~- #Mf!C{O
 M++[~4
O7R+~@    4 ~ )   i C=M=fC~of{f+LZC{={~
C+ufRn+R{CR{{~o9C{+{+{+9f7f (CM={uzOC{+{+{={~Lf{=~
C~7Rs{`~C#O7{~sf{CO{  o]f{@+u{=O7{~[Of=z
+{+{=7Ro{RC)+R{~{~<z=+=~{+e+{C~'=[f~noC{~f=[f~n_=[+MY
+~[{u~fE~~O CuCOR{R=:u-{fz=ERR+ z@=+nM=ou{ !i~~V7= #
Rm{ORf+f+ !u9M=)fz~fOm.O~![{={7~ #
m?Lp~~-~uCL={n+RzOo={9{fz{fC{~`ERRuRf?~f=~
fnR{.&{{f+-R{!u+f#{sRC{=R-{=Z7Y=-LR=z~fnM=[{  ) 
7R+~{zf~{RMVz@+u{=`C{+{+{=7RCp+R{CCM=M~~
R]'MzO{9ff{~@+[{={7~CM=][+CzMR[+ nY++[m{fuf'M?~@+=#C=[{=
Lfz-+R{pCR{7RRffCL=~f:[{+7ps+~[{u~fpz{C{O+ mL~
C~7R?7~~YMz@+u{=`C{+{+{=7R{zRR+~m={~~u!ffz
@+u{=#CO7R]C{=MRz=p{={of!?-@7{{{=]{9{fiRm{f
C{={~!o+~~]R{{C7{O]o{!~zM=7{~]RzY
m.fR.O7{~{fuf+~@ ) !4 ~ +OC 4 Cuf~!C~f
C{++~[{u~M7=o+s+R{{nM+@+=:zMR f ' 
'o]7Cz
+{+{=7R-~#{~{`{.~{nM=7R~{Ysm+]9`R-M{~s@+=Cuf~-]~f
z{C   m#~C{f~+@~{{=C=@+{~~f]o+ M LRp{O=so{Z~f
o{RCC{+{+{+OO7{f{O !iz{"
[M
#
+mC~-$ #4 ~ #%
%& #4 < # C+~fC~C{+!u===+RR
fzM9{fR !i4 ~@]zMz+ fz~fO$ #mof9RRf)C{+{+{=7R.-+{CLMzO=R
fzMzM~= ('
C=VC#mf{f]~zC+{=]onL-[MpC{={~
C!.o.~]-{=~~#<fz~f{f~+poMzORCO7R

O7R{fuf=~{@9R{RMOLL{={ ) u  R + *)+ ~C C7o


Cz~z9on+CzzMR[ !RzfzMR[$ #~f~=+s~sRCL+ R=p
9[- , zfz/ .M[{={7Ro-O7{~Lf{R~=zO+" {{~-C{on
+~{pzm)~@~[uRfE7~Oe=7R+Cz@~Rof]~~CM+7~{~


+[ , ={R/.u[{={7~oR{C{={~!~~={==
+E+Mz~VC{+{+{={~--+{CE i ~
 ~  YO #){OE+{C uC
f~~  [{+7E{9f+~Mz1 !_ RCORM_ou{eRORM4=[=fRRR=M$#R==C-
RC{~f~:fC~ f{+p{LC+{={{u9M=m[+?~=  f++[:C@+~
o{{oCO7R9M9~{'~7=9u-7~=+[)R<{+f+=R:CO{=7o-=[=
z{~ffn+R{Mfz+=1  
{7o~M7R~M{={-u+~MC{={~LCpfuLCnY++[C-=f{Rf
R{R{=. f{+eC{={~~{+ff'noC '9u[zz~C~E{p
f~fVmf+f?R@++]+ z{=C%  C  <{!==u{C +~ -={.Ro{
9~=R ={~{~~+~+=f{RfC`{fMfC={f]CMnRsC{={~
CO{=CM=zR{~f=~{==f#u+f{R~f~{{~
'~[{C{~Mm){m'R{#~
R .~fz{~CO{+{CR#~)-u+
O7{~#u+=+
 = f=~+~f='R{+7+R~=CfO7{~!Co#n+7{f{R
)f zCz{={C=~fz{7R9nY++[.{Oz#u?~{~M#C{={~&C!f{
@+ff~{#7-{O
M +~fzR)f+f{Oz=R7RC{+{+{={~]+{Co[z=~ ~+~~R
ZC+f{Rf=L~=f={~]{=s=~R{{f ~!~zM=7{~7R+
f#?7~pM=f{=
O#+M7{~!:Rf7R={n+~f
2f (uR~fC=OR]oCL{#f{f+pCnY++[p+f+==@~fC{ORfR
C{OzO#M#C=~=R+[=
o m: :9
:  
fz-{+R+C+Ef{=]C@={=['~u:~7=u]~fRECO{+{CR
u+~
C{={~!u+=+


 

    

!#"$%$'&(")

=787R 5 z{C87R 5 7~{87p= {-~{@=Vf:9zM-M+~


+~O{p7?O7{f{O)~{z@=+nM=9~<R{+
)O7{f{O)=9MmC{+{+{~R~[uRf+?R)f~M_ 
f@+'~{pR+=z{O#.{f{C+=m C{+{+{+~[uRfm={==) ;+=7+ < zM
Rm{u9M==7=m#
=?>,@ .A- >,B +C3 5 Mf+8 7R 5 {fD 7]R 5 =RE 7~ 5 7@~RF 7!{++!.{f~-+~O{~`
O7{f{.7=-Rm={== {~ff+=R=7`{OG 9{ff7{&
*,+-/.10)21+43 65

7{R{ o f+O~!{7 ~={MRfE{.ff+f#=R#Rf-L+~{Oz@~ff 9O7{f{R


;+=7+
{u9M=o<fz~fOm!7
 0).
> .'3 m{={ 5 +CzMR[F 7.{++p{.=~ 7on{f~oR[{[f~f7~O
f7oC[CO RR[{+7+0 [{={7~ME=:f#~'=[fM{{C{_@~[m~f
~{=o[{={7~
mR{O7+{f~!{+CzMR[OERo~+~[{u~f[{+7  @ $ eof~znR=
[{  M  f ! $ o+{7~ oC{_@~[=''C{_@~[m~{9u7o.~o{n{_@~[=
 2 . 3 mf'+ 5 ~{ 7-{oC{+{+{={~9+~[{+u<Of{fo[f@+:M[{={7~<R)M{{{~f=
R{pC{+{+{={~~9+~[{u~M O7{f{Rn+~]@{m  )[f@+m)f{{{~f']
+~[{u~f={==m-7C9 u@+p~'C{_@~[  ~O7RC={OCfO
n.Cp+9pRCs@++nL~fY=~~++~!m~zM=7{~~f
~{= RzC= {u~~{+~~m{f=C=:~R+'oR+7&n9?7Y=
=CRpR++R=R{~+~
 

&! #"$ &  '$&!%/%$& ")'& '" 4 

 5 u= 7]=~ CM
i7 C{+{+{={~
O7R=Mf7~{7~fn77{R
97~{7'C{+{+{={~[f[nfOeRE+~[{u~f
={')o'o{7{EC{={~
+~f{+{9f+~Mzp{'O7{O+ `~MzC+)7{mC{+{+{=7R{f{R~RC
f~M=~f) (fCfE9{?~{7C{={~E{f=f~V{f@+m~+u{+Mz~
7{C{+{+{=7R

u+~EC{+{+{=7R{C+=p{[~C+~f{zp~'Rz{=f !i{+=ss)~1 
# ! # 
+~[{u~f?~f=o~={p{@C{+OV !  #
f7 +Cz@~R~{zf~R z~++[
[{+7oR+~f !-)/#~=RC#{~{+~
+ *Y 7- ,+4[ [{={7~ERRuRfo7R
~f' ! /#EfM . * O7{~e  !p~7o-'Cfm{f={Rz{+Mo.~pC4


/1032#054

6 42 .7 >98

mRRuRf 7~O:RpO7{zRz=]=n+CO{++fCR'~~+MCf~C+O.(u~{{
=@RC{~f~R++u@+Mz~oe+~{o ~ ~~==+[{Eo{]O7{~e 
{~{{ECRo~f+M-~E~f {f@+~~VO7{~e~E' ; :7 {=7+['M-=@
~Oo={f=Rfz~fpzM~'f{=~mCO7R
zRzfmCRO~{={~
~)-u+=+uoo O7 {={+[o!o#R]+RR]~e{f+[{{ff+zfRo+~f{C+=
RCO7R

<

Continuous Attribute

No

Sort Attribute

// Sorting continuous attribute

Get Cut Point


(Splitting) /
Adjacent Intervals
(Merging)

// Selects a candidate cutpoint


// or adjacent intervals

Evaluation
Measure

// Invokes appropriate measure

Measure
Satisfied

Sorting

Evaluation

// Checks the outcome

Yes
// Discretize by splitting or
// merging adjacent intervals

Split / Merge
Attribute

No

Stopping
Criterion

Splitting(Top Down) /
Merging(Bottom Up)

// Controls the overall discretization Stopping


// based on some measure

Yes
Discretized Attribute


 
 
 

 

/1032#02

 # @ > 8 - B 0 . 


> .

/1032#03/

/1032#0

6 .;  > 8  2 .A+ 2 -

{+#zRzM:{f!fu+{LC{={~{C+=9-{fM.MO]+CzMR[{{]
R~E~[uRf7~OR-MOpfE~ z~=[R+7]+~R 9u+)+7~f{~
M{~9C+{+fE+~{={~pf{R)+~Eo{{m~
@+_<m+'~{ u={Rf
=?~M7{~f{~f)Rf99{mn+7{m{f9R=[{~u=~{=)f97z{+~[O~{{O+)L~
~MRC{f={+7f7RfRf~f{f+7Rff+{~fpoE@]C{+f{{={~7o
{={~f=
 .?.7 > 8 

+ 2 8 >98

<'u77-~C C7o-RR
O[{={7~<'{n:o'R:@{{~-9~RR[+?~)
+~OV:Rm{n{{ffnom{ORf={+7f{pC{_@~[oMf[[z{f@=zo~~f#{nm
R'~@+~[{u~f<7~O)[{pf{{{~f={+{+{=7R-+~[{u=)o{=Rf~z !if+{O~{=[
R
#'[{V9z{Rn+Ro7zfOV:~+~fCR z~++[[{={7=?~M7{OfM
@=zfo)[+?~+~.=R#{={~
:O7R!+~[{u=o{!{=fO]u9M=
!4C=+{O~{=#[]~ #[{={7m[{V~f+{{={~!o7zfOV
z{R!+{{={~z@=+nM=po=!MC{+{+{=7RCO{=,pf{fLR7~={OLu
RCL@++!n~f]R++R~''@R{{~+R{+7=V`p?Rf{C=  {@
~@+@~ffLRn.~ {={{#C{={~
 ~{@+p@~f  pz+
9fO{pf )R{{f#+L+@nR~~[uRfp7~!O7{R z{R
+{{={~+~@R+Zzzf&R-Cu9M=p[+?~{M=~s~~
+~]R~p=?~M7{9f{~
. C=MCY++[~+{{={!{fuzOR

")  :E& 1") "  &  '$&!%/%$& ") /$ "

- R.{f?~{~M==7!~C=`~ 7~fpC=eo~p{@=z m
{+=-R]{-f[OR!=~@=Rz]C=~noo{.!{f{+O)momMO+~fz+~f{
zR~~!7Rf-+{C.R+{f`n+@+f~`{f{+ . pf+=`#f~z+~
~=7{~e pR-f+MO+Mz-+7f{~~E7Rf-+{C=@C~f9`~[.m?C+
z+MRz[+Mz~f= ! #m{[f@+ R+7om[{fnR+~M{9++{-C{
@~[=u{p@z+mCO7R]={n uCo{f+m9-o@R{=][{9{={Oz=[7R

m'O~E{{umC=fz~e !  #'mu9M='~
M~Mz+f+O !iM~Mz+f+CM=]{+ #
=f{=`uCO7RozR~MM`~=f`{u9M=p'f+~f{z{=f=p~E
R{~fV@R{C{+{+{={~
<{fn7~[Yo{~=+7+R{{nM+m~ 7
{~f+~f{C+~+f{f+E@+{MO{~R" !-)# ={~R+fR9)7O7{~f+f7~


R +fR~ 9{~{=~'+O9)=R<{=+Mz~f=  , *@ i+ ?<7f Y ? ~f RC{R COR


pMOC{+{+{={~={m{~f#{+~{ffR=z#~@{+pC-=f{Rf+  !{OnRRo?
~M#~+7fRe~f=O{~.7[C.f~~fOu+ m?~{~MCO7R+{C
+e={=Rz=o~f~e~ OR=m{of~M==
(u+nLpCff=u.<u@+'+Cz@~R+ ++RL+~@9RC~OuL
+R{{nM+mL+{[{7f7{~!CC~'Rf{z{=foC+f=.uM?[-{fO~zmu9M=<fRC
{z{=f`~fRpo+~+7{O`{+z{+M+ !i{f~7o.C={~#M7z+`.z+
~7O~#=7z+pofMf+-!f7{{={ons!+R{@+ # ! #'!Mf+=
+~f{+=-M~Mz+[:nY+-f?~o7z{C7= CEC@={=['~<~M= R~ +C~R
f?~-f+~f{+f+Ln{={9'!Mf+= !- ~
#~f& !  R # !o={9{+R{@+:
{+f~{O[ 5 7{R z{C{7= #<)MO+Mz~eC@={=Rm~zO1 f @" ! #<fRf{z
+f+#R[m~9f7{{+.pu@+~e=fz{={.fMO'!{f7-[M{~O
u9M=9~o+R{~M=4-R~-fR)-f-~z+]~{ &fz~fO{M79{f]fz{={e
~-R#{=!
 fz~fOM=R]#@+  9{.~M= ~eM  9{!@+ 9of+    :
#  p{~Oo~fp{+RC{ff+~f{z{=f#~fRo !   # !-)#'p{~~Vf+~f{+f+
+~[{{~)~VfRfzz{+M]+~[RVM[{{pfz+fm:9=7p{f{O










 

 

o m: :9 . 
m={9u+~fCO7RL-+{C+@~{{=..{f9n+7{Rm={C+M-+7{
=~~+=!~f{+R+VC+f{RfRoCM{{=!=~{+OCf+~MCuf
7~C=
 RRf_
{n{{
+~MMC{O
f+{=+[~4@fL{@+[{=*
 f{@+u{=V f9+~Rf{M
CY++[p+~9M7{~M:={9+Mz~f{!~~f.{9-+{C= `9o{#+{O7{9+~
f7::zCz{+{'~f+Cfff~~f9=f~'~@7R+fCCC+ ER9C{={~
CRfn+7{C{+{+{+='O7{f{[-+{f+ozfz-[{={7M+~[{u~M 7
O~Eu+~R z~++['[{={7= ~{]{n{{-~f+~-+7+R~O +~{{='@~~@=
Roz@+u{=#~offzfM={uzO#C=M=fC~.o+{=~m~{~!mMzOV
&{{OzmRfzC={~fe9-fV~''{RM[z++~+~9)~  oC=@
CY++[C{+{+{={~.=~{=R++~Cf9'~RR== zfz#f.+~ !i=~+ 
#
+.RfzC='o+{=9C{@+u{=]~f{M={uzO !+R+  # `{{=R{R~~+{=
C{f-f{]{~9C{={~s=Rzf{O !+R+ )#)R M:fff+[{~u~ -z~
R=z{=])~ ~{@+[{=Mf{@+[{=Cu{~C+{+f=CnY++[ !i~_7R+~/ #
=Rzf{OMzOV ;+M-{Rf=C{MMz+ECu{RoE@f{=`C @+7
oC{+f{+uz{.fz~7~{~fpO~{{OpfC={f+7+R~O~zz{~f-={Rf.R
{7o~ R, ?.ff7{~f'{Oz=Rz=R[~Rz~f1   Eo`
=7{=~R{+fC=o+[{~uO~{{~{-nR


    









Discretization

(level 0)

Supervised
Dependency

ChiMerge
Chi2
ConMerge

(level 1)

Splitting

Merging
Unsupervised Unsupervised
<Null>

Supervised

Binning

Entropy

Eq. Width Eq. Freq Bayesian ID3


D2
MDLP
Contrast

Binning

(level 2)

Dependency Accuracy

Mantaras 1R Marginal Ent. Zeta


Distance

Adaptive
Quantizer

(level 3:
Disc. Measure)

(level 4:
Disc. Method)


3      
     


 
   

+ - @ 0,2 + @

     
  


   
  

  .A.7 >98

+ 2 8 >98













      

     


 
     

R7of'Z{f{={~f=o+={+[{~.C#~{fR{+~#C C=C{f{R

m=p+7=LRC={~OL=~{=9{](f.+[{~OVRO~C{+{+{={~=Rzf{R@
RR~ ! 
#{fmf{~~f{fO~{{  ! #)n<f{CO7R9C  !-)/#e{z{R+{{={
f{= f ! /#EoC{+{+{={~={'~'{  :+CzMR[ERm=~#7z{C~ m  m
mf{=!~o!~-f{fz{7={m<C@={=RC{={~!{fuf+ m9mRC~f=
~ 9  uf#`{=M[z{R{   ~[f  fz~fO-on~f+~[{u~MO7{O
~f`{+]+R{p@+= +f~'{=R

RRf{~@R{~e7uC!
={'~mM{pC{+{+{=7R=Rz= !i)f 
#<[f@+E~eM~Mz+f+O'~f+CzMR[
={{=#~O7{~!  {=


  "& $ $'&  /$ "



{oon.R+=~+O]~R~n ~{n{{C{+{+{=7R#+{C=
 # =  & # &  
 
 
7 f9  4C{
 *@ _4u  
 *;*@u< i     "!
# +_C
$&% +( '  *@ ( )o7M"  
* +% +- ,. - )o"   
* +% + # n0 /u( )o71   
 *@ _4u  * 
 *@ _4u  * 


m{n{{~R{{ ~M7R9+~f{zp~~<R+fp{C{+{+{={~{C+=+Y+~{R
! 
# +7 !=7!7~O+ ! # +71/ R`{fLzMR[= !-)/# +*Y .~~!p~[uRf
7OR++~Cf{#{+CzMR[O
f! /#  * o+#z{R!+{{={~`{{fO~{={o{ [
!  #uLzz{LC{+{+{={~L=Rz=Rf{-{={~~~V'


=R{Ru   )    C fC=M=fC=f   _~f.~=~+  2

90 4 054

3 >,> >98

-{{-fOCZsC=L+~[{u~M7=7z{CLuZ={ {MOf=
u9M=)M+ mff+!@=7=#u 4f6587:9 7(/ M 4+f7656 { 4+fY


;:

  





    3

  

   
<  3      :
3   0  3 0  
  0  
<  H
:    0 

  


' E

  

 
 

<   <     H
3   0  : 0  0
  H H
< 
:  0  0  

    


' E

0
0
0

     
                  
  

f{=s{C+{={{f]u@+9
f=.E~f~zC7=-o{#Cz{fmC{?~f~  4f6587:9 7(/ [+~[{u~M:~~e
O7{f{p'=~=uC=#[9[{+7'{fmM?~~]ORM_ou{!f#=R][{+7Y+={+[9e
 4f656 { 4+fY f~#O[f
u9M=o<~[uRfm7=o~{p~+=#.=R#f

m'+{C'~={-zC'~{z=fz{~{  :f~ ORM4=[=fR~'Mf+~[~u


C++{=fO~[uRf7!~fs=f{]C++{=fOp{`M.~z~f=[`C@={=[9f=
m+L@+OCO.u!R fz{]@~MO~<f+~uMR{fz{fCf+{7O{~
@+~-~p.~~ +o~f= o{={+M<~C+{fo~~pu{+p7==:m
=!M7R+~u{=7[9{RC{+mfz9{={RV
([~f+{{={~
~
{u@+)ff
COp{={'+O~)up+)~n+R

 Ozfn+ C=={  m9fz=[f~nou{!f#=[f~n_{O[+f+-+{Cmo{.


 #ML~C=CnY++[C{_@~[~=R7{{{~z7o)f%
C 7=p~
=~+f]z{fC{OV![=~{==u+Cz@~Ro~O]up'C~{C@={=[=
m~M7RMz@+u{=]{fufC-Rf{C={Cz{{~!)z{C7~O+. m?~Oz
O7R  ' C~]{p+mf~fVCRf{C='z{fC{~!z{C7~O+:mf{@+{
uzO-+{CfRzO`Rfz{+f!mfRz=.p{u~O[7{~:@Rz]fz{=pR
#~[uRf7{{fC{R@_ ~@R{{R+[:{f97{{fC{9?~f=o9+fz{== ERLf+~z
{={@f~~Cz{C{Oo{]'R+7_)m'-+{C]fzO $ # 55,7 ~R~n  ) 
-+fz{=m?~f='~#7{{fC{R[of+{fMz='fR -{@={fu9M='~fz{= !&% #u{uf'
u9M=~<[{={7=MoL{~{-]~R~em+R{R{f{fu+~{@
=7{=~R{+Of+M
4(' 3 fL+{C-=[{~O~M7RCLMz~[~p~{~+R+?7~R
) # 
M {M={uzOCO7R-+{Cf{ffff +'{~{{pRRuRf:7O+ ) #
Cu=<R'~Y+~[{u~f<7~O:Rpu@+:~YC ~R [{={7 ~f~ fz:{o@~MO
fRzOR{f.+R{9@+~zC7=so{{f!+~[{u~f-7O+& '~[{={7o{~f~[
9u@+:Mf+=, ! 2u#C+i #onL{f=C{~.Rff~e[{+7oL~f
C
 0,-  ,.

C2"! 21+ 0)+ >)B  3  s@{fuf+: 

C H < 

3:

    0
  






Y
3

33

30

3<

0 0

0 <

0 

   
       

   

H  <  <           
3   0  3 H 3 H H
   
:     3  <

0 :

  



H
3
0

+~[~!{f{=ffz~fOo~~+~~@=!u][{+7_mf~ fz{=R7@~ff
CuO9f-~7 ~f]{={f7!~R+7mn{!uMf+]fR.{~-!~@+oR
R{&~]@+{+=[{{= f7L[{+7_ m.=@~C=+!o{ {
+C~{7o~ )f#mMz{7J+C~p7=!={7+{~{{
ozORf7zM'~{+R{@+0 !  ~ #mMzo[{={7~Y[Om{={f77{=
7, @==f{p{fuofz~fo{.7  pm:~
 R~~{=:[+?~CV~E~  
) #Z~f~J~9[{+7C~Y+R{EZ{+~ ',
,) ~f-~z
~  ffC fz )2)mo+{RzER+7:'R+@+~OVRR
+=E{f+R{Ef~{=R7 )9@7~R)m={ 2{+R{{n@+7R7+mCO7R

([~f+{{={~
mz{~ffZn+R]f={{MOf=uZ{`- u9M=
fzM=mO~![+?~
zf~.~[
:mCi~n7~" 2
 Ozfn+ {+{+{=7R]={o~e{f  {o7z+{7o!L)
    H

   
       

6 0 -2; 3 E[fouM=[f~n_=[+M.9{-~fO~{!{]++[=mf7+R+


+~=oo{-~)Of  f~M9z@=+nfO.M+~+f~fV O+MzpfzM!Cu7
of~@+7  +Cf+={={~{ {-{~fu+{R ~mz@=+n#7~fCR-~C

R {f '70(u=+~f
R=~+V{f~ CR{7R'?7~R={=Rz=E+fE~~
f{mYnO   <~fm?p{p{7R'-{<+R~
:{==<Ro~<~{~{7~=+~'{f
~f=o{fu=oo{LO[f4=[=f]o+!-fz~fOoon!{~m@+e~{p~+=
'nY++[ R+7+  R ,9 , ,74~@Y+f_{ *   f ~{= m?{7~m=[f~n_{O[+f+
3

u]Mz-{+R{C~7R#o=L~ fz{@~MO<+~u@~-f=
f~  {Ef[7uo{pC{+{+{={~={n R'O[f_ou
RO[f4=[=fRR~f1 
m{+oC RRoCnY++['+Cz@~R ~Ez7o-~ p~f f<R<{  { po{  M
ORM4=[=fm{fMOO e~n Mu_={~'fzM]RC~{=]{Mf.9Ruu#7~ 


90 4 02

 > .A2     + - @ 0,2 +

ER{Ru)~'C{f'Rz)+~~pf{=O7{~O~{{Oe'{+7~ (Cff~C+fO
+[{~u~)?~{f +  2C  ' ~=
 ! #    R  
o={
Z+={+[?~f M   =z{{O{RffnoC++{f #?R+~
~-R[o<CR{{~!M=o+~=[mof+p{C~7R]:!+R+[oCff=.~=
!
#  ~  
 CR{{~p~`~pf~==~=Rf`7 +o{~ ;=fR
+[{R[
 {~f=zpof+
O~+R+[' O[n~f~~~_ ~     R~  /CfnE{7=zEo=   RE~f+R+[
~f RY{~{=o+R+[=
= / .  +43  )   @M] f  
Y~{m@~~R{{)R'COz~{=offR{fEf{
=R{Ru#=Rzf{Rm=.+~fz{ffCM{~COz~.{=uLz=O{!={E~f
={m#7R+M9 +[{~u7o+[?~=meCOz~#{+R RRuRf'={
fR{MmC{+{+{+={?~~+{O7{{uuM=e~<fu~  )+7u)~+=p{=~p
fM@+[{MC{_@~[Eon9+uz{p~~mVR[{[f~f<7O:f{pm~7oR{9f
! #$&" %  $&' ( ~  $&' ( )+*&,-/. 0$&" %  $&' *1,2-/. R  $1' *&,-/.!

 ]{=[f7R
4 3'{[f@+me+R{{==  ( M  *1,2-/. f{RfnO:{M7ofzM'~
Ro{~[zC~<+CzMR[={@=R+~  $&' 5 ,768 C+f{O{{Rffn{f.ff+p~
!i+R{~[ #:9<;4=9M=RR{]+R{> fmf9zMR[o{L7=z+[{~u!R{+!{!zf
9f~[{#'M{= (ufzL+~[{u=onO~Lf~z[{<#~f.{+~L7zfOV
 !i~=f+=mRo+~={#z=
!_ ~e~<ff+=CC9@+~f]!R
([~f+{{={~
&++R+!=ECCf{
+R{ #C~f= mRfC{~L+~#@+7C=]f~{=#~!{f+O+
 Ozfn+ O7{~#{Ozfn'~{m7uCO={~'{+=~{~M+0 '{M7~zM=7{~
~R~n~1  )M& M CO7R !iMO7{~ #9~]+~[{u~f=7=MC+]~u
+z~fO+m=C#{fO~`~f]fu~ +p=~{~L{M7{zMR[[M
RC~O f{fR~uC~e{'~zM+{~~R~n. `'CM{
{O7{~+{C
!iMO7{~ #o={9MO+Mz9npM~{~n~u.{f=={~zM~   [z 
? <Ym
=RzR]m{f'poefz M -~o-fRzR~f~{{~] (u={~1 C
0


  


  

H  <
<  < <   <     0   
3  0 3  < 3   3   0 0  0 0  H H H
  H < H 
<    
:    H  <   3  <




    <

C H < 


    

'  E

  




<
<

   
         %3
3:

Y
3

33

30

3<

0 :

Y
0

0 0

0 <

0 

   
          

m C{={~.C+ ) <f=o=[{~u=Rzp{MfLM~{=R~+CzMR[o]zf
Rp:~[uRfm7=m[{-[{={7=)9~  )o.f~{+Oo~~<7=oof
fC9COz~]{+Ru 9m-7{fu]{M7C{+{+{+=E{fof~fzMpzfRR  M=~]
fMCf~]RzMR[=Mn{Oz~=ff~{+OoR=m~{f~=mfR)~f+{{={~!
 :mC{+O]9+!f{=~m-~zf== ~n+Rm=z=R~f
?R~7~=z {zff
([~f+{{={~
mz{~ff+~fnRfmf{=#L +!@~p){fp~7of
R ([~.u@+o~)fzM=zfoo={M'
 M
 ([~.u@+o~)[{+7mmR{{M

)f ([~.~{~!R~fmR!~
+Cz@~R{~CR
M ([~.<~VfzM=m!{[{={7YM{n@+~f9-{~+
-E{~+f7{Ozz{R#+~fC{~M~{9{=RC~mup-+{C*
!-ER{
 ?  #7[COR{f+fO#m?:C+{+fo=!{=+{~pzz{{~f!~

 Ozfn+ f~m  {o7f 9R?R{OzfnmL) C


 > .     
 

mf?uRRZM  ff{RM[z!{M7M~{=R~zMR[~{!R{!{f~
@~MOmM+'=+.~zOm7{=zRzfRRuRf'={p?~f==: 9z-{f7R
  Rz7o)f%
2e'=z=9f7u@+~'@~MOp #oO{f
  !  #~+RzOoon~f{f]u.~o~{~
mf+~~ffz]{+R{~{~
=!f+{O~{{C{={~# +f+#R++o@{=[{
zMR[+O]MO~OV
 2 3

 
        !    "$#% &'(
)(* +
,*-&'(
)#  /.''" 0$/2134 576

 


   

< H  
H H
  H   
:     3  <



    

  

3

0
0

   
            

7'=~+O7~ECMRf~{=:~{m==COz={RR:C{_@~[<R C{+{+{=7R
<m+=79
=R{Ruf=7R+f{o{{+='+~fC7o~ {MOmC{_@~[E
pO7{f{R
CO{+{CR!+f{Lf{f !i ?  #mf{=#{{={<{=f{{~f!@MfC=LR
@=zC{_@~[= m ?  R+++C+MCf7{R
]f+ =fC{-o:M{=Of`C=+= n
 ? ( O)o+~fC7~7oCO7RC=e{+M7{O)~){M7<={~ ~+f+O7{~
~V{EO~{{o'fzO-~C=fRRuRf:O7{O oO, m?~Oz-~C: 
)
([~f+{{={~

? &MzOL~z{R{+~
 ;=fRMf~-p++{C ER{
 ? o={'  [#Of!+[{R[R .?C{M7.{f~znRMCfOuC{_@~[#R.z+
~Mf+=9~==C{OfZ~n{.[-~-=Z~{.=~]{ORf={+MsM+~
f~znRE~of]{Rz'RE+~{~
{f={~~=[=-{-z=f{+f~znR
C+=
R+R[o<7mCR+~#@p~M#+ 

 Ozfn+ E[z ? ==#{  o7-Rozf7o].)f"
'C
 - > .A-42 - @  @ .A- >,B +C3 '=[C=~f[~
 R{CCM=Cf+L=~{+ ! 7M{?
@    #{Z=7f7C{_@~[= ?
+]f!RfzC=sf{{{~f f RsRL
+~[{u~fp7~O+e=~R[ ~f 3 ~zO={@=R+~m~R~pCf+M+'=+
p'-f~znRfmC{zRpC{_@~[mRR+#M=7 uR{='{fp+Cz@~Rof7o+O
Cf+~
;

(9
!     # ! "!#       
(uf+
!  %$   #0 !& '   #  !   #
(9 
!     #  (     #  )   

o={

 ,* %   , R  ,
!   #  +
! $#  $&" %   $ ~  $
!  '  #  
 *, %   $&" %   , $

 , ,  - ./ 
$ 0 , $ I{
+~[<~

$ $

R

 ,$

IVu@+o~)fz~fO


<

  
 



    

  


   

<   
0 H H
  H H <    
:    0   3  <

' 

H
H

   
            
  

 ,$ 
  , 
$

[~f+{{={~
.zsf{={`f C={~&+~{&MC{+f{{= ER{
? &Rmnz{~ff+{{={~]{C+{={po+R{zMR[o{R!@[{CCf+=V
 Ozfn+ 9z-{fz~fRC'p~O#={Rm{  of7-L~ f
6 0 -2; 3  )#uMf=pff~{={~LLC=-+~[{u~M7~OoL]{+R
{+M7{OeC{={~~I{='fCpf=+z~=pf+=e~~O~fM7~{f~== 
~f= o{fo{={pof+fO#m?{z{R#{Oz~C=<fO7R
.  [z  ? 
f{={f]f9 C=C{~+f{Z{f+`C+{={]o=~ZO7{~e -~{
{~R=zf7o@{=[{e+CzMR[oR{{fz=f7nY++[~m7==
+ ~f{f+[{~u=MmRf1    _ 7M4? =Rzm [{CCf+=9{f f{=<
+fz{={]+~f++C{RzMR[MCf-COz~!{+RmC={]{=~#~f+
f7~{+~[{~z{O#RofLRoM[{{p~{fz~f{f~+?un]MR[~)u+'mfC{
@~[~m7C ~[RmR{+
 'o{+Cz@~R{+={O#9fzM~!CR{7R~R
_ Rfno~mCR{7R{{+=+CzMR[m{M7{+f~{=fzM=m@+~f~-{{f{~-+R{=
(uM~`=R{RuL-O~{9p~@R{=LLz=OzMR[fz+O pp{~R=z{=
+~[{+[pE{+-CMV'-~`{Rz'Cfz#n={-f{++{-R+=z{O=~+   
Ro-R{C+~+
(

 +  + > + >,B 

90 4 03/

EpO~{{m~Yz{+~{
R{{C7{~9M+'=++R{:~f=7~  1  _[EECff=
R9uf ~++~.~f=?~o==R7~'O7{ *@1 i4 !CnY++[p~7R
f{z+Rzofz{7{7 @E+~+7{OV zf-{fE+'+~[{u~M<={
o{'7~O, ! M #~f!]~zO, ! 0 M 0 #R{7oL`), m~{!o
fM#RzMR[ ![{={7~ #79{on#~O  !i++ #7~R
C
+R{m.[+?~  oC+-O!R~7=
0 m{C~
~+C 3 4
! , , #
,

 +.A-3 

 

 

5 B
m55 m5zB
 BO5  BB

  


B


      
    

m{C~
~+C 3

0

4
!   ,  , #

o={
: R=o-7%! ~#'n){={~{-[{={7=f
, o{u9M=ofz~fOm.R+7  f7@+~f9 0
@+-7p~+CzMR[+
 

o={


,%




  ,  ',

u9M=o){+{@=fO#[{={7 ! -u]C+i #
! # ~'fC+]f7fR{fR=z~fR~fzM=m.[+?~ ff
  ,  ' , Iu9M=)Mf+=m![{={7 Eon.+R{mfC+ ! # !i-C~e~MC #




f~O7{o{`n  +R.@  @{=[{+Cz@~R+ +Cz@~Ron.{fR=z


7pm{+={=#-+~u@~ff~mf{{{~f='{p~ !i~'CM~
7OzR@=C= #mfpC~[uOpM=.{R=`{f{~-{{[{
~-n+RO R{~+7=]~+{R
C]o+ 
o#?
ff![R~pO7{~#u+=   m+R{R[.~+  {o{ 
([~f+{{={~
moCO{ z{Rf:o={z@=+nfOu@+ ~@[{={7: =R=~ O~
+~[{u~fO7{R
 Ozfn+ m-u@+~ ff~:[+?~~'#=79m~p{MOf=~ '!_ R )!zMR[ # @+
C{+OL  {p7#R{7o~  f @]RC~f==RzRffO7{~`{OzfnR
'ORfo{#C@={=Ru@+:ff~[{={7=f={o)++{!MR~
+~{7 C@={=[={={]M?~C@={=[ff~[{={7o '9f?~{~f{~[f7oOC~
~MRCo{=.

90 4 0

 B'B 0,21- B 

+ fR=~{f{fOf{.~=~+`~+R{{nM+O ]~f{f`~=~+R
C{={~L  ~ *@_
mf7M4O+  2 "+~f{+o7I'=~97z{C=Co~
~Ro=~.7{{fC{RnR[{[f~fmRp{n[{f{{{~fm=n+[#=[f~n_{O[+f+


 




    ; :
  





    C

   

<  H     
3   0 H H
  H   
:     3  <

  

0
0
0
0

   
         

  

<  3 :   ;:
3   : 0  3 :
3  H  0  < <  H 3
:   :  0 :  :

  


' '

   
       

  

3
3
0
0

  


 

   
 

REuORM_ou{e<mfzfz {=z{Ou9f9~zf+ {{+Y{zfz+f'7~


R+fR~ !+~[{u=]f=fzf~~O+mf&{+Cz@~R#{f]~~O{ff9 {L
{+={=
nuR~~=o{f]~{nf==Mnf{f#~9+~f{{M.{fR{o{RC
f{~zf+O
([~f+{{={~
f~-=R7{{fC{R:{.C{+{+{={~CO{-~f9o={f+#--
7~=+[L~=~+~
 Ozfn+ 9f{=
f ]R~zf+{.{+9{-7~=+[o-{n{{!z{C-7~O
f{=[f~noC{' !i)  
#
m-~E+R{{nM+C=M=f~.-fz= . f{+++f+== ;7+~==@~{-~zf++Oo
@{=uL{==
pOO{!{LuR{9Ron.{<{-+~CnR-f~+C~R
M 9fm=~{~Mi~zoon#+~Cn !I~9 #o+ m{f[f@+o<ff+==





)&  $  "  

9z~zf+9[.on~=++=L~R~n RC{={~LC~CRC{ , _u


RoM~z{R-_L~R~e
&  & # & i 
* 
f 7_C{
+4u * 0
 *;*@u< i     "!


# +_C
&% ('  +RM  f 
7 ; * 
*  _R   +~+f  f +
; * 
+4u * 
2

m={R~R~n+~f{z<{pRMRz[z{+Mo.C{={~.C==Em+
~{R! 
#{~{]7O+" ! #ffs{#MO9'f+~uMR{L[{+7+" ! )#={R{#f[{R
[{+7_f ! #~!o+#{[z=#z{Rn+R]o{{fOV:LCm#o+7+R~   2

C ) 
f{
7z{RER
=7f7R=~{==% ;+f+~CCO{+{@O~{{fO
B #+ - @ 0,2 +C3 `z{=m=Rzf7RfCfz~M=f+{ORs{.+7Rfzf
@+=L{-7=E=79M]+R{= p={@+ 
2 <~{R={f`~++7{9CO7R

o{={~o~{O[+f+O:zf~@mi+~f{+[:on~9[{={7 !~:~{={ozo[+?~
{~f@{n'{+uf{O{<EC@={=f #:E~ zR+[E[{={7 {~ffEf?RzE{={~
+R{{O[+f++ !~p~{={oz{~ z~=[R+7{~fM-+~=[{#~ #m 7z{
C+{={=E{p{~{9~e~ zR=R'[{={7~'f~{=R]{~{RM+~f+R+_ {O uu@{
Ozf7'#~ zR+[[{={7~E={~{fC=M=fC=Rp:9+R{=" :{f+LfC+@+MC+[=
+!zR#@+~O +oz{f+#{R!+.z=f7~:mp~f9~~{{
7+






o={R


2   
 
 

0 , % 

 &$ %  


[ f@+o<~zO+
, $ Iu9M=<Cz{f7=m!{ _{!R+7_ L~+
, Iu9M=)=m 4.[{={7~  $&% , $
0 $ Iu@+o~)+=m ~.+R{ ", % , $
~
u@+o~)+=  $&% 0 $ f
, $ IC@={=#=[=f# , $ ! , 0 $ #



 

 



  +2 8 +C3 L{@+u{=V)@z~-C{+{+{=7R`f{COC 


2  {`O~sCf

7~7{{fC{+~f{+={L@~[{={7_ {O9@+{~=`~+~={f
R z~++[[{={7~= zR+[R+7pon`=~z 7--={R={R~+:{fR{+
z{R{+~p{{M=V R+7 {RM+~f:+R+7R {=z=f{=V7R+
C{={~
oEm7+e?~f +MzOVfC=eC{+{+{={~
emf {OR-=fC=COC:
{{
E{Rn@+M
+R+ @+= f ]   !ff?R- , 5 M+
f+{{+ 
!~ 
m ,  5 M+
7







  


   

H 0 H  <  : <  <
<     0  
3  : 3  < 3   0  : 0  H
 : 0  : H < H 
<  : <  3
:    :  




    3
  





    0

  


<


 E

     
        
  

H 0 H  <  < <       
3  : 3  H 3   0  3 0  H 0 
 :   0  : 0   H  <  3 <  H
:    :  0  

'  E

   
       

   

  




  3 :   


    

f~~{=o+.@MfC=#?R~O{{~[f@+~R+7{R M=f=7=V
([~f+{{={~
mf]+~~~ zR+[-[{={7~99+@=7=sfR
7=9~f~
~'~ zR=R[+?~{=f]{MOf={={~L7-opC+{={=[L#R{+
{RM+~f-=~=4mf+{+ , 5 f 
7 pf{={.@R{-.+~fz{[f7p{f-u9M=
C{+O][{={7o{~!M={M!~o=[f~Y{ , 5 f +

 Ozfn+ {+{+{=7R]={o7R+mV~mO7{Om{  of7{~{{7o#.~%
C
 2 3 ]#&{~{=R+z~  /u_R 
  /u     _z7z{+~{Rn@+ML+~=
f~~O-{~7 +~p~.~f~~ zR+[R+7~~R-{f+~f{+f+
+{{={~ 
 M:7{zf=V fRf{z{=fR~ -Of:{f:'pfz{={M:7 M=Rp{CY++[
=7{=~R{==m~R{{ ~~fLC{+{+{+O9+~[{u~f]{Cz#z=O]{f{
++7[={== ?
~'L+~RR z7z{f{=]{C{+{+{+{fp+~[{u~MEO7{O[{
{~f+~f{z{=f=Rf{7 C~#{fY{~O7{O~{{=-7R=LR{++7~RO
=f-{f{o~)++7[m={=f7oRf{z{=RO
([~f+{{={~
m={R+~[{u= [{{ffRfzz{+M f-R{mf{E-=
mf+~f{z{=f]n -u]Ci~=
 Ozfn+ O7R#={m7~=~YRm={=~  {o7z+mo{1
-fRfzz{+M
{7o!L)  )
#Cz{f={' .9+M+7~{++7~Rz{C=f7-C~+
s~zM+{~
'+`{R={zR9fRf{z{=fR
npM[{{-!={Ro~-~~-




3:

  
 




    H

  

 
 
 
  
 : 0  : H 
<  3
:  ;:  ::   :

  

:
:
H

' '

   
       

  3 0

  
    

{~7z{C=po`~{R+{=LfC=M=fC+[]~+)f .zf7f7O
u7o
)  fRfzz{+M~CR#+~{fpfzm'z{C{Om{M7{==7[=
C]R+]{~'#'  7f+4[  ) 
ofL{9f{= z{~ffRC
{z{=f!=Rz~"  M=~.~ERfzC={~f7{{{9RV'RfL+~f[[zOm{f7'O
7~-R9{[{+7m:
RRuRf'={==. {O[=~CufpzfRR
6 0 -2; 3 '+~mRpefoC{f7~=?m?9~-{n{{f{[~

{MOM+~Rf{C='p{={~f'M+'=+!O7{pM{fp+R{f{ z7z{:mpfRz
C= {f'e+~~V'9~[uRf:7='~ '[{={7E[O ~@OEnY++[{7R
+R{?~f=={f+~{R.@9R+++C=V z7z{~7{~R{{R=~fRom~f=
7 {{.~@+p{Ozf~R=~`={~.' .{R~=zp~~C{R7{-?{.
{Ozf~u{f!f+~f{z{=fsO~{{R f{f+~?~[R]~f{fs' -~7 ~{~
R{{R=~fof=~fp{+77:~{==?~[=7== 9z=+{]=~{o7o1) 
fRf{z{=f!{  o7u{f?~f=m<mfz-={=o~{p+~OR~p7p~fR




$#&    &(")

Ef?R +u='O{={Oz=[7R C{+{+{=7R{fufeMC+e'=7+~R{==Vzfzfp={RM


m?~n]:{fufp~ff..{n{{]+{=~~~ `MzO!{  7~~L
z7 {nY++[={np~C=u7~fC{={~{fufon~{OzRz#{~u
+R{{n@+7R9~R~ne+~ Y+@ ~f +C 5 *f4 zf-~{~{m={):{7o
~% 
C L[{{~+7R#@+=.{'=?~M7{~.=Rzf{O !u@+:M~Mz+f+O
~fLu@+E+Cz@~R$ #f7{9~{f9zMR[=@{9++{-fRfzz{+M== +[z=
u~{=~=~{fn-9@Rz{M?~LC]~~ff{f9@ZR[~{7R+C~R
ER{ ? f+{O
)f+~f{+f+Oof1 +CzMR[ML'f  !-)  #o=f{= fRf{z{=f=~f
'+Cz@~Rm~
 {+" (u{~.~+R7 7=L@L[f@+ !fRf{z{=f=~f
+CzMR[$ #. `fC==!~f{+~{M7{~C!@{{+{f~#~{=Rm{  of7f.  [z  ? R
#@=zZ{.+{+R~~zz{/ o' L.+7+R~-={Rff'f zz7=f7
Y
3

  

   
    

    

     


   


;:

      
   
  
0

 


;:

    

 3
 3 0  
H

:
H

<
3

3


 

; :
3Y
30

    <  


 



           

         


RCM+'=+s]=Rzf{O@Rz]u7o{~@+=RRfRf{z{=fR
RC{~9C{={~
' =]~{+7~=7='on#{~+~=M~efRfzz{+M~z=+
)%  M
m{RM[zO-~+~f~'z={R=R@R{ziOE=f'f'~R~=m~u-C{={~
Cpz]{f+`C=@9{-{fufR{Rff~f{+~+pM=zR{~fR ~{=
Rz@=o~
R7u.7R+M7~{~fm+{C~f#f=7{-{f+{={~fm~-R-{=

{~R=z{!of7pp{{!R++~Cf{!='R{LMofp+{C~{-~-{~
f.+ f
)f~@={]#{{@~R{]{. = =~{=~+{C Y`{f+~=fRM{f
o~-='R{~~='C={~!<+ {fufo=Rz+O
 +R{[+p9C{={~LCp~=~C{]{9fRC@={=RpC-=f{Rf+u+=
(u={~1 CCf~-=RC~~f~
C+~4{@+[{=
ffzfM={uzOVC{O
f+{=+[~4{n{{

={RMVf`7{
CufV9RC~~{=[@-ER{RR#{+Mz~f~
u+I~o{++!.)f  2f

33

    



!#"$
% &"('*) +

   
 
   
   




  

,-

39'&:#<;

 
  
  

=#.?>

 

.0/
1'*234.6587

)$)% C#D)%+
E

FG3H"%2IJ"
E

F/

   
  
  

EK 'J3L"(I"

 
   
   
   



 
  






    




      
      
      

 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 

    

 
  


      
      






      
      
      

 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 

   
  

@A" :
B

  
 
 
 
 
 
 


 



 

  
 
  
 


 
 
     

 


 



 
 


 


 
 
 
 
  
 


 


 


 


 
 


    

 
 
 
 


 


 


 

 

 



 


 


 



    

   
 
   


 
         
      
       
    
 
    NM          
 


30

-    .  
) 


zL  f=~{`{+f7C{={~s{nM=f7.o{f~C9~+{M+!]
+~f{z{=f9f'!~f+ f+~f{+f+O'C=o7+C{={~ # `f7=~9+7
f{ofn7R ={~o
C{={~-of{f+'O7{~f+f {7Rm{M=zR{M
~'=#~fffC+zMCf#~ {=~{#{Oz=9m97~+=R+~@9O~{{O{=
Rz@=){f{R~-M+~?7{= C{+{+{=7R9+~fzR
! #<~=~+~ ! #{m~ C{+{+{={~9~f
R Of~~f !-)/#)fC=z~ffn@{=~{fp={=<m[M+R'o==~{nM=7R=
~R~n. n=+~fz{[m~f[[z{f=~R{{fo{M7{~f.@9~p
.onLM~{-u@==4 ~M+~[{u~M~m+e~C~ =~={=~{f~R~n=.C
{f ~R m?R=o'R{{nM+  ' ~m!~-fRu=!~#R#C{f  M    VoR{+
R+u@+-=[MO+Mz+ff9M~{[@=MLnRu~+f=R.?7~foC=
f{=zf7p=~+=L=Rz#+@={fC@+=R={R{{f+-R{RY M M~@=+~9]C
iR{z~f~~E+~f~{zRRoOf+~{o{RCEu9f+:{zf
f?Rp{+_=+[{OC{+{+{=7R#+{CoMzO#!{+CM={+[mfRzO]R!{CO{+{CRf
~Mfzf=f~M==  /f# *Y{{ ,p o( /+ +{+_=4i7 [7( /,9{p
77 :- /C{7~0 / *`7
7E :~ { p /7_Rp *f7.{ 4+f oY~-oY=eC{={~R! f {f{R~
+~fzRfpM+~?7{=C{+{+{=7R
 R{CRfzMe~Cz@=+n@=fL~O~
Rz@==7f7R

 +fR )'o{{{+n
C{+{+{={~~-{OzE{C=+{O~{o~ f+{O~{o
~=~+~
mMzf~.  4R!R?~{~!{C+=CoMzOV
 mp~C{+{+{={~ <'o{{-z=ne9C{+{+{=7R{fu{fE~~O ~o{~f
={.M+z+R+fR~
 mp~o= o{C@={=[#7uMOp79o{&ouMO
=~{=[{O'R{{p{R+{R
 9fC+zMn p{!=={-~ f L-`C=+{~s{=~sm9Rz@=-fC=
=Rzf{O{R~#{f[f@+o<CCOmL9{+R
9

  

E&4,$ 1/$ 

m +~Ls{~{L{+={=~ { 9p  u.~fL=~{fs+@R{n~  on&


u+=7=~f!?~{u{=== {~{#){97z+=.M~f.L~%'u
~: #C{={~`-+{Cp+fC )#uMR E[f~nou{
++RR
fs'~f+~ !4z=
)  2/#E~{R{+]{R-M~<m ++~CR='{u-R~=~+{+=R]~)
+CzMR[u~R~=C=+{R.{+=~{Mmmf  )[@f{=LRm{ffRzpRR-M{~
M~

  -2
    &0' '
  ' * /
*/7* 4 22" "!,& 0
0 2 "  - #$4% '  ' # &  #2  7   !6
3H

 

    

  
 

  
  
 
 
  
  
  
  
 
 
   

3
0

<

  
    
   
 :





;:
C
3

;:

3 H

3:
 H 

<:

   






0H <

3 <

<

Y
0 <Y

<H0

0H

;:

               
 



f{ M !i`7~O!~+{RL0 )#{]f{7uCp{9fR{O~ M=zR{M@R{-CO7R

'RM_ou{)z{ E[f~n =@ 'u[z:z{=M~{=R~C@+=f'RO (u={~


M''~fL={Ro7~[~ ' C
'~]+CM={+[o+~ff=.~R7+
 Ro=~.z+
=z=~.C{+{+{={~!-+{C!u  4R#Rm7{~!  f
R~p=~+
[  9{-!O~!{Rf ! 
9!{~ #
.-O7{~!C]~+o+Cz@~R+f-O~{p{+OC=
)ff{{Oz+Cz@~R{C{+{=f
7 

Mf{{~M7R u 
99~ _{f[ f#{f{=~f9~ _[
+@~{m{?R+~+{R'7f#{  f C
f~m{f{Ozmo{f~CC{={~
Czu!z{=f -M )]@7~pCOC~


 

4  " $'   #"5  & 

M -={~{{7o.~O f'
 E~.={~Mzo<=~f.C=u{~L<

+@~{{OL+{R7=  7_~LR?~{~
m-{Ozfn~m f o{f~CC{+{+{=7R
z{O{f+~ 5 'RRuRf 7m)fO m~<R-M{~po{E={)7+<uf7Rf
3<

 

     

 

 

  

  
 

 
  
  
  
 

    
 


 
   
<  3  <   H
H  3  3 <
   %3  3 
3 3   H H
3     H < 
H 0 H %3   H
  3 3    H
3   3 3 %3   <
0 0  0 <   :
  :
: H 0
 H 0  
0   3  
0 H 

 


<   : H 0

0  :< <  0
3  0Y H 3 :
   < H  


3  ::
 3 H

   3 
0    :
0 H  0
3 0  
0 
3  3 
  

.
Y

0 < H


<


<
 H <
 
  3
 <

    

H H 3<  H 3
H 3 3   <
 : 3  3 
3 :  3Y H ;:
0 :    H < 
<  : 30  H 
  3<   :

3   0  H H 0
0 0    0
   H H 0
H < 3
  H
0  0 < 3   <
0  

 3
0  < :
<  V: %3
0  3 : .
3 :  ::

< 
H 0
3 3
H
0 0  0 0%3 
H :V 0  0 3
  : H : H
3   Y 0 
0 3 :  < <
 3Y%3  3 3
  < 3 0  3 3
0  0 3 0  ;:
0  0

3
0

<

     H <  


        
      
          
     H <  
    



        
 
  
  
 
     

          
  
  
          
 
 
           

C {={~-+{C=Zm!={n#R{RMOsZ+-~{Lf~R+z{+C{={~
CmRo=~{Rf{~e)m?R+~O !{~z7<~O 'M
RR~#fC+{~
R{7 {!CO7Rs-+{C-7Y==CR]~=~+~LL[9O7{~s+{C9C
~m{~M+~[{9f=Rz+{R {O+  =~[{-Ru'zf+={-u~7+mC-=f{Rf R
@+{~f+=7f7R

)"  +@~{E~~=u=RC{+{+{=7RCV <<=~ef7:=RC~O


7uf]~fR<{~m~!{+~O~LfC+{~L@=+~f{: (f+Cn.zf7oLO~
C . z{R9+{{={~e &f'[{={Of{9f'o+{='~opz@+[m~]C{={~
Rm-CVCoV=~!97'='={~{~ f C:)~ )-{~R=zE{f+pm{f.+7R

{-ofMCf{=MRz=!   _mmC@={=fmf7'=Rzf{pp{~~+.R!u
C{={~z{=o+L=Rzf{9{-9~~=uCO7Rf[L+R{{n@+7R
pm
7Op)R{ ).9?R+R=.7~=~ f7!{~fLR+~ {~z7~)= . f
~f+  !mC=.p{`z=n{={]~uL{~C~@+=`={~p7{~ M !RsC==

{f-{M==L~']O7{~L+{CVpm++{C{M7z@+[-O~z~fR
pufO{ffR=z?~+Ro+{R'7='~#{-z+= mz=+!!)R{ )C]R+=~4[
3

 
 

H Y<    :
   < 0  <

   
H :: <  :
  0  H : 
3  0Y 0  : 
3 :  0 < <   <
3  H  <  : 0
H 3 < H < 
  <   3 
3 <  3Y H 3 0
0 H 3   3 

   
  
0   3<   H
   0  : 0

3 3  H 0
3 3   
0  0
  H
<
   <
3    
H 0  
3  
  <
0 < 
  :

     

H < 

       
      
   
  
     

 

     

  
  

  

  
 

 
  
  
 
 

    
 

 
 

:  
: 
:  3
: 0 0
 <
: 
:  3
:  :
: 3 H
:  0
 3
3 3 :
:  0

0  3  0  0 3

 H 3
<  ::
 <
 
H  
  
  :
 H
 3
3

    :
:  ::  
  <  0 
:    0
 H   
<   H 3
  0 3   H
 HH 0  : 
    3
 0 < 3   :
< 


3
0

: 
: 
: 3
: 0

: 
: 0
: 
: 3
: 

0 
: 

%3
H 0 <  
<  0 : 0  :
3    H 
3 3  0 H 
3   : H 3 
<  0 <  
    <  H
3 H H 3 H 0 3
0 H 0 3   : 
     ::
  <  <  ;:
0     < :
H <

0  ::<  H 


.C  :

 

     

  
  

  

  
 

 
  
  
 
 

    
 




%3
H 0
:  3
: H <
: <
3  H
 ::
: H 3
:  3
: 0 0
: 3
3  ;:
3 0 :
 ;:




:
<


<


<

:
:
0

      
 Y<
:  H
: 
: H <
 :
:  <
: H <
:  Y
: 0 0
: 3 3
 
3  Y
 ::

H 3 0 H  HH
 < <  0 
0 H  < :
0  :

   
  

<

H :

<

:  0
  < <
3 3 <
 
<  3
: H 
:  :
 H
H <
H 

 


:  3
:  
: 0 
: 0 H
3 : H
:  :
: 0 0
:  0
: 3 
:  

H 
 C

    3 :    
      


 
 
3

3    H 3 
  :  H 3
3      HH
;:  3 0<  ;:
  < 0   0 <
3 3     <
0  :  0
  :< 
;:   <  0 3
3   0  3 :
0  

   


 

:  3
: 0 
: H 
3 : 
:  
: H 0
: < <
:  3
:  
3 : 
0  0
:




 3
3  V:

:  3
: H
: < <
3  ;:
: 3
: < <
:  Y
:  0Y
:  3Y
3 0 3
0  :
3 H

5
Eq-Freq
1R
D2
MDLP
Mantaras
Zeta
ChiMerge
Chi2

4.5

Time (Sec)

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5
13.5

14

14.5

15

15.5

16

16.5

17

17.5

18

Error Rate(%)


0  
       H  <
          
 
 

;

     


 
     $

        
    
    

+[-R[~e{pm~{{uo~{~~e7+~{==u=Cm~{fp=~{~)~[~=
+mfRo@+=[f~4-f{+o?]f[[zp-{fu#f7RR=o-7+m={~m7{R
;7Cu=)CO7R7Y=e{f'=~{f={R{+  e'{R~=z{O=~{+O=9RC{~
!={~p7==V'+~f=.{f-=~{f! f ]RC{+{+{+=.f{f-u9M=
CCOE~e={{=]C=+{R{+on={MOERf{RJR{~f~M<)=  ~f
pz+m{foCM={+[~={n:{Ozm~{MO+<m=~{{:{OCf+=Rz:[
f~nER+~f~{O!{f7~=~{f{R+~[{u~M )O7{~L+{CpR[{{
{9?[LOffmmRfzz{+[o{.+R{+{+~VffC[  C  ) ef7[f-={
u+~]=[=o+@nRzRzfff{n+O~ i~~=R.CC~ f MC~
{!~C{+{+{7  ~ CV?~+Ru9M='fu=p.COz~{+-~~<
{oo~{{OCf+=V:mRffCO{fC{+{+{=7R]=Mzf-~{+-{f7f
 `~C+{!i~+79RpfC=z~fC!'CY++[pO7{~`{fuf`{=R{Rf=@
{7&=R[mC{={~+{C!)~= !4 # ! #M !i
#EMz9{p={n< M o{RC
C{={~R-f~{9=~{~ f+R{~nY++f+9Of`7~=-=[~=~+~ (u+R+
@~[=MLf{O{R )R1 f ! #%(u-]C{={~{fufzf7 {f{~#{=f
f=Rz~#==Rz+~7=R]& {+ ER =f   m Zf E[z ? <
3


 

    

  
 

  
  
 
 
  
  
  
  
 
 
   


  
: H 0
:  0
:  ;:
: 
:  
: :
:  3
: 0
: 
:  :<
 3
3 : < <

 


 

    

  
 

  
  
 
 
  
  
  
  
 
 
   
  

 
 

 

0 :
<

30

<

:  0Y
:  :
: : 0
: : H
: H 
: : 3
:  :
: 3 0
:  3
: : H
:  <
C  H 

Y
C

%3
: 3 
:  <
: : H
:  3
: < 0
: :
:  :<
: 3 :
: : 
:  :
: 3 H
< 

: 3 
: :
: : 
: : 
: < 
: : 3
: : 
:  3Y
:  3
: : 3
: 0 H
C  <

    
:  0Y
:  ;:
:  :
:  C
:  <
:  V:
:  :
: 3 :
:  <
: : H
: 0 H
0 0 :

   
  

 


: 3 
:  ;:
:  :
: :
: < H
: : 0
: : H
: 0 :
:  C
: : 3
:  <
;:   

: 3 3
:  H
:  :
: : 
: < 
: : 3
: : H
:  ;:
: : H
: : 3
: 3 3
;:  <

   


    3Y    
  
        H < 
 
     


 
 

0

C
C

30

 <

Y


H

3<

<

0

     
0 <

%3
0 <

   
  

 


30

 3Y
C C

0 <

C
C

<

0 <

<Y

0 <
0


H 0

0 <
0Y
3
3
<Y
 <
3<

 0 Y
0 

0



<

<
;:


<Y
<
3
<
H:

<

:
:
:

:  3
:  V:
: : 3
:  C
: :
: : 3
: 3 H
H 3 <

 3

:

Y
C

0 :

<

 :

<

0

0 <

<

<Y

3:

H:
<

<

H 0

0 0

H 

    3 3          


        H < 
       

 
 
3

   



C

0 0

 H0 H


Y
C
Y0
<

30

H0
<
0 <

: 3 
:  0
:  ;:
:  3
: 
:  V:
: :
:  
:  C
: :
: 3 :
3  <

 3
 ;:
 <
 :<
: H

Y


H 3

<

' L={Rf!' M=f?~z-]f~ o{=C{~f7m[~ ~f @+f?Ro{f+


Cz{fRoM=f?uR= ! # (u~m{fuf ff~mCR= !i==C'  nY++f+
# '~ =@  
~[~=M @+f of~~O !ion '  C@={=f #e)'  (C~ofRn{{ !o{
 nY++f+
#VY ~f  [z 
? <'L+~R  {f{=R~V? o
ERz)z~ on9nY++f+
={f~   RE7.z+= ! )# L~C{+{+{={~+{C+~=f{{!=R7R-nY++f+
R~)7]{='R{ffMCfR`)~= )M1 f@'{O~+M  E[z ? ~p
{n{{f{[~#~fL'+~f' ~-+~f{[~

 
  
      
3  
  
0    

H   

<    
 
  
   
    
   
;:    
 
 
3       

      

  

 
 


 
 

 

3
     
   
  
 

   

 3

 

 

 

 

H
3

<


<

3
3
3






3


H 3
 3


 

H

3
3

  
   

  



    3 0         

   H <                          
    
   H  <                   

 
                   
  
   
           H  <                  


 
 

)  ){7Y{f{~{Oz~+{[{Ym7z+)f~R@{fC{={~C=
pM=~% )fV') '~p~]{~:~ 2!+RzO ! 
 , 7#{ .Y= , -+{C. #{+~{
m~:=:fR =[f~{fE M o{RC'C{={~
<m E[z ? sCR?~@=z
={~+{R7{ ! '~Cp ]{$ #o+=R '[f4=!M @CR?Rp{-'Rz
={ ! .~C9 
!{$ # (u`R.{#7Lz+= :~~ C@ fz{~sf ;={
{7=-{fRzE-f{7R++['{+C{+{+{=7R !3RC'~ ~ :R C~f 'RC'~ {fuf
R f~~f ;O{ # o =RO ~+ :+~C~f% &{7=-{f=~z'7~+=R ! 
0 :

25

6
Eq-Freq
1R

D2
MDLP
Mantaras

4
20

Error Rate Diff (%)

Error Rate Diff (%)

15

10

-2

5
-4

0
-6

-5

-8
1



10

11

12

10

11

12

20
Zeta
ChiMerge
Chi2

15

Error Rate Diff (%)

10

-5

-10
1

10

11

12

 
H  
      H  < 
 
      


 
    

        
    
  
    

 

  
 
  
 
 


 
                
   
  
       
         

  
            3 0 

Y
0

RC -+{C #
9 . = )+9 . L#<.
'f{Oz=R:{~=~fC{+{+{=7RC<f9CM{7Rf+Mz~fo9C{={~
C=@]+{+R~==V u=CO7R`CO{CO{+{@=7+[{CCf{~
+~~-{={ ~f7Rf+ `{={RM[zpf=~+~[~-='R{pREC{+{+{={~{fuf
up~MzC+z=~=~@~{~R)C=fz~M+  +={+[7{~:+{C:~~+p~ {fE@+z@={~
~{zff+~~f]{{f+C{+fzOZ~=RC`{{f!O~{{O-fzOV* `Cf
O~+{C~fpz{R!+{{={~eY~ff{Oz=R{C{+{+{={~={~{f 
R
~fz{7R'R{u#+~e{={~u9M=mM~Mz+f+Ofu9M=oC{_@~[=
 u@+-=[9~[z=C{={~-+{CM?~!M=+~MCf=~ 
`7`{on& M
m]M=zR{MoC{+{+{=7R`+{C=7f7=on{~C{={~sMR
=~{M f ={~{O@R{M`{+O7{~e
f[f@+CC=p#COz~{+R
m~f{+~O{M7#R+=~4u~R!C{={~#O~9@z+R++R-~ M 
fMCfRo (u={~f M -~{p[nRfzz{+[~m@.C=[{  [{ ? R{pfzof~~
;7'=~+OYuR{##{fC{+{+{=7RCR+=~.#+~L7z+O
f~{R+
C=M=f~{f{+ . '+O~mC{+{+{={~
u~''=Y~E~]{[f]e@==V 

9Cu= f'M?~~[~ CR{7R


~R-ffzfM={uzOCO7R-+{C+~@f=

&=9+R{eCR{{~?7~~?{@+u{=pC{~f@E=7R=V)''o{+7~
=Cff[?{++7[={= 1 {fM' -~R. <==#{fR{@~7O7{~!R
`OCO{= Cuf#O7{~Z-+{C{fR,  )m'~[{~z-{~fZM.RfzC={OV
+{+7~ z!m[{=7M{f+ofR@+O[f_ ER{ ? {Mz
R+{Rf{C==
m'{O~C=e?p+Ef7{mC{+{+{={~C<C{+f{{=zi)+nR{{=
={
fC=M=fC+M~ mf+~~[f={+{C7{-+{CE~E{p~
 +=fR '
u7f{-~zCRL?#~@7.~{R &f+C{+{+{+RM?]==.]Rf{C=
9nf!={={~E{L{ +=s9n7~{7!C{={~
~s{~+u~
f=Rz]+~CC{={~
9{f.{f+~f{z{=f=Rz'f .RY~{
7~
~[[{~++~[{4 ~R:R[{{~f=7== &n'?7~n~E@7+{
f~~++~C+<~ +~C+E+fz{==o?uR=z{R7{o@Rz~@f{p{Oz+~C+
R
{7{ C{={~
:=?O7{~~R~nV:~+f{f~o=pm~<u9M=
~m+~[{u~fO7{f{OzR`@[f[==V &{{f=7-fC=M=fC=fR{{C{~eez=+
@Rzp{u+f#{f-+{Co{f+==#~+{Rf+
(uR{==C99z+m+~f{z'?~{~M u@=
O7{O+  ' C~M+'e7R+?f+ECz
+{+{=7Rzf~~O=9{9~++~[ REuO-uMO VO7{O    R~eRuO-uMOE~@O7{O




0 3

 ~~'+~fzpf{R=JY{=7MC+@+f+f+~{C{~E~==C~R'E~uuRfz~
+Rz!{9~[u:fn77{O7{~e R{fMC~+oMRz[{
C{={~#!~+~:~7-=z!C=~+e~+f+~R{f{OzR-o-+~~
~{RR{f~fC]L+{CCM{{=.={R' zR~Om{9f{:u@+
fRf{z{=f=R!m?.{.f~fC-R-uM~'R{~ ;7+R+OVn=[{Of{~pu7o=CR-~MRC
R{~  zf~{=Cz~=]Cu=+~f+MCC{+{+{=7R.{OzO
.  fz{=RV{RnM=mz{
~E+ ff~{EO7{~L={=~e ={+~@o-~ 'R{#f~M=+~Rf+
~{z{'~u{=pf7+~f{~~OV~f+ C+OC=~{O{={{==
~@{fm{mf@+ooV{7uC-={=fMR[m{-iR{p{OzO+E~f#RnR+
=f~{R]fz+={=~e[C=~=R+[f!f+{~f=
 ]. 

-
m+~fz{f{~pf!fz~[{eR-=[m7uCOuf~uu-Rf{=u='='f?~p=@=!f
{fz~R~{7RR[{+[M#f{Oz=R7R]){ff@+O
m.{R-ozZ{`{f~ R~* (uuRf+Z=+[{szR#~{LC{={~
CCfzO]!{M@+M#~[-{f{Oz=[R{+CM={+[o@R{~


   .

 

 ? ~~ f  M&L+~ 9p +@R{n~ ~ ~ O ~f~{== 


 
[z
~?oo += f+4 =@=@?  =M[z{R{R [-_
  ?E +
M ;:=Ce   {+
'f
M0([{R~ )? '7_i7 # _~{i
 { . ~{~{{
 [+f7Rf ~e   f
 ) MY{zO ff~RRuRfz{C{O[{RC={O.C7{{fC{O+  )= E (/
! C. *f
L7 [  i ,fu M~O  2   ' 'C +
0 (u~=z :+~f   R
 M'+[=LM  ? ~[~= E{RM[{~~f +{+~~f~{{~~f~~+=f
CzMfRzO!O7{~L+{CV"  #    /C"  M+@4i@' 7 Y # Y; 7m6 5
+[+
 !7 99Lf[ fM~O  )   /C   'C
  u'O@/  p~R+Rf~~f  '7~M {z~R0
2 u7o=~+7Ru~R'{~fz
=7{Of{+=    {~~f ?e?7~~=C{R= ){.R1 /C@ ,7M[ )m{= 7u7
p- /f  7 ! C. *f L7 [  i7 ,e7M[ f~~= )  / &z70 (uR E{O{=

 'C
 2  u'f
u m7=Rf / (u{7~
@+{+M7{~-V[f[O7{~[{+7<of~{=
CC+~ECuf~~  ){O [ o( / 1! ! ! : +{+@p7  ? ,97:7 ;:Y_i
f~~O  ' 
  '  )u'M~z{OzuR {R 
  ~


0 0

s  @'++{[f f {=u~ f{~ RfeO7{~!<RRuRfo7{{fC{O


R+C={!R~=f   /u"  M+@4i@7 .?"/f.* 7 # ~/  +i]7
  : ,*YC4u ffR=    )  R 
  M
  ~f~R~fZs
:+O_ +R~fZf+@+fC=fR'~fC{~M-~-{.RC{n~
{% m?~={+R{{nM+O,  ? (C~n{f
=C{R= R1 /C@ ,fu  ){O 7u7]  /C+f( /
 f Y7_i7@ 7 {+@ ff~~O 
   C[L~R~ ~
 [{+f{~f~=  f   2f
  MO~f~=zR  pRf?u47~fs (C~f_ (ufM={uzOMf{@+[{=C{={~~MR[{C
RfE=7==  )=  7E+ ( /  M+@4i@)  +{Y7.R1 /C@ ,e7M[ ufR= 
   /C
LR{[ Cf
?
[ {R=@   / C
   p ER~f M  Rf{
+=~f +=[{zfzZp[f-={+~7{{{== 
~ /uY ,e7M[ f~~=       f   
   9'f?u[~fG
  ~_ f~fCfR[{[f~fz_7~O7z{C=]={R{=
R+={~
~ /u@ ,7M[  f~~O '   /C   /C
 
 9Rf?u[~f   ~_YnnR+7MO7{~~V+~[{u~M7=7{{fC{O:~'~z
M=7ROf  ){O  /u M- /  f Y7_i7@ C7fo  +{Y7  _ '+i7  f  n[+@
f~~O 
 
 'u/ (.7+fM fLR{[ ~Ce   )
  ) 9@M?[[~L~f   f4{+{+{+#+~[{u~f7{{{=o9Of?R={~!f~u=
 )m{=  /C+f( /  M+@4i@7 7 {+@LR1 /C@ ,7M[ fR=

' 
2 C
~R
~C

 2
   s: ;`~f < . (C+zO @+f ~~ME+{CsR9C{={~s~~[uRf7==
"  f +@7_i7Y7 7 +{+@ # @ 71 =R]+
 s7 .9Lfu M~O
 # 

     f" +o@~{
=~e   'C
 
  ;~{R :={zL+R{{n@+7RZ=@+{~ '=oRRzR-RZfzOf7Rz+=
~ /uY ,e7M[  R 2)     )f
  2  ' p={@+OE'-={R~:O7{~#<u+p7{{fC{O+  ){O    5  ~ f( /97_i7@
7 {+{Y  _ii  f  n[+@ ffR= 
 ) 
 f   E{O{7m1   =+  
 ' <E pR[{7=
 <fLuuu_fp (ufC==Mf ;@m4 M?u{.RRCO7R

 ){O1 [ ( / ! C{ *7  , *7 ,  M+ n[M  1 /Cf9 4+f M~O"


 2   2   'C
 ' <A pR[{7+
<~Luuu4[p (u~fC==[f ;[m4 ?Cf (u~~{~Ef?~Oz~zM=7
R!~f#=7p{+={~

( /  f Y7_i7Y7 7 Y-7 # @; 7m =Rp
+ #7 -7
Lfu MfR="    f 
 f
   ; ?
sf  (uRf.' O7{{+={~sMO7{~mu+z{C==

M   ~z~@~R=ROC{~O ){O 7u7 ( / 
M- / 1! ! !  M+@4i@)  +{Y7  O7
7:( /  4 i  M+ n[Y 9
) , :
5  )  RM~O ) ) ~D ;={f~
~ 
    
'R-fC{= (uC~
 '

0H


M  (u+{~Mo={{+=Rf.C{={~
"! ! !  {+~+4i7-7 # @ 71 =R
-7 ! [~@u   / M    'u
    ? [~= Cz~ff~{=&z{C{z=OR&-O~{L~!C=+{R{+fCM{~e
~ /uY97fu MfR=  )  

  ~
   R~ L~== =++~fzR&-{+={~O~{{ORLC=+{RC_{+fCM{~e
~ /uY ,e7M[ ) ) 
 ) / 
 f
  ) p 7{OML ~=f{+
?e~{R7z+o=R!{7R+]+~!-CC== +uf~f7R.~fL
{~C{~e  )= 7[ ( /7C( /  M+@4i@7m 7 Y]7 # @; 7m =R+
 7
-7 Lfu  #  5    f~~="    f  E{O{-m1   == 
 
,fu R     2f 
 2f
  M   
.  MCfR#~<={R]{=== R1 /C@
   M  
f~
 ){ ,9 7`~ /uY ,fu LR{[# ~Ce (C~ {+M
~~   )
  2  (uff~LM `O?~==  /f- / ,4i  /f !   7 ,7_i7 
9{Mff) 9~={
 R E{O{=   /
  '  fYmR{[{R
 1 /Cf9 4+f !  , *@C 7_i7@ ,e7M[ 7f_{ 7f+4i 'f~f ;_

 
,7M[ f  2  '2   f
  <' 9{~R<.  f+=RYfCf{~.:C=+{~#{+== ~ /u@
   p  ~CLL=[O=+{RZ{==-u={+~mz{C.{fR== R1 /C@ ,e7M[ 'M~O

  2 
 R   f
 )   ~.f  ?

9'Rf+[C{={~~Efn7z{C==  )oR  5 # ,  f  5
Y7_i7@ 7 {+@7  CfR=    f 
 f
 )  %(Y s `=~f   fCu[[ ){ 7i+4
-7 .Lfu LLR{[ C~  z== (
f~f{+ff~f  
 )  ; &z+M

f~Y -7 #Lfu 5 ){R 7:R1 /C@ ,e7M[  O7 ]  1 /Cf9 4+f
7:( /
    , *@ ,+f 7_i7f L~R~ ~  z==   f
   ; ?

0 <

You might also like