Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DMKD 02
DMKD 02
{~~O]{{Oof]C{f{={=~]~C{+{+{={~
7O+&p{fu@+~<+~[{u~Mm?~f=mRL7{{{=.MCffn+#~Ru{u9M=
~eC7OE~{+]+&Rf{Rm={ou@='
7=E~C@={=f]Of~z
{n@+7R{+=?== oC=+{~{+fCf{~+~fz+fz{7{nY++f+
@+={opu@== &=]COz~{=oEffOVRMfCR[{[f~f<7OR=<
fCf{~f{CO{<R{+~=7{O-{f~f{==7==<m+==-{9C=RC
uRf'=7='+{='@R{{pC=+{~{=fCf{~]R{{u+=~
{+C
&C+f{={uz{=E{f~' M
@~f] @+797~{~f?C){-?~R9f{9~[uRf
7OC{OR f~{={~+~[{u~Mp={Rm?CRfz _ O=R9'R{`[
ERRM Rfz
o{7uC=9R+=~'~fs +=Rf{[~fnn zfz[f-={+~
O7{f{O9Cf{!{C+={+]fCfm={!]u+~C7~RR=~f{C{+{+{
7O7R+pRRuRf~O+7#=z#M=Cf+=`f`zfO{R~C{+{+{=7R
R
@#f{+mf]C@+{=uO7{f{O~{=Rz+'{f+fVuf{~C~f]+C~e {=MRz=
pz{fC _[CO7R9R=)=-R{oR+f{mfi~z{== 9R+=~47={" !i~ fRCOz~
{===[fCM{~#{fO$ #E~C=fzC{+{+{O7{O'~{f{f~+~fR=C{~{{='~f~
R+f{-{f~fz+~[{u~fpR==ef+f+{={=MR{R{++C~OV+~f~{OV
f{=~f{=fzOV% ~fCnRLu`RC7[~~=~f?uLC{+{+{7!7~++~[{u~Mp~R
{{~:+R{{M+{~.O~R{{o=L~f!C=~eo{C{+{+{fm{+{+{=7R.{~
+=E[f~[{+RRuRfz{C==m9{f++=oEO7{~L={RM+~R#u{=f.
@~C+m)u=~R{{=
m<f~M=)+u+)CfpO7{~9{fuf+~z~f~C+O{oC{+{+{={~f{CO{={-
+={=on~fR='R{Yf~fL7uCO+~u~==[{+++f+p~C{={=~
~f+~=R+[=m.+fC=-~Lf@+~R~==~9~7=& .uzOR
'
{=#L+[z{f~C{={~-+{Co{&~=-ff~{-RC{={~&
+f{CO{{fRzR' (u={~* )]7u]fnM=RC+f~{~C{+fz7~f9{
Cp[{ufOuLuC~=
Cff#~=+)C='O7{~e
f`~MzC+CY++[
m?Co+7~f{C{+{+{={~{Ozfn+ & (uO{~+ M<'~@R{L= =~f=<+~
R-C{={~sCfZC=@+={+[7{~]-+{C-Rf{+~ &f!=O~
+={+[7{~CVz-7[CpC{={~!{Ozfn~@+f~{]f7{, !- {$ #.
{~f7{OR+~~f{=-O7{~M-+R{{M+{~~C" )/
RM9=7R=9+
-fz{7{~u-C={O)nY++[~R{{=0 (u={~1 9{7'{f{Oz~<+~f{
{~-CM={+[p~-R]7~{~fCpf`f~C{E{={n+9m9M@+RffCO
(uOR
2-o{.~fC=Om:uR{C{+{+{=7R#+{C.f#{{f+o~@
. :-:
.=~{+o?Cozp{=f[Om'={pf{=.{f.~m=[f~nou{LM]ORM4=[=f !i~Of9~
#{C{+{+{+R m+O#~~=7f# +[+R{{n@+7R]R{=u{p=RR~R
C{={~]+~=Rf~CR. R+'{pR==~uC{+{+{={~]~R~nEf?R@+=]~@R{=
~f=z{O{7sf7C{+{+{={~fR{m@{=[{u{=Cf+Eo~fR:~M7ofm{+
R=~+7u=CR'~=~+~ ~+f+_?O7{~-+{C)f?R@++-C+R+~@=~R
CY++[={!+pC@={=Rp===zfM={uzO
ffzfM={uzOVVCuf
7{YRRf
C+_{zf !{RC C7o #
+~1 !@z~- #Mf!C{O
M++[~4
O7R+~@ 4 ~ ) i C=M=fC~of{f+LZC{={~
C+ufRn+R{CR{{~o9C{+{+{+9f7f (CM={uzOC{+{+{={~Lf{=~
C~7Rs{`~C#O7{~sf{CO{ o]f{@+u{=O7{~[Of=z
+{+{=7Ro{RC)+R{~{~<z=+=~{+e+{C~'=[f~noC{~f=[f~n_=[+MY
+~[{u~fE~~OCuCOR{R=:u-{fz=ERR+ z@=+nM=ou{ !i~~V7= #
Rm{ORf+f+ !u9M=)fz~fOm.O~![{={7~ #
m?Lp~~-~uCL={n+RzOo={9{fz{fC{~`ERRuRf?~f=~
fnR{.&{{f+-R{!u+f#{sRC{=R-{=Z7Y=-LR=z~fnM=[{ )
7R+~{zf~{RMVz@+u{=`C{+{+{=7RCp+R{CCM=M~~
R]'MzO{9ff{~@+[{={7~CM=][+CzMR[+nY++[m{fuf'M?~@+=#C=[{=
Lfz-+R{pCR{7RRffCL=~f:[{+7ps+~[{u~fpz{C{O+ mL~
C~7R?7~~YMz@+u{=`C{+{+{=7R{zRR+~m={~~u!ffz
@+u{=#CO7R]C{=MRz=p{={of!?-@7{{{=]{9{fiRm{f
C{={~!o+~~]R{{C7{O]o{!~zM=7{~]RzY
m.fR.O7{~{fuf+~@ ) !4 ~ +OC 4 Cuf~!C~f
C{++~[{u~M7=o+s+R{{nM+@+=:zMR f '
'o]7Cz
+{+{=7R-~#{~{`{.~{nM=7R~{Ysm+]9`R-M{~s@+=Cuf~-]~f
z{C m#~C{f~+@~{{=C=@+{~~f]o+ M LRp{O=so{Z~f
o{RCC{+{+{+OO7{f{O !iz{"
[M
#
+mC~-$ #4 ~ #%
%& #4 < # C+~fC~C{+!u===+RR
fzM9{fR !i4 ~@]zMz+fz~fO$ #mof9RRf)C{+{+{=7R.-+{CLMzO=R
fzMzM~= ('
C=VC#mf{f]~zC+{=]onL-[MpC{={~
C!.o.~]-{=~~#<fz~f{f~+poMzORCO7R
+[ , ={R/.u[{={7~oR{C{={~!~~={==
+E+Mz~VC{+{+{={~--+{CE i ~
~ YO #){OE+{CuC
f~~ [{+7E{9f+~Mz1 !_ RCORM_ou{eRORM4=[=fRRR=M$#R==C-
RC{~f~:fC~ f{+p{LC+{={{u9M=m[+?~= f++[:C@+~
o{{oCO7R9M9~{'~7=9u-7~=+[)R<{+f+=R:CO{=7o-=[=
z{~ffn+R{Mfz+=1
{7o~M7R~M{={-u+~MC{={~LCpfuLCnY++[C-=f{Rf
R{R{=. f{+eC{={~~{+ff'noC '9u[zz~C~E{p
f~fVmf+f?R@++]+ z{=C% C <{!==u{C +~ -={.Ro{
9~=R ={~{~~+~+=f{RfC`{fMfC={f]CMnRsC{={~
CO{=CM=zR{~f=~{==f#u+f{R~f~{{~
'~[{C{~Mm){m'R{#~
R .~fz{~CO{+{CR#~)-u+
O7{~#u+=+
= f=~+~f='R{+7+R~=CfO7{~!Co#n+7{f{R
)f zCz{={C=~fz{7R9nY++[.{Oz#u?~{~M#C{={~&C!f{
@+ff~{#7-{O
M +~fzR)f+f{Oz=R7RC{+{+{={~]+{Co[z=~ ~+~~R
ZC+f{Rf=L~=f={~]{=s=~R{{f ~!~zM=7{~7R+
f#?7~pM=f{=
O#+M7{~!:Rf7R={n+~f
2f (uR~fC=OR]oCL{#f{f+pCnY++[p+f+==@~fC{ORfR
C{OzO#M#C=~=R+[=
o m: :9
:
fz-{+R+C+Ef{=]C@={=['~u:~7=u]~fRECO{+{CR
u+~
C{={~!u+=+
!#"$%$'&(")
5 u= 7]=~ CM
i7 C{+{+{={~
O7R=Mf7~{7~fn77{R
97~{7'C{+{+{={~[f[nfOeRE+~[{u~f
={')o'o{7{EC{={~
+~f{+{9f+~Mzp{'O7{O+ `~MzC+)7{mC{+{+{=7R{f{R~RC
f~M=~f) (fCfE9{?~{7C{={~E{f=f~V{f@+m~+u{+Mz~
7{C{+{+{=7R
u+~EC{+{+{=7R{C+=p{[~C+~f{zp~'Rz{=f
!i{+=ss)~1
# ! #
+~[{u~f?~f=o~={p{@C{+OV ! #
f7 +Cz@~R~{zf~R z~++[
[{+7oR+~f !-)/#~=RC#{~{+~
+ *Y 7- ,+4[ [{={7~ERRuRfo7R
~f' ! /#EfM . * O7{~e !p~7o-'Cfm{f={Rz{+Mo.~pC4
/1032#054
6 42 .7 >98
mRRuRf7~O:RpO7{zRz=]=n+CO{++fCR'~~+MCf~C+O.(u~{{
=@RC{~f~R++u@+Mz~oe+~{o~~~==+[{Eo{]O7{~e
{~{{ECRo~f+M-~E~f{f@+~~VO7{~e~E' ; :7 {=7+['M-=@
~Oo={f=Rfz~fpzM~'f{=~mCO7R
zRzfmCRO~{={~
~)-u+=+uoo O7 {={+[o!o#R]+RR]~e{f+[{{ff+zfRo+~f{C+=
RCO7R
<
Continuous Attribute
No
Sort Attribute
Evaluation
Measure
Measure
Satisfied
Sorting
Evaluation
Yes
// Discretize by splitting or
// merging adjacent intervals
Split / Merge
Attribute
No
Stopping
Criterion
Splitting(Top Down) /
Merging(Bottom Up)
Yes
Discretized Attribute
/1032#02
/1032#03/
/1032#0
{+#zRzM:{f!fu+{LC{={~{C+=9-{fM.MO]+CzMR[{{]
R~E~[uRf7~OR-MOpfE~ z~=[R+7]+~R 9u+)+7~f{~
M{~9C+{+fE+~{={~pf{R)+~Eo{{m~
@+_<m+'~{u={Rf
=?~M7{~f{~f)Rf99{mn+7{m{f9R=[{~u=~{=)f97z{+~[O~{{O+)L~
~MRC{f={+7f7RfRf~f{f+7Rff+{~fpoE@]C{+f{{={~7o
{={~f=
.?.7 > 8
+ 2 8 >98
<'u77-~C C7o-RR
O[{={7~<'{n:o'R:@{{~-9~RR[+?~)
+~OV:Rm{n{{ffnom{ORf={+7f{pC{_@~[oMf[[z{f@=zo~~f#{nm
R'~@+~[{u~f<7~O)[{pf{{{~f={+{+{=7R-+~[{u=)o{=Rf~z !if+{O~{=[
R
#'[{V9z{Rn+Ro7zfOV:~+~fCR z~++[[{={7=?~M7{OfM
@=zfo)[+?~+~.=R#{={~
:O7R!+~[{u=o{!{=fO]u9M=
!4C=+{O~{=#[]~ #[{={7m[{V~f+{{={~!o7zfOV
z{R!+{{={~z@=+nM=po=!MC{+{+{=7RCO{=,pf{fLR7~={OLu
RCL@++!n~f]R++R~''@R{{~+R{+7=V`p?Rf{C= {@
~@+@~ffLRn.~{={{#C{={~
~{@+p@~f pz+
9fO{pf )R{{f#+L+@nR~~[uRfp7~!O7{R z{R
+{{={~+~@R+Zzzf&R-Cu9M=p[+?~{M=~s~~
+~]R~p=?~M7{9f{~
. C=MCY++[~+{{={!{fuzOR
- R.{f?~{~M==7!~C=`~ 7~fpC=eo~p{@=z m
{+=-R]{-f[OR!=~@=Rz]C=~noo{.!{f{+O)momMO+~fz+~f{
zR~~!7Rf-+{C.R+{f`n+@+f~`{f{+ . pf+=`#f~z+~
~=7{~e pR-f+MO+Mz-+7f{~~E7Rf-+{C=@C~f9`~[.m?C+
z+MRz[+Mz~f= ! #m{[f@+R+7om[{fnR+~M{9++{-C{
@~[=u{p@z+mCO7R]={n uCo{f+m9-o@R{=][{9{={Oz=[7R
m'O~E{{umC=fz~e ! #'mu9M='~
M~Mz+f+O !iM~Mz+f+CM=]{+ #
=f{=`uCO7RozR~MM`~=f`{u9M=p'f+~f{z{=f=p~E
R{~fV@R{C{+{+{={~
<{fn7~[Yo{~=+7+R{{nM+m~ 7
{~f+~f{C+~+f{f+E@+{MO{~R" !-)#={~R+fR9)7O7{~f+f7~
o m: :9 .
m={9u+~fCO7RL-+{C+@~{{=..{f9n+7{Rm={C+M-+7{
=~~+=!~f{+R+VC+f{RfRoCM{{=!=~{+OCf+~MCuf
7~C=
RRf_
{n{{
+~MMC{O
f+{=+[~4@fL{@+[{=*
f{@+u{=V f9+~Rf{M
CY++[p+~9M7{~M:={9+Mz~f{!~~f.{9-+{C= `9o{#+{O7{9+~
f7::zCz{+{'~f+Cfff~~f9=f~'~@7R+fCCC+ ER9C{={~
CRfn+7{C{+{+{+='O7{f{[-+{f+ozfz-[{={7M+~[{u~M7
O~Eu+~R z~++['[{={7= ~{]{n{{-~f+~-+7+R~O+~{{='@~~@=
Roz@+u{=#~offzfM={uzO#C=M=fC~.o+{=~m~{~!mMzOV
&{{OzmRfzC={~fe9-fV~''{RM[z++~+~9)~ oC=@
CY++[C{+{+{={~.=~{=R++~Cf9'~RR==zfz#f.+~ !i=~+
#
+.RfzC='o+{=9C{@+u{=]~f{M={uzO !+R+ # `{{=R{R~~+{=
C{f-f{]{~9C{={~s=Rzf{O !+R+ )#)R M:fff+[{~u~ -z~
R=z{=])~ ~{@+[{=Mf{@+[{=Cu{~C+{+f=CnY++[ !i~_7R+~/ #
=Rzf{OMzOV ;+M-{Rf=C{MMz+ECu{RoE@f{=`C@+7
oC{+f{+uz{.fz~7~{~fpO~{{OpfC={f+7+R~O~zz{~f-={Rf.R
{7o~ R, ?.ff7{~f'{Oz=Rz=R[~Rz~f1 Eo`
=7{=~R{+fC=o+[{~uO~{{~{-nR
Discretization
(level 0)
Supervised
Dependency
ChiMerge
Chi2
ConMerge
(level 1)
Splitting
Merging
Unsupervised Unsupervised
<Null>
Supervised
Binning
Entropy
Binning
(level 2)
Dependency Accuracy
Adaptive
Quantizer
(level 3:
Disc. Measure)
(level 4:
Disc. Method)
3
+ - @ 0,2 + @
.A.7 >98
+ 2 8 >98
R7of'Z{f{={~f=o+={+[{~.C#~{fR{+~#C C=C{f{R
m=p+7=LRC={~OL=~{=9{](f.+[{~OVRO~C{+{+{={~=Rzf{R@
RR~ !
#{fmf{~~f{fO~{{ ! #)n<f{CO7R9C !-)/#e{z{R+{{={
f{= f ! /#EoC{+{+{={~={'~'{ :+CzMR[ERm=~#7z{C~m m
mf{=!~o!~-f{fz{7={m<C@={=RC{={~!{fuf+m9mRC~f=
~ 9 uf#`{=M[z{R{ ~[f fz~fO-on~f+~[{u~MO7{O
~f`{+]+R{p@+= +f~'{=R
RRf{~@R{~e7uC!
={'~mM{pC{+{+{=7R=Rz= !i)f
#<[f@+E~eM~Mz+f+O'~f+CzMR[
={{=#~O7{~! {=
{oon.R+=~+O]~R~n ~{n{{C{+{+{=7R#+{C=
# = & # &
7 f9
4C{
*@ _4u
*;*@u< i "!
# +_C
$&% +( ' *@ ( )o7M"
* +% +- ,.
- )o"
* +% + # n0 /u( )o71
*@ _4u *
*@ _4u *
m{n{{~R{{ ~M7R9+~f{zp~~<R+fp{C{+{+{={~{C+=+Y+~{R
!
# +7 !=7!7~O+ ! # +71/ R`{fLzMR[= !-)/# +*Y .~~!p~[uRf
7OR++~Cf{#{+CzMR[O
f! /# * o+#z{R!+{{={~`{{fO~{={o{ [
! #uLzz{LC{+{+{={~L=Rz=Rf{-{={~~~V'
=R{Ru ) C fC=M=fC=f _~f.~=~+ 2
90 4 054
3 >,> >98
-{{-fOCZsC=L+~[{u~M7=7z{CLuZ={ {MOf=
u9M=)M+mff+!@=7=#u 4f6587:97(/ M 4+f7656
{4+fY
;:
3
< 3
:
3
0 3
0
0
< H
:
0
' E
<
<
H
3
0 :
0 0
H H
<
: 0
0
' E
0
0
0
f{=s{C+{={{f]u@+9
f=.E~f~zC7=-o{#Cz{fmC{?~f~ 4f6587:97(/ [+~[{u~M:~~e
O7{f{p'=~=uC=#[9[{+7'{fmM?~~]ORM_ou{!f#=R][{+7Y+={+[9e
4f656
{4+fY f~#O[f
u9M=o<~[uRfm7=o~{p~+=#.=R#f
C H <
3:
0
Y
3
33
30
3<
0 0
0 <
0
H
< <
3
0 3
H 3
H H
:
3 <
0 :
H
3
0
+~[~!{f{=ffz~fOo~~+~~@=!u][{+7_mf~ fz{=R7@~ff
CuO9f-~7 ~f]{={f7!~R+7mn{!uMf+]fR.{~-!~@+oR
R{&~]@+{+=[{{= f7L[{+7_ m.=@~C=+!o{ {
+C~{7o~ )f#mMz{7J+C~p7=!={7+{~{{
ozORf7zM'~{+R{@+0 ! ~ #mMzo[{={7~Y[Om{={f77{=
7, @==f{p{fuofz~fo{.7 pm:~
R~~{=:[+?~CV~E~
) #Z~f~J~9[{+7C~Y+R{EZ{+~ ',
,)~f-~z
~ ffC fz )2)mo+{RzER+7:'R+@+~OVRR
+=E{f+R{Ef~{=R7 )9@7~R)m={ 2{+R{{n@+7R7+mCO7R
([~f+{{={~
mz{~ffZn+R]f={{MOf=uZ{`- u9M=
fzM=mO~![+?~
zf~.~[
:mCi~n7~" 2
Ozfn+ {+{+{=7R]={o~e{f {o7z+{7o!L)
H
R{f '70(u=+~f
R=~+V{f~CR{7R'?7~R={=Rz=E+fE~~
f{mYnO <~fm?p{p{7R'-{<+R~
:{==<Ro~<~{~{7~=+~'{f
~f=o{fu=oo{LO[f4=[=f]o+!-fz~fOoon!{~m@+e~{p~+=
'nY++[R+7+ R ,9 , ,74~@Y+f_{ * f~{=m?{7~m=[f~n_{O[+f+
3
u]Mz-{+R{C~7R#o=L~ fz{@~MO<+~u@~-f=
f~ {Ef[7uo{pC{+{+{={~={nR'O[f_ou
RO[f4=[=fRR~f1
m{+oCRRoCnY++['+Cz@~R~Ez7o-~ p~f f<R<{ {po{ M
ORM4=[=fm{fMOOe~n Mu_={~'fzM]RC~{=]{Mf.9Ruu#7~
90 4 02
ER{Ru)~'C{f'Rz)+~~pf{=O7{~O~{{Oe'{+7~ (Cff~C+fO
+[{~u~)?~{f + 2C ' ~=
! # R
o={
Z+={+[?~f M =z{{O{RffnoC++{f #?R+~
~-R[o<CR{{~!M=o+~=[mof+p{C~7R]:!+R+[oCff=.~=
!
# ~
CR{{~p~`~pf~==~=Rf`7 +o{~ ;=fR
+[{R[
{~f=zpof+
O~+R+['O[n~f~~~_ ~ R~ /CfnE{7=zEo= RE~f+R+[
~f RY{~{=o+R+[=
= / . +43 )
@M] f
Y~{m@~~R{{)R'COz~{=offR{fEf{
=R{Ru#=Rzf{Rm=.+~fz{ffCM{~COz~.{=uLz=O{!={E~f
={m#7R+M9 +[{~u7o+[?~=meCOz~#{+R RRuRf'={
fR{MmC{+{+{+={?~~+{O7{{uuM=e~<fu~ )+7u)~+=p{=~p
fM@+[{MC{_@~[Eon9+uz{p~~mVR[{[f~f<7O:f{pm~7oR{9f
! #$&" % $&' ( ~ $&' ( )+*&,-/. 0$&" % $&' *1,2-/. R $1' *&,-/.!
]{=[f7R
4 3'{[f@+me+R{{== ( M *1,2-/. f{RfnO:{M7ofzM'~
Ro{~[zC~<+CzMR[={@=R+~ $&' 5 ,768 C+f{O{{Rffn{f.ff+p~
!i+R{~[ #:9<;4=9M=RR{]+R{> fmf9zMR[o{L7=z+[{~u!R{+!{!zf
9f~[{#'M{= (ufzL+~[{u=onO~Lf~z[{<#~f.{+~L7zfOV
!i~=f+=mRo+~={#z=
!_ ~e~<ff+=CC9@+~f]!R
([~f+{{={~
&++R+!=ECCf{
+R{ #C~f=mRfC{~L+~#@+7C=]f~{=#~!{f+O+
Ozfn+ O7{~#{Ozfn'~{m7uCO={~'{+=~{~M+0 '{M7~zM=7{~
~R~n~1 )M& M CO7R !iMO7{~ #9~]+~[{u~f=7=MC+]~u
+z~fO+m=C#{fO~`~f]fu~ +p=~{~L{M7{zMR[[M
RC~Of{fR~uC~e{'~zM+{~~R~n. `'CM{
{O7{~+{C
!iMO7{~ #o={9MO+Mz9npM~{~n~u.{f=={~zM~ [z
?<Ym
=RzR]m{f'poefz M -~o-fRzR~f~{{~] (u={~1 C
0
H
<
< <
<
<
0
3 0
3 <
3
3
0
0 0
0 H
H H
H <
H
<
:
H
<
3 <
<
C H <
' E
<
<
%3
3:
Y
3
33
30
3<
0 :
Y
0
0 0
0 <
0
m C{={~.C+ ) <f=o=[{~u=Rzp{MfLM~{=R~+CzMR[o]zf
Rp:~[uRfm7=m[{-[{={7=)9~ )o.f~{+Oo~~<7=oof
fC9COz~]{+Ru 9m-7{fu]{M7C{+{+{+=E{fof~fzMpzfRR M=~]
fMCf~]RzMR[=Mn{Oz~=ff~{+OoR=m~{f~=mfR)~f+{{={~!
:mC{+O]9+!f{=~m-~zf== ~n+Rm=z=R~f
?R~7~=z {zff
([~f+{{={~
mz{~ff+~fnRfmf{=#L +!@~p){fp~7of
R ([~.u@+o~)fzM=zfoo={M'
M
([~.u@+o~)[{+7mmR{{M
)f ([~.~{~!R~fmR!~
+Cz@~R{~CR
M ([~.<~VfzM=m!{[{={7YM{n@+~f9-{~+
-E{~+f7{Ozz{R#+~fC{~M~{9{=RC~mup-+{C*
!-ER{
? #7[COR{f+fO#m?:C+{+fo=!{=+{~pzz{{~f!~
!
"$#%&'(
)(*+
,*-&'(
)#
/.''"
0$/2134576
< H
H H
H
:
3 <
3
0
0
7'=~+O7~ECMRf~{=:~{m==COz={RR:C{_@~[<RC{+{+{=7R
<m+=79
=R{Ruf=7R+f{o{{+='+~fC7o~{MOmC{_@~[E
pO7{f{R
CO{+{CR!+f{Lf{f
!i ? #mf{=#{{={<{=f{{~f!@MfC=LR
@=zC{_@~[= m ? R+++C+MCf7{R
]f+ =fC{-o:M{=Of`C=+= n
?( O)o+~fC7~7oCO7RC=e{+M7{O)~){M7<={~ ~+f+O7{~
~V{EO~{{o'fzO-~C=fRRuRf:O7{OoO, m?~Oz-~C:
)
([~f+{{={~
?&MzOL~z{R{+~
;=fRMf~-p++{C ER{
?o={' [#Of!+[{R[R .?C{M7.{f~znRMCfOuC{_@~[#R.z+
~Mf+=9~==C{OfZ~n{.[-~-=Z~{.=~]{ORf={+MsM+~
f~znRE~of]{Rz'RE+~{~
{f={~~=[=-{-z=f{+f~znR
C+=
R+R[o<7mCR+~#@p~M#+
Ozfn+ E[z ? ==#{ o7-Rozf7o].)f"
'C
- > .A-42 - @ @ .A- >,B +C3 '=[C=~f[~
R{CCM=Cf+L=~{+ ! 7M{?
@ #{Z=7f7C{_@~[= ?
+]f!RfzC=sf{{{~f f RsRL
+~[{u~fp7~O+e=~R[ ~f 3 ~zO={@=R+~m~R~pCf+M+'=+
p'-f~znRfmC{zRpC{_@~[mRR+#M=7 uR{='{fp+Cz@~Rof7o+O
Cf+~
;
(9
!
#! "!#
(uf+
! %$ #0
!& ' #
! #
(9
!
# ( # )
o={
,* % , R ,
! # +
!$# $&" % $ ~ $
! ' #
*, % $&" % , $
, , - ./
$ 0 , $ I{
+~[<~
$ $
R
,$
IVu@+o~)fz~fO
<
<
0
H H
H H
<
:
0
3 <
'
H
H
,$
,
$
[~f+{{={~
.zsf{={`f C={~&+~{&MC{+f{{= ER{
?&Rmnz{~ff+{{={~]{C+{={po+R{zMR[o{R!@[{CCf+=V
Ozfn+ 9z-{fz~fRC'p~O#={Rm{ of7-L~ f
6 0 -2; 3 )#uMf=pff~{={~LLC=-+~[{u~M7~OoL]{+R
{+M7{OeC{={~~I{='fCpf=+z~=pf+=e~~O~fM7~{f~==
~f= o{fo{={pof+fO#m?{z{R#{Oz~C=<fO7R
. [z ?
f{={f]f9 C=C{~+f{Z{f+`C+{={]o=~ZO7{~e -~{
{~R=zf7o@{=[{e+CzMR[oR{{fz=f7nY++[~m7==
+~f{f+[{~u=MmRf1 _ 7M4? =Rzm[{CCf+=9{ff{=<
+fz{={]+~f++C{RzMR[MCf-COz~!{+RmC={]{=~#~f+
f7~{+~[{~z{O#RofLRoM[{{p~{fz~f{f~+?un]MR[~)u+'mfC{
@~[~m7C ~[RmR{+
'o{+Cz@~R{+={O#9fzM~!CR{7R~R
_ Rfno~mCR{7R{{+=+CzMR[m{M7{+f~{=fzM=m@+~f~-{{f{~-+R{=
(uM~`=R{RuL-O~{9p~@R{=LLz=OzMR[fz+O pp{~R=z{=
+~[{+[pE{+-CMV'-~`{Rz'Cfz#n={-f{++{-R+=z{O=~+
Ro-R{C+~+
(
90 4 03/
EpO~{{m~Yz{+~{
R{{C7{~9M+'=++R{:~f=7~ 1 _[EECff=
R9uf ~++~.~f=?~o==R7~'O7{ *@1i4 !CnY++[p~7R
f{z+Rzofz{7{7 @E+~+7{OV zf-{fE+'+~[{u~M<={
o{'7~O, ! M #~f!]~zO, ! 0 M 0 #R{7oL`), m~{!o
fM#RzMR[ ![{={7~ #79{on#~O !i++ #7~R
C
+R{m.[+?~ oC+-O!R~7=
0 m{C~
~+C 3 4
! ,
, #
,
+.A-3
5 B
m55 m5zB
BO5 BB
B
m{C~
~+C 3
0
4
! ,
, #
o={
: R=o-7%! ~#'n){={~{-[{={7=f
, o{u9M=ofz~fOm.R+7 f7@+~f9 0
@+-7p~+CzMR[+
o={
,%
, ',
u9M=o){+{@=fO#[{={7 ! -u]C+i #
! # ~'fC+]f7fR{fR=z~fR~fzM=m.[+?~ ff
, ' , Iu9M=)Mf+=m![{={7 Eon.+R{mfC+ ! # !i-C~e~MC #
90 4 0
B'B 0,21- B
+ fR=~{f{fOf{.~=~+`~+R{{nM+O ]~f{f`~=~+R
C{={~L ~ *@_
mf7M4O+ 2 "+~f{+o7I'=~97z{C=Co~
~Ro=~.7{{fC{RnR[{[f~fmRp{n[{f{{{~fm=n+[#=[f~n_{O[+f+
; :
C
< H
3
0
H H
H
:
3 <
0
0
0
0
< 3 :
;:
3 :
0 3 :
3 H
0 <
< H 3
: :
0 :
:
' '
3
3
0
0
# +_C
&% (' +RM f
7 ; *
* _R +~+f f +
; *
+4u *
2
m={R~R~n+~f{z<{pRMRz[z{+Mo.C{={~.C==Em+
~{R!
#{~{]7O+" ! #ffs{#MO9'f+~uMR{L[{+7+" ! )#={R{#f[{R
[{+7_f ! #~!o+#{[z=#z{Rn+R]o{{fOV:LCm#o+7+R~ 2
C )
f{
7z{RER
=7f7R=~{==% ;+f+~CCO{+{@O~{{fO
B #+ - @ 0,2 +C3 `z{=m=Rzf7RfCfz~M=f+{ORs{.+7Rfzf
@+=L{-7=E=79M]+R{= p={@+
2 <~{R={f`~++7{9CO7R
o{={~o~{O[+f+O:zf~@mi+~f{+[:on~9[{={7 !~:~{={ozo[+?~
{~f@{n'{+uf{O{<EC@={=f #:E~ zR+[E[{={7{~ffEf?RzE{={~
+R{{O[+f++ !~p~{={oz{~ z~=[R+7{~fM-+~=[{#~ #m 7z{
C+{={=E{p{~{9~e~ zR=R'[{={7~'f~{=R]{~{RM+~f+R+_ {Ouu@{
Ozf7'#~ zR+[[{={7~E={~{fC=M=fC=Rp:9+R{=" :{f+LfC+@+MC+[=
+!zR#@+~O +oz{f+#{R!+.z=f7~:mp~f9~~{{
7+
o={R
2
0 , %
&$ %
[ f@+o<~zO+
, $ Iu9M=<Cz{f7=m!{ _{!R+7_ L~+
, Iu9M=)=m 4.[{={7~ $&% , $
0 $ Iu@+o~)+=m ~.+R{ ", % , $
~
u@+o~)+= $&% 0 $ f
, $ IC@={=#=[=f# , $ ! , 0 $ #
7~7{{fC{+~f{+={L@~[{={7_ {O9@+{~=`~+~={f
R z~++[[{={7~= zR+[R+7pon`=~z 7--={R={R~+:{fR{+
z{R{+~p{{M=V R+7{RM+~f:+R+7R {=z=f{=V7R+
C{={~
oEm7+e?~f+MzOVfC=eC{+{+{={~
emf{OR-=fC=COC:
{{
E{Rn@+M
+R+@+= f ] !ff?R- , 5 M+
f+{{+
!~
m , 5 M+
7
H 0
H
< :
< <
<
0
3 :
3 <
3
0 :
0 H
:
0 :
H <
H
< :
< 3
:
:
3
0
<
E
H 0
H
< <
<
3 :
3 H
3
0 3
0 H
0
:
0 :
0
H
< 3
< H
:
:
0
' E
f~~{=o+.@MfC=#?R~O{{~[f@+~R+7{R M=f=7=V
([~f+{{={~
mf]+~~~ zR+[-[{={7~99+@=7=sfR
7=9~f~
~'~ zR=R[+?~{=f]{MOf={={~L7-opC+{={=[L#R{+
{RM+~f-=~=4mf+{+ , 5 f
7 pf{={.@R{-.+~fz{[f7p{f-u9M=
C{+O][{={7o{~!M={M!~o=[f~Y{ , 5 f +
Ozfn+ {+{+{=7R]={o7R+mV~mO7{Om{ of7{~{{7o#.~%
C
2 3 ]#&{~{=R+z~ /u_R
/u _z7z{+~{Rn@+ML+~=
f~~O-{~7 +~p~.~f~~ zR+[R+7~~R-{f+~f{+f+
+{{={~
M:7{zf=V fRf{z{=fR~-Of:{f:'pfz{={M:7M=Rp{CY++[
=7{=~R{==m~R{{ ~~fLC{+{+{+O9+~[{u~f]{Cz#z=O]{f{
++7[={== ?
~'L+~RR z7z{f{=]{C{+{+{+{fp+~[{u~MEO7{O[{
{~f+~f{z{=f=Rf{7 C~#{fY{~O7{O~{{=-7R=LR{++7~RO
=f-{f{o~)++7[m={=f7oRf{z{=RO
([~f+{{={~
m={R+~[{u=[{{ffRfzz{+Mf-R{mf{E-=
mf+~f{z{=f]n -u]Ci~=
Ozfn+ O7R#={m7~=~YRm={=~ {o7z+mo{1
-fRfzz{+M
{7o!L) )
#Cz{f={' .9+M+7~{++7~Rz{C=f7-C~+
s~zM+{~
'+`{R={zR9fRf{z{=fR
npM[{{-!={Ro~-~~-
3:
H
:
0 :
H
< 3
: ;:
::
:
:
:
H
' '
3 0
{~7z{C=po`~{R+{=LfC=M=fC+[]~+)f .zf7f7O
u7o
) fRfzz{+M~CR#+~{fpfzm'z{C{Om{M7{==7[=
C]R+]{~'#' 7f+4[ )
ofL{9f{= z{~ffRC
{z{=f!=Rz~" M=~.~ERfzC={~f7{{{9RV'RfL+~f[[zOm{f7'O
7~-R9{[{+7m:
RRuRf'={==. {O[=~CufpzfRR
6 0 -2; 3 '+~mRpefoC{f7~=?m?9~-{n{{f{[~
{MOM+~Rf{C='p{={~f'M+'=+!O7{pM{fp+R{f{ z7z{:mpfRz
C={f'e+~~V'9~[uRf:7='~'[{={7E[O~@OEnY++[{7R
+R{?~f=={f+~{R.@9R+++C=V z7z{~7{~R{{R=~fRom~f=
7 {{.~@+p{Ozf~R=~`={~.' .{R~=zp~~C{R7{-?{.
{Ozf~u{f!f+~f{z{=fsO~{{R f{f+~?~[R]~f{fs' -~7 ~{~
R{{R=~fof=~fp{+77:~{==?~[=7== 9z=+{]=~{o7o1)
fRf{z{=f!{ o7u{f?~f=m<mfz-={=o~{p+~OR~p7p~fR
;:
0
;:
3
3 0
H
:
H
<
3
3
; :
3Y
30
<
RCM+'=+s]=Rzf{O@Rz]u7o{~@+=RRfRf{z{=fR
RC{~9C{={~
' =]~{+7~=7='on#{~+~=M~efRfzz{+M~z=+
)% M
m{RM[zO-~+~f~'z={R=R@R{ziOE=f'f'~R~=m~u-C{={~
Cpz]{f+`C=@9{-{fufR{Rff~f{+~+pM=zR{~fR ~{=
Rz@=o~
R7u.7R+M7~{~fm+{C~f#f=7{-{f+{={~fm~-R-{=
{~R=z{!of7pp{{!R++~Cf{!='R{LMofp+{C~{-~-{~
f.+ f
)f~@={]#{{@~R{]{.= =~{=~+{C Y`{f+~=fRM{f
o~-='R{~~='C={~!<+ {fufo=Rz+O
+R{[+p9C{={~LCp~=~C{]{9fRC@={=RpC-=f{Rf+u+=
(u={~1 CCf~-=RC~~f~
C+~4{@+[{=
ffzfM={uzOVC{O
f+{=+[~4{n{{
={RMVf`7{
CufV9RC~~{=[@-ER{RR#{+Mz~f~
u+I~o{++!.)f 2f
33
!#"$
%&"('*)
+
,-
39'&:#<;
=#.?>
.0/
1'*234.6587
)$)%C#D)%+
E
FG3H"%2IJ"
E
F/
EK 'J3L"(I"
@A"
:
B
NM
30
- .
)
zL
f=~{`{+f7C{={~s{nM=f7.o{f~C9~+{M+!]
+~f{z{=f9f'!~f+ f+~f{+f+O'C=o7+C{={~ # `f7=~9+7
f{ofn7R ={~o
C{={~-of{f+'O7{~f+f{7Rm{M=zR{M
~'=#~fffC+zMCf#~{=~{#{Oz=9m97~+=R+~@9O~{{O{=
Rz@=){f{R~-M+~?7{=C{+{+{=7R9+~fzR
! #<~=~+~ ! #{m~C{+{+{={~9~f
ROf~~f !-)/#)fC=z~ffn@{=~{fp={=<m[M+R'o==~{nM=7R=
~R~n. n=+~fz{[m~f[[z{f=~R{{fo{M7{~f.@9~p
.onLM~{-u@==4 ~M+~[{u~M~m+e~C~
=~={=~{f~R~n=.C
{f ~R m?R=o'R{{nM+ ' ~m!~-fRu=!~#R#C{f M VoR{+
R+u@+-=[MO+Mz+ff9M~{[@=MLnRu~+f=R.?7~foC=
f{=zf7p=~+=L=Rz#+@={fC@+=R={R{{f+-R{RY M M~@=+~9]C
iR{z~f~~E+~f~{zRRoOf+~{o{RCEu9f+:{zf
f?Rp{+_=+[{OC{+{+{=7R#+{CoMzO#!{+CM={+[mfRzO]R!{CO{+{CRf
~Mfzf=f~M== /f# *Y{{ ,p
o( /+ +{+_=4i7 [7( /,9{p
77 :- /C{7~0 /
*`7
7E :~
{
p /7_Rp *f7.{ 4+f oY~-oY=eC{={~R! f {f{R~
+~fzRfpM+~?7{=C{+{+{=7R
R{CRfzMe~Cz@=+n@=fL~O~
Rz@==7f7R
+fR )'o{{{+n
C{+{+{={~~-{OzE{C=+{O~{o~f+{O~{o
~=~+~
mMzf~. 4R!R?~{~!{C+=CoMzOV
mp~C{+{+{={~ <'o{{-z=ne9C{+{+{=7R{fu{fE~~O~o{~f
={.M+z+R+fR~
mp~o= o{C@={=[#7uMOp79o{&ouMO
=~{=[{O'R{{p{R+{R
9fC+zMn p{!=={-~ f L-`C=+{~s{=~sm9Rz@=-fC=
=Rzf{O{R~#{f[f@+o<CCOmL9{+R
9
-2
&0' '
'*/
*/7* 422" "!,&
0
02
" -#$4% ' '
# & #27 !6
3H
3
0
<
:
;:
C
3
;:
3 H
3:
H
<:
0H <
3 <
<
Y
0 <Y
<H0
0H
;:
M -={~{{7o.~O f'
E~.={~Mzo<=~f.C=u{~L<
+@~{{OL+{R7= 7_~LR?~{~
m-{Ozfn~mf o{f~CC{+{+{=7R
z{O{f+~ 5 'RRuRf 7m)fO m~<R-M{~po{E={)7+<uf7Rf
3<
< 3 < H
H 3 3 <
%3 3
3 3 H H
3 H <
H 0 H %3 H
3 3 H
3 3 3 %3 <
0 0 0 < :
:
: H 0
H 0
0 3
0 H
< : H 0
0 :< < 0
3 0Y H 3 :
< H
3 ::
3 H
3
0 :
0 H 0
3 0
0
3 3
.
Y
0 < H
<
<
H <
3
<
H H 3< H 3
H 3
3 <
:
3 3
3 : 3Y H ;:
0 : H <
< : 30 H
3< :
3 0 H H 0
0 0 0
H H 0
H < 3
H
0 0 <
3 <
0
3
0 < :
< V: %3
0 3 : .
3 : ::
<
H 0
3 3
H
0 0 0 0%3
H :V 0 0 3
: H : H
3 Y 0
0 3 : < <
3Y%3 3 3
< 3 0 3 3
0 0 3 0 ;:
0 0
3
0
<
C {={~-+{C=Zm!={n#R{RMOsZ+-~{Lf~R+z{+C{={~
CmRo=~{Rf{~e)m?R+~O!{~z7<~O 'M
RR~#fC+{~
R{7 {!CO7Rs-+{C-7Y==CR]~=~+~LL[9O7{~s+{C9C
~m{~M+~[{9f=Rz+{R{O+ =~[{-Ru'zf+={-u~7+mC-=f{RfR
@+{~f+=7f7R
{-ofMCf{=MRz=! _mmC@={=fmf7'=Rzf{pp{~~+.R!u
C{={~z{=o+L=Rzf{9{-9~~=uCO7Rf[L+R{{n@+7R
pm
7Op)R{ ).9?R+R=.7~=~f7!{~fLR+~ {~z7~)= . f
~f+ !mC=.p{`z=n{={]~uL{~C~@+=`={~p7{~ M !RsC==
{f-{M==L~']O7{~L+{CVpm++{C{M7z@+[-O~z~fR
pufO{ffR=z?~+Ro+{R'7='~#{-z+= mz=+!!)R{ )C]R+=~4[
3
H Y< :
< 0 <
H :: < :
0 H :
3 0Y 0 :
3 : 0 < < <
3 H < : 0
H 3 < H <
< 3
3 < 3Y H 3 0
0 H 3 3
0 3< H
0 : 0
3 3 H 0
3 3
0 0
H
<
<
3
H 0
3
<
0 <
:
H <
:
:
: 3
: 0 0
<
:
: 3
: :
: 3 H
: 0
3
3 3 :
: 0
0 3 0 0 3
H 3
< ::
<
H
:
H
3
3
:
: ::
< 0
: 0
H
< H 3
0 3 H
HH 0 :
3
0 <
3 :
<
3
0
:
:
: 3
: 0
:
: 0
:
: 3
:
0
:
%3
H 0 <
< 0 : 0 :
3 H
3 3 0 H
3 : H 3
< 0 <
< H
3 H H 3 H 0 3
0 H 0 3 :
::
< < ;:
0 < :
H <
0 ::< H
.C :
%3
H 0
: 3
: H <
: <
3 H
::
: H 3
: 3
: 0 0
: 3
3 ;:
3 0 :
;:
:
<
<
<
:
:
0
Y<
: H
:
: H <
:
: <
: H <
: Y
: 0 0
: 3 3
3 Y
::
H 3 0 H HH
< < 0
0 H < :
0 :
<
H :
<
: 0
< <
3 3 <
< 3
: H
: :
H
H <
H
: 3
:
: 0
: 0 H
3 : H
: :
: 0 0
: 0
: 3
:
H
C
3 :
3
3 H 3
: H 3
3 HH
;: 3 0< ;:
< 0 0 <
3 3 <
0 : 0
:<
;: < 0 3
3 0 3 :
0
: 3
: 0
: H
3 :
:
: H 0
: < <
: 3
:
3 :
0 0
:
3
3 V:
: 3
: H
: < <
3 ;:
: 3
: < <
: Y
: 0Y
: 3Y
3 0 3
0 :
3 H
5
Eq-Freq
1R
D2
MDLP
Mantaras
Zeta
ChiMerge
Chi2
4.5
Time (Sec)
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
13.5
14
14.5
15
15.5
16
16.5
17
17.5
18
Error Rate(%)
0
H <
;
$
+[-R[~e{pm~{{uo~{~~e7+~{==u=Cm~{fp=~{~)~[~=
+mfRo@+=[f~4-f{+o?]f[[zp-{fu#f7RR=o-7+m={~m7{R
;7Cu=)CO7R7Y=e{f'=~{f={R{+ e'{R~=z{O=~{+O=9RC{~
!={~p7==V'+~f=.{f-=~{f! f ]RC{+{+{+=.f{f-u9M=
CCOE~e={{=]C=+{R{+on={MOERf{RJR{~f~M<)= ~f
pz+m{foCM={+[~={n:{Ozm~{MO+<m=~{{:{OCf+=Rz:[
f~nER+~f~{O!{f7~=~{f{R+~[{u~M )O7{~L+{CpR[{{
{9?[LOffmmRfzz{+[o{.+R{+{+~VffC[ C ) ef7[f-={
u+~]=[=o+@nRzRzfff{n+O~ i~~=R.CC~ f MC~
{!~C{+{+{7 ~
CV?~+Ru9M='fu=p.COz~{+-~~<
{oo~{{OCf+=V:mRffCO{fC{+{+{=7R]=Mzf-~{+-{f7f
`~C+{!i~+79RpfC=z~fC!'CY++[pO7{~`{fuf`{=R{Rf=@
{7&=R[mC{={~+{C!)~= !4 # ! #M !i
#EMz9{p={n< M o{RC
C{={~R-f~{9=~{~ f+R{~nY++f+9Of`7~=-=[~=~+~ (u+R+
@~[=MLf{O{R )R1 f ! #%(u-]C{={~{fufzf7 {f{~#{=f
f=Rz~#==Rz+~7=R]& {+ ER =f m Zf E[z ? <
3
: H 0
: 0
: ;:
:
:
: :
: 3
: 0
:
: :<
3
3 : < <
0 :
<
30
<
: 0Y
: :
: : 0
: : H
: H
: : 3
: :
: 3 0
: 3
: : H
: <
C H
Y
C
%3
: 3
: <
: : H
: 3
: < 0
: :
: :<
: 3 :
: :
: :
: 3 H
<
: 3
: :
: :
: :
: <
: : 3
: :
: 3Y
: 3
: : 3
: 0 H
C <
: 0Y
: ;:
: :
: C
: <
: V:
: :
: 3 :
: <
: : H
: 0 H
0 0 :
: 3
: ;:
: :
: :
: < H
: : 0
: : H
: 0 :
: C
: : 3
: <
;:
: 3 3
: H
: :
: :
: <
: : 3
: : H
: ;:
: : H
: : 3
: 3 3
;: <
3Y
H <
0
C
C
30
<
Y
H
3<
<
0
0 <
%3
0 <
30
3Y
C C
0 <
C
C
<
0 <
<Y
0 <
0
H 0
0 <
0Y
3
3
<Y
<
3<
0 Y
0
0
<
<
;:
<Y
<
3
<
H:
<
:
:
:
: 3
: V:
: : 3
: C
: :
: : 3
: 3 H
H 3 <
3
:
Y
C
0 :
<
:
<
0
0 <
<
<Y
3:
H:
<
<
H 0
0 0
H
C
0 0
H0 H
Y
C
Y0
<
30
H0
<
0 <
: 3
: 0
: ;:
: 3
:
: V:
: :
:
: C
: :
: 3 :
3 <
3
;:
<
:<
: H
Y
H 3
<
3
0
H
<
;:
3
3
3
H
3
<
<
3
3
3
3
H 3
3
H
3
3
3 0
H <
H <
H <
) ){7Y{f{~{Oz~+{[{Ym7z+)f~R@{fC{={~C=
pM=~% )fV') '~p~]{~:~ 2!+RzO !
, 7#{
.Y= , -+{C. #{+~{
m~:=:fR=[f~{fE M o{RC'C{={~
<m E[z ? sCR?~@=z
={~+{R7{ ! '~Cp ]{$ #o+=R '[f4=!M @CR?Rp{-'Rz
={
! .~C9
!{$ # (u`R.{#7Lz+= :~~ C@ fz{~sf ;={
{7=-{fRzE-f{7R++['{+C{+{+{=7R !3RC'~ ~ :R C~f 'RC'~ {fuf
R f~~f ;O{ #o =RO ~+ :+~C~f% &{7=-{f=~z'7~+=R !
0 :
25
6
Eq-Freq
1R
D2
MDLP
Mantaras
4
20
15
10
-2
5
-4
0
-6
-5
-8
1
10
11
12
10
11
12
20
Zeta
ChiMerge
Chi2
15
10
-5
-10
1
10
11
12
H
H <
3 0
Y
0
RC -+{C #
9 . = )+9 . L#<.
'f{Oz=R:{~=~fC{+{+{=7RC<f9CM{7Rf+Mz~fo9C{={~
C=@]+{+R~==V u=CO7R`CO{CO{+{@=7+[{CCf{~
+~~-{={~f7Rf+ `{={RM[zpf=~+~[~-='R{pREC{+{+{={~{fuf
up~MzC+z=~=~@~{~R)C=fz~M+ +={+[7{~:+{C:~~+p~ {fE@+z@={~
~{zff+~~f]{{f+C{+fzOZ~=RC`{{f!O~{{O-fzOV* `Cf
O~+{C~fpz{R!+{{={~eY~ff{Oz=R{C{+{+{={~={~{f
R
~fz{7R'R{u#+~e{={~u9M=mM~Mz+f+Ofu9M=oC{_@~[=
u@+-=[9~[z=C{={~-+{CM?~!M=+~MCf=~
`7`{on& M
m]M=zR{MoC{+{+{=7R`+{C=7f7=on{~C{={~sMR
=~{M f ={~{O@R{M`{+O7{~e
f[f@+CC=p#COz~{+R
m~f{+~O{M7#R+=~4u~R!C{={~#O~9@z+R++R-~ M
fMCfRo (u={~f M -~{p[nRfzz{+[~m@.C=[{ [{ ?R{pfzof~~
;7'=~+OYuR{##{fC{+{+{=7RCR+=~.#+~L7z+O
f~{R+
C=M=f~{f{+ . '+O~mC{+{+{={~
u~''=Y~E~]{[f]e@==V
&=9+R{eCR{{~?7~~?{@+u{=pC{~f@E=7R=V)''o{+7~
=Cff[?{++7[={= 1{fM' -~R. <==#{fR{@~7O7{~!R
`OCO{=Cuf#O7{~Z-+{C{fR, )m'~[{~z-{~fZM.RfzC={OV
+{+7~z!m[{=7M{f+ofR@+O[f_ ER{ ? {Mz
R+{Rf{C==
m'{O~C=e?p+Ef7{mC{+{+{={~C<C{+f{{=zi)+nR{{=
={
fC=M=fC+M~mf+~~[f={+{C7{-+{CE~E{p~
+=fR '
u7f{-~zCRL?#~@7.~{R &f+C{+{+{+RM?]==.]Rf{C=
9nf!={={~E{L{ +=s9n7~{7!C{={~
~s{~+u~
f=Rz]+~CC{={~
9{f.{f+~f{z{=f=Rz'f .RY~{
7~
~[[{~++~[{4 ~R:R[{{~f=7== &n'?7~n~E@7+{
f~~++~C+<~+~C+E+fz{==o?uR=z{R7{o@Rz~@f{p{Oz+~C+
R
{7{C{={~
:=?O7{~~R~nV:~+f{f~o=pm~<u9M=
~m+~[{u~fO7{f{OzR`@[f[==V &{{f=7-fC=M=fC=fR{{C{~eez=+
@Rzp{u+f#{f-+{Co{f+==#~+{Rf+
(uR{==C99z+m+~f{z'?~{~Mu@=
O7{O+ ' C~M+'e7R+?f+ECz
+{+{=7Rzf~~O=9{9~++~[REuO-uMOVO7{O R~eRuO-uMOE~@O7{O
0 3
~~'+~fzpf{R=JY{=7MC+@+f+f+~{C{~E~==C~R'E~uuRfz~
+Rz!{9~[u:fn77{O7{~eR{fMC~+oMRz[{
C{={~#!~+~:~7-=z!C=~+e~+f+~R{f{OzR-o-+~~
~{RR{f~fC]L+{CCM{{=.={R' zR~Om{9f{:u@+
fRf{z{=f=R!m?.{.f~fC-R-uM~'R{~ ;7+R+OVn=[{Of{~pu7o=CR-~MRC
R{~ zf~{=Cz~=]Cu=+~f+MCC{+{+{=7R.{OzO
. fz{=RV{RnM=mz{
~E+ ff~{EO7{~L={=~e ={+~@o-~'R{#f~M=+~Rf+
~{z{'~u{=pf7+~f{~~OV~f+ C+OC=~{O{={{==
~@{fm{mf@+ooV{7uC-={=fMR[m{-iR{p{OzO+E~f#RnR+
=f~{R]fz+={=~e[C=~=R+[f!f+{~f=
].
-
m+~fz{f{~pf!fz~[{eR-=[m7uCOuf~uu-Rf{=u='='f?~p=@=!f
{fz~R~{7RR[{+[M#f{Oz=R7R]){ff@+O
m.{R-ozZ{`{f~ R~* (uuRf+Z=+[{szR#~{LC{={~
CCfzO]!{M@+M#~[-{f{Oz=[R{+CM={+[o@R{~
.
0 0
0H
M (u+{~Mo={{+=Rf.C{={~
"! ! ! {+~+4i7-7 # @ 71 =R
-7 ! [~@u /M 'u
?[~= Cz~ff~{=&z{C{z=OR&-O~{L~!C=+{R{+fCM{~e
~ /uY97fu MfR= )
~
R~ L~== =++~fzR&-{+={~O~{{ORLC=+{RC_{+fCM{~e
~ /uY ,e7M[ ) )
) /
f
) p 7{OML ~=f{+
?e~{R7z+o=R!{7R+]+~!-CC== +uf~f7R.~fL
{~C{~e )= 7[
( /7C( / M+@4i@7m7
Y]7 # @; 7m =R+
7
-7 Lfu # 5 f~~=" f E{O{-m1 ==
,fu R 2f
2f
M
. MCfR#~<={R]{=== R1 /C@
M
f~
){ ,9
7`~ /uY ,fu LR{[# ~Ce (C~ {+M
~~ )
2 (uff~LM `O?~== /f- / ,4i /f !
7 ,7_i7
9{Mff) 9~={
R E{O{= /
' fYmR{[{R
1 /Cf9 4+f
! , *@C 7_i7@ ,e7M[ 7f_{ 7f+4i 'f~f ;_
,7M[ f 2 '2 f
<' 9{~R<. f+=RYfCf{~.:C=+{~#{+== ~ /u@
p ~CLL=[O=+{RZ{==-u={+~mz{C.{fR== R1 /C@ ,e7M[ 'M~O
2
R f
) ~.f ?
9'Rf+[C{={~~Efn7z{C== )oR 5 # , f 5
Y7_i7@7
{+@7 CfR= f
f
) %(Y s `=~f fCu[[ ){ 7i+4
-7 .Lfu LLR{[ C~ z== (
f~f{+ff~f
) ; &z+M
f~Y -7 #Lfu 5 ){R 7:R1 /C@ ,e7M[ O7 ] 1 /Cf9 4+f
7:( /
, *@ ,+f 7_i7f L~R~ ~ z== f
; ?
0 <