17

17

17
17.1
,
.


.

.
17.1 ,
.
.
17.2 , .

. .
17.3 (I ):
; - -,
; .
17.4 (II ):
; : ; .
.

. (. 17.2). , ( )
, .. . ,
. ,
. . ,
:

kD =

kd =

uout ,2 (uout ,2 )
uin,2 (uin,2 )

uout uout ,2 uout ,1

=
uin
uin,2 uin,1

uin,1 = uin,2
kd

2uout ,2
2uin,2

uout ,2
uin,2

, uin,1 ~
uin,2 (.. ), ks :

ks =

uout ,2 uout ,1
uin,2 uin,1

-
.
RC1 = RC2 VCC , VCC .
-.
: uin,1 = uin,2 = 0,
, , .. uout,1 = uout,2 ~ 0.
uin,1 = uin,2
. +uin,1 T1 +IC1 1 uout,1. uin,2 -

uin,1 ~ uin,2. ,
, .
IC1,2 ,
uout1,2 . RE IE,

T2, IC2 2
+uout,2 . , kd

kd =

uout1,2
uin1,2

RC1,2
rE

rE . ,
RE (IE =IE1 IE2
~0)
. kd .

.
, .
.
B1 B2, , .
-
.
.

B1 B2,
.
,
.
uout
1
= k d ,symm
k d ,nonsymm =
uin,2 uin,1 2

IE

VEE
I C1 + I C 2 = 2 I C1,2
RE

, ks :

RC1,2
0 CMRR (Common-Mode Rejection
ks
Ratio) ( Rg + rE + 2(1 + ) RE
) .
kd
4
10 ,
CMRR =
ks, ks
RE , VEE.
, RE ~ 100 , AB
rd ~ k
T3 . T4,
, .

 17
17.2
,
.


.

(, Operational Amplifier, Op-Amp)
-
.
. ,
, .,
, ,
, , , .
,
- dc . :
0 ~ 106108, Rin ~ 105 1012 ;
Rout ~ 15 150 ,
dc - MHz .

, .
- . 3 :
1. ; 2. ( ) 3. (source) .
,
, , . , , () . ,
. , (. ), -
, - .
- : +uin
- uout, +uin ,
+uout.
, .

. , (open-loop Op-amp) 0 ~108, .

( uout = VS) (.
). , ,
.
,
- (A ~100-1000), ,
. ,
. ,
(. ).
,
,
.

.

: ;
:

, .
1. , .
. ,
, .
- .
2. 0
( uout = VS),
. ,
,
. , , ,
,
.
,
. - - .

.
. . ,

uout = A0 uin = A0 (u+ u ) = A0u

Rin , .
. u
uin uout R1 R2, . .

u = uin

u
R2
R1
+ uout
= out
R1 + R2
R1 + R2
A0
A .

A =

uout
uin

A0 R2
R
R + R2
= 1
2
A0 R1
R1
1+
R1 + R2

A0 R1 R1 + R2

. ,
R1 R2. :

.
.
dc .
.

u R
uin = (u+ u ) = uin out 1
R1 + R2
:

u R
uout = A0 uin out 1
R1 + R2

u
A0
R
A+ = out =
1+ 2
uin 1 + A0 R1
R1
R1 + R2

( A = 100/1 = 100)

A+ .

0 1.
R2 R1, ( )

| A |

R2
R1

f 3dB =

1
= 16 Hz
2R1C1

,
(0.1 Hz 20 kHz).
,
( 10 k), ,
. dc
RF .


, , ,
. .
R3 , ?
.

Slew Rate
, , . . Slew
Rate SR. SR

, ..

du (t )
SR = max out
dt

, V / s

, ( ). , , SR
:

SR 2fVS

f
, VS

.
SR
V/s.

R3 =

R1R2
R1 + R2
Slew Rate SR

17

( )
. . ()
. . ,

uout = A0 (Vref uin ) = VS

17.3
(I ):
;
-
-;
;
.

uin < Vref

uin > Vref

uout = +VS
uout = VS

(. ).

(low bat);

Vref .
.

-.

(. ). .
Vr , Rf:

Vr =

R2
Vref
R1 + R2

R1R2
R f ( R1 + R2 )

vhigh vlow

1
vhigh = Vr
+ VS
Vr + VS
1+
1+

1
vlow = Vr
VS
Vr VS
1+
1+

.
VS

Vref ,
.. . ,

, , (.
).
,

vhigh vlow (.
).
. . ,

.

( 1)

,
-
. - |vhigh vlow |, . (. .
)

vhigh,low = Vr VS

( 1)

( 1)

.


vlow,
vhigh .

.
uinuouy vhigh, low

- -

, , . , ,
. , , . , R2 = 0 - R1 = (100-% ), uin - , ..

A+

u
= out = 1 +
uin

R2
1
R1

uout = uin

~R1 = , ~ R2 = 0, .
. , R2 0 ,
.

() - .
.

iin .

uin = 0 = I 2 R2 + uout
uin = 0, I2
R2 I2 = iin. uout
iin,
R2, ..
uout = iin R2

(, , , ,
.) dc . , , - . : , ,

.
,
. - (
transconductance Op-amp).

I out ~ uin R1

RL R1 (~ 250)
R2 = 0 R2 0

,
. : uS +
un. ,
., uin1 = uS + un uin2 = uS + un. , uin1 uin2 = 2uS + un un . , (. ).
A+ = 1,
. , ()

R1 R3
=
R2 R4

R
uout = 2 (uin1 uin2 )
R1

R1 = R2

uout = (uin2 uin1 )

-
(?).
.

 ( )

15
17.4
(II
): ;
;

. .

. , . ,
, .

(, )

i1,2,3 = u1,2,3 / R1,2,3

uout = 0 (i1 + i2 + i3 ) R

, , )

R1 = R2 = R3 = R

R
R
R
uout =
u1 +
u2 +
u3
R2
R3
R1

uout = (u1 + u2 + u3 )

(adder) = 1
( )

. -

. , ( ).
.

- . , uout = f(i).
( ),

uout =

R1

(u1 + u2 + u3 ) = u1 + u2 + u3
3

u
uout (t ) = f (i ) = f in
Rin

. , , , ,

uout = u1 u2 + u3 + u4
, , . . | uout | < VS .
.

: .

.
D i1 = id,

u

u
iD = I 0 exp out 1 = i1 = in
kT
q
R1
/

uout =

kT uin

ln
q R1I 0

uout (t ) ~ ln(uin )

 . -

- . .

- . Zin
Zf . ,
:

u

iD = I 0 exp out 1
kT / q

iin ( ) =

uin = I 2 R2 = iD R2

uin
Z in ( )

uout ( ) = 0

Z f ( )

Z in ( )

uin ( )

,
: , ,
. :

u
uout
= I 0 exp in
R2
kT / q

u
uout = I 0 R2 exp in
kT / q

uout (t ) ~ euin

RC 1

RC 1

RC .
,
.
, .
. .

, .
- . ,
. .

duin
1
= iout = uout
dt
R
duin
uout = RC
dt

iin = C

iin =

uin
du
= iout = C in
R
dt

uout =

1
duin dt
RC

R2
1
.
R1 1 + j / RC
1
=
R2C2

A ( ) =

RC

A ( ) =

R2
1
.
R1 1 j RC /

RC =

1
R1C1