Prototype mechanical parametric and strength analysis for a

compressed air engine

50050277

50050558
50054584

2553
1

Prototype mechanical parametric and strength analysis for a

compressed air engine

50050277
50050558
50054584

2553
2

:
:
:
:
:

50050277

50050558
50054584

2553
..
.
..

__________________________________
(

..

_______________________________
( . )
_______________________________
( ..

_________________________________
( ..

____ ____________.. ______

:
:
:
:
:

2553
..
.
..

3
3

1.5-2.5
2.5 90

FLUENT
GAMBITS 2
4.5
0 164
/ 1 4

3

11.05% 37.22%
159.08% 111.81% 40.15%
3.53
: , ,
,

Project Title
By

Degree
Major
Academic Year
Advisor
Co-advisor
Co-advisor

: Prototype mechanical parametric and strength analysis for a compressed

air engine
: Mr. Ponlawat Pripaisankij
Mr. Pracha Saensuk
Mr. Theparit Photongkanong
: Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.)
: Aerospace Engineering
: 2010
: Assoc.Prof.Pongwit Siribodhi
: Mr.Akram Dallalah
: Asst.Prof.Phacharaporn Bunyawanichakul

Abstract
This project focuses on the study of mechanical parameters for the design of a prototype
compressed air engine with a reciprocating three cylinder radial configuration. Compressed air is used as the
source of energy to power the engine rather than combustion heat.
The study was subdivided into three sections. In the first section the effect of varying the ratio of
connecting rod length to stroke (l/s ratio) and the resulting shaking force and torque where studied using
close form equations. The results obtained were in the expected range of l/s ratio of 1.5 2.5. It was found
that a 2.5 l/s ratio gave the lowest shaking force. Also the optimal crank angle degree for introducing the
compressed air to the cylinders was studied and a 90 CAD (Crank Angle Degree) was found to be the
optimal time to introduce the compressed air resulting in the highest achievable efficiency.
In the second section the flow of compressed air into the cylinders was studied using computational
fluid dynamics. The analysis of the flow through the intake and exhaust valves was modeled in Gambit and
Fluent CFD codes. A 1.5 mm intake valve lift was specified and the optimal configuration and number of
exhaust valves was determined from the CFD analysis. The results obtained showed that a two exhaust
valve with 4.5 mm lifts placed in line with the intake valve gave in the best flow pattern and exhaust air
removal efficiency. Next the optimal crank angle degree to open and close the intake valves was determined
and it was found that 0 and 164 CAD resulted in the maximum power/air consumption ratio per revolution.
In the last section stress analysis for the four main engine components: crank shaft, connecting
rods, main rod and piston was undertaken with the main objective being to optimize the weight, identify the
weakest (highly stressed) sections of each component and strengthen them. A total weight reduction of
11.05% was achieved and the maximum stress exerted on the connecting rods, the main rod, and the
crankshaft was reduced by 37.22%, 159.08% and 111.8% consecutively. The maximum stress on the piston
was increased by 40.15% as a result of a weight reduction of 56.15%. However, an adequate safety factor of
3.53 was still achievable and it was thus deemed safe for operation.
Keywords:
Compressed Air Engine, Reciprocating Engine, Mechanical Design, Strength Analysis

II



.. , . , ..


. , . .


Solidworks

2554

III

...I
Abstract...II
......... III
.VII
..... ..VIII
..XIII
1
1.1 ......................................................................................... 1
1.2 .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 ............................................................................................................ 1
1.4 ............................................................................................................... 2
2 3
2.1 ............................................................................................... 3
2.2 .................................... 6
2.2.1 ...................................................................... 6
2.2.2 ............................................................................................. 7
2.2.3
2.3

.................................................... 11
.............................................................................................. 11

2.3.1

............................................................................................ 11

2.3.2

........................................................... 12

2.3.3

........................................................................................................... 14

2.3.4 Ram theory .............................................................................................................. 14

2.4

....................................................................................... 15

IV

2.4.1

.................................................................................................. 15

2.4.2

....................................................................................... 15

2.4.3

(Von Mises Stress) ............................................................... 15

3
3.1 ................................................................................................................................. 17
3.2 ........................................................................................................ 17
3.2.1

...................................... 18

3.2.2

......................................................... 18
3.2.2.1 2 GAMBIT.18
3.2.2.2 2 FLUENT....20

3.2.3

SolidWorks ............................ 22
3.2.3.1 ..22
3.2.3.2 ..23

3.2.4

............................................... 24

3.3 .................................................................................................... 24
3.4 ................................................................................................................................ 24
3.5 ......................................................................................................................... 24
3.6

.......................... 25

4
4.1
................................................................................................................. 26
4.1.1

......................................................................... 26

4.1.2

........ 27

4.1.3
............................................................................. 28
V

4.1.4

................................................................................................................ 29

4.2
...................................................................... 30
4.2.1

.................... 30

4.2.2

Mesh ............................ 31

4.2.3
.................................................................................................... 32
4.2.4
...................................................................... 33
4.3

........................... 37
4.3.1

........................................ 37

4.3.2

..................................... 38

4.3.3 .................... 40
4.3.4 ............................................................. 43
4.4 ........................................................... 43
5
5.1 .............................................................................................................. 47
5.2 ............................................................................................................. 47
5.3 ...................................................................... 48
49

SolidWorks ......................................................................... 52

. ........................................ 62
.

(CFD)

FLUENT ........................... 80

. .......................................................................... 103
.....108
VI

2.1
2.2
2.3
3.1
3.2
3.3
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5

4.6
5.1
.1
.1
.2

Reciprocating Air Engine Rotary Air Engine

Solidworks

grid

[4] Matlab

grid

VII

3
4
5
18
23
25
31
34
36
38

38
41
47
71
82
93

2.1 ,
2.2 () ,
()
2.3 ( ), ()

2.4 ,
2.5 (Discharge coefficient)
( , AE/
,AC )

2.6 rms

rms
360
200 6

2.7


3.1 GAMBIT 2D-A
3.2 GAMBIT 2D-B
3.3 GAMBIT 2D-C
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
VIII

6
8
9
10

12

13

14
19
19
20
22
22
22
22

3.8
3.9
4.1 0-360 4
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17

( /S)
0 180

x y

Grid independence mesh 4

10

10

164

30 60

150 180
(),(),(),()

IX

24
24
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33

34
35
37
37
37
37
40
40

41

4.18
1
4.19
1
4.20
1
4.21
1
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.27
.1 PistonCrankcase
.2
.3 Analysis
.4 CrankShaft Crankcase
.5 CrankShaft MainRod
.6 CrankShaft Catch
.7 Plane CrankShaft Catch
.8 Catch
.9 Catch
.10 Sensor
.11 Plane Sensor
.12 Sensor
.13 Sensor
.14
.15
.16 Sensor
.17
X

42
42
42
42
43
44
44
45
45
46
52
52
52
53
53
54
54
54
54
55
55
56
56
56
57
57
57

.18
.19
.20
.21
.22
.23
.24
.25
.26
.27
.28
.1
.2
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11
.12
.13

58

58

58

59
1
59

59

60

60
Von Mises
60

61

61
,
63
R
F N
66
() , ()

80
1
81

2
81

3
81
2 GAMBIT (1)
82
2 GAMBIT (2)
83
2 mesh GAMBIT

83

84

85

86
GAMBIT
86

87
Grid
87
XI

.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
.20
.21
.22
.23
.24
.25
.26
.27
.28
.29
.30
.31
.32
.33
.34
.35
.36

Grid

Mesh Interfaces
smoothing
Remeshing
In-cylinder

mesh
mesh
mesh
mesh
mesh

Residual Monitors

Iterate

XII

88
88
89
89
90
90
91
91
92
93
93
94
95
95
96
97
98
99
99
100
100
101
101

(MPa)

(MPa)

(MPa)

xy

xy

(MPa)

xz

yz

(MPa)

yz

yz

(MPa)

( )

( )
( TDC BDC)
(
)

Top dead center

( )
Bottom dead center
( )

(m)

XIII

(m)
(m)
(deg)
(m)
(m/s)
(m/s2)
(rad/s)
(m)
(deg)

 1
1.1

1.2
1.

2.

3. 3

1.3
1.
3

2. 2

1
3. 3
3

1.4
1.

2.

3.

 2
2.1

2
(Reciprocating Air Engine) 2.3
(Rotary Air Engine) 2.2

2



[1] 2.2



2 2.1
2.1 Reciprocating Air Engine Rotary Air Engine [8]

Reciprocating Air Engine

Rotary Air Engine

 2.2

[11]

400

250 N-m

12 kW

500 rpm

4 bar

200

30 N-m

1.5 kW

500 rpm

4 bar

160 W

160 rpm

8 bar

5-7 kW

2000
rpm

6.5-9.3 bar

[11]

25 N-m

12 N-m
165
[12]

0.005 s
150

[1]

 2.3

[13]

3 ,
50 , 400 Nm
65

5 kW

120 rpm

7 bar

8 ,
10 ,
25

1500 rpm

4 bar

4 ,
800

18.64 kW

113.76 bar

3 ,
6.35

0.7 bar

[14]

[10]

[15]

2.2
2.2.1 [18]

2.1 ,

()
( )
(
)
( )
( TDC BDC)
(rad/s)


*

(2.1)

(2.2)
6

(2.3)

(2.4)

Top dead center ()

Bottom dead center (
)
(b/S Ratio) [12]
(b/S Ratio)
0.8-1.2
1 1

( /S Ratio) [11]
( /S Ratio) 1.5-2.5

2.2.2
[4]

2.2 2.5

(2.5)

( )

()

2.2 () ,
() [4]

2.3 2.6
(2.6)
(

(2.7)
(2.8)

B
O1
B
O1

()

()

2.3 ( ), ()
[4]

[18]


2.4 2.9
)

(2.9)

 O1

()

()

2.4 , [17]
[

)+]

(2.10)
(2.11)

(2.12)

10

(2.13)


2.2.3 [18]


2.14
(2.14)
,

) t

2.3
2.3.1 [12]
2.5
(Valve Seat)

(Valve Face)

11

Valve Seat

Valve Face
2.5 (Discharge coefficient)
(, AE/,AC )
[12]

2.3.2 [12]


10
2.6
1
LDA (Laser Doppler Anemometry)
(shear layers)

12

 2.6

rms

rms
36o 200
6 [12]

2.7

13

 2.7

[12]

2.3.3 [20]

2.15
(2.15)
(Pa),
(K)

(m3),

(J/mol-k)

2.3.4 Ram theory [5]

(pressure wave)
14

2.4
2.4.1 [1]
(stress)

(2.16)
= (MPa), = (N) =
(mm2)
3
1. (Tensile Stress)

2. (Compressive Stress)

3. (Shear Stress)

2.4.2 [1]

(exact solution)


(node)

2.4.3 (Von Mises Stress) [7]

6 (Normal Stress) 3 (Shear
Stress) 3 Von Mises Stress

15

(2.17)

 Von Mises Stress

(Safety Factor, S.F.)
(2.18)

(S.F.) =

16

 3
3.1
4
1.

2. SolidWorks
1
GAMBIT FLUENT

3. 3
SolidWorks
Von Mises Stress Safety Factor
1

-
- 0.2
SolidWorks
-

4.

3.2

3.1

17

3.2.1
1.
, , ,

2.
3.
4.
5.

6.

/ /


7. ( /S Ratio)
3.2.2
3.2.2.1 2 GAMBIT
2
3.1
3.1

30
30 60

10
90
1.5

90
370 1.5 4.5

15
18

10
45
3-4-5[17]
8
45
3-4-5[17]

 ,
1 ,
0.2
2D-A 3.1

3.1 GAMBIT 2D-A

1
2D-B 3.2

3.2 GAMBIT 2D-B

19


2 2D-C 3.3

3.3 GAMBIT 2D-C

3.2.2.2 2 FLUENT
1. mesh GAMBIT
FLUENT
2. FLUENT

Dynamic Mesh
( .3)
3. :
[5]
( P) 101,325 Pa
0 Pa
4. 6,000 Solid
Works
20

5. Unsteady time k-epsilon

6. 2D-A Grid Independent grid 4

(21,140 , 36,190 , 74,822 , 167,027 ), Time Step 2CAD
(Crank Angle Degree) ( .1)
10 90
7. Mesh 6) 2D-B
2D-C
8. 7) /
1 10
90, 130, 150 170

9.


0-180
180-360
(2.2)
10. 1
1
11. / 1

/
1
12. 9) 0, 6, 10
50
/ 1

21

3.2.3 Solidworks
3.2.3.1
1.

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

22

2. ( .1)
0.2 ()
3. 3.2
3.2 Solidworks

Frame Rate

430 N ( 6 bar)

1000 Frame/s
SI2_GSTIFF
1s
Aluminium Alloy 2024T3

4.
5.
6. Von Mises Stress 1 (
.3)
7. ( .4)
8. 6 7
1
9.
3.2.3.2



3.8 3.9
SolidWorks
1. 3.8
23

 3.8

3.9

2.
3.
4.
5.

3.9

6.

3.2.4



3.3
- 6
- Solidworks , Ansys , Matlab
3.4
13
3.5
1. Solidworks
2.

24

7,000
3,000
10,000

3.6
3.3

25

 4
4.1

4.1.1

4.1 0-360 4
(l/s)

4.1 4
90

26

4.1.2

4.2 0 180

4.2 40
30 75
76.34

27

4.1.3

4.3 x y (l/s)

4.3
x x

y x
l/s 1.5 x 115.5
l/s 2.5 x 104

28

4.1.4

4.4

4.4

0 180
90 90
l/s 90
l/s
90

90

29

4.2

4.2.1

4.5

4.5

4.5

30

4.2.2 Mesh

4.6 Grid independence mesh 4

4.1 grid

36190cells 21140 cells

74822cells 36190cells
167207cells 74822cells

0.037252%
0.423519%
0.125158%

55.2971%
27.04113%
2.86475%

4.6 4.1
grid 74,822cells grid
167,207cells grid 74,822cells 3
grid 74,822cells

31

4.2.3

(2D-B 2D-C) 2D-B
1.5 (2D-B Lift1.5) 4.7

4.7

4.7 90


180 (BDC)

2D-B 1.5

4.5 (2D-B Lift4.5)
180
2
4.5 (2D-C Lift4.5)
32

 180

2552.871 Pa

4.2.4

4.2.1 2D-C
4.5

4.8

4.8 10

33

 4.9 10

4.2

10
10
10

()
90
130
150

87.4481
138.8401
157.8617

10

160

163.8659

10

162

10

()

(Watt)

/
1
1
(Kg/)
(W/(kg/))
0.0016614
52,635.19
0.0021791
63,714.42
0.002423
65,151.34
65,160.61

163.5563

0.0025148
0.0025228

164

164.8655

0.002530

65,164.63

10

166

163.8449

0.0025447

64,386.73

10

168

164.0350

0.0025532

64,246.83

10
10

170
175

163.3902
162.7704

0.0025615
0.0025735

63,786.92
63,248.65

34

64,831.26

 4.8

4.2 /
1 150 170
160 175
4.2 / 1
160 150 175
170
160 170 162, 164, 166 168
164
/ 1

4.9 180

(160-170 )

4.10 164
35

 4.3

()
0
6
10

()
164
164
164

169.3475
167.0657
164.8655

50

164

76.4982

(Watt)

/
1
1
(Kg/)
(W/(kg/))
0.0025378
66,730.04
0.0025342
65,924.43
0.002530
65,164.23
0.0023946
31,946.13

4.10

0, 6 10

50
10


[19] 50
4.3
0 /
1 0

36

4.3
4.3.1

[4]
2.5 2

4.11, 4.12, 4.13 4.14 ( )

4.11

4.12

4.13

37

4.14

 4.4

(g)
33.36
12.95
5.52
18.64
70.47

(g)
14.63
12.01
3.97
32.07
62.68

%
-56.15 %
-7.26 %
-28.08 %
+72.05 %
-11.05 %

4.3.2
4.5

30
40
50
60
150
160
170
180
30
40
50
60
150
160
170
180

Max Von (MPa) Min S.F.

15.61
22.1
15.57
22.15
15.62
22.08
15.67
22.02
15.66
22.03
15.53
22.22
15.58
22.14
15.66
22.03
44.21
7.8
44.26
7.79
44.35
7.78
44.46
7.76
61.66
5.59
60.52
5.7
60.69
5.68
60.57
5.7

38

Max Von (MPa) Min S.F.

36.43
9.47
36.36
9.49
36.29
9.51
36.24
9.52
36.46
9.46
36.37
9.49
36.28
9.51
36.21
9.53
41.65
8.28
41.79
8.26
41.96
8.22
42.13
8.19
63.33
5.44
63.65
5.42
63.55
5.43
63.14
5.46

30
40
50
60

150
160
170
180
30
40
50
60

150
160
170
180

0.44
0.57
0.66
0.70
37.23
37.25
37.33
37.46
44.85
39.39
34.43
30.40
45.29
39.88
34.99
31.01

760.3
601.75
519.6
492.87
9.27
9.26
9.24
9.21
7.69
8.76
10.02
11.35
7.62
8.65
9.86
11.13

0.20
0.26
0.30
0.32
35.72
35.83
35.98
36.17
19.22
17.68
15.85
13.92
19.24
17.92
16.22
14.34

1,730.7
1,332.28
1,147.42
1,085.55
9.66
9.63
9.59
9.54
17.95
19.52
21.77
24.79
17.93
19.25
21.27
24.06

4.5 30-60

150-180

39

 4.15
30 60

4.16
150 180

4.15 41.6


1

4.3.3

4.17
4.6 4.18, 4.19, 4.20 4.21
40

 4.6

(MPa)

65.313
98.123
2221.4
253.13
172.13
118.12
701.23
178.32

()

%
+40.15%
-159.08%
-37.22%
-118.9%

()

()
()
4.17 (),(),(),()

41

 4.18 1

4.19 1

4.20 1

4.21 1

42



4.21 2


4.3.4

4.22

Von Mises Stress

430 N
1.59
4.4

3 (FaceCam)
(Push Rod) 4.23

43

 4.23

4.24

44

(Face Cam) -


4.25

4.25

4.26

45


(rocker arm)
4.27

/
4.27

4.27

46

 5
5.1
- 2
,
1.5 1


- 2D-C 4.5
180

-

0 164
/

-
1
5.1

(cm)
3

(Nm)
0.5 - 1

(bar)
1-6

1
(g/)
2.54

5.2
- GAMBIT FLUENT
dynamic mesh mesh
mesh
- Solidworks
10,000 RPM

-
Concentric
.1
47

-


-

5.3
-

48


[1] ,
,
2553, 11,21,27-28.
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http://www.engineair.com.au [Accessed 18th June 2010].
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Available: http://modelenginenews.org/ed.2006.04.html [Accessed 18th June 2010].
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HarperCollins College. New York. 617-628.
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Page. Available: http://www.chrysler300club.com/uniq/allaboutrams/ramtheory.htm
[Accessed 24th March 2011].
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Available: http://npmccabe.tripod.com/3sisters.htm [Accessed 20th June 2010].
[7] Dassault Systemes SolidWorks Corporation. 2010. SolidWorks Simulation. Dassault
Systemes SolidWorks Corporation. Massachusetts. 17-18.
[8] Direct Industry. March 2010. Plastic piston air motor [Online]. Direct Industry Home Page.
Available: http://www.directindustry.com/prod/globe/plastic-piston-air-motor-23399203049.html [Accessed 20th June 2010].
[9] Glenn P. & Eric C. 2005. CFD Pressure Drop Study for AP Dynamics [Online]. AP
Dynamics Inc. Home Page. Available: http://www.ap-dynamics.ab.ca/index.php?page=
News [Accessed 29th December 2010].
[10] Hamilton, H. M., & Charles F. R., 1987. Mechanisms and Dynamics of Machinery.
(4th ed.).John Wiley & Sons. USA. 35-37,71-110,395-478.
49

[11] Hernandez, B. 2005. Rod/Stroke Ratio - What's Your Angle?. Honda Tuning. 7
(June, 2005), 26.
[12] John, B. H. 1988. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals. McGraw-Hill Book Co.
Singapore. 43-45,226-228,326-329.
[13] Lotus Group. 2010. Engine Simulation [Online]. Lotus Engineering Software Home Page.
Available: http://www.lesoft.co.uk/index1.html. [Accessed 25th November 2010].
[14] Motor Development International. 2008. Compressed Air Technology [Online]. Air Car
Compressed Air Technology Home Page. Available:
http://www.aircarcompressedairtechnology.com/engine-eng.php[Accessed 20th June 2010].
[15] Nick, P. 2009. Rotary vs. Piston Engines [Online]. UNC Home Page. Available:
http://www.unc.edu/~perza/rotaryenginephysproject4.html [Accessed 20th June 2010].
[16] Pavilcu Edyson. 2010. AxyCam-Compressed Air Engine [Online]. Bitraptor Home Page.
Available: http://www.bitraptor.com/en_axycam_air_engine.html[Accessed 20th June 2010].
[17] Quasiturbine. 2010. Quasiturbine QT5LSC Pneumatic [Online]. Quasiturbine Home Page.
Available: http://quasiturbine.promci.qc.ca/EProductQT600SCPneumatic.htm [Accessed
20th June 2010].
[18] Robert L. N., 1992. Design of Machinery. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Singapore. 331,522-608.
[19] Vsejasno. 2008. Pushrod V8 engine [Online]. LPE Power Home Page. Available:
http://www.lpepower.com/content/pushrod-v8-engine [Accessed 20th June 2010].
[20] Yunus, A. C., and Michael, A. B. (2007). Thermodynamics. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Book
Co. Singapore. 137-138.

50

51

 SolidWorks
.1
1. File >> New >> Assembly >> OK
2. >> Browse >> Crankcase >> OK
3. 2 Piston >> Mate >> Piston
Crankcase >>

.1 PistonCrankcase

4. MainRod >> Mate >> .2 >> Analysis >>

Mate Location >> Load Bearing Face
>>

.2

( )

.3 Analysis

52

5. CrankShaft >> Mate >> .4 >>

CrankShaft )

6.

.4 CrankShaftCrankcase

7. Mate >> Advance Mate >> Hinge >> .5 >>

.5 CrankShaftMainRod

53

8. Catch >> Advance Mate >> Hinge >> .6 >>

.6 CrankShaftCatch

9. Mate >> Plane Catch CrankShaft .7 >>

.7 PlaneCrankShaftCatch

10.

Assembly >> Circular Component Pattern >> .8 >>

.9 Catch

.8 Catch

54

11. Sensor >> Advance Mate >> Hinge >> .10 >>

.10 Sensor

12.

Mate >> Angle >>

Plane Sensor AirEngine .11 >>

Sensor

.11 PlaneSensor

13. Sensor
- Sensor >> Add Sensor
- Sensor Type Proximity >> Sensor <1> .12 >>
24 mm >> Catch <1> >>
55

 .12 Sensor

.13 Sensor

- Catch <2> Catch <3>

- 2 Sensor <2>
.2
1. Motion Study 1
2. Motion Analysis
3. Force

>> >>

()

>>
() >>
(
) >> 430 N ( 6 bars) >>
3
()

.14

56

4. Force2()Force3(
) off

.15

5.

Sensor .16

.16 Sensor

6. Key Properties()

.17

7.

>> Frame Rate 1000 >> Advance Option >> Integrator

Type SI2_GSTIFF >> OK >>

57

 .18

8.
9.
-
-

>> Result >>

.19

.20

.3
1.
1 .21 .22

58

 .21

.22 1

2. Simulation >> Import Motion Loads >> .23

.23

59

1
2
3
4 Frame 5
5 Frame1

3.

.24
4.

Run

.25

5. Result and Graphs >> Define Design

History Graph >> Von Mises
1

.26 Von Mises

60

 .4
1. Simulation >> New Study >> Buckling >>
2. Fix Geometry >> .27 >>

.27

3. Force >> .28 >> 430 N

>>

.28

4. Run
5. R esult >> List Buckling Load Factors

61


.1
3
,
2
(.1-1)

x r cos t l 1 sin t
l

) ]

]
}
[

( )

) ]

) ]

62

(.1-2)

.1 [18]

63

 .1 [18]

64

)++

*
(

)+ *

)+

)+ *

) +

65

(.1-3)

.2 R F
N [4]
|

= -1

= 0

= +1

(
(

)
)

66

|
|

67

 .2
(.2-1) Matlab

Matlab


1) rpm
2)
3)

1)
2)
3)

rpm = 8000;
r = 30/1000;
l = 70/1000;
openAngle = 0;
closeAngle = 360;
Fgmax = 40;
mew = 0.1;
m3 = 20/1000;
m2 = 50/1000;
rG2 = 0;
m4 = 20/1000;
lb = .5*l;
res = 20000;
rCrankShaftJoint = 10/1000;
rPistonJoint = 10/1000;
rConnectingRodJoint = 10/1000;
mewCrankShaftJoint = 0.1;
mewPistonJoint = 0.1;
mewConnectingRodJoint = 0.1;
phase = [0 120 240];
pistonAngle = [0 120 240];
inLinePos = [1 2 3];

68

%res = 1;
w = rpm/60*2*pi;
t = 0:2*pi/w/res:2*pi/w-2*pi/w/res;

la = (l-lb);
wt = w*t; %w = rad/s

Fg = zeros(1,length(t));
Fg(floor(openAngle/360*length(t))+1:floor(closeAngle/360*length(t))) = Fgmax;
thetaCorrect(floor(openAngle/360*length(t))+1:floor(closeAngle/360*length(t))) = 180;
coswt = cos(wt);
sinwt = sin(wt);
trm1 = sqrt(1-(r/l.*sinwt).*(r/l.*sinwt));
trm2 = -r*w*w;
x = r*coswt+l.*trm1;
v = -r*w.*(sinwt+r/2/l*sin(2.*wt)./trm1);
a = trm2.*(coswt-r*(l*l.*(1-2.*coswt.*coswt)-r*r.*sinwt.*sinwt.*sinwt.*sinwt)./sqrt(l*l-(r.*sinwt).*(r.*sinwt))./sqrt(l*l-(r.*sinwt).*(r.*sinwt))./sqrt(l*l(r.*sinwt).*(r.*sinwt)));
signC(mod(wt,2*pi)<pi) = 1;
signC(mod(wt,2*pi)>pi) = -1;
signK(mod(wt,2*pi)>3*pi/2) = -1;
signK(mod(wt,2*pi)<3*pi/2) = 1;
signK(mod(wt,2*pi)<pi/2) = -1;
tanPhi = r.*sinwt/l./trm1;
phi = atand(tanPhi);
correctK = mewConnectingRodJoint*rConnectingRodJoint*signK + mewPistonJoint*rPistonJoint*signK;
theta = thetaCorrect - asind(-1.*correctK./l)-phi;
F14 = Fg.*tanPhi./(1+mew*tanPhi);
F14nf = Fg.*tanPhi;
F34 = -Fg./(cosd(theta)+mew.*abs(sind(theta)).*signC);
F43 = F34;

C34 = F34*mewCrankShaftJoint*rCrankShaftJoint.*signC;
C43 = F43*mewConnectingRodJoint*rConnectingRodJoint.*signC;
Tg21 = F34.*cosd(theta).*sinwt.*r-F34.*sind(theta).*coswt.*r-C34-C43;
Tg21nf = r*coswt.*F14nf+r*sinwt.*Fg;
m3a = m3*lb*(la+lb);
m3b = m3*la*(la+lb);
m2a = m2*rG2/r; %%r = crnkshaft radius;
mA = m2a+m3a;%%m3x = connecting Rod Mass, m2 = crank Shaft Mass
mB = m3b+m4;%%m4 = mass piston
Fi14 = -mB.*a.*tanPhi.*x;
Fsx = mA*(trm2.*coswt)-mB.*a;
Fsy = mA*(trm2.*sinwt);
Ts = Fi14.*x;
eff = Tg21./Tg21nf*100;
efficency = trapz(Tg21)./trapz(Tg21nf)*100;
Tst = zeros(length(phase),length(t));
Tg21t = zeros(length(phase),length(t));
Fsxp = zeros(length(phase),length(t));

69

Fsyp = zeros(length(phase),length(t));
Fsxt = zeros(length(pistonAngle),length(t));
Fsyt = zeros(length(pistonAngle),length(t));
totalTs = zeros(1,length(t));
totalTg21 = zeros(1,length(t));
totalFsx = zeros(1,length(t));
totalFsy = zeros(1,length(t));
totalMy = zeros(1,length(t));
totalMx = zeros(1,length(t));
%plot(Fsx,Fsy);
for i=1:length(phase)
%%Shaking Torque of each piston about Z Axis
Tst(i,:) = circshift(Ts',round(phase(i)/360*res));
%%Compressed Air Torque of each piston about Z Axis
Tg21t(i,:) = circshift(Tg21',round(phase(i)/360*res));
%%Shaking Force of each piston in piston's X Axis
Fsxp(i,:) = circshift(Fsx',round(phase(i)/360*res));
%%Shaking Force of each piston in piston's Y Axis
Fsyp(i,:) = circshift(Fsy',round(phase(i)/360*res));
end
for i=1:length(pistonAngle)
%% Array of Shaking Force in Global x Axis of Each Piston
Fsxt(i,:) = Fsxp(i,:).*cosd(pistonAngle(i))-Fsyp(i,:).*sind(pistonAngle(i));
%% Array of Shaking Force in Global y Axis Each Piston
Fsyt(i,:) = Fsxp(i,:).*sind(pistonAngle(i))+Fsyp(i,:).*cosd(pistonAngle(i));
%% Array of Moment about Global x Axis Each Piston
Mxt(i,:) = Fsyt(i,:)*inLinePos(i);
%% Array of Moment about Global y Axis Each Piston
Myt(i,:) = Fsxt(i,:)*inLinePos(i);
end
sizeTst = size(Tst);
for i = 1:sizeTst(1)
totalTs = totalTs+Tst(i,:);
totalTg21 = totalTg21+Tg21t(i,:);
end
sizeTst = size(Fsxt);
for i = 1:sizeTst(1)
totalFsx = totalFsx+Fsxt(i,:);
totalFsy = totalFsy+Fsyt(i,:);
totalMy = totalMy + Myt(i,:);
totalMx = totalMx + Mxt(i,:);
end
totalTorque = totalTs+totalTg21;
plot(wt*180/pi,theta);
plot(wt*180/pi,-Tg21);
hold on
plot(wt*180/pi,Tg21nf);
plot(wt*180/pi,totalTs);
plot(wt*180/pi,totalTorque);
plot(wt*180/pi,totalFsx);
plot(wt*180/pi,totalFsy);
plot(wt*180/pi,totalFsx);
plot(wt*180/pi,totalFsy);

70

 30 70
40 10
0.1 45 .1
.1 [4] Matlab

[4]
Matlab

-1273 N*m
-1273 N*m

%
0%

Matlab

(.2-2) API Solidworks

API Motion Study
Solidworks

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

71

using SolidWorks.Interop.sldworks;
using SolidWorks.Interop.swconst;
using SolidWorks.Interop.swmotionstudy;
using System.IO;
using System;
//using SwMotionStudy;
using System.Diagnostics;
namespace pistonSetup.csproj
{
public partial class SolidWorksMacro
{
public void Main()
{
ModelDoc2 swDoc = null;
PartDoc swPart = null;
DrawingDoc swDrawing = null;
AssemblyDoc swAssembly = null;
MotionStudyResults myMotionResult = null;
CosmosMotionStudyResults myCosmosResult = null;
CosmosMotionStudyProperties myCosmosProps = null;
MotionStudyProperties myMotionProps = null;
Component2 comp = null;
bool boolstatus = false;
int longstatus = 0;
int longwarnings = 0;
swDoc = ((ModelDoc2)(swApp.ActiveDoc));
airEngine myForm = new airEngine();
myForm.ShowDialog();
double connectingRodCMyMax = myForm.connectingRodCMyMax / 1000;
double connectingRodCMyStep = myForm.connectingRodCMyStep / 1000;
double connectingRodCMyMin = myForm.connectingRodCMyMin / 1000;

72

double connectingRodMassMax = myForm.connectingRodMassMax / 1000;

double connectingRodMassStep = myForm.connectingRodMassStep / 1000;
double connectingRodMassMin = myForm.connectingRodMassMin / 1000;
double connectingRodLengthMax = myForm.connectingRodLengthMax / 1000;
double connectingRodLengthStep = myForm.connectingRodLengthStep / 1000;
double connectingRodLengthMin = myForm.connectingRodLengthMin / 1000;
double crankShaftCMyMax = myForm.crankShaftCMyMax / 1000;
double crankShaftCMyStep = myForm.crankShaftCMyStep / 1000;
double crankShaftCMyMin = myForm.crankShaftCMyMin / 1000;
double crankShaftMassMax = myForm.crankShaftMassMax / 1000;
double crankShaftMassStep = myForm.crankShaftMassStep / 1000;
double crankShaftMassMin = myForm.crankShaftMassMin / 1000;
double crankShaftLengthMax = myForm.crankShaftLengthMax / 1000;
double crankShaftLengthStep = myForm.crankShaftLengthStep / 1000;
double crankShaftLengthMin = myForm.crankShaftLengthMin / 1000;
double openValveAngleMax = myForm.openValveAngleMax * Math.PI / 180;
double openValveAngleStep = myForm.openValveAngleStep * Math.PI / 180;
double openValveAngleMin = myForm.openValveAngleMin * Math.PI / 180;
double closeValveAngleMax = myForm.closeValveAngleMax * Math.PI / 180;
double closeValveAngleStep = myForm.closeValveAngleStep * Math.PI / 180;
double closeValveAngleMin = myForm.closeValveAngleMin * Math.PI / 180;
double connectingRodLength;
double connectingRodCMy;
double connectingRodMass;
double crankShaftLength;
double crankShaftCMy;

73

double crankShaftMass;
double openValveAngle;
double closeValveAngle;
myForm.Dispose();
swDoc = ((ModelDoc2)(swApp.OpenDoc6("I:\\AeroProjectSeason2\\Assem1.SLDASM", 2, 0, "", ref longstatus, ref
longwarnings)));
swApp.ActivateDoc2("Assem1.SLDASM", false, ref longstatus);
swDoc = ((ModelDoc2)(swApp.ActiveDoc));
int fileCount = 2;
int count = 1;
for (connectingRodLength = connectingRodLengthMin; connectingRodLength <= connectingRodLengthMax;
connectingRodLength += connectingRodLengthStep)
{
for (connectingRodCMy = connectingRodCMyMin; connectingRodCMy <= connectingRodCMyMax;
connectingRodCMy += connectingRodCMyStep)
{
for (connectingRodMass = connectingRodMassMin; connectingRodMass <= connectingRodMassMax;
connectingRodMass += connectingRodMassStep)
{
for (crankShaftLength = crankShaftLengthMin; crankShaftLength <= crankShaftLengthMax;
crankShaftLength += crankShaftLengthStep)
{
for (crankShaftCMy = crankShaftCMyMin; crankShaftCMy <= crankShaftCMyMax; crankShaftCMy +=
crankShaftCMyStep)
{
for (crankShaftMass = crankShaftMassMin; crankShaftMass <= crankShaftMassMax; crankShaftMass
+= crankShaftMassStep)
{
for (openValveAngle = openValveAngleMin; openValveAngle <= openValveAngleMax;
openValveAngle += openValveAngleStep)

74

{
for (closeValveAngle = closeValveAngleMin; closeValveAngle <= closeValveAngleMax;
closeValveAngle += closeValveAngleStep)
{
MotionStudyManager motionStudyMgr = null;
motionStudyMgr=((MotionStudyManager)(swDoc.Extension.GetMotionStudyManager()));
boolstatus = motionStudyMgr.ActivateMotionStudy("Prototype");
swDoc.ClearSelection2(true);
motionStudyMgr=((MotionStudyManager)(swDoc.Extension.GetMotionStudyManager()));
MotionStudy myMotionStudy = null;
myMotionStudy = ((MotionStudy)(motionStudyMgr.GetMotionStudy("Prototype")));
boolstatus = myMotionStudy.SetTime(0);
motionStudyMgr=((MotionStudyManager)(swDoc.Extension.GetMotionStudyManager()));
myMotionStudy = ((MotionStudy)(motionStudyMgr.GetMotionStudy("Prototype")));
myMotionStudy.Duplicate();
motionStudyMgr = ((MotionStudyManager)(swDoc.Extension.GetMotionStudyManager()));
boolstatus = motionStudyMgr.ActivateMotionStudy("Motion Study " + count);
swDoc.ClearSelection2(true);
motionStudyMg=((MotionStudyManager)(swDoc.Extension.GetMotionStudyManager()));
myMotionStudy = ((MotionStudy)(motionStudyMgr.GetMotionStudy("Motion Study " + count)));
boolstatus = myMotionStudy.SetTime(0);
motionStudyMgr= MotionStudyManager)(swDoc.Extension.GetMotionStudyManager()));
myMotionStudy = ((MotionStudy)(motionStudyMgr.GetMotionStudy("Motion Study " + count)));
myMotionProps = myMotionStudy.GetProperties(myMotionStudy.StudyType);
//myCosmosProps.
boolstatus = swDoc.Extension.SelectByID2("Sketch1@ConnectingRod-1@Assem1",
"SKETCH", 0, 0, 0, false, 0, null, 0);

75

boolstatus = swDoc.Extension.SelectByID2("Sketch1@ConnectingRod-1@Assem1",
"SKETCH", 0, 0, 0, false, 0, null, 0);
swDoc.EditSketch();
swDoc.ClearSelection2(true);
boolstatus = swDoc.Extension.SelectByID2("D3@Sketch1@ConnectingRod-1@Assem1",
"DIMENSION", 0.004566647272856, 0.06128955778616, 0.072117260731, false, 0, null, 0);
Dimension myDimension = null;
myDimension=((Dimension)(swDoc.Parameter("D3@Sketch1@ConnectingRod.Part")));
myDimension.SystemValue = connectingRodLength;
swDoc.ClearSelection2(true);
swDoc.SketchManager.InsertSketch(true);
swAssembly = ((AssemblyDoc)(swDoc));
swAssembly.EditAssembly();
boolstatus = swDoc.Extension.SelectByID2("ConnectingRod-1@Assem1", "COMPONENT", 0,
0, 0, false, 0, null, 0);
swAssembly.EditPart();
MassProperty myMassProp = null;
myMassProp = ((MassProperty)(swDoc.Extension.CreateMassProperty()));
boolstatus = myMassProp.SetAssignedMassProp(connectingRodMass, 0, connectingRodCMy, 0, 1, null);
swAssembly.EditAssembly();
boolstatus = swDoc.Extension.SelectByID2("Sketch2@CrankShaft-1@Assem1", "SKETCH", 0,
0, 0, false, 0, null, 0);
swDoc.EditSketch();
swDoc.ClearSelection2(true);
boolstatus
=
swDoc.Extension.SelectByID2("D2@Sketch2@CrankShaft-1@Assem1",
"DIMENSION", 0.004566647272856, 0.0376942654041, -0.004877903884161, false, 0, null, 0);
myDimension = ((Dimension)(swDoc.Parameter("D2@Sketch2@CrankShaft.Part")));
myDimension.SystemValue = crankShaftLength;

76

swDoc.ClearSelection2(true);
swDoc.SketchManager.InsertSketch(true);
swAssembly = ((AssemblyDoc)(swDoc));
swAssembly.EditAssembly();
boolstatus = swDoc.Extension.SelectByID2("CrankShaft-1@Assem1", "COMPONENT", 0, 0, 0,
false, 0, null, 0);
swAssembly.EditPart();
myMassProp = ((MassProperty)(swDoc.Extension.CreateMassProperty()));
boolstatus = myMassProp.SetAssignedMassProp(crankShaftMass, 0, crankShaftCMy, 0, 1, null);
swAssembly.EditAssembly();
swDoc = ((ModelDoc2)(swApp.ActiveDoc));
boolstatus = swDoc.Extension.SelectByID2("Angle5", "MATE", 0, 0, 0, false, 0, null, 0);
boolstatus = swDoc.Extension.SelectByID2("Top", "PLANE", 0, 0, 0, true, 1, null, 0);
boolstatus = swDoc.Extension.SelectByID2("Front@StartSensor-2@Assem1", "PLANE", 0.04,
0.005908846518073, 0.011458110934, true, 1, null, 0);
swAssembly = ((AssemblyDoc)(swDoc));
swAssembly.EditMate2(6, 0, false, 0, 0, 0, 0.001, 0.001, openValveAngle, openValveAngle,
openValveAngle, out longstatus);
swDoc.ClearSelection2(true);
boolstatus = swDoc.Extension.SelectByID2("Angle7", "MATE", 0, 0, 0, false, 0, null, 0);
boolstatus = swDoc.Extension.SelectByID2("Top", "PLANE", 0, 0, 0, true, 1, null, 0);
boolstatus = swDoc.Extension.SelectByID2("Front@StartSensor-1@Assem1", "PLANE", 0.04, 0.003, 0.007303847577293, true, 1, null, 0);
swAssembly = ((AssemblyDoc)(swDoc));
swAssembly.EditMate2(6, 0, true, 0, 0, 0, 0.001, 0.001, closeValveAngle, closeValveAngle,
closeValveAngle, out longstatus);
boolstatus = swDoc.EditRebuild3();
swDoc.ClearSelection2(true);

77

boolstatus = myMotionStudy.Calculate();
myMotionResult=(MotionStudyResults)myMotionStudy.GetResults(myMotionStudy.StudyType);
myMotionResult.IsOutOfDate();
myCosmosResult = (CosmosMotionStudyResults)myMotionResult;
//swAssembly = ((AssemblyDoc)(swDoc));
string fileName = "I:\\AeroProjectSeason2\\PS21data\\" + (fileCount - 2) + (count - 1) + ".csv"
//myMotionStudy.g
boolstatus=myCosmosResult.ExportCSVFile(myCosmosResult.IGetPlotFeatures(1), fileName);
//myCosmosResult.GetPlotCount();
count++;
if (count == 3)
{
longstatus = swDoc.SaveAs3("I:\\AeroProjectSeason2\\Assems" + fileCount + ".SLDASM", 0, 2);
swApp.CloseDoc("Assem" + fileCount + ".SLDASM");
swDoc= ((ModelDoc2)(swApp.OpenDoc6("I:\\AeroProjectSeason2\\Assem1.SLDASM", 2, 0, "", ref
longstatus, ref longwarnings)));
swApp.ActivateDoc2("Assem1.SLDASM", false, ref longstatus);
swDoc = ((ModelDoc2)(swApp.ActiveDoc));
fileCount++;
count = 1; }
//myMotionStudy.
//motionStudyMgr.DeleteMotionStudy("Motion Study 2");
myMotionStudy = null;
motionStudyMgr = null;
myMotionResult = null;
//myMotionResult.IsOutOfDate();

78

myCosmosResult = null;

//sw.WriteLine(count+","+connectingRodLength+","+crankShaftLength+","+openValveAngle+","+closeValveAngle+","+c
onnectingRodMass+","+connectingRodCMy+","+crankShaftMass+","+crankShaftCMy);
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
/// <summary>
/// The SldWorks swApp variable is pre-assigned for you.
/// </summary>
public SldWorks swApp;
}
}

79

 (CFD) FLUENT
.1 (CFD Validation)

(Orifice)
[8] (Pressure
Drop)
3 2 .1

[8]
dynamic mesh (poppet)

poppet
()

()

.1 () , ()

1. (CH4) 8.212 kg/s

2. 66.06 kg/m3 1.5x10-5
kg/(m/s)
3. k-epsilon, realizable, non-equilibrium wall function

80

 .2 1

.3 2

.4 3

81

 .1

, P
(kPa)
1
2
3

CFD
[9]

CFD

12.290

12.596
10.552
10.552

11.902
10.219
10.112

%
[9]

2.49%

-3.15%

5.66%
3.21%
4.26%

.1 1 CFD
3.15% CFD [9] 5.66%
mesh 2
mesh 3
dynamic mesh mesh

dynamic mesh CFD

.1 Grid Independent
mesh mesh
2 Gambit
.5
(-7.5,15)

Pressure inlet

(7.5,15)

wall

wall

(-15,0)

(-7.5,2)

(7.5,2)

(15,0)

interior
(-15,-

wall

.5 2 GAMBIT
(1)
82

(15,-2)

interior

interface

interface
(-3,1.8)
wall

(3,1.8)
wall
wall

(-5,-0.2)

(5,-0.2)
interface

interface

.6 2 GAMBIT (2)

mesh 4 (21,140 , 36,190 , 74,822 , 167,027

)

Piston

Mass flow rate monitor

.7 2 mesh GAMBIT

83

 .mesh GAMBIT FLUENT

- Pressure based Transient time
- k- epsilon
- :
= , Cp=1,006.43 J/kg-K
=0.0242 W/m-K, =1.7894x10-5 kg/m-s
- : ( P) 101325 Pa, 300 k
- : 0 Pa, 300 k
- Polynomial 10 90

- Time step 2CAD
- mesh (Grid
independent)

.8

84

 .3 In-cylinder FLUENT
In-cylinder FLUENT

2
GAMBIT
FLUENT Dynamic Mesh
(.3-1) GAMBIT

2 ,


3 Inlet, Valve layer, Cylinder Piston layer .9

Inlet

Valve layer

Piston layer
Cylinder

.9

(.3-2) FLUENT
.mesh FLUENT Dynamic
mesh

85

 FLUENT
1 : Grid
1. 2D Double Precision

.10

2.

.mesh GAMBIT

.11 GAMBIT

3. FLUENT

86

 .12

4. grid. Grid > Check

5. Grid

.13 Grid

87

 .14 Grid

2 :
1. Pressure based , Transient

.15

88

2. Viscous Model k-epsilon

.16

3. Energy Equation

.17

89

 3 :

.18

. Density : ideal-gas (Cp = 1006.43 )

.
4 :
Define

Operating Conditions Operating Pressure = 101,325 Pa

.19

90

.20

p-in : Gauge Total Pressure 101325 pascal .20

.21

91

 5 : Grid Interface

.22 Mesh Interfaces

. interface_ib Interface Zone 1

. interface_ob Interface Zone 2
. in-ib Grid Interface
. Create
. in-inter
6 : Mesh
1. dynamic mesh model

. Dynamic mesh
. Smoothing, Layering Remeshing Mesh Methods
. In-cylinder Options
. Settings Mesh Methods .23
92

 .23 smoothing

. Layering
.2 layering

. Remeshing .23

.24 Remeshing

93

. Settings Options In-cylinder Settings

.25 In-cylinder

In-Cylinder
dynamic mesh
, (TDC)
0,360,720, (BDC)
180,540,900,
2. Profile

<ENTER>
<ENTER>
<ENTER>
<ENTER>
<ENTER>

94

 .26

. mesh

.27 mesh

.1 cylinder-tri
- cylinder-tri Zone Names
- Deforming Type
- Meshing Options
95

 Smoothing Remeshing
0.00005 Minimum Length Scale, 0.00009
Maximum Length Scale 0.6 Maximum Skewness Zone
Parameters
- Create

.28 mesh

.2 seat-ib
- seat-ib Zone Names
- Deforming Type
- Geometry Definition
Cylinder Definition
0.05 Cylinder Radius
0 X Y Cylinder Origin
X=0 Y=1 Cylinder Axis
- Meshing Options
Smoothing Remeshing

96

 0.00005 Minimum Length Scale, 0.00009

Maximum Length Scale 0.5 Maximum Skewness Zone
Parameters
- Create

.29 mesh

.3 valve
- valve Zone Names
- Rigid Body Type
- Motion Attributes
in-valve Motion UDF/Profile
X=0 Y=1 Valve/Piston Axis
- Meshing Options
0.00005 Cell Height
- Create

97

 .30 mesh

.4 Piston
- piston Zone Names
- Rigid Body Type
- Motion Attributes
**piston-full** Motion UDF/Profile
X=0 Y=1 Valve/Piston Axis
- Meshing Options
0.0001 Cell Height
- Create
7 : Mesh
mesh

1. .cas
2. Grid
3. mesh

98

 .31 mesh

90 Number of Time Steps Preview

8 :
1.

.32

Second Order Upwind Discretization

2.

99

 .33

Gauge Pressure = 0 pascal

. 0 m/s X Velocity Y Velocity.
. 0.01 m2/s2 Turbulent Kinetic Energy.
. 0.01 m2/s3 Turbulent Dissipation Rate.
. 300 K Temperature.
. Initialize
3.

.34 Residual Monitors

100

4.

.35

.
.
.
.
.

Pressure Name
Flow time X Axis Time step Get Data Every
Area-Weighted Average Report Type
Pressure Field Variable Static Pressure
piston Surfaces

9 :
1.
Solve
Iterate

.36 Iterate

101

.
.
.
.

90 Number of Time Steps

150 Max Iterations per Time Step

Iterate

102

103

Part Name Connecting Rod

Aluminium Alloy 2024T3
Material
mm
Units

104

Part Name Crank Shaft

Aluminium Alloy 2024T3
Material
mm
Units

105

Part Name Main Connecting Rod

Aluminium Alloy 2024T3
Material
mm
Units

106

Part Name Piston

Aluminium Alloy 2024T3
Material
mm
Units

107


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155 10900
ponpri52@hotmail.com

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101/41 6 20110
prch.snsk@gmail.com

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83110
thpr.ph@gmail.com

108