Trng i Hc Ty Nguyn Khoa khoa hc t nhin v cng ngh

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Bi Tp Mn H iu Hnh Mng Tn bi tp: Cc Vn V IP

Nhm thc hin:Nhm 4 Thnh vin : 1.L Thanh Hng 2.Khut Duy Vit 3.Phan Thanh Hin 4.Nguyn nh Quang

Mc lc 1.Cu trc a ch IP . 2.Mt s IP c bit. 3.c tnh nh tuyn ca IP. 4.IP tnh v IP ng. 5.Mt s lnh kim tra IP. ( thm Gi IP, hot ng ca IP tng IP-m hnh ca giao thc TCP/IP, chia thng bo.)

1.Cu trc a ch IP 1.1 Thnh phn v hnh dng ca a ch IP a ch IP ang c s dng hin ti c 32 bit chia thnh 4 Octet (mi octet c 8 bit tng ng vi 1byte ),c th biu hin di dng thp phn ,thp lc phn , nh phn .Cch vit ph bin nht l dng thp phn c du chm (.) tch cc vng. Sau y l m hnh ca cu trc IP : Network ID Host ID Bit 1..32 Trong : - Network ID : nh danh a ch mng. -Host ID : nh danh i ch cc trm lm vic trn mng . 1.2 Cc lp a ch IP Do t chc v ln cc mng con ca lin mng c th khc nhau ,ngi ta chia a ch IP thnh 5 lp A , B , C , D , E .Trong lp A,B,C cha a ch c th gn c. Lp D dnh ring cho lp k thut multicasing. Lp E c dnh cho nhng ng dng tng lai . y ta xt cu trc ca cc lp a ch c th gn c l lp A, lp B, lp C. 1.2.1 a ch lp A Lp A dnh 1 byte cho a ch mng (Network ID) v 3 byte cho a ch host (HostID). 0xxxxxxx Network ID xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx Host ID xxxxxxxx

Bt th nht trong octet u tin l bt 0 ,dng nhn dng ra lp A ,7 bt cn li dnh cho a ch mng ,ta c 128 (27 )mng lp A khc nhau B i hai trng hp c bit l 0v 127. Kt qu l lp A ch cn 126 (27-2) a ch mng, 1.0.0.0 n 126.0.0.0. Ba octet cn li l phn host ID chim 24 bit, tc c th t a ch cho 16.777.216 (224) host khc nhau trong mi mng.B i mt a ch mng (phn host ID cha ton cc bit 0) v mt a ch broadcast (phn host ID cha ton cc bit 1) nh vy c tt c 16.777.214 (224-2) host khc nhau trong mi mng lp A . 1.2.2 a ch lp B Dnh 2 byte cho mi phn network ID v host ID 10xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx Network ID Host ID Du hiu nhn bit a ch lp B l byte u tin lun bt u bng 2 bt 10.Di dng nh phn octet ny c dng 10xxxxxx.V vy nhng a ch nm trong khong t 128(10000000) n 191(10111111) s thuc v lp B . Phn network ID chim 16 bt b i 2 bt lm ID cho lp, cn li 14 bt cho php ta nh th t 16.384 (214 ) mng khc nhau (128.0.0.0 n 191.255.0.0) .

Phn host ID di 16 bit hay c 65536 (216) gi tr khc nhau. Tr 2 trng hp c bit cn li 65534 host trong mt mng lp B. V d, i vi mng 172.29.0.0 th cc a ch host hp l l t 172.29.0.1 n 172.29.255.254. 1.2.3 a ch lp C Dnh 3 byte cho Network ID v 1 byte cho Host ID 110xxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx Network ID Host ID Byte u tin lun bt u bng 3 bt 110 v dng nh phn octet ny l 110xxxxx . Nh vy nhng a ch trong khong192 (11000000)n 223 (11011111)s thuc v lp C . Phn network ID dng byte hay 24 bt ,tr i 3 bt lm ID lp cn 21 bit tc c 2.097.152 (221) mng khc nhau Phn host ID di 1 byte cho 256(28) gi tr khc nhau tr i 2 trng hp c bit ta cn 254 host khc nhau trong mt a ch mng lp C.V i vi mng 203.162.41.0 cc a ch host hp l l t 203..62.41.1 n 203.162.41.254 . 1.3 Chia mng con 1. 3.1Nguyn nhn a ch trn internet thc s l mt ti nguyn ,mt mng khi gia nhp internet c trung tm thng tin mng (NIC ) phn cho mt s a ch va vi yu cu lc ,sau ny nu mng pht trin thm li phi xin NIC thm , l iu khng thun tin cho cc nh khai thc mng . Hn na trn thc t cc lp a ch c lc khng ph hp vi nhng iu kin c th ,v d nh a ch lp B ,mi a ch mng c th cp pht 65534 host .Thc t c mng ch c vi chc my th s lng ph rt nhiu . khc phc vn ny ngi ta dng n a ch mng con . 1.3.2.Phng php phn chia a ch mng con Mt s khi nim a. Default Mask Gi tr trn a ch mng c nh ngha trc cho tng lp a ch A,B,C .Thc cht l gi tr thp phn cao nht (8 bt u bng 1 ) trong cc octet dnh cho a ch mng (Network ID) Default Mask : -Lp A 255.0.0.0 -Lp B 255.255.0.0 -Lp C 255.255.255.0 b. SubnetMask Subnet Mask l kt hp ca Default Mask vi gi tr thp phn cao nht ca cc bt ly t cc octet ca a ch host sang a ch mng to thnh a ch mng con . Subnet Mask bao gi cng i km vi a ch mng tiu chun cho ngi c bit a ch mng tiu chun ny dng c cho 254 host hay chia thnh cc mng con . Nguyn tc chung Ly bt mt s bt ca phn a ch host to thnh a ch mng con .

Ly i bao nhiu bt ph thuc vo s mng con cn thit (Subnet Mask ) m nh khai thc mng quyt nh to ra . Chng ta ch nghin cu phn chia mng con lp C: a ch lp C c 3 octet cho a ch mng v mt octet cui cho a ch host v vy c 8 bt l thuyt to mng con ,thc t nu dng 1 bt m mng con v 7 bt cho a ch host th vn ch l 1 mng v ngc li 7 bt cho mng v 1 bt cho a ch host th mt mng ch c mt host ,nh vy khng logic ,t nht phi dng 2 bt m rng v 2 bt cho a ch host trn tng mng .Do vy trn thc t ch dng theo 5 trng hp sau : 1.Trng hp 1- Hai mng con S dng 2 bt (bt 7 v bt 6) ca phn a ch host to mng con .Do 6 bt cn li s c nh cho a ch host. Nh vy: -Subnet Mask 255.255.255.192 -T mt a ch tiu chun to c a ch 4 mng con nhng trong trng hp chia i ch mng con khng bao gi khng bao gi c dng a ch khi cc bt u bng 0 hay bng 1.Cho nn thc t ch c 2 mng con ( mi mng c 62 host ). 2.Trng hp 2-Su mng con S dng 3 bt (bt 7,6,5) ca a ch host (octet 4) b sung cho a ch mng tiu chun to thnh mng con , 5 bt cn li dng nh ia ch host . Nh vy : -Subnet Mask 255.255.255.224 -T mt a ch tiu chun to to c 8 mng con .Nhng thc t ch c 6 ,mi mng c 30 host . 3.Trng hp 3 Mi bn mng con S dng 4 bt (bt 7,6,5,4) ca a ch host (octet 4) b sung cho a ch mng tiu chun to thnh mng con , 4 bt cn li dng nh ia ch host . Nh vy : -Subnet Mask 255.255.255.240 -T mt a ch tiu chun to to c 16 mng con .Nhng thc t ch c 14 ,mi mng c 14 host . 4.Trng hp 4 Ba mi mng con S dng 5 bt (bt 7,6,5,4,3) ca a ch host (octet 4) b sung cho a ch mng tiu chun to thnh mng con , 3 bt cn li dng nh ia ch host . Nh vy : -Subnet Mask 255.255.255.248 -T mt a ch tiu chun to to c 32 mng con .Nhng thc t ch c 30 , v mi mng c 6 host . 5.Trng hp 5- 62 mng con S dng 6 bt (bt 7,6,5,4,3,2) ca a ch host (octet 4) b sung cho a ch mng tiu chun to thnh mng con , 2 bt cn li dng nh a ch host . Nh vy : -Subnet Mask 255.255.255.252 -T mt a ch tiu chun to to c 64 mng con .Nhng thc t ch c 62 , v mi mng c 2 host .

Tm li Trng hp Subnet Mask SL mng con S host 1 255.255.255.192 4 64 2 255.255.255.224 8 32 3 255.255.255.240 16 16 4 255.255.255.248 32 8 5 255.255.255.252 64 4 2.Mt s IP c bit - a ch mng (Network Address): l a ch IP m gi tr ca tt c cc bits phn nhn dng my tnh u l 0, c s dng xc nh mt mng. o V d : 10.0.0.0; 172.18.0.0 ; 192.1.1.0 - a ch qung b (Broadcast Address) : L a ch IP m gi tr ca tt c cc bits phn nhn dng my tnh u l 1, c s dng ch tt c cc my tnh trong mng. o V d : 10.255.255.255, 172.18.255.255, 192.1.1.255 - Mt n mng chun (Default mask) : L a ch IP m gi tr ca cc bits phn nhn dng mng u l 1, cc bits phn nhn dng my tnh u l 0. Nh cp phn trn ta c 3 mt n mng tng ng cho 3 lp mng A, B v C l : o Mt n mng lp A : 255.0.0.0 o Mt n mng lp B : 255.255.0.0 o Mt n mng lp C : 255.255.255.0 Lu : a ch mng, a ch qung b, mt n mng khng c dng t a ch cho cc my tnh - a ch mng 127.0.0.0 l a ch c dnh ring t trong phm vi mt my tnh. N ch c gi tr cc b ( trong phm vi mt my tnh). Thng thng khi ci t giao thc IP th my tnh s c gin a ch 127.0.0.1. a ch ny thng thng kim tra xem giao thc IP trn my hin ti c hot ng khng. - a ch dnh ring cho mng cc b khng ni kt trc tip Internet : Cc mng cc b khng ni kt trc tip vo mng Internet c th s dng cc a ch mng sau nh a ch cho cc my tnh trong mng ca mnh : o Lp A : 10.0.0.0 o Lp B : 172.16.0.0 n 172.32.0.0 o Lp C : 192.168.0.0 3.c tnh nh tuyn ca IP 3.1 Mt s khi nim chung v nguyn tc hot ng ca vic nh tuyn v chn ng Trong vn nh tuyn, ngi ta phn bit hai loi, l trc tip v khng trc tip.

Vic truyn tin gia hai my c gi l trc tip nu hai my ny c ni vo cng mt mng vt l. Cn ni trc tip xy ra khi c my ngun v my ch khng cng ni vo mt mng vt l, v vy vic truyn tin gia chng phi c thc hin thng qua cc trm trung gian l cc router. kim tra xem my ch c nm trn cng mng vt l vi my ngun hay khng th ngi gi phi tch ly phn a ch mng ca my ch trong phn a ch my ch ca datagram, v so snh vi phn a ch mng trong phn a ch IP ca n. Nu hai a ch ny l ging nhau th datagram s c truyn i trc tip, cn nu hai a ch ny khc nhau th ngi gi phi xc nh c mt router thng qua router ny cc datagram c truyn i. Router ny sau s hng v mng ch ca n. V d nh khi c mt mng Internet ln vi nhiu mng cc b ni vi nhau bi cc router, nhng ch c hai trm cch xa v hai pha. Khi mt trm mun gi cc gi d liu (datagram) n mt trm khc th n phi ng gi datagram vo mt khung (frame) v gi n n router gn nht. Khi mt frame n mt router, phn datagram c ng gi s c tch ra, v IP routing s chn router tip theo dc theo ng dn n ch. Datagram sau li c ng gi vo mt frame khc v c gi n mng vt l gi n router tip theo trn ng truyn, v c tip tc nh th cho n khi datagram c truyn n ch. 3.2 Bng nh tuyn (Routing Table) Routing table l ni lu gi thng tin v cc ch c th vi ti c v cch thc vi ti a ch . Khi phn mm IP routing ti mt trm hay mt cng truyn nhn c yu cu truyn mt gi d liu i th trc ht n phi tham kho bng nh tuyn ca n quyt nh xem n phi gi datagram n u. Tuy nhin khng phi bng thng tin chn ng ca mi trm (hay cng) l cha tt c cc thng tin v cc tuyn ng c th vi ti c. Mt bng thng tin chn ng bao gm cc cp (N,G), trong N l a ch IP ca mng ch, cn G l a ch ca cng tip theo dc theo ng truyn n mng N. Nh vy, mi cng truyn s khng bit c ng truyn y i n ch. Trong bng thng tin chn ng cn c nhng thng tin v cc cng c th vi n nhng khng nm trn cng mt mng vt l, phn thng tin ny c che khut i v c gi l Default. Khi khng tm thy cc thng tin ca a ch ch cn tm th cc gi d liu s c gi n cng truyn ngm nh. hin th ni dung ca bng thng tin chn ng, ta dng lnh netstat vi ty chn -rn. Ty chn -r s hin ni dung ca bng thng tin chn ng, cn ty chn -n s hin ni dung ca bng thng tin chn ng, cn ty chn -n s hin ni dung ny di dng s. 3.3 Thut ton chn ng trn IP Tch phn a ch mng ch, In. - Nu In tng ng vi bt k a ch mng c kt ni no th gi gi d liu n a ch ch trn mng . (Phn ny bao gm c vic phn tch In c c phn a ch vt l tng ng, ng gi cc gi d liu trong cc khung (frame) v gi cc khung ny i).

- Nu khng th kim tra xem In c trong bng thng tin chn ng hay khng. Nu In c trong bng thng tin chn ng th cc gi d liu s c gi i theo a ch c ch trong bng thng tin chn ng. - Nu tuyn ng Default c ch nh th cc gi d liu c gi n cng ngm nh. - Nu khng s c thng bo li v tuyn ng. Tm li TCP/IP l mt giao thc m chun c kh nng tng thch vi nhiu mng vt l, cc tnh nng ca TCP/IP c han thin dn v tr nn mt b giao thc c dng rng ri nh mt ngn ng chung kt ni cc my tnh trn khp th gii vi nhau. 3.4 V D Cho ba mng Net1, Net2 v Net3 ni li vi nhau nh 3 router R1, R2 v R3. Mng Net4 ni cc router li vi nhau. Cng vic u tin trong thit k mng lin mng IP l chn a ch mng cho cc nhnh mng. Trong trng hp ny ta chn mng lp C cho 4 mng nh bng sau: Mng a ch mng Mt n mng Net1 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 Net2 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 Net3 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 Net4 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 K tip, gn a ch cho tng my tnh trong mng. V d trong mng Net1, cc my tnh c gn a ch l 192.168.1.2 (K hiu .2 l cch vit tt ca a ch IP m t Phn nhn dng my tnh) v 192.168.1.3. Mi router c hai giao din tham gia vo hai mng khc nhau. V d, giao din tham gia vo mng NET1 ca router R1 c a ch l 192.168.1.1 v giao din tham gia vo mng NET4 c a ch l 192.168.4.1.

 hiu r c ch hot ng ca giao thc IP, ta hy xt hai trng hp gi gi tin : Trng hp my tnh gi v nhn nm trong cng mt mng v trng hp my tnh gi v my tnh nhn nm trn hai mng khc nhau. Gi s my tnh c a ch 192.168.3.3 gi mt gi tin cho my tnh 192.168.3.2. Tng hai ca my gi s t gi tin vo mt khung vi a ch nhn l a ch vt l ca my nhn v gi khung ln ng truyn NET3, trn my tnh nhn s nhn c gi tin. By gi ta xt trng hp my tnh c a ch 192.168.3.3 trn mng NET3 gi gi tin cho my tnh c a ch 192.168.1.2 trn mng Net1. Theo nh bng chn ng ca my gi, cc gi tin c a ch nm ngoi mng 192.168.3.0 s c chuyn n router R3 (a ch 192.168.3.1). Chnh v th, my tnh gi s t gi tin vo mt khung vi a ch nhn l a ch vt l ca giao din 192.168.3.1 v a ln ng truyn NET3. Nhn c gi tin, R3 phn tch a ch IP ca my nhn xc nh ch n ca gi tin . Bng chn ng cho thy, vi ch n l mng 192.168.1.0 th cn phi chuyn gi tin cho router R1 a ch 192.168.4.1 thng qua giao din 192.168.4.3. V th R3 t gi tin vo mt khung vi a ch nhn l a ch vt l ca giao din 192.168.4.1 ca router R1 v a ln ng truyn NET4. Tng t, R1 s chuyn gi tin cho my nhn 192.168.1.2 bng mt khung trn ng truyn NET1. Ta nhn thy rng, i n c my nhn, gi tin c chuyn i bi nhiu khung khc nhau. Mi khung s c a ch nhn khc nhau, tuy nhin a ch ca gi tin th lun lun khng i. 4.IP tnh v IP ng S lc v khi nim IP tnh ,IP ng -IP tnh : Thut ng IP tnh c ni n nh mt a ch IP c nh dnh ring cho mt ngi, hoc nhm ngi s dng m thit b kt ni n Internet ca h lun lun c t mt a ch IP. Thng thng IP tnh c cp cho mt my ch vi mt mc ch ring (my ch web, mail) nhiu ngi c th truy cp m khng lm gin on cc qu trnh . -IP ng : Nu khng s dng cc dch v c bit cn dng IP tnh,ngi dng s c nh cung cp dch v internet(ISP) cung cp gn cho cc IP khc nhau sau mi ln kt ni hoc trong mt phin kt ni c i thnh cc IP khc. Hnh ng cp IP ng ca cc ISP nhm tit kim ngun a ch IP ang cn kit hin nay. Khi mt my tnh khng c kt ni vo mng Internet th nh cung cp s s dng IP cp cho mt ngi s dng khc. 5.Mt s lnh x l vn v mng a) Lnh Ping: Lnh ny c s dng kim tra xem mt my tnh c kt ni vi mng khng. C php: ping ip/host [/t][/a][/l][/n] trong : - ip: a ch IP ca my cn kim tra; host l tn ca my tnh cn kim tra. Ngi ta c th s dng a ch IP hoc tn ca my tnh. - Tham s /t: S dng tham s ny my tnh lin tc "ping" n my tnh ch, cho n khi bn bm Ctrl + C - Tham s /a: Nhn a ch IP t tn host

- Tham s /l : Xc nh rng ca gi tin gi i kim tra. V d: ping 174.178.0.1 /l 65535 - Tham s /n : Xc nh s gi tin s gi i. V d: ping 174.178.0.1/n 5 Lnh Ping s gi cc gi tin t my tnh bn ang ngi ti my tnh ch. Thng qua gi tr m my tnh ch tr v i vi tng gi tin, bn c th xc nh c tnh trng ca ng truyn (chng hn: gi 4 gi tin nhng ch nhn c 1 gi tin, chng t ng truyn rt chm (xu)). Hoc cng c th xc nh my tnh c kt ni hay khng (Nu khng kt ni,kt qu l Unknow host).... Ngoi ra, cn mt s thng tin linh tinh khc, c th t tham kho vi cu lnh ping /? b). Lnh Tracert. Lnh ny s cho php bn "nhn thy" ng i ca cc gi tin t my tnh ca bn n my tnh ch, xem gi tin ca bn vng qua cc server no, cc router no... C php: tracert ip/host c) Lnh gi thng ip qua mng (ch s dng trn h thng my Win NT/2000/XP): C php: net send ip/host dong_thong_diep Lnh ny s gi thng ip ti my tnh ch (c a ch IP hoc tn host) Bn c th dng lnh net send * gi thng ip ti tt c cc my con trn mng (min l n xi HH Win NT/2000/XP): d) Lnh kim tra cc cng m. Lnh Netstat cho php ta lit k tt c cc kt ni ra v vo my tnh ca chng ta. C php: Netstat [/a][/e][/n] - Tham s /a: Hin th tt c cc kt ni v cc cng ang lng nghe (listening) - Tham s /e: hin th cc thng tin thng k Ethernet - Tham s /n: Hin th cc a ch v cc s cng kt ni... Ngoi ra cn mt vi tham s khc, hy g Netstat/? bit thm e) Lnh Ipconfig Lnh ny s cho php hin th cu hnh IP ca my tnh bn ang s dng, nh tn host, a ch IP, mt n mng... C php: ipconfig /all g). Lnh net view Lnh ny cho php xem danh sch cc my trong mng, hoc cc chia s ti mt my trn mng: C php: Net view [\\computer|/Domain[:ten_domain]] Nu ch nh net view [enter], n s hin ra danh sch cc my tnh trong mng cng domain qun l vi my tnh bn ang s dng. Nu nh net view \\tenmaytinh, s hin th cc chia s ti nguyn ca my tnh tenmaytinh . Sau khi s dng lnh ny, cc bn c th s dng lnh net use s dng cc ngun ti nguyn chia s ny.