1

B GIAO THNG VN TI
TRNG I HC HNG HI
KHOA: IN IN T TU BIN
B MN: IN T - VIN THNG
BI GING
TRNG IN T V TRUYN SNG
TN HC PHN :TRNG IN T V TRUYN SNG
M HC PHN : 13205
TRNH O TO : I HC CHNH QUY
DNG CHO SV NGNH: IN T - VIN THNG
HI PHNG 2010
2
CHNG M U
0.1. Gii tch vct
- Tch v hng ca hai vecto :
. . . . os AB B A AB c u = =
- Tch c hng ca hai vecto :
x sin . A B AB n u =
( A, B v n lm thnh tam din thun)
- o hm khi (hay o hm khng gian) ca mt trng (c th l trng v hng P,
hoc trng vecto B ) l mt i lng (v hng hoc vecto) :
gradP P V l mt vecto
0 0
0
P P P
P x y z
x y z
c c c
V = + +
c c c
divB B V l mt i lng v hng
.
y
x z
B
B B
B
x y z
c
c c
V = + +
c c c
x rot B B V l mt vecto
0 0
0
x
x y z
x y z
B
x y z
B B B
c c c
V =
c c c
Trong : ton t Nabla ( V) trong ta decac c dng
0 0 0
x y z
x y z
c c c
V = + +
c c c
Ch hai cng thc chuyn i tch phn :
Cng thc Gauss . . .
S V
B n ds divBdv =
} }
ngha : nu 0 divB = th . . . 0
S V
B n ds divBdv = =
} }
tc l tch phn i lng B theo mt
mt kn S c gi tr khc 0, ta gi trong mt kn S c ngun, cn khc i ta gi trong mt
kn khng c g (ngun).
Cng thc Stok . .
L S
B dl rot B ds =
} }
ngha : nu 0 rot B = th . . 0
L S
B dl rot B ds = =
} }
tc l tch phn i lng B theo mt
ng cong kn L c gi tr khc 0, ta gi B l trng xoy (ng sc khp kn), cn khc
i ta gi l trng khng xoy.
0.2. in trng tnh
- Trng tnh in l trng c to ra xung quanh cc in tch c nh ( E v D
khng thay i theo thi gian).
- Trng tnh in l mt trng th.
- L mt trng mang nng lng, c tng tc ln cc in tch. Cc in tch chuyn
ng ngang qua trng s c gia tc.
3
- nh l Gauss :
.
S
D ds q Q = =

}
Trng tnh in l mt trng c ngun :
( ) div E c =
- Trng tnh in khng phi l mt trng xoy, cc ng sc ca trng khng khp
kn trong khng gian :
0 rot E =
- Vect cng in trng E v th (in th) ca trng U :
E gradU U = = V
2
0 U V =
- iu kin b :
Thnh phn tip tuyn ca vect cng in trng lin tc ti b :
1 2 t t
E E =
Thnh phn php tuyn ca vect in cm gin on ti b khi trn b mt phn cch
c in tch :
1 2 n n
D D =
0.3. Dng in dn
- Dng in dn l dng chuyn ng c hng ca cc ht mang in.
- nh lut bo ton in tch :
d
divJ
dt

=
i vi dng in khng i :
0 divJ =
- nh lut m :
J E o =
- Cc nh lut Kirchoff (2 nh lut : tng cc dng in mt nt bng 0, v tng cc
st p trn mt mch vng bng tng cc sc in ng)
0.4. T trng tnh
- T trng tnh l trng c to ra xung quanh cc dng in khng i ( B v H
khng thay i theo thi gian).
- nh lut Ampe : Lu s ca vect cng t trng H theo mt ng cong kn L
bng tng i s ca cc dng in nm trong vng kn :
.
L
H dl I =

}
T trng l mt trng xoy, cc ng sc t khp kn trong khng gian bao quanh cc
dng in to ra t trng :
rot H J =
- Thng lng ca vect cm ng t qua mt mt kn bng 0 :
. 0
S
B ds =
}
T trng l trng khng c ngun :
0 divB =
- iu kin b :
4
Thnh phn php tuyn ca vect cm ng t lin tc ti b :
1 2 n n
B B =
Thnh phn tip tuyn ca vect cng t trng gin on ti b khi trn mt
phn cch c dng in :
1 2 t t s
H H J =
5
Chng 1
TRNG IN T
1.1 H PHNG TRNH MAXELL
H phng trnh Maxell dng vi phn (ct 1 bng 4.1 tr. 46 gio trnh)
0
E
rot H J
t
H
rot E
t
div E
div H
c

c
= +

c

c

=
`
c

=

=

)
Hoc
x
x
.
. 0
t
t

V = +

V =

V =

V =

D
H J
B
E
D
B
H phng trnh Maxell dng tch phn (ct 3 bng 4.1 tr. 46 GT)
. .
.
.
. 0
l S
l s
S
S
d
H dl I D ds
dt
E dl Bds
t
E ds q
H ds
c

= +

c
=

c
`

)
} }
} }

}
}

Trong :
E Vect cng in trng [V/m]
D Vect in cm ( ) D E c = [A/m
2
]
H Vect cng t trng [A/m]
B Vect t cm ( ) B H = [T=Wb/m
2
]
J Mt dng in [A/m
2
]
Mt in tch khi [C/m
3
]
ngha vt l ca cc phng trnh Maxell c tm tt nh trong ct 4 bng 4.1
tr.46 GT:
- phng trnh Maxell th nht c th bin i nh sau :
. ( )
dan dich
l s s s
E
H dl J ds Jds Ed s i i
t t
c c
c c
= + = + = +
c c
} } } }
6
trong
dan
s
i Jds =
}
l dng in dn-dng chuyn ng ca cc in tch, cn
J E o = (nh lut m tr.27)
( E)
dich
s s
i Eds ds
t t
c
c
c c
= =
c c
} }
l dng in dch-dng xut hin do c s
bin thin ca cng in trng theo thi gian. Khi nim v dng in dch c trnh
by r rng v n gin mc 4.1 tr. 40 GT.
in trng bin thin theo thi gian sinh ra t trng xoy (bin thin trong
khng gian vi ng sc khp kn)
- phng trnh Maxell th hai c th vit
.
l s
d
E dl Bds
dt t
| c
= =
c
} }
T trng bin thin theo thi gian sinh ra in trng xoy
- phng trnh Maxell th ba th hin in trng c ngun, ngun ca in trng
l cc in tch.
- phng trnh Maxell th t th hin t trng khng c ngun. Trong t nhin
khng c cc t tch t do.
- iu kin b tng qut ca trng in t trng bin thin :
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
t t n n
t t s n n
E E D D
H H J B B
o = =
= =
Ch 1 : Nguyn l i ln ca cc phng trnh Maxell
m
m
m
m
E
rot H J
H E t
H
J J
rot E J
t
div E
div H
c

c
c

c
= +

c

=

` `
c

)

=

)

trong m J v
m
l i lng o
Ch 2 : in trng tnh v t trng tnh l cc trng hp ring ca trng in t bin
thin, khi cc thnh phn o hm theo thi gian bng 0, H phng trnh Maxell trong
cc trng hp ny s c cc bin dng nh cc kt qu kho st ca cc chng 1, 2, 3.
Ch 3 : Mt s cng thc ca gii tch vect cn n li mn Ton cao cp 2, v c ghi li
ph lc 1 tr.270 GT.
1.2 NH L POYNTING
7
1.2.1 nh l Poynting :
s
dW
P ds
dt
= + [
}
trong
2 2
( )
2 2
V
E H
W dv
c
= +
}
l nng lng in t tch t trong th tch V
. .
V
P J E dv =
}
l cng sut tn hao nhit ca dng in trong V
x E H [ = c gi l vect Poynting.
- Vect [ l vect mt thng lng nng lng chy qua mt S trong n v thi gian.
Theo nh ngha, th nng lng ca trng in t mi im s lan truyn theo
phng ca vect [, tc l phng php tuyn vi mt phng to bi hai vect E v H .
Gi tr (tc thi) :
. .sin( , ) .
E H
E H E H E H

[ = = (W/m
2
)
Gi tr trung bnh :
* *
0
1 1 1
(E ) Re(E )
2 2
T
m m
tb
dt H H
T
[ = [ = =
}
- nh l Poynting ch ra rng : s bin i nng lng trng in t trong mt th tch V,
mt phn do bin thnh nhit v mt phn do truyn lan thot ra mt bao bc th tch y.
- Cn gi l nh l Umv-Poynting.
1.2.2 Chng minh nh l Poynting tr.49
Gi :
E
rotH J
E
t
H H
rotE
t
c

c
= +

2 2
2 2
1
( )
2
E H E H
Erot H Hrot E J E E H J E
t t t t
c c
c c c c
= + + = + +
c c c c
2 2
E H ( )
1 ( ) 1 ( )
2 2
rot H rot E div E H
E E H H
E H
t t t t

c c c c
= =
c c c c
t suy ra cng thc 4.30 v 4.31
1.2.3 Cc v d minh ha nh l Poynting
- Trong mi trng in mi l tng 0 o = , tc l 0 J = v 0 P =
nu 0
dW
dt
< tc l 0
S
ds [ >
}
nng lng thot ra khi V, bao bi mt S
8
nu 0
dW
dt
> tc l 0
S
ds [ <
}
nng lng thm nhp vo V, bao bi mt S
- Kho st s truyn nng lng qua on dy dn (tr.52).
Cu hi n tp chng 1 :
1. H phng trnh Maxell v ngha vt l.
2. Trnh by nguyn l i ln ca cc phng trnh Maxell.
3. Pht biu nh l Poynting v nu ngha vt l.
4. Chng minh nh l Poynting.
9
Chng 2
SNG IN T PHNG
2.1 KHI NIM V SNG PHNG
- mt ng bin : cng bin
- mt ng pha : cng pha
- sng in t phng : mt ng pha ng bin l mt phng (gn ng vng xa i
vi tt c cc ngun bc x)
2.2 SNG PHNG TRONG MI TRNG IN MI L TNG
2.2.1 Mt s gi thit
- mi trng in mi l tng 0 o =
- khng c ngun ngoi 0, 0 J = =
- chn h ta z i mt sng (x,y), 0
z z
E H = =
do y
x x y
E E i E i = + v y
x x y
H H i H i = +
c th tch thnh 2 h thng A(gm E
x
,H
y
) v B(gm E
y
,H
x
)
2.2.2 Phng trnh sng (5.4 tr 59)
- xut pht t h phng trnh maxell vi gi thit 2.2.1
- trin khai hai v ca M1 v M2, ch sng truyn theo trc z nn
0
x y
c c
= =
c c
ch c 0
z
c
=
c
i vi , , ,
x y x y
E E H H
0
x y z t
c c c c
= = = =
c c c c
i vi ,
z z
E H
dn ra c h phng trnh 5.2 tr 58.
- nhn c phng trnh sng i vi cc thnh phn sng, ly E
x
lm in hnh,
xut pht t I.a
z
H
y
c
c
y
x
H
E
z t
c
c
c
=
c c
vi phn 2 v :
( . )
2 2
2 2
1
( ) ( )
x
E Hy
II b
z t
y y
x x
H H
E E
t t z z t z

c c
=
c c c c
c c c c
= = =
c c c c c c
- rt ra phng trnh sng i vi E
x
:
2 2
2 2
1
x x
E E
t z
c

c c
=
c c
t
1
v
c
= ta c pt 5.4 tr 59 :
2 2
2 2 2
1
0
x x
E E
z v t
c c
=
c c
hay
2 2
2 2
0
x x
E E
t
c c
=
c c
vi
z
v
=
2.2.3 Nghim ca phng trnh sng
Nghim ca 5.5 l hm s ty theo hai bin dng ( ) F t v ( ) F t + v c hai
hm ny u c o hm bc 2 theo t v bng nhau.
Nghim tng qut c dng :
10
1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x
z z
E F t F t F t F t
v v
= + + = + +
1
( ) F t biu din sng truyn theo hng z dng
2
( ) F t + biu din sng truyn theo hng z m
2.2.4 Quan h gia cc thnh phn trng
T
y
x
H
E
z t
c
c
c
=
c c
thay
1
1
( )
( )
x
y
z
E F t
v
z
H G t
v

ta c
' '
1 1
1
( ) ( )
z z
F t G t
v v
v
c =
ly tch phn theo bin ( )
z
t
v
li c
1 1
1
( ) ( )
z z
F t G t
v v
v
c =
ch :
1
v
c
= v c
1 1
( ) ( )
z z
F t G t
v v

c
=
Nh vy i vi sng thun :
0
x
y
E
Z
H

c
= gi l tr khng sng
2.2.5 Sng phng iu ha
i vi sng phng iu ha :
1
( ) cos ( ) cos( )
z z
F t A t A t z
v v
v
e
e e = =
K hiu :
2 2 f
k
v v
e t t

= = = v gi l h s pha hay hng s sng, c th vit

0 0
( ) ( )
0 0
cos( ) cos( )
x
i t kz i t kz
x
E E t kz E t kz
hay
E E e E e
e e
e e
+
= + +
= +
Thnh phn H
y
vung gc vi E
x
v c gi tr bng
0
0
E
Z
.
Hnh 5.3a biu din s ph thuc ca cc thnh phn E v H theo thi gian ti mt im z c
nh.
Hnh 5.3b biu din s ph thuc ca E v H theo z mt thi im c nh.
2.3 SNG PHNG TRONG MI TRNG BN DN
2.3.1 Phn loi mi trng truyn sng
Thc t khng c mi trng in mi l tng, v do ch c mi trng truyn
sng bn dn.
Tnh bn dn ph thuc vo quan h tng i gia dng in dn J
dn
( ) E o v dng
in dch J
dch
( )
E
t
cc
c
.
Mi trng c coi l mi trng dn in, nu :
11
E
E
t
o c
c
c

V ngc li mi trng c coi l mi trng in mi, nu :

E
E
t
o c
c
c

Cn ch rng : tnh cht mi trng khng ch ph thuc vo cc thng s , o c m cn ph

thuc vo tc bin thin ca in trng (
E
t
c
c
) tc l ph thuc vo tn s ca sng trong
trng hp sng iu ha.
2.3.2 Khi nim hng s in mi phc
T phng trnh M1 i vi sng iu ha :
( )
p
rot H E i E i i E i E
o
o ec e c ec
e
= + = =
trong
p
c = i
o
c
e
c gi l hng s in mi phc, v do c th suy t cc kt qu
kho st trng trong mi trng in mi (l tng) cho mi trng bn dn vi vic thay
c bi
p
c , nh bng tr 64, theo :
'
0 0
ik z i t z i z i t
E E e e E e e e
e o | e
= =
trong : o c gi l h s suy gim sng,
| c gi l h s pha
'
ik i o | = = c gi l hng s truyn lan phc
2.3.3 Hai trng hp gn ng
Mi trng gn vi in mi E o c , cc cng thc ct 2 bng tr 64 l gn ng
( ~), cn ch c
0
1
2 2
Z
o
o o
c
~ ~ (khng ph thuc tn s)
Mi trng gn vi dn in E o c cc cng thc 5.31 n 5.35 phn b. Vi cc
nhn xt :
- h s pha v h s suy gim c gi tr bng nhau
- suy gim sng ph thuc vo tn s, do tn s cng ln suy gim sng cng cao
- Tr khng sng c gi tr nh (o ln), c ngha l trong vt dn th thnh phn ch
yu ca trng l t trng (H ln)
- Thnh phn H v E sai pha bng / 4 t
Cu hi n tp chng 2 :
1. Phng trnh sng v nghim ca phng trnh sng trong mi trng in mi l tng.
2. Trnh by v khi nim sng phng iu ho.
3. Sng phng trong mi trng bn dn v khi nim hng s in mi phc.
12
Chng 3
NHNG VN CHUNG V TRUYN SNG
3.1. PHN LOI SNG V TUYN IN
Bng sng Bc sng (m) Khong tn s f
sng cc di > 10000 f < 30 KHz
sng di (LW) 1000 10000 30 KHz 300 KHz
sng trung (MW) 100 1000 300 KHz 3 MHz
sng ngn (SW) 10 100 3 MHz 30 MHz
sng cc ngn 1 mm 10 m 30 MHz 300000 MHz
sng siu cao tn mm, cm, dm
Bng tn vi ba
Ph vi ba thng c xc nh l nng lng in t c tn s khong t 1 GHz n 1000
GHz, nhng trc y cng bao gm c nhng tn s thp hn. Nhng ng dng vi ba ph
bin nht khong 1 n 40 GHz. Bng tn vi ba c xc nh theo bng sau:
Bng tn vi ba
K hiu Di tn
L 1 n 2 GHz
S 2 n 4 GHz
C 4 n 8 GHz
X 8 n 12 GHz
Ku 12 n 18 GHz
K 18 n 26 GHz
Ka 26 n 40 GHz
Q 30 n 50 GHz
U 40 n 60 GHz
V 50 n 75 GHz
E 60 n 90 GHz
W 75 n 110 GHz
F 90 n 140 GHz
D 110 n 170 GHz
Bng trn theo cch dng ca Hi v tuyn in Anh (Radio Society of Great Britain, RSGB).
i lc ngi ta k hiu di tn s cc cao (UHF) thp hn bng L l P.
Thut ng viba (microwaves) l ch nhng sng in t c bc sng rt nh, ng vi
phm vi tn s rt cao ca ph tn s v tuyn in.
Phm vi ca di tn s ny cng khng c s quy nh cht ch v thng nht ton th gii.
Gii hn trn ca di thng c coi l ti 300 GHz (f = 3.10
11
Hz), ng vi bc sng
=1mm (sng milimet), cn gii hn di c th khc nhau tu thuc vo cc quy c theo
tp qun s dng. Mt s nc coi "sng cc ngn" l nhng sng c tn s cao hn 30 MHz
13
(bc sng 10m), cn mt s nc khc coi "viba" l nhng sng c tn s cao hn 300
MHz (bc sng 1m).
Vi s pht trin nhanh ca k thut v nhng thnh tu t c trong vic chinh phc cc
bng tn cao ca ph tn s v tuyn, khi nim v phm vi di tn ca "viba" cng c th
cn thay i.
Hnh 0-1 minh ho ph tn s ca sng in t v phm vi di tn ca k thut viba c coi
l i tng nghin cu trong mn hc ny.
Ph tn s ca sng in t
Trong ng dng thc t, di tn ca vi ba cn c chia thnh cc bng tn nh hn:
- Cc cao tn UHF (Ultra High Frequency): f = 300 MHz 3 GHz
- Siu cao tn SHF (Super High Frequency): f = 3 30 GHz
- Tht cao tn EHF (Extremely High Frequency): f = 30 300 GHz
Ngy nay, thng tin v tuyn c s dng ch yu l di tn vi ba,
t 400 500 MHz (b m v tuyn),
t 900 1800 MHz (thng tin di ng c nhn),
thng tin v tinh dng cho c lnh vc vin thng v pht thanh truyn hnh dng di tn t 1
GHz 30 GHz, c chia thnh cc
bng L (12GHz) cho v tinh di ng tm thp,
bng S (24GHz),
bng C (47GHz),
bng X (711GHz), c dnh ring cho qun s.
bng Ku (1114GHz),
bng K (1420GHz) v
bng Ka (2030GHz) dng cho v tinh c nh
CC PHNG THC TRUYN SNG V TUYN IN
a. Phng thc truyn thng trong khng gian t do (sng t do)
- l phng thc truyn trong mi trng ng nht, ng hng ca khng gian v tr
10
-1
10
-2
10
-6
10
-3
10
2
10 1 10
3
nh
sng
nhn
thy
sng
mt
(VHF)
sng
ngn
sng
trung
sng
di
Vi ba Hng ngoi
Tn s (Hz)
Bc sng (m)
3.10
5
3.10
6
3.10
7
3.10
8
3.10
11
3.10
9
3.10
10
3.10
14
14
- v d : sng truyn gia v tinh vi con tu v tr, tri t vi v tinh, v tinh vi v tinh
b. Phng thc truyn sng t:
- l cch truyn sng gn mt t theo kiu truyn thng
c. Phng thc truyn sng i lu
- l cch truyn sng nh s tn x tng i lu hay kiu dn sng trong ng dn sng
d. Phng thc sng tri :
- l cch truyn sng nh s khc x v phn x hay tn x sng t tng in li
- tng in li : cch mt t 80 n 400 km, c mt khong khng gian cha cc in t t do
v cc ion gi l tng in li. Tng in li c tnh cht khc x lin tc lm tia sng b un
cong v n cao no th quay v mt t. Tng in li cn c nhng vng khng ng
nht gy tn x tia sng pht ln trong c mt s tia quay v mt t.
- truyn bng phng thc sng tri thng dng cho sng ngn v mt phn bng sng trung
(gn sng ngn)
3.2 CNG THC TRUYN SNG L TNG
Ngun bc x im
- gi s c mt ngun bc x im P t trong mi trng ng nht, ng hng, khng hp
th sng, ngun P s khc x nng lng v mi hng, mt sng c dng l mt cu
- gi s cng sut bc x ca im l p, din tch mt cu ta kho st l
2
4 r t , th thng lng
nng lng l :

2
2
0
4
h
tb h h
E
E H
Z
P
S
r t
[ = = =

0
0
0
120 Z

t
c
= =

( )
2
2
30
120 4 r
h
S
E P P
V
E
m
h
r t t
= = =
- tr s tc thi nu dng anten c nh hng D

( )
60 60
cos( )
j t kr
e
PD PD
E t kr
r r
e
e

= =
- hay

( )
( )
( )
173 P Kw D
mV
E
m
h
r Km
=
hoc

( )
( )
( )
0
245 P Kw D
mV
E
m
r Km
=
Nu ngun bc x t ti mt t dn in l tng E
h
s tng ln 2 ln

( )
( )
245
2
p Kw D
E E
h
h d R Km
| |
|
\ .
= =
Ngun bc x l lng cc in di l A

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
60 m I A l
V
E
m
h
m R m
t

A
=
15
( )
I A : dng hiu dng chy trong lng cc in
( ) m : bc sng ca sng pht i
Nu chiu di hiu dng l h
hd

( )
( )
( )
120
h
I A
V
E
m
h
r km
t
=
3.3 NGUYN L HUY GHEN V MIN FRESNEL
- Nguyn l Huy ghen :
Mi im ca mt sng gy bi mt ngun bc x s cp c th c coi nh ngun ca mt
sng cu th cp mi V vy, c th tnh trng mt im bt k trong khng gian khi
bit trng trn mt b mt no !
ch : ngha cng thc (9.32) v cc cng thc (9.34) v (9.35)
- Min Fresnel : gii thch tc dng min Fresnel th nht dng hnh (9.19) v
(9.20), nhng khi xc nh bn knh min Fresnel dng mt phng So theo hnh (9.21). Kt
qu c hnh (9.22)
3.4 PHN CC SNG (mc 9.4 trang 146 SGK)
Xt sng phng lan truyn trong mi trng in mi l tng l sng in t ngang
TEM. Gi s hng lan truyn l hng, mi im kho st M, in trng E c th phn
tch thnh hai thnh phn nm trong mt phng yOz, gm thnh phn thng ng z E v thnh
phn nm ngang y E , c ln l :
.cos( )
.cos( )
z zm z
y ym y
E E t
E E t
e
e
=
=
Ty thuc vo mi quan h gia bin (
zm
E v
ym
E ) v pha (
z
v
y
) ca hai thnh phn
in trng m phn ra cc loi phn cc sng.
3.4.1. Sng phn cc thng.
Khi
z y
= , hoc
z y
t = th sng c dng phn cc thng, vecto E c ln l
:
2 2
.cos( t- )
zm ym
E E E e = +
cn hng ca E c xc nh bi gc o , tha mn :
const
z zm
x xm
E E
tg
E E
o = = =
u mt ca vecto E lun nm trn ng thng lm vi trc oy gc o .
3.4.2. Sng phn cc trn.
Khi :
0
90
z y
=
zm ym m
E E E = =
C th vit
. os t
.sin
z m
y m
E E c
E E t
e
e
=
=
Vecto tng cng E c bin l :
16
2 2
onst
z y m
E E E E c = + = =
cn hng xc nh bi gc o tha mn :
z
y
E
tg tg t
E
o e = =
tc l : t o e = , u mt vecto E quay trn vng trn tm O bn knh E
m
v v th gi
l sng phn cc trn.
3.4.3. Sng phn cc elip.
Trng hp khng tha mn iu kin :
0
90
z y
=
zm ym m
E E E = =
ta s c dng sng phn cc khng trn, phn cc elip.
PHN X SNG T MT T
- khi nim gc nghing A
- khi nim h s phn x .
px px t
E R E =


px
j
px px
R R e

=

- Hnh 9.16 v hnh 9.17 so snh h s phn x ca sng phn cc ng v sng phn
cc ngang, vi cc nhn xt :
1. v gi tr h s phn x
2. v pha ca h s phn x
3. tnh ton bng th thc nghim
Cu hi n tp chng 3 :
1. Phn loi bng sng v tuyn in.
2. Cng thc truyn sng l tng.
3. Khi nim v phn cc sng.
4. Trnh by nguyn l Huyghen v khi nim min Fresnel.
17
Chng 4
TRUYN SNG T
4.1 Khi qut chung
4.2 Truyn sng t anten t cao (sng cc ngn)
4.3 Truyn sng t anten t thp (sng di trung ngn)
4.1 KHI QUT CHUNG
1. Thng s in ca t
- Mt s gi thit,
- Gi tr in hnh ca mt s loi t (bng 10.1 tr 158)
2. Phn loi cc trng hp truyn lan sng t
- Phn bit trng hp anten t thp v anten t cao :
anten t thp l trng hp truyn sng t di sng di trung ngn,
anten t cao l trng hp truyn sng t di sng cc ngn
- Phn bit trng hp mt t phng v mt t cu
khi c ly thng tin khng ln so vi cong mt t th coi mt t l phng v khi c
ly thng tin ln cn tnh ti cong ca mt t cu
Dn chng ny :
- Anten t cao
- trng hp mt t phng hin tng giao thoa
- trng hp mt t cu tm nhn thng
- Anten t thp
- trng hp mt t phng hin tng mt t hp th sng in t
- trng hp mt t cu hin tng nhiu x
4.2 ANTEN T CAO (ng vi truyn sng t di sng cc ngn)
1. Mt t phng
a. Cng thc giao thoa Vdenski
- m hnh s liu : , , , | o | A v
1 2 1
, , , , , h h r r r R o v w,m,mv/m k
- xut pht t cng thc truyn sng l tng cho tia ti trc tip (10.1) v cng thc
cho tia phn x t mt t (10.2)
xt vi cc trng hp sng phn cc ngang (tng i s) v sng phn cc ng
(tng vect), u c dng tng qut (10.15) :
2
173
1 2 cos( )
h
A
PD
E hesogiaothoa
r
hesogiaothoa R R k r | o
=
= + + +
- iu kin gn ng vi thc t c 1, R | t ~ ~ bng 10.2
1 2
346 346 2
sin( ) sin( )
h
PD PD h h
E r
r r r
t t
o

= =
p dng iu kin
0
sin
u
u u
~
~ c cng thc Vdenski :
1 2
2
2.18
h
h h
E PD
r
=
b. iu kin truyn sng tt nht (t c)
c. Thc t : i vi cc h thng thng tin di ng, thng tin mt t khc nh hng ca
giao thoa nhiu tia rt phc tp, ngi ta phi s dng nhiu m hnh truyn sng gn ng
khc nhau, s c kho st trong cc mn hc khc, nh thng tin di ng ...
18
2. Mt t cu
- Tm nhn thng
0 1 2
3.57( ) r h h ~ +
- Cng trng trong trng hp mt t cu vn dng cng thc Vdenski nhng thay
1 2
, h h bng
' '
1 2
, h h
- c gii tch hnh hc tr 165 tnh
' '
1 2
, h h trong 3 trng hp c ly nh (10.23) c ly ln
gn bng tm nhn thng (10.24) v c ly trung gian (ly gn ng bng trung bnh cng hai
trng hp trn)
4.3 ANTEN T THP (ng vi di sng di trung ngn)
1. Mt t phng ng nht
a. Cu trc trng ti im thu
- hnh 10.9
- thc t vi
'
1
p
c trong khng kh
1 1 z x
E E
trong lng t
2 2 z x
E E
b. Cng thc Sulykin-Vander Pol
- cng thc truyn sng l tng (t dn in l tng)
- cng thc Sulykin-Vander Pol (10.40) hoc (10.41).
- xc nh h s suy gim F tnh theo th hnh 10.14 hoc theo cng thc (10.48) v
(10.49)
Nx : tn hao s tng (F tng) khi
rt ngn bc sng ( , , ) x F + | + hay
gim dn in ca t (t kh hn)
- trng hp anten nm ngang, sng bc x phn cc ngang v x c tnh theo cng
thc (10.50)
c. Phng thc truyn lan sng mt t thc t ch c hiu qu i vi sng di v sng
trung, t hiu qu i vi sng ngn v sng cc ngn.
2. Mt t phng khng ng nht
- c s : o cng ln, mt t dn in cng tt th suy gim F cng nh
khong cch cng xa, cng trng cng suy gim
- trng hp truyn sng qua min t khng ng nht, suy gim ti b (khng ng
nht) khng lin tc, c th :
trng hp t bin : quanh b, cng trng min bin (khong cch xa hn)
li ln hn cng trng min t lin (khong cch gn hn) theo hnh 10.17
trng hp bin t : ngc li cng trng suy gim mnh hn khi i su vo
b.
- Hin tng khc x ti b : l hin tng bin i hng ca sng khi gp b phn gii. (tr
180)
3. Mt t cu hin tng nhiu x
- Hin tng nhiu x l hin tng qu o sng b un cong i quanh vt chng ngi gp
trn ng truyn lan.
- Gii thch bng nguyn l Huyghen v min Fresnel
- Chiu cao tng ng h ng vi khong cch r
- Hin tng nhiu x ch c tc dng i vi sng di v sng trung
4.4 CNG C TNH TON CNG TRNG SNG T
19
- cng c th ca CCIR (y ban t vn v tuyn in quc t (CCIR-Consultative
Committee for International Radio)
- cng c phn mm ca ITU GRWAVE software trong
http://www.itu.int/brgs/sg3/databanks
Cu hi n tp chng 4 :
1. Cng thc giao thoa Vedenski.
2. Cng thc giao thoa khi tnh ti cong mt t.
3. Cng thc Sulaykin-vanderPol.
4. Hin tng suy gim khng lin tc v khc x ti b khi truyn lan sng t qua cc min
t phng khng ng nht.
5. Trnh by hin tng nhiu x sng quanh mt t cu.
20
Chng 5
TRUYN SNG TNG I LU
5.1. C TNH TNG I LU
1. Tnh cht vt l tng i lu
t c, ch kt lun cui cng cui trang 183
2. Tnh cht in ca tng i lu
- khi nim h s in mi tng i
'
c
chit sut ca mi trng in mi
'
n c =
ch s chit sut
6
10 ( 1) N n =
- i vi tng i lu thng
2
4.3.10 (1/ )
dN
m
dh

=
5.2 TC NG CA TNG I LU I VI TRUYN SNG T
1. Hin tng khc x kh quyn
- Hin tng khc x kh quyn ?
- Bn knh cong ca qu o sng
m hnh s liu : n v dn, v d , 1 n ~ , sin 1 ~
s dng cc gi thit gn ng thc t c cng thc (11.14), v nhn xt cui trang
187.
2. Bn knh tng ng ca tri t sng t anten t cao (sng cc ngn)
- M hnh ton xc nh bn knh tng ng ca tri t (hnh 11.5)
v c 8500
td
a km ~
- tnh
'
0
r v h
3. Hin tng phadinh trong tm nhn thng (t c)
5.3 TRUYN SNG TNG I LU
1. Truyn sng tng i lu kiu ng dn sng
- Hin tng siu khc x pht sinh truyn sng ng dn sng
- iu kin pht sinh ng dn sng tng i lu
2. Truyn sng do khuch tn trong tng i lu
- Hin tng, v gii thch nh tnh
- Nhn nh.
5.4 SUY GIM SNG TRONG TNG I LU
- ch di sng cm v mm
- Nguyn nhn ch yu l do ma v sng m : hp th sng do ht nc, s khuch
tn sng, bin i phn cc sng
- cng thc tnh ton (
0
r
E E e
o
= ) v th tnh ton
Cu hi n tp chng 5 :
1. Cc c tnh ca tng i lu.
2. Hin tng khc x kh quyn v bn knh tng ng ca tri t.
21
Chng 6
TRUYN SNG TNG IN LY
6.1 TNH CHT CA TNG IN LY
- cu to tng kh quyn cao
- cc nguyn nhn ion ho cht kh
- s hnh thnh cc lp kh quyn tng in ly
3 gi thit
3 nguyn nhn
s ti hp ca cc in tch t do
- h s in mi v in dn sut ca tng in ly
a- trng hp khng k ti ion v khng k ti va chm
0 0 2
'
2
0 0 2
0
2
'
2 2
0
(1 )
0
_ :
1 1 80.8
e
e i i
e
e
i
e e
i
J i E
N e
J J J i E i E E
N e
m J E
i m
suy ra
N e N
m f
ec
ec ec o
e c
e
o
c
e c
=

= + = = +

= =

b- trng hp xt ti ion, nhng khng k ti va chm

0
2 2
2
'
2 2 2
0 0 0
0
1
e
i i
i
e i i
i
i i
J J J J J
N e N e
N e
m m m
o
c
e c e c e c
+
+
+
= + + +
=
=
tuy nhin thng b qua nh hng ca cc ion v khi s lng cc in t v ion so snh
c vi nhau th do khi lng ca cc ion ln hn in t nhiu bc (hng nghn, hng trm
nghn ln).
c- c tnh ti va chm, tnh ti s hp th trong cht kh ion ho
( ) ( )
dv
i v
dt
dv dv
eE m m v m v mv i
dt dt
e
v v e v
=
= + = + = +
suy ra :
2 2
1 e e i
v E E
m i m
v e
v e v e

= =
+ +
v vn c :
2 2
0 0 0 2 2 2 2
0
1
(1 )
e e
e e
N e N e
J J J i E N ev E i E
m m
v
ec ec
v e c v e
= + = + = +
+ +
tch ring phn thc v phn o :
2
2 2
2
'
2 2
0
1
1
e
i
e
i
N e
m
N e
m
v
o
v e
c
c v e
=
+
=
+
thay s, ta c
2
2 2
' 9
2 2
2.82.10
1 3.19.10
e
i
e
i
N
N
o v
v e
c
v e

=
+
=
+
- Hp th sng qua tng in ly tnh ti khi 0
i
o = v ch di tn vi cc cng thc
(5.32a) v (5.32b).
6.2 KHC X V PHN X SNG TRONG TNG IN LY
22
- gc ti hn
' ' '
0 0 1 1
sin sin ... sin
n n
u c u c u c = = =
vi
'
0
1, sin 1
n
c u = = suy ra
'
0 2
sin 1 80.8
e
n
N
f
u c = =
vi mi gi tr Ne v tn s f, tn ti mt gc
0th
u m sng ch phn x vi
0 0th
u u > , cn khc
i sng s vt qua tng in ly khng phn x tr v m. (ch ch s 0 biu th tng di
cng ca tng in ly c
'
0
1 c = )
- c ly ti hn (c ly phn x ngn nht) v min im lng
- tn s ti hn v tn s cc i (ng vi mi gc
0
u )
mt c ly thng tin nht nh quy nh mt gc ti
0
u v mt gi tr Ne, c mt gi tr tn s
ln nht c th phn x l
0
80.8
cos
e
N
f
u
u
= v
0
max
0 0
(~ )
80.8
th e
e
f N
f f N
u =
= =

suy ra
max max
0
0 0
0
( )
sec
cos
th
f f f
f
f f
u
u
u
>
= =

6.3 C TNH CC LP ION HO TRONG TNG IN LY

- Hnh 12.13 cc lp kh quyn tng in ly theo thi gian trong ngy
- c im cc lp D, E, F
Chung : cc lp trn c mt in t cao hn, tn s ti hn cao hn li c cao ln hn
nn phn x c tn s ln c ly xa
Lp D :
- thp nht
- ch phn x c sng di (f
th
=100-700 Khz)
- hp th mnh sng trung v mt kh ln
Lp E :
- phn x c sng trung v di di sng ngn
- c ban ngy v ban m sng trung u phn x c t ln E, nhng ban
ngy c lp D hp th mnh sng trung nn coi nh sng trung khng truyn lan c bng
phng thc sng tri vo ban ngy.
Lp F - phn x sng ngn
- ban ngy tch lm 2
Lp Es
- bt thng v mt in t, c th cao hn lp E, thm ch c lp F nn c
th phn x c c tn s rt cao
- bt thng v thi gian
- bt thng v khng gian
Cu hi n tp chng 6 :
1. Cc c tnh ca tng in ly.
2. Tnh thng s in ca tng in ly trong trng hp n gin ho.
3. Tnh thng s in ca tng in ly khi tnh ti c s va chm cc ht dn.
4. Khc x v phn x sng trong tng in ly.
5. c tnh cc lp ion ho trong tng in ly.
23
Chng 7
C IM TRUYN SNG CA CC BNG SNG
7.1 : BNG SNG DI V CC DI
Vi sng di c bc sng nn bn knh
1
b ln kh nng nhiu x ca tia sng tt hn do
kiu truyn sng t ca bc sng di c hiu qu nht cng ch n c li 2000 km nn
sng di ch dng c li ngn, ni b tnh
- nu vi c li xa hn 2000 km th khng dng kiu nhiu x c v bn knh
1
b khng vt
qua c cong ca qu t, trng hp ny phi dng phng thc sng tri
- truyn sng di n nh v khi dng sng tri lp D v E n nh, hin tng Phainh khng
ng k
- sng suy gim nhanh v cc tia sng c bn knh cong nh hn
1
b s b cn nhiu suy
gim nhanh c li thng tin b ngn nhiu so vi l tng
7.2 : BNG SNG TRUNG
1. Phng thc truyn
- vi c li 500 700 km truyn theo kiu sng t vi 1 c li 700 km khng truyn theo kiu
nhiu x c, th
st
sd
< do truyn theo kiu sng tri th sng trung phn x tt nht
lp E v
1
F
+ ban ngy sng trung phn x lp E v
1
F v phi i qua lp D do sng b hp th
nhiu
+ ban m lp D mt, nng lng sng gim mi b hp th do E
h
ban m ln hn ban
ngy v ban ngy lp D tng hp th ( E
h
: hiu dng ca cng in trng_
2. Hin tng Phaing sng trung (vi c li thng tin gn)
- hin tng Phainh l hin tng cng in trng ti im thu thay i bt thng
theo thi gian, lc gim lc tng c khi cn bng 0
* Bin php chng Phainh
- dng mch t iu chnh h s khch i cho my thu
- dng anten pht c nh hng cao, c gc bp hng nh
7.3 : BNG SNG NGN
= (10 100) m
f = (3 30) MHz
1. Phng thc truyn sng
- theo phng thc sng t vi cng sut pht trung bnh ch t c c li vi chc km, v
nh nn kh nng nhiu x km
- theo phng thc sng tri t c c li thng tin xa, sng ngn phi phn x t lp
2
F
2. iu kin truyn sng tri bng sng ngn
- iu kin c phn x :
theo iu kin truyn sng sin 1 80.8
0 2
N
n
f
u =
24
- iu kin v s hp th nng lng trong tng in li
thng chn bc sng :
- ban ngy
lv
=10 35 m
- ban m
lv
=35 100 m
3. c im truyn sng
a. Hin tng Phainh sng ngn
Dng anten m my thu phn tp (tp 2 6 anten nhng v tr khc nhau v cch nhau mt
khong 1, ti tt c cc v tr trong cng mt thi im, th no cng c mt anten thu
c ln nht
My thu s c b phn chn lc tn hiu t anten no cm nhn c cng in trng
ax
E
m
- dng phng php thng tin v tinh, cc sng n my thu c cng qung ng i
b. Hin tng vng im lng
c. nh hng ca hot ng mt tri ln s truyn sng ngn
Cu hi n tp chng 7 :
1. c im truyn lan cc di sng di, trung.
2. c im truyn lan cc di sng ngn