Laboratory Manual

FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Prepared by: Dr. DEBOJYOTI MITRA

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
SERIAL NAME OF EXPERIMENT NO. Calibration of Venturimeter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Calibration of Orificemeter Calibration of Rotameter Calibration of Rectangular and V-Notches Reynolds experiment: Laminar and Turbulent flow Determination of friction factor of pipes Determination of loss coefficients of pipe fittings a) Determination of jet impact on plane surface b) Determination of jet impact on hemispherical surface 9 10 11 12
Performance characteristics of variable speed centrifugal pump Performance characteristics of Francis turbine Performance test of a Pelton wheel Turbine a) Performance test of reciprocating pump b) Performance test of gear pump

HOURS 2+2 2+2 2+2 2+2 2+2 2+2 2+2 2+2 2+2 2+2 2+2 2+2 2+2 2+2

Experiment No. 1 TITLE CALIBRATION OF VENTURIMETER OBJECTIVES To measure discharge through Venturimeter and determine co-efficient of discharge

INTRODUCTION: If a constriction is placed in a closed channel carrying a stream of fluid, there will be increase in velocity, and hence increase in Kinetic Energy, at the constriction, from an energy balance, as given by Bernoullis Theorem, there must be a corresponding reduction in pressure. Rate of discharge from the constriction can be calculated by knowing this pressure reduction, the area available for flow at the constriction, the density of fluid, and the Co-efficient of discharge (ratio of actual flow to the theoretical flow).

THEORY: VENTURIMETER: A Venturimeter consists of; 1. An Inlet Section followed by a convergent cone. 2. A Cylindreical Throat. 3. A gradually divergent cone. The inlet section of the Venturimeter is of the same diameter as that of the pipe, which is followed by a convergent cone. The convergent cone is a short pipe, which tapers from the original size of the pipe to that of the Throat of the Venturimeter. The Throat of Venturimeter is a short parallel side tube having its cross-sectional area smaller than that of the pipe. The divergent cone of the Venturimeter is gradually diverging pipe with its cross-sectional area increasing from that of the Throat to the original size of the pipe. At Inlet Section & Throat of the Venturimeter, pressure taps are provided.

DESCRIPTION: The apparatus consists of a Venturimeter, fitted in pipe. Pipe consists of separate flow control valves, inlet and outlet. Sump tank with centrifugal pump is provided for water circulation through pipe. The pressure tapings are provided at inlet and throat of venturi

meter. Pressure tapings are connected to a differential manometer. Discharge is measured with the help of measuring tank and stop watch. UTILITIES REQUIRED: 1. Electricity supply: Single phase, 220 V AC, 50 Hz, 5-15 amp socket with earth connection. 2. Water supply (Initial Fill). 1. Drain required. 2. Floor Area Required: 1.5 m x 0.75 m.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: Starting procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. Close all the valves provided. Fill sump tank with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are there. Open by-pass valve. Fill manometer with mercury by opening the valve and PU pipe from the test section connected at the bottom most point of manometer. 5. Close the valve and connect the PU pipe back to its place after doing so. 6. Ensure that all ON/OFF Switches given on the panel are at OFF position. 7. Now Switch ON the main power supply. 8. Switch ON the pump. 9. Open flow control valve of desired test section. 10. Open the pressure taps of manometer of related test section, very slowly to avoid the blow of water on manometer fluid. 11. Open the air release valve provided on the manometer, slowly to release the air from manometer. 12. When there is no air in the manometer, close the air release valves. 13. Adjust water flow rate in desired section with the help of control valve and by pass valve. 14. Record the manometer reading. 15. Measure the flow of water, discharged through desired test section, using stop watch and measuring tank. 16. Repeat steps (12) to (14) for different flow rates of water, operating control valve and by pass valve. 17. When experiment is over for one desired test section, open the by pass valve fully. Then close the flow control valve of running test section and open the control valve of desired test section.

Closing Procedure: 1. When experiment is over, close all manometers pressure taps first.

2. Switch OFF pump. 3. Switch OFF power supply to panel. 4. Drain the apparatus completely with the help of drain valves provided.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS: DATA: A = g = m = w = d1 d2 = = 0.077m2 9.81 m/sec2 13600 kg/m3 1000 kg/m3 0.028m 0.014m

OBSERVATION TABLE: S. No. 1. 2. 3. h1, cm h2, cm R1, cm R2, cm t, sec

CALCULATIONS: h1 h2 ---------- , m = ---------------------- m 100

m
H = h ( ---- - 1) , m of water = ---------------------- m

w
R = R1 R2 -----------, m = -------------- m 100 A x R ---------- , m3/sec = ----------------- m3/sec T ----- d12, m2 = ---------------------- m2 4

Qa a1

a2

----- d22, m2 = ---------------------- m2 4

Cd

Qa ----- = --------------------------Qt

NOMENCLATURE: A a1 a2 Cd d1 d2 g H h h1, h2 Qa Qt R R1 R2 t = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Area of measuring tank, m2 Area at inlet of Venturimeter, m2 Area at Throat of Venturimeter, m2 Co-efficient of discharge. Diameter at inlet of Venturimeter, m Diameter at throat of Venturimeter, m Acceleration due to gravity, m/s2 Loss of head, m of water Manometer difference, m Manometer reading at both points, cm Actual Discharge for Venturi. Theoretical discharge for Venturi. Rise of water level in measuring tank, m Final level of water in measuring tank, cm Initial level of water in measuring tank, cm Time taken for Rise of water level in measuring tank, sec Density of manometer fluid (Hg), kg/m3 Density of water, kg/m3

m w

PRECAUTION AND MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS: 1. 2. 3. 4. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 volts and above 230 volts. Never fully close the control valve and by-pass valve at a time. To prevent clogging of moving parts, Run pump at least once in a fortnight. Always keep apparatus free from dust.

TROUBLESHOOTING: 1. If pump gets jam, open the back cover of pump and rotate the shaft manually. 2. If pump gets heat up, switch OFF the main power for 15 minutes and avoid closing the flow control valve and by-pass valve at a time.

Experiment No. 2 TITLE CALIBRATION OF ORIFICEMETRE OBJECTIVES To measure discharge through Orificemeter and determine co-efficient of discharge INTRODUCTION: If a constriction is placed in a closed channel carrying a stream of fluid, there will be increase in velocity, and hence increase in Kinetic Energy, at the constriction, from an energy balance, as given by Bernoullis Theorem, there must be a corresponding reduction in pressure. Rate of discharge from the constriction can be calculated by knowing this pressure reduction, the area available for flow at the constriction, the density of fluid, and the Co-efficient of discharge (ratio of actual flow to the theoretical flow). An Orificemeter consists of a flat circular plate with a circular hole called Orifice, which is concentric with the pipe axis.

DESCRIPTION: The apparatus consists of an Orificemeter, fitted in pipe. Pipe consists of flow control valves, inlet and outlet. Sump tank with centrifugal pump is provided for water circulation through pipe. The pressure tapings are provided at inlet and outlet of orifice meter. Pressure tapings are connected to a differential manometer. Discharge is measured with the help of measuring tank and stop watch.

UTILITIES REQUIRED: 1. Electricity supply: Single phase, 220 V AC, 50 Hz, 5-15 amp socket with earth connection. 2. Water supply (Initial Fill). 3. Drain required. 4. Floor Area Required: 1.5 m x 0.75 m.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: Starting procedure: 1. Close all the valves provided.

2. Fill sump tank with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are there. 3. Open by-pass valve. 4. Fill manometer with mercury by opening the valve and PU pipe from the test section connected at the bottom most point of manometer. 5. Close the valve and connect the PU pipe back to its place after doing so. 6. Ensure that all ON/OFF Switches given on the panel are at OFF position. 7. Now Switch ON the main power supply. 8. Switch ON the pump. 9. Open flow control valve of desired test section (venturi meter or orifice meter). 10. Open the pressure taps of manometer of related test section, very slowly to avoid the blow of water on manometer fluid. 11. Open the air release valve provided on the manometer, slowly to release the air from manometer. 12. When there is no air in the manometer, close the air release valves. 13. Adjust water flow rate in desired section with the help of control valve and by pass valve. 14. Record the manometer reading. 15. Measure the flow of water, discharged through desired test section, using stop watch and measuring tank. 16. Repeat steps (12) to (14) for different flow rates of water, operating control valve and by pass valve. 17. When experiment is over for one desired test section, open the by pass valve fully. Then close the flow control valve of running test section and open the control valve of desired test section.

Closing Procedure: 1. When experiment is over, close all manometers pressure taps first. 2. Switch OFF pump. 3. Switch OFF power supply to panel. 4. Drain the apparatus completely with the help of drain valves provided.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS: DATA: A g = = = = = = 0.077m2 9.81 m/sec2 13600 kg/m3 1000 kg/m3 0.028m 0.014m

m w
d1 d2

OBSERVATION TABLE: S. No. 1. 2. 3. h1, cm h2, cm R1, cm R2, cm t, sec

CALCULATIONS: h1 h2 ---------- , m = ---------------------- m 100

m
H = h ( ---- - 1) , m of water = ---------------------- m

w
R1 R2 -----------, m = -------------- m 100

Qa

A x R ---------- , m3/sec = ----------------- m3/sec t ----- d12, m2 = ---------------------- m2 4 ----- d22, m2 = ---------------------- m2 4

a1

a2

Cd

Qa ----- = --------------------------Qt

NOMENCLATURE: A a1 a2 Cd d1 d2 g H h h1, h2 Qa Qt R R1 R2 t = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Area of measuring tank, m2 Area at inlet of orificemeter, m2 Area at Throat of Area of orifice, m2 Co-efficient of discharge. Diameter at inlet of orifice meter, m Diameter at throat of diameter of orifice, m Acceleration due to gravity, m/s2 Loss of head, m of water Manometer difference, m Manometer reading at both points, cm Actual Discharge for Orifice (m3/sec). Theoretical discharge for Rota meter (LPH). Rise of water level in measuring tank, m Final level of water in measuring tank, cm Initial level of water in measuring tank, cm Time taken for Rise of water level in measuring tank, sec Density of manometer fluid (Hg), kg/m3 Density of water, kg/m3

m w

PRECAUTION AND MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS: 1. 2. 3. 4. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 volts and above 230 volts. Never fully close the control valve and by-pass valve at a time. To prevent clogging of moving parts, Run pump at least once in a fortnight. Always keep apparatus free from dust.

TROUBLESHOOTING: 1. If pump gets jam, open the back cover of pump and rotate the shaft manually. 2. If pump gets heat up, switch OFF the main power for 15 minutes and avoid closing the flow control valve and by-pass valve at a time.

Experiment No. 3

TITLE CALIBRATION OF ROTAMETER OBJECTIVES To calibrate rotameter

INTRODUCTION: If a constriction is placed in a closed channel carrying a stream of fluid, there will be increase in velocity, and hence increase in Kinetic Energy, at the constriction, from an energy balance, as given by Bernoullis Theorem, there must be a corresponding reduction in pressure. Rate of discharge from the constriction can be calculated by knowing this pressure reduction, the area available for flow at the constriction, the density of fluid, and the Co-efficient of discharge (ratio of actual flow to the theoretical flow). THEORY: The Rotameter is a variable area meter that consists of an enlarging transparent tube and a metering float (actually heavier than the liquid) that is displaced upward by the upward flow fluid through the tube. The tube is graduated to read the flow directly. Notches in the float cause it to rotate and thus maintain a central position in the tube.

DESCRIPTION: The apparatus consists of a Rota meter, fitted in pipe. Pipe consists of flow control valves, inlet and outlet. Sump tank with centrifugal pump is provided for water circulation through pipe. Pressure tapings are connected to a differential manometer. Discharge is measured with the help of measuring tank and stop watch.

UTILITIES REQUIRED: 1. Electricity supply: Single phase, 220 V AC, 50 Hz, 5-15 amp socket with earth connection. 2. Water supply (Initial Fill). 5. Drain required. 6. Floor Area Required: 1.5 m x 0.75 m.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: Starting procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Close all the valves provided. Fill sump tank with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are there. Open by-pass valve. Ensure that all ON/OFF Switches given on the panel are at OFF position. Now Switch ON the main power supply. Switch ON the pump. Open flow control valve. Adjust water flow rate in desired section with the help of control valve and by pass valve. 9. Measure the flow of water, discharged through desired test section, using Rota meter, stop watch and measuring tank. 10. Repeat steps (7) and (8) for different flow rates of water, operating control valve and by pass valve. Closing Procedure: 1. When experiment is over, close all manometers pressure taps first. 2. Switch OFF pump. 3. Switch OFF power supply to panel. 4. Drain the apparatus completely with the help of drain valves provided.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS: DATA: A g = = = = 0.077m2 9.81 m/sec2 13600 kg/m3 1000 kg/m3

m w

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S. No. 1. 2. 3.

Qt, LPH

R1, cm

R2, cm

t, sec

CALCULATIONS: R1 R2 -----------, m = -------------- m 100 A x R ----------- x 3600 x 1000, LPH = ----------------- LPH t ( Qt Qa), LPH = ------------------ LPH

Qa

Error =

NOMENCLATURE: A Qa Qt R R1 R2 t = = = = = = = Area of measuring tank, m2 Rota meter (LPH) Rota meter (LPH) Rise of water level in measuring tank, m Final level of water in measuring tank, cm Initial level of water in measuring tank, cm Time taken for Rise of water level in measuring tank, sec

PRECAUTION AND MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS: 1. 2. 3. 4. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 volts and above 230 volts. Never fully close the control valve and by-pass valve at a time. To prevent clogging of moving parts, Run pump at least once in a fortnight. Always keep apparatus free from dust.

TROUBLESHOOTING: 1. If pump gets jam, open the back cover of pump and rotate the shaft manually. 2. If pump gets heat up, switch OFF the main power for 15 minutes and avoid closing the flow control valve and by-pass valve at a time.

Experiment No. 4 TITLE CALIBRATION OF RECTANGULAR AND V-NOTCHES OBJECTIVE: To determine the co-efficient of discharge Cd of different notches: 1. Rectangular Notch 2. V Notch 450 3. V Notch 600

INTRODUCTION: A notch is a device used for measuring the rate of a liquid through a small channel or a tank. It may be defined as an opening in the side of a tank or a small channel in such a way that the liquid surface in the tank or channel is below the top edge of the opening. The sheet of water flowing through notch is called Nappe or Vein. The bottom edge of a notch over which the water flows, is known as the sill or crest.

THEORY: CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE: The ratio of actual discharge Qa over a notch to the theoretical discharge Qt is known as co-efficient of discharge. Mathematically, Co-efficient of discharge: Qa -----Qt

Cd

DISCHARGE OVER A RECTANGULAR NOTCH:

DISCHARGE OVER TRIANGULAR NOTCH:

DESCRIPTION: The apparatus consists of a sump tank, pump to circulate water and a flow channel. A set of three knife edged notch plates made of brass is provided. One of them is rectangular, other is V notch having angle 600 and third is V notch having angle 450. The notches are interchangeable. A pointer is provided to measure the height of water level over the crest of the notch. Discharge is measured with the help of measuring tank and stopwatch. UTILITIES REQUIRED: 1. Electricity supply: Single phase, 220 V AC, 50 Hz, 5-15 amp socket with earth connection. 2. Water supply. 3. Drain required. 4. Floor Area Required: 1.5 m x 0.75 m.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: Starting procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Close all the valves provided. Fill sump tank with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are there. Fix desired notch at the outlet of flow channel. Open by-pass valve. Ensure that all ON/OFF Switches given on the panel are at OFF position. Now Switch ON the main power supply. Switch ON the pump. Operate flow control valve and by pass valve to fill the flow channel up to no discharge occurs through notch. 9. Fully open by pass valve and close the flow control valve and wait for level of water in flow channel becomes stable. 10. Measure the height of water level at no flow condition (crest height). 11. Regulate flow of water through channel with the help of flow control valve and by pass valve. 12. Record the height of water level in the channel with the help of pointer Gauge. 13. Measure flow rate using measuring tank and stop watch. 14. Repeat the experiment for different flow rates. 15. Repeat the experiment for other notches. Closing Procedure: 1. When experiment is over, switch OFF pump. 2. Switch OFF power supply to panel. 3. Open by pass valve and flow control valve.

4. Drain water from all the tanks with the help of drain valves provided. OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS: DATA: A g = = 0.077m2 9.81 m/sec2

RECTANGULAR NOTCH: L = 0.065 m

V NOTCH: = 450, 600 = 0.7854, 1.0472 radian

OBSERVATION: Test notch = ----------------------h0 = ---------------- cm OBSERVATION TABLE: S. No. 1. 2. 3. h, cm R1, cm R2, cm t, sec

CALCULATIONS: h h0 ---------- , m = ---------------------- m 100 R1 R2 -----------, m = -------------- m 100

A x R ---------- , m3/sec = ----------------- m3/sec t

NOMENCLATURE: A Cd g H h h0 L Q R R1 R2 t = = = = = = = = = = = = = Area of measuring tank, m2 Co-efficient of discharge for rectangular notch and triangular notch. Acceleration due to gravity, m/s2 Water head over crest, m Liquid level flow at particular height, cm Crest height, cm Width of the rectangular notch in meter, m Actual Discharge, m3/s Rise of water level in measuring tank, cm Final level of water in measuring tank, cm Initial level of water in measuring tank, cm Time taken for R, sec Angle of V-notch, Radian.

PRECAUTION AND MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 volts and above 230 volts. 2. Never switch ON main power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF swiches given on the panel are at OFF position. 3. Never fully close the delivery valve and by-pass valve at a time. 4. If apparatus is not in use for more than one month, drain the apparatus completely. 5. Always keep apparatus free from dust.

TROUBLESHOOTING: 1. If pump gets jam, open the back cover of pump and rotate the shaft manually. 2. If pump gets heat up, switch OFF the main power for 15 minutes and avoid closing the flow control valve and by-pass valve at a time.

Experiment No. 5 TITLE REYNOLDS EXPERIMENT: LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW OBJECTIVES a) To study different flow conditions. b) To obtain the Reynolds number in different flow conditions.

INTRODUCTION: Depending upon the relative magnitudes of viscous and inertial forces, flow can occur in two different manner viz., Laminar flow and turbulent flow. In laminar flow viscous effect are more predominant than the inertial effects. But when shear and nominal stresses are added with the increase in velocity of flow the flow is turbulent. To identify the laminar and turbulent ranges of flow a dimensionless parameter is being utilized which is a measure of the relative importance of inertial force and viscous force prevailing in the flow of a fluid, which is known as Reynolds number. It is equal to the ratio of the inertial force to the viscous force per unit volume. This mean that a large value of Reynoldss number signifies less viscous effects and vice versa. To determine the different flow conditions, equipment first used by Professor Osborne Reynolds after whose name Reynoldss number (Re) exists. The motion is laminar or turbulent according as the value of Re is less than or greater than a certain value. If a liquid such as water is allowed to flow through a glass tubes, and if one of the liquid filament is made visible by means of dye, then by watching this filament we may get insight into the actual behavior of the liquid as it moves along. After the water in the supply tank has stood for several hours to allow it to come completely to rest. The outlet valve is slightly opened. The central thread of the dye carried along by the slow stream of water in the glass tube is seen to be nearly as steady and well defined as the indicating column in an alcohol thermometer. But when, as a result of further opening of the valve, the water velocity passes a specific limit, a change occurs, the rigid thread of dye begins to break up and to group momentarily ill-defined. The moment the dye deviates from its straight line pattern corresponds to the condition when the flow in the conduit is no longer in laminar conditions. The discharge, Q flowing in the conduit at this moment is measured and the Reynolds number =

(in which d is the diameter of the conduit and v is the kinematics viscosity of water) is computed. This is the lower critical Reynolds number. Finally, at large velocities the dye mixes completely with the water and the colored mixture fills the tube.

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP: Apparatus consist of storage cum supply tank, which has the provision for supplying coloured dye through jet. A Perspex tube is provided to visualize the different flow condition. The entry of water in Perspex tube is through elliptical bell mouth to have smooth flow at the entry. A regulating valve is provided on the downstream side of the tube to regulate the flow. The discharge must be varied very gradually from a smaller to larger value. A collecting tank is used to find the actual discharge through the Perspex tube. SUGGESTED EXPERIMENTAL WORK: Step 1: Note down the relevant dimensions as diameter of Perspex tube, Area of the collecting tank, room temperature etc. Step 2: By maintaining suitable amount of steady flow in the Perspex tube, open inlet of the dye tank so that the dye stream moves as a straight line in the tube. Step 3: The discharge flowing in the Perspex tube is recorded. Step 4: This procedure is repeated for other values of discharge. Step 5: By increasing the velocity of flow in the Perspex tube, again open the inlet of the dye tank so that the dye stream begins to break up in the tube, which shows the fluid is no more in the laminar conditions. Hence transition stage occurs. Step 6: The discharge flowing in the Perspex tube is recorded. Step 7: This procedure is repeated for other values of discharge. Step 8: On further increase in the velocity of flow in the Perspex tube, again open the inlet of dye tank so that the dye mixes completely in the tube which shows fluid is no more in the transition stage. Hence turbulent flow occurs in the tube. Step 9: The discharge flowing in the Perspex tube is recorded. Step 10: This procedure is repeated for other values of discharge. OBSERVATION TABLE: Inner diameter of conduit, d, mm Room temperature, , 0C Kinematics viscosity of water, v, cm2 / sec Area of collecting tank, cm2 S No. Initial (cm) Final (cm)

= = = =

25

Discharge Measurement Time taken Discharge (sec) Q (cm3 / sec)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: Calculate the discharge in different flow conditions. Also calculate the Reynolds number for different flow conditions.

Experiment No. 6 TITLE DETERMINATION OF FRICTION FACTOR OF PIPES

OBJECTIVES To determine the friction factor for Darcy Weisbach equation.

INTRODUCTION: When a fluid is flowing through a pipe, the fluid experiences some resistance due to which some of the energy of fluid is lost. The loss of energy in the pipelines comes under major energy losses and minor energy losses. In long pipelines the friction losses are much larger than the minor losses and hence, the latter are often neglected. The losses due to friction in the pipelines are known as major energy losses. The friction in the pipeline due to a viscous drag between the stream bands of fluid. The stream bands of adjacent to the solid surface are always at rest relative to the wetted surface. The viscous drag is due to the molecular attractions between the molecules of the fluid.

THEORY: It is found that the total friction resistance to fluid flow depends on the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The area of the wetted surface. The density of the fluid. The surface roughness. It is independent of the fluid pressure. It increase with the square of the velocity.

The loss of head in pipe due to friction is calculated from Darcy Weisbach equation which has been given by: f LV2 ------------2gd Loss of head due to friction Friction factor Distance between pressure point

hf hf f L

= = =

V d g

= = =

Mean velocity of fluid Diameter of pipe Acceleration due to gravity

DESCRIPTION: The apparatus consist of sump tank with centrifugal pump. Two pipes of different diameter for which common inlet connection is provided with control valve to regulate the flow, near the down stream end of the pipe. Pressure tapings are taken at suitable distance apart between which a manometer is provided to study the pressure loss due to friction. Discharge is measured with the help of measuring tank and stopwatch.

UTILITIES REQUIRED: 1. Electricity supply: Single phase, 220 V AC, 50 Hz, 5-15 amp socket with earth connection. 2. Water supply. 3. Drain required. 4. Floor Area Required: 1.5 m x 0.75 m. 5. Mercury (Hg) for manometer (250 gm).

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: Starting procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Close all the valves provided. Fill sump tank with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are there. Open by-pass valve. Close all pressure taps of manometer connected to pipes. Ensure that ON/OFF Switch given on the panel is at OFF position. Switch ON the main power supply. Switch ON the pump. Open flow control valve and by pass valve to regulate the flow of water in the desired Test Section. 9. Open the pressure taps of manometer of related test section, very slowly to avoid the blow of water on manometer fluid. 10. Now open the air release valve provided on the manometer, slowly to release the air in manometer. 11. When there is no air in the manometer, close the air release valves. 12. Adjust water flow rate in desired section with the help of control valve.

13. Record the manometer reading. 14. Measure the flow of water, discharged through desired test section, using stop watch and measuring tank. 15. Repeat same procedure for different flow rates of water, operating control valve and by-pass valve. 16. .When experiment is over for one desired test section, open the by-pass valve fully. Then close the flow control valve of running test section and open the control valve of secondly desired test section. 17. Repeat same procedure for other test section. Closing Procedure: 1. When experiment is over, close all manometers pressure taps first. 2. Switch OFF pump. 3. Switch OFF power supply to panel. 4. Drain the tanks with the help of drain valves provided.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS: DATA: A g = = = = = = = = 0.077m2 9.81 m/sec2 13600 kg/m3 1000 kg/m3 0.022 m (For pipe ) 0.016 m (For pipe ) 1.25 m (for pipe) 1m (for pipe)

m w
d L

OBSERVATION: Test pipe = ----------------------- (3/4 / 1/2")

OBSERVATION TABLE: S. No. 1. 2. 3. h1, cm h2, cm R1, cm R2, cm t, sec

CALCULATIONS: R1 R2 -----------, m = -------------- m 100

A x R ---------- , m3/sec = ----------------- m3/sec t ----- d2, m2 = ---------------------- m2 4

Q ----- , m/sec = ---------------------- m/sec a h1 h2 ---------- , m = ---------------------- m 100

m
hf = h (------ - 1 ) , m = ---------------------- m

w
hf 2gd ----------- = -------------------LV2

NOMENCLATURE: A a d f g h h1, h2 = = = = = = = Area of measuring tank, m2 Cross-sectional area of pipe, m2 Inside diameter of pipe, m Friction factor Acceleration due to gravity, m/sec2 Manometer difference, m Manometer reading at both points, cm

hf L Q R R1 R2 t V

m w

= = = = = = = = = =

Head losses, m of water Distance between pressure tapings, m Discharge, m3/sec Rise of water level in measuring tank, m Final level of water in measuring tank, cm Initial level of water in measuring tank, cm Time taken for R, sec Velocity of fluid, m/sec Density of manometer fluid (Hg), Kg/m3 Density of water, kg/m3

PRECAUTION AND MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 volts and above 230 volts. Never fully close the Delivery valve and by-pass valve at a time. To prevent clogging of moving parts, Run Pump at least once in a fortnight. Always use clean water. If apparatus is not in use for more than one month, drain the apparatus completely. 6. Always keep apparatus free from dust.

TROUBLESHOOTING: 1. If pump gets jam, open the back cover of pump and rotate the shaft manually. 2. If pump gets heat up, switch OFF the main power for 15 minutes, avoid closing the flow control valve and by-pass valve simultaneously, during operation.

Experiment No. 7 TITLE DETERMINATION OF LOSS COEFFICIENTS OF PIPES FITTINGS OBJECTIVE: a) To study the losses of head due to various fittings in pipelines. b) To determine the loss of head in the fittings at the various water flow rates. c) To determine the loss co-efficient for the pipe fittings.

INTRODUCTION: Loss of head due to change in cross-section, bends, elbows, valves and fittings of all types fall into the category of minor losses in pipe lines. In long pipe lines the friction losses are much larger than these minor losses and hence the latter are often neglected. But, in shorter pipe lines their consideration is necessary for the correct estimate of losses.

THEORY: When there is any type of bend in pipe, the velocity of flow changes, due to which the separation of the flow from the boundary and also formation of eddies, takes place. Thus the energy is lost. The losses of head due to fittings in pipe: V2 hL = KL -----2g The minor losses in contraction can be expressed as: V12 hL = KL -----2g The minor losses in enlargement can be expressed as: (V1 V2)2 hL = KL -------------2g Where hL = Minor loss or head loss

KL = V = V1 = V2 =

Loss coefficient Velocity of fluid Velocity of fluid in pipe of small Diameter Velocity of fluid in pipe of large Diameter

DESCRIPTION: The apparatus consist of two pipes with different fittings. Bend, sudden expansion, sudden contraction and elbow are provided at pipe 1. Ball valve and gate valve are provided at pipe 2. Pressure tapings are provided at inlet and outlet of these fittings at suitable distance. A differential manometer fitted in the line gives head loss due to fittings. Supply to the pipe line is made through centrifugal pump, which deliver water from sump tank. The flow of water in pipes can be regulated by the valve provided at the end for pipe 1 and gate valve fitting for pipe 2. Discharge is measured with the help of measuring tank and stop watch.

UTILITIES REQUIRED: 1. Electricity Supply: Single phase, 220V AC, 50 Hz, 0.5 kW with earth connection. 2. Water supply. 3. Drain required. 4. Floor Area Required: 1.5 m x 0.75 m 5. Mercury (Hg) for manometer (250 gm).

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: Starting procedure: 1. Close all the valves provided. 2. Fill sump tank with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are there. 3. Fill manometer with mercury up to half of its level by opening the PU pipe from the fitting connected to the bottom most point of the manometer and connect the pipe back to its position. 4. Open by-pass valve. 5. Ensure that ON/OFF Switch given on the panel is at OFF position. 6. Switch ON the main power supply. 7. Switch ON the pump. 8. Open flow control valve of pipe 1 for bend, sudden enlargement, sudden contraction and elbow fitting or ball valve and gate valve fitting. 9. Open the pressure taps of manometer of related test section, very slowly to avoid the blow of water on manometer fluid. 10. Now open the air release valve provided on the manometer, slowly to release the air in manometer.

11. When there is no air in the manometer, close the air release valves. 12. Adjust water flow rate in desired section with the help of control valve and bypass valve. 13. Record the manometer reading. 14. Measure the flow of water, discharged through desired test section, using stop watch and measuring tank. 15. Repeat same procedure for different flow rates of water, operating control valve and by-pass valve. 16. Repeat the experiment for other fittings of selected pipe. 17. When experiment is over for selected pipe, open the by-pass valve fully. Then close the flow control valve of pipe and open the control valve of other pipe. 18. Repeat same procedure for selected test section and so on. Closing Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. When experiment is over, close the pressure taps of manometer. Switch OFF pump. Switch OFF power supply to panel. Drain the apparatus completely with the help of drain valves provided.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS: DATA: A g d1 d2 = = = = = = 0.077m2 9.81 m/sec2 0.016 m 0.028 m 13600 kg/m3 1000 Kg/ m3

m w

OBSERVATION: Test Fitting = ------------------------ (Bend, Sudden enlargement, Sudden contraction, elbow, Ball valve or Gate valve)

OBSERVATION TABLE: S. No. 1. 2. 3. h1, cm h2, cm R1, cm R2, cm t, sec

CALCULATIONS: R1 R2 -----------, m = -------------- m 100 A x R ---------- , m3/sec = ----------------- m3/sec T ----- d12, m2 = ---------------------- m2 4 ----- d22, m2 = ---------------------- m2 4 Q ----- , m/sec = ---------------------- m/sec a1 Q ----- , m/sec = ---------------------- m/sec A2 h1 h2 ---------- , m = ---------------------- m 100

a1

a2

V1

V2

m
hL = h (------ - 1 ) , m = ---------------------- m

w
= 2ghL ----------- = -------------------- (For Sudden contraction, Bend, Elbow, V12 Ball valve or Gate valve) 2ghL --------------- = -------------------- (For sudden enlargement) (V1 V2)2

KL

KL

NOMENCLATURE: A = Area of measuring tank, m2

a1 a2 d1 d2 g h

= = = = = =

Cross-sectional area of small diameter pipe, m2 Cross-sectional area of large diameter pipe, m2 Small diameter of pipe, m Large diameter of pipe, m Acceleration due to gravity, m/s2 Manometer difference, m Manometer reading Loss coefficient Discharge, m3/sec Rise of water level in measuring tank, m Final level of water in measuring tank, cm Initial level of water in measuring tank, cm Time taken for R, sec Velocity of fluid in pipe of Small Diameter, m/sec Velocity of fluid in pipe of Large Diameter, m/sec Density of manometer fluid (Hg), Kg/m3 Density of water, kg/m3

h1, h2 = KL Q R R1 R2 t V1 V2 = = = = = = = = = =

m w

PRECAUTION AND MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 volts and above 230 volts. 2. Never fully close the flow control valves and by-pass valve simultaneously. 3. To prevent clogging of moving parts, Run Pump at least once in a fortnight. 4. Always keep apparatus free from dust.

TROUBLESHOOTING: 1. If pump gets jam, open the back cover of pump and rotate the shaft manually. 2. If pump gets heat up, switch OFF the main power for 15 minutes, avoid closing the flow control valve and by-pass valve simultaneously, during operation.

Experiment No. 8 (A) TITLE A) DETERMINATION OF JET IMPACT ON PLANE SURFACE OBJECTIVES To study the force exerted by a liquid jet impact on a plane surface. INTRODUCTION A plate, placed in the path of a liquid jet, experiences a force on it. This force can be calculated from the impulse-momentum equation, which is based on Newtons Second Law of Motion: The algebraic sum of external forces applied to control volume of fluid in any direction is equal to the rate of change of momentum in that direction. THEORY Consider a water jet, moving vertically with a velocity V, impacts on a flat plane which can move freely in vertical direction. This force, according to Newtons Second Law of Motion, must be equal to the rate of change of momentum of the jet flow in the same direction. An equal amount of force will then be required to bring back the plate in its original position. Therefore, Fx = the force exerted by the jet in the direction of the jet = force required to bring back the plate in its original position = rate of change of momentum in the direction of force Initial momentum Final momentum = time mass x initial velocity mass x final velocity = time mass initial velocity final velocity = time = AV V 0 = AV 2 DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP The set-up consists of a sump tank with centrifugal pump to circulate water. A chamber with two side glass is provided for visualization of impact of jet on vanes. Water from sump tank flows through a nozzle and strikes vertically the vane (here, a flat one) positioned above the nozzle. Arrangement is made for the movement of the plate of the

vane under the action of the jet and also because of the weight placed on the loading pan. Measuring tank and stop watch is provided for flow measurement. UTILITIES REQUIRED 1. Electric supply: single phase, 220 V AC, 50 Hz, 5 15 Amp socket with earth connection 2. Water supply (initial fill) 3. Drain 4. Bench area: 1.5 m x 0.75 m EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Close all the valves provided Fill sump tank th with water and ensure that no foreign particles are there Fix flat vane Ensure that all ON/OFF switches given on the panel are at OFF position Open bypass valve Switch ON the pump Put weight on the pan Operate bypass valve and flow control valve to regulate the flow of water through channel Now control the flow of water so that the applied weight on the top is counterbalanced by the impact of jet Measure flow rate using measuring tank and stop watch Repeat the experiment for different weights Switch off the pump when the experiment is over Switch off power supply to panel Drain water from all tanks with the help of drain valves

OBSERVATION TABLE S. No. WA, kg R1, cm R2, cm t, sec

CALCULATIONS The following formulae may be used for calculation of results:

d 2 , m2 4 R R2 ,m R 1 100 AxR , m3/sec Q t Q V , m/sec a Fx x a x V 2 , N

W = WD+R + WF + WA, kg Fth = W x g, N F Fth % Error x x 100 Fx Where, A a d Fx Fth Q R R1 R2 t V W WD+R WF WA = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Area of measuring tank = 0.077 m2 Cross sectional area of the nozzle, m2 Diameter of Nozzle = 0.01 m Rate of change of momentum (Actual Force), N Theoretical Force, N Actual discharge, m3/sec Rise of water level in measuring tank, m Final height of water in measuring tank after time t, m Initial height of water in measuring tank, m Time for R, sec Velocity of jet, m/s Total weight, kg Weight of aluminium disc with rod = 0.283 kg Weight of flat plate vane = 0.025 kg Weight applied on disc, kg Density of water = 1000 kg/m3 Acceleration due to gravity, m/sec2

RESULTS S. No. A R Q V Fx W Fth %Error

PRECAUTION & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 Volts and 230 Volts Never switch ON main power supply before ensuring that ON/OFF switch given on the panel is at OFF position Always use clean water Never fully close the delivery valve and bypass valve at a time Always keep apparatus free from dust

TROUBLESHOOTING 1. 2. If pump gets jammed, open the back cover of pump and rotate the shaft manually If pump gets heated up, switch OFF the main power for 15 minutes and avoid closing the flow control valve and bypass valve at a time

REFERENCES 1. Dr. R. K. Bansal, Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd, New Delhi.

REVIEW QUESTIONS: 1. Draw a neat labeled sketch of the experimental set-up. 2. Find the force exerted by a jet of water of diameter 75 mm on a stationary flat plate, when the jet strikes the plate normally with velocity of 20 m/s. 3. Plot a curve between the %Error and the flow rate Q and find out whether there is any dependence between them or not.

Experiment No. 8 (B) TITLE B) DETERMINATION OF JET IMPACT ON HEMISPHERICAL SURFACE OBJECTIVES To study the force exerted by a liquid jet on a hemispherical surface. INTRODUCTION A plate, placed in the path of a liquid jet, experiences a force on it. This force can be calculated from the impulse-momentum equation, which is based on Newtons Second Law of Motion: The algebraic sum of external forces applied to control volume of fluid in any direction is equal to the rate of change of momentum in that direction. THEORY Consider a water jet, moving vertically with a velocity V, impacts on a hemispherical plane which can move freely in vertical direction. This force, according to Newtons Second Law of Motion, must be equal to the rate of change of momentum of the jet flow in the same direction. An equal amount of force will then be required to bring back the plate in its original position. Therefore, Fx = the force exerted by the jet in the direction of the jet = force required to bring back the plate in its original position = rate of change of momentum in the direction of force Initial momentum Final momentum = time mass x initial velocity mass x final velocity = time mass initial velocity final velocity = time = AV V V = 2 AV 2 DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP The set-up consists of a sump tank with centrifugal pump to circulate water. A chamber with two side glass is provided for visualization of impact of jet on vanes. Water from sump tank flows through a nozzle and strikes vertically the vane (here, a hemispherical one) positioned above the nozzle. Arrangement is made for the movement of the plate of

the vane under the action of the jet and also because of the weight placed on the loading pan. Measuring tank and stop watch is provided for flow measurement. UTILITIES REQUIRED 1. Electric supply: single phase, 220 V AC, 50 Hz, 5 15 Amp socket with earth connection 2. Water supply (initial fill) 3. Drain 4. Bench area: 1.5 m x 0.75 m EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Close all the valves provided Fill sump tank th with water and ensure that no foreign particles are there Fix hemispherical vane Ensure that all ON/OFF switches given on the panel are at OFF position Open bypass valve Switch ON the pump Put weight on the pan Operate bypass valve and flow control valve to regulate the flow of water through channel 9. Now control the flow of water so that the applied weight on the top is counterbalanced by the impact of jet 10. Measure flow rate using measuring tank and stop watch 11. Repeat the experiment for different weights 12. Switch off the pump when the experiment is over 13. Switch off power supply to panel 14. Drain water from all tanks with the help of drain valves OBSERVATION TABLE S. No. WA, kg R1, cm R2, cm t, sec

CALCULATIONS The following formulae may be used for calculation of results:

d 2 , m2 4 R R2 ,m R 1 100 AxR , m3/sec Q t Q V , m/sec a Fx 2 x x a x V 2 , N

W = WD+R + WH + WA, kg Fth = W x g, N F Fth % Error x x 100 Fx Where, A a d Fx Fth Q R R1 R2 t V W WD+R WH WA = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Area of measuring tank = 0.077 m2 Cross sectional area of the nozzle, m2 Diameter of Nozzle = 0.01 m Rate of change of momentum (Actual Force), N Theoretical Force, N Actual discharge, m3/sec Rise of water level in measuring tank, m Final height of water in measuring tank after time t, m Initial height of water in measuring tank, m Time for R, sec Velocity of jet, m/s Total weight, kg Weight of aluminium disc with rod = 0.283 kg Weight of hemispherical vane = 0.042 kg Weight applied on disc, kg Density of water = 1000 kg/m3 Acceleration due to gravity, m/sec2

RESULTS S. No. A R Q V Fx W Fth %Error

PRECAUTION & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS 1. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 Volts and 230 Volts 2. Never switch ON main power supply before ensuring that ON/OFF switch given on the panel is at OFF position 3. Always use clean water 4. Never fully close the delivery valve and bypass valve at a time 5. Always keep apparatus free from dust TROUBLESHOOTING 1. If pump gets jammed, open the back cover of pump and rotate the shaft manually 2. If pump gets heated up, switch OFF the main power for 15 minutes and avoid closing the flow control valve and bypass valve at a time REFERENCES 1. Dr. R. K. Bansal, Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd, New Delhi. REVIEW QUESTIONS: 1. Draw a neat labeled sketch of the experimental set-up. 2. Find the force exerted by a jet of water of diameter 75 mm on a stationary hemispherical plate, when the jet strikes the plate normally with velocity of 20 m/s. 3. Plot a curve between the %Error and the flow rate Q and find out whether there is any dependence between them or not.

Experiment No. 9 TITLE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIABLE SPEED CENTRIFUGAL PUMP OBJECTIVE: a) To Study the Centrifugal pump characteristics and determine: Power input Shaft output Discharge Total head Pump output Overall efficiency Pump efficiency b) To plot the following performance characteristics:Head Vs Discharge Pump efficiency Vs Discharge

INTRODUCTION: The hydraulic machines, which convert the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy, are called pumps. The hydraulic energy is in the form of pressure energy. If the mechanical energy is converted into pressure energy by means of centrifugal force acting on the fluid, the hydraulic machine is called centrifugal pump. THEORY: The centrifugal pump acts as a reversed of an inward radial flow reaction turbine. This means that the flow in centrifugal pumps is in the radial outward directions. The centrifugal pump works on the principle of forced vortex flow, which means that when an external torque rotates a certain mass of liquid, the rise in the pressure head of the rotating liquid takes place. The rise in pressure head at any point of the rotating liquid is proportional to the square of tangential velocity of ( i.e. rise in pressure head = V2 / 2g or 2r2 / 2g ) the liquid at that point. Thus, at the outlet of the impeller where radius is more, the rise in pressure head will be more and the liquid will be discharged at the outlet with a high-pressure head. Due to this high-pressure head, the liquid can be lifted to a high level. Centrifugal pump is a mechanical device, which consists of a body, impeller and a rotating mean i.e. motor, engine etc. Impeller rotates in a stationary body, sucks the fluid through its axes, and delivers through its periphery. Impeller has an inlet angle, outlet

angle and peripheral speed, which affect the head and discharge. Impeller is rotated by motor or i.e. engine or any other device.

DESCRIPTION OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP TEST RIG Centrifugal Pump Test Rig consists of a sump, a centrifugal pump, and AC motor and measuring tank. To measure the head, pressure and vacuum gauges are provided. To measure the discharge, a measuring tank is provided. Flow diversion system is provided to divert flow from sump tank to measuring tank and from measuring tank to sump tank. A valve is provided in pipe line to change the rate of flow.

UTILITIES REQUIRED 1. Electricity supply: Single phase, 220 V AC, 50 Hz, 5 15 amp socket with earth connection. 2. Water supply. 3. Drain required. 4. Bench area required: 1.5 m x 0.75 m 5. Tachometer for RPM measurement

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Starting procedure 1. Clean the apparatus and make tanks free from dust. 2. Close the drain valves provided. 3. Fill sump tank with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are there. 4. Open flow control valve given on the water discharge line and control valve given on suction line. 5. Ensure that all ON/OFF switches given on the panel are at OFF position. 6. Set the desired speed of pump with the help of step cone pulley arrangement. 7. Operate the flow control valve to regulate the flow of water discharged by the pump. 8. Operate the control valve to regulate the suction of the pump. 9. Record discharge pressure by means of pressure gauge, provided on discharge line. 10. Record suction pressure by means of vacuum gauge, provided at suction of the pump.

11. Record the power consumption by means of energy meter, provided in panel. 12. Measure the flow of water, discharged by the pump, using stop watch and measuring tank. 13. Repeat the same procedure for the rest of the two speeds of motor / pump.

Closing Procedure 1. When experiment is over, open gate valve properly provided on the discharge line. 2. Reduce the RPM of the pump with the help of DC drive. 3. Switch OFF the pump first. 4. Switch OFF power supply to panel. OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION EMC = A = = m = g = hpg = 3200 Pulses / Kwh 0.128 m2 1000 Kg / m3 0.8 (assumed) 9.81 m / s2 1m

OBSERVATION TABLE: Sr. No. N, RPM Pd, Kg/cm2 PS, mm Hg R1 , Cm R2 , cm t, sec tp , sec

To plot head vs discharge and pump efficiency vs discharge.

CALCULATIONS : P 3600 -------- x ------------- , kW = -------------------- kW tp EMC Ei x

Ei

Es

, kW = ----------------------- kW

R1 - R2 --------------- , m = ------------------------- m 100

A x R -------------- , m3 / sec = ------------------------ m3 / sec t Ps 10 x [ Pd + -------- ] + hpg , m of water = --------------- m of water 760

E0

x g x Q x H --------------------------- , kW = -------------------------- kW 1000

E0 -------- x 100 % = --------------------- % Ei E0 -------- x 100 % = --------------------- % Es

NOMENCLATURE: A = Area of measuring tank, m2 Energy meter constant, Pulses / kWh

EMC =

Ei Es g H hpg N P Pd Ps Q R R1 R2 t tp

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

Pump input, kW Shaft output, kW Acc. dueto gravity, / m s2 Total Head, m of water Height of pressure gauge from vacuum gauge, m Speed of pump, r.p.m. Pulses of energy meter Delivery pressure, kg / cm2 Suction pressure, mmHg Discharge, m3 / s Rise of water level in measuring tank, m Final level of water level in measuring tank, cm Initial level of water level in measuring tank, cm Time taken by R, sec Time taken by P, sec Density of fluid, kg / m3 Pump efficiency, % Overall efficiency, %

p 0

PRECAUTIONS AND MAINTENANCE 1. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 volts and above 230 volts. 2. Never fully close, the Delivery line and By-pass line valves simultaneously. 3. To prevent clogging of moving parts, run pump at least once in a fortnight.

4. Always use clean water. 5. If apparatus will not be in use for more than one month, drain the apparatus completely. 6. Always keep apparatus free of dust. TROUBLESHOOTING 1. If rpm indicator is not displaying the rpm, check the distance of proximity switch and adjust it to 2-3 mm. 2. If pump does not lift the water, open the air vent provided on the pump to remove the air from pump. 3. If panel is not showing input, check the fuse and main supply.

Experiment No. 10 TITLE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERSTICS OF FRANCIS TURBINE OBJECTIVE: To study the operation of a Francis Turbine and determine the output power and efficiency of Francis Turbine.

INTRODUCTION: Francis Turbine named after James Bichens Francis, is a reaction type of turbine for medium high to medium low heads and medium small to medium large quantities of water. The reaction turbine operates with its wheels submerged in water. The water before entering the turbine has pressure as well as kinetic energy. The moment on the wheel is produced by both kinetic and pressure energies. The water leaving the turbine has still some of the pressure as well as kinetic energy. THEORY: Originally the Francis turbine was designed as a purely radial flow type reaction turbine but modern Francis turbine is a mixed flow type in which water enters the runner radially inwards towards the centre and discharges out axially. It operates under medium heads and requires medium quantity of water. DESCRIPTION FRANCIS TURBINE TEST RIG(1 kW): The present set up consists of a runner. The water is fed to the turbine by means of Centrifugal pump, radially to the runner. The runner is directly mounted on one end of a central SS shaft and other end is connected to a brake arrangement. The circular window of the turbine casing is provided with a transparent acrylic sheet for observation of flow on the runner. This runner assembly is supported by thick cast iron pedestal. Load is applied to the turbine with the help of brake arrangement so that the efficiency of the turbine can be calculated. A draught tube is fitted on the outlet of the turbine. The set up is complete with guide mechanism. Pressure and vacuum gauges are fitted at the inlet and outlet of the turbine to measure the total supply head on the turbine. UTILITIES REQUIRED: 1. Electricity supply : 3 phase, 440 V AC, 50 Hz, 5 kw with earth connection/ 2. Water supply (200 liters) 3. Drain required. 4. Floor area required : 2m x 1m

5. Tachometer to measure RPM 6. Mercury for manometer, 250 gm.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: Starting Procedure 1. Clean the apparatus and make tank free from dust. 2. Close the drain valve provided. 3. Fill sump tank with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are there. 4. Fill manometer fluid i.e. Hg in manometer by opening the valves of manometer and one PU pipe from pressure measurement point of pipe. 5. Connect the PU pipe back to its position and close the valves of manometer. 6. Ensure that there is no load on the brake drum. 7. Switch ON the pump with the help of the starter. 8. Open the air release valve provided on the manometer, slowly to release the air from manometer. ( This should be done very carefully. ) 9. When there is no air in the manometer, close the air release valves. 10. Now turbine is in operation. 11. Apply load on hanger and adjust the spring balance load by hand wheel just to release the rest position of the hanger. 12. Note the manometer reading, pressure gauge reading and vacuum gauge reading. 13. Measure the RPM of the turbine. 14. Note the applied weight and spring balance reading. 15. Repeat the same experiment for different load. 16. Regulate the discharge by regulating the guide vanes position. 17. Repeat the experiment for different discharge.

Closing Procedure: 1. When the experiment is over, first remove load on dynamometer. 2. Open the by-pass valve. 3. Close the ball valves provided on manometer. 4. Switch OFF pump with the help of starter. 5. Switch OFF main power supply.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION: DATA: g

w m
Cv D dB dR W3 W4

= = = = = = = = =

9.81 m/sec2 1000 Kg/m3 13600 Kg/m3 0.98 0.08m 0.2 m 0.012 m ----- kg ----- kg

OBSERVATION TABLE: Sr. No. N, RPM Pd, Kg/cm2 PS, mm Hg h1, cm h2, cm W1, kg W2, kg

CALCULATIONS: Ps 10 ( Pd + ----- ) , m of water = --------------- m of water 760 V x A, m3/sec = ------------------ m3/sec ----- d 2, m2 = --------------- m2 4 h1 h2 ---------------- , m = ---------------- m 100

Cv x

2gh x (

m/

w - 1) , m / sec = --------------------- m / sec

Ei

w x g x Q x H ------------------------- , kW = ------------------------ kW 1000

( W1 + W3 + W4 - W2 ) x g x Re , Nm = ---------------- Nm dB + 2dR ---------------- , m = -------------------------- m 2 2 x x N x T ------------------------- , kW = ------------------------kW 60 x 1000 E0 --------- x 100 % = --------------------------- % Ei

Re

E0

NOMENCLATURE: A = Cross-sectional area of pipe, m2

CV D dB dR Ei Eo g H h

= = = = = = = = =

Co-efficient of pitot tube Diameter of pipe, m Diameter of brake drum, m Diameter of rope, m Input power, kW Output power, kW Acceleration due to gravity, m / sec2 Total head, m Differential pressure of manometer, m Manometer reading at both points, cm RPM of runner shaft Delivery pressure, kg / cm2 Suction Pressure, mm / Hg Discharge, m3 / sec Equivalent radius, m Torque , N m Velocity of water, m/s Applied weight, kg Dead weight (obtain from spring balance), kg Weight of hanger, kg Weight of rope, kg Density of water, kg / m3 Density of manometer fluid i.e. Hg, kg / m3

h1, h2 = N Pd PS Q Re T V W1 W2 W3 W4 = = = = = = = = = = = = =

w m

Turbine efficiency, %

PRECAUTION AND MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS 1. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 390 volts and above 420 volts. 2. To prevent clogging of moving parts, run pump at least once in a fortnight. 3. Always use clean water. 4. Drain the apparatus completely after experiment is over. 5. Always keep apparatus free from dust.

TROUBLESHOOTING 1. If pump does not lift the water, the revolution of the motor may be reverse. Change the electric connection to change the revolution. 2. If panel is not showing input, check the main supply.

Experiment No. 11 TITLE PERFORMANCE TEST OF A PELTON WHEEL TURBINE OBJECTIVES To study the performance of Pelton wheel turbine and draw its characteristics at constant speed and constant head.

THEORY Hydro-power is one of the major cheap sources of power available one earth, and hence it is widely used for generation of electric power world wide. Water stored in the dam contains potential energy. The water flows through the turbine, so that power is generated by impact of water or reaction of water flow. The turbine drives a generator which delivers electrical power. Thus, turbines are of great importance. Turbines are basically of two types, viz. impulse turbines and reaction turbines. In impulse turbines, water coming from high head acquires high velocity. The high velocity water jet strikes the buckets of the turbine runner and causes it to rotate by impact. In reaction turbine, total head of water is partly converted into velocity head as it approaches turbine runner and it fills the runner and pressure of water gradually changes as it flows through runner. In impulse turbine, the only turbine used now-a-days is Pelton Wheel Turbine. In reaction turbines, Francis Turbine and Kalpan Turbine are the examples. The DYNAMIC Pelton wheel turbine consists of runner mounted over the main shaft. Runner consists of buckets fitted to the disc. The buckets have a shape of double ellipsoidal cups. The runner is encased in a casing provided with a Perspex window for visualization. A nozzle fitted in the side of casing directs the water jet over the Spilter or center ridge of the buckets. A spear operates inside the nozzle to control the water flow. On the other side of the shaft, a rope brake is mounted for loading the turbine. PELTON WHEEL TURBINE TEST RIG 5 HP SPECIFICATIONS:1) Turbine Power 5 H.P. fitted with 18 number of buckets, mounted over the sump tank provided with nozzle and spear. 2) Pump 15 H.P. mono-block pump, Head 85m, Discharge 6 lps provided with semi automatic star-delta starter 3) Measurements a) Venturi meter with mercury manometer for discharge measurement.

b) Rope brake pulley dia 0.270 meter with spring balance 50 Kgs. Capacity and belt thk. 6mm. c) Pressure gauge to note down the pressure 0 7 Kg/cm2 capacity. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: 1) Fill up sufficient water in the sump tank. 2) Keep the venturimeter valves closed. 3) Close nozzle by operating the spear. Press Green button of starter, hold it for 1-2 seconds and release so that pump starts running. 4) Observe direction of pump rotation during starting. It should be clockwise, as seen from fan end. If it is reverse, interchange any two phases supply line. If direction pump is correct, pressure gauge will read the pressure about 6 Kgs/cm2. If it is reverse, pressure gauge will read about 2 Kgs/cm2. 5) Slowly open the nozzle. Turbine will start rotating. Adjust the spear so that turbine is rotating at 1000rpm. 6) Put the load using loading stud. Open the nozzle, so that turbine is again rotating at 1000rpm. 7) Note down the readings in observation table. 8) Repeat the procedure for different speeds, say 800 rpm, 600 rpm, 500 rpm. 9) Release all the load. Keep spear at 1/4 opening. Load the rope brake with 5 Kg load. Note down the speed. 10) Go on adding the load, without disturbing spear position. Note down head, speed, discharge and load each time. 11) Repeat the procedure for 1/2, 3/4 and full spear opening. This is a constant head test.

OBSERVATION TABLE: 1) Constant speed test Turbine speed, N = RPM S. No. Spring balance difference (Kg) Manometer difference (m of Hg) Pressure gauge reading (Kg/cm2)

Use similar table for different speeds. 2) Constant head test Spear opening 1/4, 1/2, 3/4, Full. Manometer difference m of Hg Pressure gauge reading Kg/cm2 S. No. Spring balance difference (Kg) Speed rpm

CALCULATIONS : 1) Head over the turbine Since 10 Mtr. of water head corresponds to 1 Kg/cm2. Therefore, H = Pressure Gauge Reading Kg/cm2 x 10 mtr. 2) Water flow rate Q = Cd x a1 x a2 ----------------m3/sec

Q = 0.02498

-----------

h = Manometer reading mtr.

Where, a1 = Inlet area of Venturimeter at dia. = 0.05m = 1.963 x 10-3 m2 a2 = Throat are of Venturimeter at dia = 0.04m = 1.25 x 10-3 m2

Cd = Co efficient of discharge = 0.98 hw = Water head across venture = Manometer difference (h) x 12.6 mtr of water 3) Power supplied to turbine Pin = WHQ watts Where, W = Specific weight of water = 9810 N/ m3 4) Brake Power T = ( Spring balance difference Kg ) x 2 x 3.14 x N x T Brake Power = -----------------------------60 ( 0.270 + 0.006 ) 9.81 x --------------------2 watts N.m

Note i) Turbine speed is to be noted from laboratory tachometer, which is not the part of equipment. ii) Belt the 6 mm (i.e. 0.006 mtrs.) 5) Specific Speed N ( P ) 0.5 NS = ------------------H5/4 N ( P in / 0.75 ) 0.5 = --------------------------H5/4 N x 1.77 x ( P in ) 0.5 = -------------------------------H5/4 6) Overall efficiency of turbine BP = ---------

100 %

P in Graphs 1) Constant speed test Plot the graph of load Vs efficiency and discharge Vs. B. P. and efficiency. 2) Constant head test Plot the graph of speed N Vs. B. P. and N Vs. overall efficiency for various spear openings

PRECAUTIONS 1) While putting ON the pump see that the nozzle is closed by the spear and load on the brake drum is released. 2) Use clean water in the tank. 3) Operate all the controls and switches gently. 4) Lubricate the bearings, before experiment. 5) Drain the water after completion of experiment. 6) It is necessary to prime the pump before starting. 7) Open manometer cocks slowly and simultaneously so that mercury does not run away with the water.

Experiment No. 12 (A) TITLE A) PERFORMANCE TEST OF GEAR PUMP OBJECTIVES To study the gear pump (positive displacement pump) and analyze its performance by plotting a graph between discharge & head, speed & discharge and efficiency & head..

THEORY OF GEAR PUMP Gear pump is positive displacement type pump. Gear pumps are widely used for hydraulic power packs used in machine tools of testing machines, because of simplicity of construction and compactness. Also, even the pump is positive displacement type, the discharge through pump is continuous. This is an advantage over the reciprocating plunger type pump. Being a positive displacement pump, it can discharge the liquid to higher discharge pressure than rotary centrifugal pumps. The DYNAMIC test rig consists of a gear pump connected to a sump tank. A valve provided on discharge side of pump controls the discharge pressure. Various measurements are provided so that performance of pump can be evaluated.

GEAR PUMP TEST RIG SPECIFICATIONS: 1) Gear Pump 1/2" BSP connections, rated speed 1440 rpm. 2) Motor 1 H.P., 1425rpm, 3 phase with 3 speed cone pulley and vee belt. 3) Measurements and controls a) Vacuum gauge at suction of pump. b) Pressure gauge at discharge line of pump. 0 7 Kg/cm2. c) Energy meter for motor input measurement, Measuring tank with stop clock for discharge measurement. d) Gate valve for discharge pressure control. e) Valve to direct the oil either to sump tank or measuring tank. f) Pressure relief valve at discharge side. 4) Pump tank 160 ltr. capacity.

PROCEDURE Fill up sufficient clean oil in the tank ( SAE 40, at least 35 ltrs.) Before putting the oil, the tank must be clean. Rotate the belt by hand to check for freeness of operation. Ensure that pressure control valve is fully open. Make the electrical connections. Keep the valve, which directs the oil to sump, open. Now start the motor. Set the discharge pressure with the help of valve and note down the observations. Repeat the procedure for different pressures Take similar observations by changing the pump speed. OBSERVATIONS Pump speed S. No. Discharge Pressure Kg/cm2 Suction Vacuum Mm of Hg Time for 5 ltr. oil in measuring tank sec. Time for 5 imp. of energy meter sec.

CALCULATIONS 1) Flow rate (discharge) Let the time required for 10 ltr. be tm sec. Therefore, discharge, Q = 10 x 10-3 -------------------tm m3/sec.

2) Discharge head Let discharge pressure be P Kg/cm2 1 Kg/cm2 pressure = 12.5 m head of oil

Vacuum, mm of Hg Suction head = --------------------------1000 = 17 x vacuum m of oil H

132435 ---------------7850

= Total head = Suction head + discharge head + 1

3) Output power WQH = --------------1000

O.P.

Kw

Where, W Q H = = = Specific weight of oil = 7850 N/m3 Discharge, m3/sec. Total head

4) Input Power Let time required for 5 impulsions be te. I.P. = 5 ---------te x 3600 -----------1600 Kw

S.P.

I.P x 0.7 x 0.9

Efficiency of the motor is 70 % and transmission efficiency is 90 %. 5) Efficiency

o
6) Slip

O. P ----------S. P

x 100 %

Vs = Swept volume per rev. = 1.7 x 10-5 m3

% Slip

[ N x Vs ] - Q --------------------[ N x Vs]

100

Where, N = Rotational speed of the pump, rps.

Plot the following graphs a) Speed V/s discharge b) Head V/s discharge c) Head V/s efficiency It is seen that i) Discharge is directly proportional to speed. ii) Discharge slightly reduces with increasing head. iii) As head rises, efficiency increases. PRECAUTIONS 1) Never keep the sump lid open. 2) Always fill up clean oil in the lamp. 3) Always use SAE 40 oil for the pump. 4) Never disturb the setting of pressure relief valve. 5) Never use the heads above 7 Kg/cm2 of pressure gauge. 6) Always operate all the controls gently.

Experiment No. 12 (B)

TITLE B) PERFORMANCE TEST OF RECIPROCATING PUMP OBJECTIVES To study the reciprocating pump (positive displacement pump) and analyze its performance by plotting a graph between discharge & head and speed & discharge.

THEORY Reciprocating pump is a positive displacement plunger pump. It is often used where relatively small quantity of water is to be handled and delivery pressure is quite large. Reciprocating pumps are widely used as Automobile Service Stations, Chemical Industries, or as metering and dosing pumps. The DYNAMIC apparatus consists of a three cylinder, double acting reciprocating pump mounted over the sump tank. The pump is driven by a variable speed d.c. motor. An energy meter dimmer measures electrical input to motor. Measuring tank is provided to measure discharge of the pump. The pressure and vacuum gauges provided to measure the delivery pressure and suction vacuum respectively. RECIPROCATING PUMP TEST RIG SPECIFICATIONS 1. Reciprocating pump stroke length 16 mm, piston ..22 mm, double acting, with air vessel on discharge side, suction 20 mm discharge 20 mm. 2. D.C. shunt motor, 1 HP, variable speed, controlled by 4 AMP dimmer. 3. Measuring tank 400 mm x 400 mm x 450 mm height provided with gauge tube and funnel for diverting the flow into measuring tank or sump tank. 4. Sump tank 600 mm x 900 mm x 600 mm height. 5. Measurements i) Pressure gauge 0 10 Kg/cm2 for discharge pressure. ii) Vacuum gauge 0 760 mm Hg for suction vacuum. iii) 1 Ph energy meter for motor input measurement.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE : -

1) Fill up sufficient water in sump tank. 2) Open the gate valve in the discharge pipe of the pump fully. 3) Check nut bolts and the driving belt for proper tightening. 4) Keep the speed control (Dimmer) knob at minimum position and switch on the supply. 5) Divert funnel into the measuring tank and slowly increase the pump speed, (say 500 rpm) slightly close the discharge valve. Note down pump speed, delivery pressure, suction vacuum, time for 10 imps of energy meter and for flow measurement close the measuring tanks drain valve, take time for 10 lits. 6) Repeat the procedure for different gate valve closing. Take care that discharge pressure does not rise above 8 Kg/cm2. [constant rpm test] 7) Change the speed and take readings for different gate valve openings. Repeat the procedure for different speeds and complete the observation table. ( 600 rpm, 700 rpm )

OBSERVATION : Sr. No. Pump Speed RPM Np Discharge Pressure Kg/cm2 Suction Vacuum Mm of Hg Time for 10 ltrs. rise in measuring tank, t sec. Time for 10 imp. of energy meter te sec.

(Note Pump speed is to be measured with laboratory tachometer and it is not the part of the equipment.)

CALCULATIONS 1)Volume per stroke = /4 x 1 x 3

= /4 x (0.022)2 x (0.016) x 3 = 1.82 x 10-5 m3/stroke 2) Theoretical discharge Qt 1.82 x 10-5 x Np = -------------------------- m3/sec 60

3) Actual discharge Qa 0.01 = --------- m3 / sec Tw

4) Suction head Hs Where, Sp. gravity of mercury = 13.6 Ps = ------1000 x 13.6 ---------1

5) Delivery head Hd

= Discharge pressure, Kg/ cm2 x 10 (as 10 m of water = 1 Kg / cm2)

6) Total head Ht Where, Fictional losses = 2 mtr. 7) Output power of pump PW Where, W = Specific weight of water = 9810 N / m3 Qa = Discharge m3/sec Ht = Total head. m W. Qa. Ht = --------------- Kw 1000 = Hs + Hd + 2 mtr

8) Input power to pump Let the time required for 10 indication mean pulse of energy meter be te sec then, 10 x 3600 IP = ---------------- Kw te 3200

Where, Energy meter constant is 3200 imp / kwh Taking motor efficiency 80 %, we have input shaft power S.P. = I.P. x 0.80

9) Overall efficiency of pump PW o = -------- x SP

100 %

10) Coefficient of discharge of pump Actual discharge Cd = -------------------------Theoretical discharge

Qa -------Qt

11) Slip Slip Qt - Qa = ----------------Qt x 100 %

12) Graphs Plot the graph of head Vs discharge, input power and efficiency of the pump ( at constant speed ). Plot the graph of speed Vs discharge for constant head.

PRECAUTIONS 1) Earthing is necessary. 2) Clean water must be filled in sump tank. 3) Operate all the controls gently. Do not disturb the by pass knob. ( at the top of the pump) 4) Never allow to rise the discharge pressure above 8 kg / cm2. 5) Before starting the pump ensure that discharge valve is opened fully and speed control knob is at zero position. 6) Do not close the discharge valve. 7) 20 w 40 oil use in pump. ( keep oil level properly ) 8) Oil must be changed after 2 years. ( Drain nut is provided near the oil indicator ) 9) Do not run the pump more than 700 rpm. 10) After completion of experiment drain all the water.