롯데건설기술 55호

Technical Research
(2)
(laputa@lottenc.com)
1.
, , (
, ) Mock Up .
, , Mock Up .
2.

2~3 , 1 .
2
70% 30% . 3
40% 20%
50% 20% .
-, ,
. , ,
.
No.55. 2007. 12
(2)
Technical Research
1. Mix proportion of concrete

Mix
W/B
No.
Proportion (%)
Binder
Contents
(kg/m3)
S/a
Water
Contents
(kg/m3)
Absolute Volume
(l/m3)
Unit Weight
(kg/m3)
BS
FA
BS
FA
OPC
32.6
491
0.50
160
156
327
327
491
847
873
LHBC
32.6
491
0.50
160
175
318
318
491
823 848
C3B7F0
32.6
491
0.50
160
47
117
323
323
147
344
837
863
C7B0F3
32.6
491
0.50
160
109
68
316
316
344
147
819
845
C4B4F2
32.6
491
0.50
160
62
67
45
318
318
196
196
98
823 848
C3B5F2
32.6
491
0.50
160
47
84
45
317
317
147
246
98
821
2.1
847
LHBS 2~3
C3B7F0 C3B5F2
-4
-4
-6.25X10 , -5.82X10
1. Shrinkage of concrete by binder types

4
. LHBS
300
. 30%
90%
C7B0F3 180,
2. Relative dynamic modulus of concrete by binder types
2.3
14 C3B7F0 > C3B5F2 > LHBS >
C4B4F2 > C7B0F3
, 28
OPC
LHBC 2
2 3
.
No.55. 2007. 12
(2)
240 60%
Technical Research
2.2
3. Change passed of concrete by binder types
3. Mock Up
3.1

4
.
4. Slump flow test by age

650mm
5 645mm
635mm
120
5. Slump flow test by pumping

J-Ring
7, 8 500mm
6 635mm
595mm
No.55. 2007. 12
(2)
585mm .
Technical Research
6. J-Ring flow test by pumping
7. Arrival time of slump flow to 500mm
500mm
, J-Ring
8 15.8
7.38

2.51.5%
9. Air content test by pumping
No.55. 2007. 12
(2)
Technical Research
8. Arrival time of J-Ring flow to 500mm
U-Box 45mm
Box V-funnel
29.1
12.4 16.5, 21.9
25.5 L-
34.5 .
10. U-Box flow test by pumping
11. L-Box flow test by pumping

10
120
150
13
150mm .
13. Slump flow test by age over 150 min

No.55. 2007. 12
11
(2)
Technical Research
12. V-funnel flow test by pumping
14
7 37.5MPa
, 28
59.5MPa
40MPa
.
7 3.35MPa, 28
4.53MPa .
14. Compressive and tensile strength by age
15. Flexural strength

12
91 70MPa
Mock Up SOM
, 15
90 , 4 1,
6 1, 18 4
, 12 8, 50 24
15 28
. 16
9.95MPa .
16. Location of thermal sensors
No.55. 2007. 12
13
(2)
3.2
Technical Research
28
17. Results of Thermometer
Mock Up ,
63.99, 60.97
63.98)
.
, 1 Mock Up
20 ,
, 65(
14
Mock Up
. ,
14 21 30
14 ,
16, 28, 56, 91
18. Core sampling location
(a) Core sampling location mark
(b) Coring
No.55. 2007. 12
15
(2)
3.3
Technical Research
, ,
(c) Core sample

19. Core sampling
40MPa
. 20 .
. Mock Up
16
20. Compressive strength of core sample (except age 56 days)
Mock Up
. 21~23
16 3.22x104MPa, 28
3.33x104MPa, 56
16
(2)
Technical Research
3.33x104MPa, 91 3.48x104MPa .
21. Estimated young

s modulus (age 28 days)
22. Estimated young

No.55. 2007. 12
17
23. Estimated young

4.
(2)
Mock Up Test
(1)
( 71,
20) (
40MPa) (
, 3
65050mm)
, ,
18
Technical Research
(doorbrother@lottenc.com)
1.
,
.
,
.
,
.
50~70MPa Core Wall
, 555m .
,
,
.
2.
2.1

No.55. 2007. 12
19
Technical Research
BSA 14000SHP-D 100
1 Lay-out
125mm, 8.1mm
Mock-up
1. Lay-out
1.
(m)
50MPa
520
U Box
60MPa
70MPa
20
(MPa)
400
120
2007 3 27 ()
50,
60 70MPa
Coaking .
) .
2. (2007 3 27 2 )
3.
4. (70MPa->60MPa)
No.55. 2007. 12
21
, .
Technical Research
2.2
Mock-up .
2 ,

3.
3
. 70MPa 4
3.1
60MPa
. 28
50MPa
22
5.
6.
7. (120m)
8.
3.2.1
10 11 . B/P
655cm
, 30% Loss
70MPa 50MPa 60MPa
70MPa
7
120M
,
.
50MPa 120M
3.0
18% , 60 70MPa
1.0% ,
42%, 77% ,
50MPa 45%
V U Box ,
125mm)
(a) 70MPa
(b) 60MPa
No.55. 2007. 12
23
3.2
Technical Research
(c) 60MPa-01
(d) 50MPa
60MPa-01 2 Case
9.
(a)
(c) V
24
(b)
(d) U box
10.
3.2.2
28
28 91
7 1/4
4 .
11
, 12~13
28
, 91
4~10% .
50MPa
60MPa 70MPa
3~5%
60 70 MPa
50MPa
No.55. 2007. 12
25
Technical Research
(e) L
(a)
(b)
11.
3.2.3
KS F 2424
50MPa
, 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 9
(a) 50MPa
26
(a) 50MPa
(c) 70MPa
(c) 70MPa
12.
(b) 60MPa
Technical Research
(b) 60MPa
13.
14. ( 91)
No.55. 2007. 12
27
,
,
.

.
2)

15.
2.
,
.
70MPa
60MPa
50MPa
-40
-40
-70
3) 28
-60
-70
-80
-130
-100
-100
14
-150
-130
-130
28
-170
-160
-130
56
-190
-190
-180
91
-190
-200
-190
[]
1. ,

50, 60 70MPa
,()
p66~71, V.50, N.4, 2006. 04
91 -200
2. ,
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-80010
1/4

.
, 2005.
3. , ,
, 2001
4. , ,
, 2002
4.
5.
, , VOl, 16,
50, 60, 70MPa

.
1)
28
No. 1, 1994
6.
,
, VOl, 21, No. 2, 1999
Technical Research
(mshan@lottenc.com)
1.
1.1

.

,
.
.
1.2

, , ,
, .
,
.

. , 1
No.55. 2007. 12
29
Technical Research
, ,
. 1

2.
AB
. 1
2 CD
2.1

, ()
Spalling .
. 3
CD EF
3 4
CD EF

.
2.2

. 5
(1) 1
(2) 2
(4) 4
(5) 5
1.
30
(3) 3
3.

, , . Matlab 7.1

3.1
Matlab 7.1
. Ichikawa 3
BS EN 1992-1-2 : 2004 Part 1-2
2.
No.55. 2007. 12
31
BS EN 1992-1-2 : 2004 Part 1-2
Technical Research
3.2
1 .
ISO834
x t
, L x
t . x t
. .
T(,t) T i .
3.
32
.
m(x,t)
3.3
3.3.1
3 .
Darcy
s law

, D = 4 10 -9 m 2s -1
Solid
p(x,t)
, k = (m2), p(x,t) (Pa)
fw
= (kg m -1s -1),
pfw = (kg m-3)

Ficks law
, m fw-rel = (kg m-3)

m nw-rel = (kg m-3)
3 .
No.55. 2007. 12
33
Technical Research
4.
4.1.
(W/C), (kg m-3), (m2 / s) .
Input Data .
1 CASE
Case
100
M1
200
M2
110-16
P16
110-18
P18
110-20
P20
4.2.
2 (w/c=0.3)
(w/c=0.3)
= 100kg/m3
(P16)
(P18)
(P20)
34
= 200kg/m3
(kg/m3), (m /s)
(w/c)=0.3
5.
5.1.
(
) , .
r) (
r=a
. (
t)
, ,
No.55. 2007. 12
35
Technical Research
4.3.
5.2.
3. (w/c=0.3)
(w/c=0.3)
3
= 200kg/m3
= 100kg/m
(P16)
(P18)
(P20)
6.
, ,
.
[]
,
. . ,
1. Ahmed, G.N., Hurst, J.P., 1995. Modeling
. Input data , ,
the thermal behavior of concrete slabs
, ,
subjected to the ASTM E119 standard fire
, ,
condition., 125-132.
,
36
2. Ahmed, G.N., Hurst, J.P., 1997a. Coupled
siliceous aggregate concrete slabs
Res. 31, 67-76.
subjected to fire. Fire Mater. 21, 161-168.
8. Blundell, R., Dimond, C. and Browne,
3. Ahmed, G.N., Hurst, J.P., 1997b. An
R.G.1976. The properties of concrete
analytical approach for investigating the
subjected to elevated temperatures,
causes of spalling of high-strength
Technical Note No.9, CIRIA Underwater
concrete at elevated temperatures.
Engineering Group, London
4. Anderburg, Y. 1997. Spalling phenomena
9. Chapman, D.A., 1976. A Study of the
of HPC and OC. International warkshop
Movement of Moisture in and from
on Fire Performance of High-Strength
Concrete at Elevated and Non-uniform
Concrete, NIST Special Publication 919
Temperatures, Ph.D. Thesis. King's
5. Bazant, Z.P., Kaplan, M.F. 1996. Concrete
College, University of London.
at high temperature: Material properties
10. Chapman, D.A., England, G.L., 1977.
and mathematical models, Longman, U.K
Effects of moisture migration on
6. Bazant, Z.P., Thonguthai, W., 1978. Pore
shrinkage, pore pressure and other
pressure and drying of concrete at high
concrete properties. Transactions of the
temperature. J. Eng. Mech. Div., Proc.
4th International Conference on
Am. Soc. Civil Eng. 104, 1059- 1079.
Structural Mechanics in Reactor
7. Bazant, Z.P., Thonguthai, W., 1979. Pore

pressure in heated concrete walls:
Technology,
Paper
H5/3,
San
Francisco.
No.55. 2007. 12
37
theoretical prediction. Magazine Concr.
Technical Research
heat and mass transport phenomena in
Technical Research
Heavy Metal Pollution of Deposited Road

Particles in Urban Area1
( )
/Ph.D. (byungaaa@lottenc.com)
1. Introduction
Deposited road particles (DRPs) which consist of roadside sediments,
soils and dusts are significant sources of toxic contaminants such as heavy metals in the urban
environment. Thus, these DRPs have the potential to provide considerable loadings of toxic
contaminants to receiving waters with changing environment conditions. Heavy metals that
originate from vehicles and/or industrial sources make a significant contribution to pollution of
receiving waters.
In urban systems, it is well known that coarse grain size fractions are more efficiently removed
by street sweeping while fine particles are not. Moreover, heavy metals discharged in the water
environment have a high affinity for fine sediment particles. Therefore, the transport of heavy
metals related DRPs from the roadway surface may be mostly associated with fine particles and
their dynamics.
Heavy metals may derive from many different sources in urban areas. Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn are
good indicators of contamination in road dust because they appear in gasoline, vehicle
components, oil lubricants, industrial and incinerator emissions. Many studies throughout the
world have identified the contents and sources of heavy metals in deposited road particles.
1 2007
38
term toxicity impact characterized by
about 0.05 mL of 20% HONH3Cl for Hg
concentration or activity and a long-term
analysis. This solution (10 mL) was digested
toxicity impact characterized by mass
at 180oC with 0.05 mL of 5% KMnO4 and 0.5
accumulation. The purposes of this study are
mL of H2SO4 until white smoke from H2SO4
to evaluate the level, sources and cha-
was observed after which it was diluted to
racteristics of heavy metals in the size
20 mL with 2 mL of HCl and 1 mL of a
fractions of urban deposited road particles.
mixture of 1M KI and 0.1M TU for Sb analysis.

Additionally, dried road particles (1 g) were
2. Materials and methods
digested in acid-cleaned beakers with 20

mL of HNO3 and 10 mL of HClO4 at 120oC
Deposited road particles (DRPs) were
until 5 mL. The suspension was filtered, and
collected from 13 heavily traveled roadways in
diluted to 50 mL for analysis of the other
an urban area, over a period of four months.
elements except Se and As. After this
The mean traffic density at this sampling site
solution (20 mL) was digested at 130oC with 1
ranged from 15,648 to 54,175 vehicles/12 hrs
mL of H2SO4 until white smoke was observed
during the study period. The DRP samples
from H2SO4, the solution was digested at
were collected at each sampling site using a
90oC for 30 min with 2 mL of HCl and
roadway surface cleaning vehicle. After air-
approximately 5 mL of distilled water. The
drying in the dark, the samples were sieved
solution was diluted to 20 mL for Se analysis,
through a 2mm stainless steel sieve to remove
and then this diluted solution (5 mL) was
gravel-sized materials, large plant materials and
diluted further to 20 mL with 1.5 mL of HCl
other debris. The samples of <2mm were sieved
and a 1 mL mixture of 1M KI and 0.1M TU for
through stainless steel sieves into the following
As analysis.
seven size fractions; <20, 20-53, 53-106, 106250, 250-500, 500-1000, 1000-2000
m.
The solutions obtained from the sample

digestions were analyzed by: (1) Hydride
Initial digestion of dried road particles (1 g)
Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
were performed in acid-cleaned beakers at
(HG-AAS), (2) Cold Vapor Atomic Ab-
room temperature for 15 min with 5 mL of
sorption Spectrometry (CV-AAS), and (3)
HNO3, 2.5 mL of H2SO2, and 5 mL of 5%
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spe-
KMnO4, digestion then followed at 100 C for 2
ctrometry (ICP-MS) and Inductively Coupled
h with 2.5 mL of 5% K2S2O8 solution.
Plasma Atomic Emission Spe-ctrometry
The suspension was filtered and diluted to
(ICP-AES).
No.55. 2007. 12
39
Heavy Metal Pollution of Deposited Road Particles in Urban Area
50 mL with 2.5 mL of 10% H2NCONH2 and
Technical Research
These heavy metals exert both a short-
3. Results and discussions
fractions; 62.4% for Hg > 53.2% for Sb >

50.7% for Pb, 50.5% for Be, 50.1% for Cd
3.1 Element concentrations in the
> 48.9% for Zn > 46.1% for Ni, 45.8% for

As, 45.7% for Co > 44.0% for Se, 43.5%
deposited road particles

The mean concentrations of 23 metals
for Mo > 42.6% for V, 42.6% for Ba, 42.5%
(i.e., Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Sb, As, Ba,
for Mn, 42.0% for Ti > 40.5% for Cu >
Be, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Mn, Hg, Mo, Ni,
38.2% for Cr.
Se, Ti, V and Zn) with standard deviations
Biggins and Harrison (1980) reported
in each size fraction of deposited road
that deposited road particles contained a
particles are shown in Table 1. The mean
Pb concentration of 30% in the size
concentrations of 6 crust elements (i.e.,
fraction <63 m, 18% in the size fraction
Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg and Na) and 17
125-250 m, 14% in the size fraction 250-
anthropogenic elements (i.e., Sb, As, Ba,
500 m(11). Ellis and Revitt (1982) reported
Be, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Mn, Hg, Mo, Ni,
that street sweeping is particularly
Se, Ti, V and Zn) accounted for about
efficient in removing metals associated
96.6 ~ 98.4% and about 1.6 ~ 3.4% of
with particle sizes greater than 250 m(12).
the total metal concentration in the dif-
These indicate increase of the fine
ference size fractions of deposited road
particles (associated high metal con-
particles, respectively. The total anthro-
centrations) remaining on the roadway
pogenic element concentration was app-
surface. In this study, therefore, the heavy
roximately three times higher for the
metals in the size fractions of both <20 m
smallest size fraction of <20 m than for
and <53 m are very important because it
the largest size fraction of 1000-2000 m.
is significantly difficult to remove these
For each anthropogenic element, mean
finer deposited road particles by street
concentrations in the size fraction <53 m
sweeping. Moreover, these fractions are
of the deposited road particles were
contaminants that are preferentially
about 38.2 ~ 62.4% of the sum of all size
transported during storm events.
Table 1. The mean concentrations of 23 elements with standard deviations in each size
fraction of deposited road particles
Elements
<20
m
Crust Elements (mg/g)
40
20-53
m
53-106
m
106-250
m
250-500
m
500-1000
m 1000-2000
m
16.11(4.29)
12.05(2.70)
9.74(2.12)
8.75(2.56)
8.94(2.61)
9.27(2.41)
Ca
28.52(5.91)
26.57(5.91)
23.45(6.53)
21.11(7.87)
17.56(8.38)
16.26(10.68)
16.31(11.9)
Fe
36.61(10.1)
31.63(9.99)
27.51(10.21)
25.51(9.69)
26.31(13.23)
33.07(22.54)
29.55(15.53)
2.74(0.44)
2.22(0.33)
1.86(0.38)
1.72(0.37)
1.71(0.41)
1.98(0.39)
2.09(0.62)
Mg
5.65(0.79)
4.77(0.52)
3.82(0.49)
3.35(0.68)
3.47(0.80)
3.85(0.83)
4.00(0.56)
Na
0.38(0.16)
0.35(0.19)
0.22(0.06)
0.17(0.03)
0.15(0.04)
0.13(0.04)
0.11(0.06)
Sum
95.2
81.7
68.9
61.6
57.9
64.2
61.3
Anthropogenic Elements (g/g)

Sb
4.52(2.1)
3.01(1.69)
2.33 (1.25)
2.04 (1.29)
1.23(0.84)
0.62(0.42)
0.39(0.25)
As
20.6(4.9)
17.6(4.4)
15.3(6.7)
12.3(10.9)
7.64(3.51)
6.52(4.92)
3.47(1.33)
Ba
142(24)
111(24)
86.2(21.9)
83.4(37.1)
82.6(52.0)
57.9(43.1)
30.8(13.4)
Be
0.74(0.19)
0.55(0.11)
0.39(0.08)
0.28(0.05)
0.23(0.05)
0.21(0.06)
0.16(0.03)
Cd
0.89(0.29)
0.74(0.28)
0.58(0.26)
0.32(0.10)
0.38(0.52)
0.21(0.20)
0.15(0.11)
Cr
71.0(27.7)
65.6(35.0)
51.9(31.5)
41.4(21.7)
33.9(16.1)
67.4(77.4)
26.8(26.6)
Co
15.5(2.8)
12.8(1.9)
9.07(1.46)
7.10(1.41)
6.26(1.68)
6.18(1.84)
5.07(1.29)
Cu
192(104)
172(109)
132(80)
163(116)
146(214)
54.2(37.6)
37.7(51.8)
Pb
118(51)
96.5 (49.1)
73.2 (34.4)
55.2 (32.3)
44.3 (44.4)
18.1 (10.4)
17.8 (27.0)
Mn
770(182)
681(217)
515(144)
405(107)
349(106)
376(126)
320(131)
Hg
0.168(0.07)
0.127(0.07)
0.076(0.06)
0.05(0.035)
0.025(0.021)
0.02(0.024)
0.007(0.004)
Mo
4.94(2.73)
3.75(2.59)
2.76(2.00)
1.97(1.35)
2.16(1.58)
3.37(6.05)
1.02(1.19)
Ni
49.8(16.9)
52.6(42.3)
31.1(15.7)
24.8(11.7)
21.2(9.4)
27.5(36.4)
15(6.8)
Se
0.14(0.06)
0.14(0.05)
0.13(0.08)
0.09(0.04)
0.06(0.03)
0.05(0.03)
0.03(0.01)
Ti
907(225)
759(185)
589(166)
494(156)
425(184)
402(187)
385(129)
60.4(14.4)
48.9(10.3)
37.1(9.4)
30.7(8.3)
26.8(9.4)
27.7(11.3)
24.7(7.4)
Zn
1018(557)
835(509)
664(421)
505(291)
350(249)
263(331)
153(172)
Sum
3376
2859
2210
1826
1497
1311
1022
Total (
g/g)
98604
84520
71121
63432
59445
65543
62347
Mean concentration ranges of unpolluted soils: Cd (0.37-0.78), Cr (12-83), Cu (13-24), Pb (22-44),

Ni (12-34), Zn (45-100), Mn (270-525), Sb (0.3-0.9), V (18-67), Co (4.5-12), Hg (0.05-0.1).
No.55. 2007. 12
41
21.33(7.66)
Technical Research
Al
3.2 Enrichment factors (EFs) and

pollution load index (PLI)
much higher Zn and Cu concentrations in

all size fractions when they were
Enrichment factors (EFs) are used to
compared to unpolluted soils. However, for
quantify the degree of pollution of
Cd, Cr, Co, Mn and V, the EF values in all
deposited road particles with respect to
size fractions were less than 1 or low
background values. Anthropogenic ele-
values. This may indicate a natural source
ment enrichment factors are ratios of the
for these elements in the deposited road
concentrations of each anthropogenic
particles.
element in the deposited road particles
The degree and the effects of anthro-
(Celement) to the baseline or background
pogenic elements pollution in the polluted
value (Cbackground):
soils were estimated using the Pollution
EF = Celement / Cbackground
Load Index. This index is based on the
Enrichment factor (EF) > 1 indicates en-
values of the enrichment factors (EFs) of
richment relative to the background value
each element in the deposited road
while enrichment factor (EF) < 1 reflects
particles. Thus, the Pollution Load Index
depletion.
(PLI) is calculated as the nth root of the
The EF values in each size fraction of
product of the n EF:
deposited road particles are shown in

Table 2. The EF values generally increased with decreasing size fractions of
PLI =
deposited road particles. The EFs were

more than 1 for all anthropogenic elements
in the size fractions of <20 m and <53 m;
The PLI provides a simple, comparative
14.1 and 11.5 for Zn > 10.4 and 9.3 for Cu >
means for assessing the level of anth-
7.5 and 5.0 for Sb > 3.6 and 2.9 for Pb >
ropogenic elements pollution. Values of PLI
2.24 and 1.70 for Hg, 2.17 and 2.29 for Ni>
= 1 indicate anthropogenic element loads
1.94 and 1.71 for Mn, 1.88 and 1.55 for Co
close to the background level, and values
> 1.55 and 1.29 for Cd, 1.50 and 1.38 for
above 1 indicate pollution. This PLI values in
Cr, 1.42 and 1.15 for V, respectively. The
each size fraction of deposited road
Zn and Cu had high EF values confirming
particles are also shown in Table 2. The PLI
an important role for anthropogenic
values were more than 1 in the size
pollution. It was previously observed that
fractions less than 500

m; 3.07 for < 20 m,
the deposited road particles contained
2.58 for <53

m, 1.88 for <106 m, 1.48 for
42
values were less than 1 in the size fractions
of less than 500 m were mainly polluted by
greater than 500 m. This indicates that the
anthropogenic elements.
Table 2. EFs and PLI values in each size fraction of deposited road particles
Elements
<20
m
20-53
m
53-106
m
106-250
m
250-500
m
Sb
7.54
5.01
3.88
3.39
2.06
1.03
0.66
Cd
1.55
1.29
1.00
0.55
0.66
0.37
0.26
Cr
1.50
1.38
1.09
0.87
0.71
1.42
0.56
Co
1.88
1.55
1.10
0.86
0.76
0.75
0.61
Cu
10.37
9.27
7.14
8.79
7.90
2.93
2.04
Pb
3.59
2.92
2.22
1.67
1.34
0.55
0.54
Mn
1.94
1.71
1.29
1.02
0.88
0.95
0.81
Hg
2.24
1.70
1.02
0.66
0.33
0.26
0.10
Ni
2.17
2.29
1.35
1.08
0.92
1.20
0.65
1.42
1.15
0.87
0.72
0.63
0.65
0.58
Zn
14.05
11.51
9.15
6.96
4.83
3.63
2.12
PLI
3.07
2.58
1.88
1.48
1.18
0.93
0.61
3.3 Normalization of anthropogenic

elements
Table 3 shows the correlations between
500-1000
m 1000-2000
m
Mo, Ni, Se and Zn. Ba (R2 = 0.49) and Be

(R2= 0.67) also had good correlations in
Al-normalized
and
Fe-normalized,
the total concentrations and normalized
respectively. Although con-centrations of
total concentrations (by Al and Fe) for
four elements (Co, Mn, Ti and V) were not
each anthropogenic element in the
well correlated with Al-normalized, these
deposited road particles. The strong
elements had a weak correlation (R2 >
correlations (R 2 > 0.5) in both Al-
0.35) in the Fe-normalized. Therefore,
normalized and Fe-normalized were
these results suggest that the normalization
observed for Sb, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg,
based on both Al and Fe can be used to
No.55. 2007. 12
43
deposited road particles in the size fractions
Technical Research
<250 m, 1.18 for <500 m, while the PLI
estimate the anthropogenic elements of Sb,
malization by Al for four other elements
As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Mo, Ni, Se and Zn
(Co, Mn, Ti and V) could not be reco-
concentrations in the deposited road
mmended in the deposited road particles
particle sediments. However, the nor-
in this study.
Table 3. Correlations (R2) between the total concentrations and normalized total concentrations
(by Al and Fe) for each anthropogenic element in the deposited road particles
44
Element
Al-normalized ([M]/Al x 100)
Fe-normalized ([M]/Fe x 100)
Sb
0.7686
0.7367
As
0.6299
0.6959
Ba
0.4934
0.3524
Be
0.4207
0.6657
Cd
0.6942
0.6954
Cr
0.7886
0.5807
Co
0.2163
0.382
Cu
0.8068
0.6545
Fe
0.6217
Pb
0.7629
0.7316
Al
0.4938
Mn
0.2257
0.3584
Hg
0.8151
0.8515
Mo
0.8618
0.6661
Ni
0.703
0.724
Se
0.6345
0.7272
Ti
0.1342
0.4485
0.0877
0.3615
Zn
0.7582
0.7563
S.J., Chemical associations of lead,

There was a substantial enrichment in
cadmium, copper, and zinc in street
concentration of the studied anthropogenic
dusts and roadside soils, Environ. Sci.
elements (excluding Cr and V) in de-
Technol. 15, 1378-1383, 1981.
posited road particles as compared to the
3. Akhter, M.S., Madany, I.M., Heavy
unpolluted soils investigated from thro-
metals in street and house dust in
ughout the world. Particularly, for the all
Bahrain, Water Air soil Pollut. 66, 111-
size fractions of deposited road particles,
119, 1993.
the mean concentrations of Cu and Zn
4. Hamilton, R.S., Revitt, D.M., Warren,
were higher than their ranges in
R.S., Level and physico-chemical
unpolluted soils. For each anthropogenic
associations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in
element, the mean concentrations in the
road sediments, Sci. Total Environ. 33,
fine size fraction <53 m of the deposited
59-74, 1984.
road particles were about 38.2 ~ 62.4% of

the sum of all size fractions.
5. Stone, M., Marsalek, J., Trace metal

composition and speciation in street
Based on the PLI values, the road
sediment: sault ste. Marie, Canada,
deposited particles in the size fraction
Water Air Soil Pollut. 87, 149-169,
<500 m were mainly polluted by anth-
1996.
ropogenic elements. The normalization by
6. Martincic, D., Kwokal, Z., Branica, M.,
Al and Fe was applicable to estimate the
Distribution of zinc, lead, cadmium
anthropogenic elements (Sb, As, Cd, Cr,
and copper between different size
Cu, Pb, Hg, Mo, Ni, Se and Zn) in the
fractions of sediments: II. the Krka
deposited road particles. Al-normalized
river estuary and the Kornati Islands
could be used effectively to estimate
(Central Adriatic Sea), Sci. Total
anthropogenic pollution of Zn, Pb, Sb, Mo
Environ. 95, 217-225, 1990.
and Cd in deposited road particles as

compared to the Fe-normalized.
7. Li, X., Liu, P.S., Heavy metal contamination of urban soils and street
dusts in Hong Kong, Appl. Geochem.
[References]
16, 1361-1368, 2001.
1. Harrison, R.M., Toxic metals in street
8. Miquel, E.D., Llamas, J.F., Chacan, E.,
and household dusts, Sci. Total
Origin and patterns of distribution of
Environ. 11, 89-97, 1979.
trace elements in street dusts:
No.55. 2007. 12
45
2. Harrison, R.M., Laxen, D.P.H., Wilson,
Technical Research
4. Conclusions
unleaded petrol and urban lead,
Chemical speciation of lead com-
Atmos. Environ. 31, 2733-2740, 1997.
pounds in street dusts, Environ. Sci.
9. Naqerotte, S.M., Day, J.P., Lead
Technol. 14, 336-339, 1980.
concentrations and isotope ratios in
12. Ellis, J.B., Revitt, D.M., Incidence of
street dust determined by ele-
heavy metals in street surface se-
ctrothermal
absorption
diments: solubility and grain size
spectrometry and inductively coupled
studies, Water Air Soil Pollut. 17, 87-
plasma mass spectrometry, Analyst
100, 1982.
atomic
123, 59-62, 1998.
13. Cabrera, F., Clemente, L., Barrientos,
10. Sutherland, R.A., Lead in grain size
E.D., Lopez, R., Murillo, J.M., Heavy
fractions of road-deposited sediment,
metals pollution of soils affected by
Environ. Pollut. 121, 229-237, 2003.
the Guadiamar toxic flood, Sci. Total
11. Biggins, P.D.E., Harrison, R.M.,
46
Environ. 242, 117-129, 1999.
Technical Research

(stjiny@lottenc.com , hjyang@lottenc.com ,andrew77@lottenc.com)
1.
,
GL(-)50.0m 1992 1997
. Pile

SL , Pile(Concrete Pile, Steel Pile)
.
Pile
.
2. Pile
Pile
Pile .(
, 2003) ,
(0.8H~1.0H) Pile Pile
. ,
No.55. 2007. 12
47
Technical Research
. (CPT, )
3. Pile

Pile
Pile
.
Pile
Pile
Pile 320
.
3.2 Pile
PHC Pile(
600)

Pile
Pile(
609) Pile
3.1
14m
Cover
(N=0~8)
20m .
Pile 3 PHC Pile SL 1
, ,
35m, Pile 2(SL , ) 57m
GL-55m PHC Pile
SL
, Steel Pile
1. PHC Pile, Pile
3.3 Pile
Pile
Pile(
600) CTC 4.0m
2 3 1~2
Pile .
, 1
Pile (PBD )
5.0m
Pile 320
48
63%
3.4
PHC Pile, Pile
(PHC Pile 4 6,
Pile 2 8).
GL-13.0m( )
.

.
Pile
.
2. PHC Pile(SL , No2) ,
3. Pile(SL No3 , SL No4)

No.55. 2007. 12
49
41cm
Technical Research
4.

Steel Pile Pile (

NO.3 1.6%)

4.1 SL

.
Pile
Pile SL
data
NO.3 Test Pile(SL ) NFmax 173ton
NO.4 Test Pile(SL ) NFmax 33.9ton
( ) NO.4 SL Pile
NO.3 Pile 20% 80%
Pile Pile
Pile
SL 80~90%

80%
. SL
NO.2 PHC Pile Pile
Pile , SL (Pile
, NO.3 Steel Pile Pile
. 0.6~0.9
. , Steel Pile ,
NO.2, NO.4 Pile
0.89 0.9, NO 3Pile 0.77 .

0.8~0.9
Pile
(2003)
. , Pile
. Pile

4.2 Pile
Pile PHC
Pile Steel Pile
. NO.2 PHC Pile NO.3
50
Pile

NO.3 Steel Pile

.
(1969) Pile
Pile
, 0.6
data
5.
[]

SL
, Pile(Concrete Pile, Steel Pile)
.
1. (2002), 4 "
, pp. 510-525
2. (2003),
,
pp. 309-312
3. -6(1969) "

Pile 320 SL
" pp. 271-316

4. (1971)
SL
Pile 80%
VOL56. pp. 41-47
5. (1975)NF
10 pp. 509-512
Pile 0.77~0.9
6. (1978)
(, )
0.8~0.9( )
-14 pp. 78-96
7. (2001)
pp. 256-259
PHC Pile Steel Pile

Pile
* 2007 10
, , ,
No.55. 2007. 12
51
Technical Research
NO.2 PHC Pile
Technical Research
326 ( kimpangil@lottenc.com )
1.

, , , ,
, , .

.

.
2.
2.1
, , ,
. (508mm) + T4
200%(180tonf)
52
500tonf .
2 .
4 Cycle, 2
500tonf
LVDT(1/100, 50mm)
1.
3.
82.186 tonf/ Test No 1 : P18-13
+T4
2.5tonf
(508, t=12mm)
82.186 tonf/ Test No 2 : P23-13
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15 min
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 min
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15 min
1 Cycle : 25%50%0%
2.2
IC-IC

(tonf)
Cycle : 4 Cycle
P27
.

(0~4m),
(4~6m), (6~15m), (15~18m),
.
7 ton
2004, 4, 2~2004, 4, 4
0.7 m
1.8 mm
: SPS 400
: 2 (8)
-
-
4.
0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 min.
0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20 min.
0 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 min.
2.

3 Cycle : 125%150%0%
4 Cycle : 175%200%0%
(2003 6, ()) P26

2 Cycle : 75%100%0%

(ton)
1 Cycle : 050100500
2 Cycle : 01001502001501000
3 Cycle : 01002002503002001000
4 Cycle : 01002003003504002000
5 Cycle : 02004004505004002000
6 Cycle : 02004005005506004002000
7 Cycle : 02004006006507006004002000
8 Cycle : 02004006007007508006004002000
: 508mm
: 12mm
: 21.0m(14m+7m)
: 15.5m
79.801 ton
119.702 ton
PIER 26~PIER 27
3
3.1
, (90tonf)
No.55. 2007. 12
53
Technical Research
Jack
Test No. 1 2.27mm, Test No. 2
Test No. 2 2.71mm . ,
1.33mm ,
(180tonf) Test No. 1 4.59mm,
0.67mm .
(a) -
(c) -
(b) -
(d) -
1. Test No. 1(P18-13)

(a) -
(c) -
(b) -
(d) -
2. Test No. 2(P23-13)

54
Pile No.
(mm)
(mm)
()
(mm)
P18-13
4.59
3.28
1.31
P23-13
2.71
2.04
0.67
3.2
5 500ton 22.91mm
. 6 550ton
- 300ton
50
3. --
No.55. 2007. 12
55
Test No.
Technical Research
5.
6.
(ton)
(mm)
(mm)
50
2.03
0.11
100
3.73
0.32
150
5.62
0.59
200
7.5
0.9
250
9.37
1.23
300
11.43
1.68
350
13.98
2.97
400
17.22
3.91
450
19.05
2.81
500
22.91
3.41
550 ( 50)
29.52
5.49
3.3 (Py) (Pu)

.
(a) P-S
(c) S-log T
(e) Davisson
(b) log P-log S
(d) P - S/(log t)
(f)
-

,

90tonf .
4. Test No. 1(P18-13)
56
(e) Davisson
(b) log P-log S
(d) P - S/(log t)
(f)
-

,

90tonf .
5. Test No. 2(P23-13)
.
(a) P-S
(c) S-log T
(e) Davisson
(b) log P-log S
(d) P - S/(log t)
(f)

(P)
(S) P-S , log
P-log S , P-S/(log t)
,
300ton .
6.
No.55. 2007. 12
57
(c) S-log T
Technical Research
(a) P-S
4.
,
90tonf/
KS F 24455 ASTM
D 1143
326 (508mm)

4) -
IC-IC
300ton -
1)
6 550ton
(90tonf) Test
50
No. 1 2.27mm, Test No. 2 1.33mm
, (180tonf)
Test No. 1 4.59mm, Test
No. 2 2.71mm .
(550tonf)
29.52mm .
2)
1. (2001). .
2. (2003), .
0.67mm
3. (2005).
5.49mm .
3)
4. (2004).
58
Technical Research
(SBS-PMA)

(gus1030@lottenc.com)
1.
1 (SBS-PMA)
.

.
160~180,
200~230, 240~260
. 1 (SBS-PMA)
.
2.
2.1
1 1~2 180m, 45m 4
, 8 1 3.25m.
2.5~4.5m , ( )
.
No.55. 2007. 12
59
(SBS-PMA)
Technical Research
1.
2.
3.
60
2.2.1
( 164 )
(
:200~260)
180m 1 2
. ,
4.
2.2.2
(2.1)~(2.2) .
: = 2.3tonf / m3 0.05m = 0.115tonf / m2 (2.1)
: = 2.3tonf / m3 0.08m = 0.184tonf / m2 (2.2)
(Fix:1,Free: 0)
Dx, Dy, Dz : 0, 1, 0
Rx, Ry, Rz : 1, 0, 1
Z
X
Y
(Fix: 1,Free: 0)
Dx, Dy, Dz : 1, 0, 0
Rx, Ry, Rz : 0, 1, 1
5. 3
No.55. 2007. 12
61
(SBS-PMA)
Technical Research
2.2
2.3

Shell
6 .
6
.
69,809
1/4 ,
/ ,
MIDASCivil2006
6.
3.
SM490 : fa = 1,9001.25 = 2,375 kgf/cm2

SM400 : fa = 1,4001.25 = 1,750 kgf/cm2
3.1
(2)
(SM490) : , , ,
, ,
,
(SM400) : , , ,
(1) ( : 25%)
62
(SBS-PMA)
Technical Research
3.2
1 I-RIB, U-RIB (SM490)
I-RIB, U-RIB
Von-Mises
(kgf/cm2)
I, U-RIB
(kgf/cm2)
1511.41
1511.41
2,375
O.K
2 (SM490)

Von-Mises
(kgf/cm2)
I, U-RIB
(kgf/cm2)
1911.72
1918.49
2,375
O.K
No.55. 2007. 12
63
3 - (SM400)
(kgf/cm2)
I, U-RIB
(kgf/cm2)
1503.74
1658.94
1,750
O.K
Von-Mises
3.3
3.3.1

,
.
(a) 1
(b) 4
7.
64
3D
4 .
D
C
E
z
y
A(0,0,0)
8.
4
(mm)

Dx
Dy
Dz
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-6.79
2876
-7.68
-2.81
6748
-187.75
34296
-8.99
-0.01
-255.61
34281
-5.41
-7.85
-8.28
6733
-8.45
-17.77
-12.21
2821
9(b)
1 11.1cm
25.6cm,
3D 9(a)
13.7cm .
11.9cm 7% .
No.55. 2007. 12
65
(SBS-PMA)
8 A~F
Technical Research
3.3.2
(a)
(b)
9.
10. Contour
10
,
.
,

66
3.3.3
11 (8)
4 .
(SBS-PMA)
Technical Research
(a)
(b)
11. ( )
5
(mm)
Dx
Dy
Dz
-2.66
-17.39
64316
-2.74
-17.87
64315
-5.39
-18.40
64314
-5.20
-17.38
64313
-2.10
-19.65
64320
-2.15
-19.64
64319
-2.21
-19.99
64318
-2.24
-19.97
64317
19.99mm , 7
18.4mm .
12.
No.55. 2007. 12
67
12
3.4
, 25.4mm
1/4 ,
13
(a) ,
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
13. ,
14 .
68
14.
15
15.
No.55. 2007. 12
69
(SBS-PMA)
Technical Research
4.
(1)
. ,
(4)
1:1.8,
, ,
(2) ,
()
, 13.7cm
[]
1. 164
2.
(3) 3 1/4

3. (2004)
4.
70
, , 2006.12
(2004)
Technical Research
(qusxodn@lottenc.com)
1.
, ,

.
,
.
,
.

.
, .
.
, ACI 318-05
,
.
,
.
No.55. 2007. 12
71
Technical Research
2.
6
.
2.1
1 KBC2005
(KBC2005)
. ATC-40
3m, 3 3 6
2400
. MIDAS-Genw
. FEMA-355F
6.9.0 .
(a)
(b) (6)
1.
3, 6
20cm ,
(INC) .
1 .
680kgf/, 250kgf/ .
210kgf/,
2.2
4000kgf/ . 3
, 6
. 3 6
(1) .
.
(CNC), (EXC),
72
(1), (2) 2
.
Technical Research
1.
(cm)
CNC
3030
4-D19 (D10@300)
EXC
3030
8-D19 (D10@300)
INC
CNC
1~3
6
4~6
4040
8-D19 (D10@300)
3030
4-D19 (D10@300)
EXC
3535
8-D19 (D10@300)
INC
5050
12-D22 (D10@350)
CNC
3030
4-D25 (D10@300)
EXC
3535
8-D19 (D10@300)
INC
5050
8-D22 (D10@350)
(a) 3
(b) 6
2.
2.
(cm)
Beam1
16820
13-D13
8-D13
Beam2
31220
25-D13
14-D13
Beam3
33620
25-D13
12-D13
Beam1
17420
12-D13
6-D13
Beam2
18620
12-D13
6-D13
Beam3
34820
24-D13
12-D13
Beam4
38420
24-D13
12-D13
()
()
No.55. 2007. 12
73
2 2 , 1
, core hoop
A B
Mander (2)
OpenSees
. 3 Open-
. OpenSees
Sees core cover
, 4
. hoop
- .
3. OpenSees
(a)
(b)
4. -
3. Pushover
4%
. 5 -
(KBC2005)
(pushover )
74
. 6
(a) 3
(b) 6
5. -
4.
demand spectrum

4.1
. ATC-40
Mahaney Freeman
Chopra and Goel Fajfar
ATC-40
- (capacity curve)
- 6
, (demand
capacity curve demand curve
curve) .
(
q)
. demand curve
(
eff)
KBC2005
. capacity curve demand curve
2400
. 3
4 .
No.55. 2007. 12
75
Technical Research
(a) 3
(b) 6
6. capacity curve demand curve
3. 3
(%)
S dy (cm)
S ay (g)
S di (cm)
S ai (g)
eff (%)
15
5.41
0.31
9.55
0.352
17.90
17
8.93
0.345
16.96
20
8.13
0.336
15.44
S di (cm)
S ai (g)
eff (%)
24.48
0.260
16.25
4. 6
(%)
S dy (cm)
S ay (g)
5
:
14
10.13
6.18
16.51
0.213
14.04
15
15.97
0.210
13.67
S dy S ay
1.58% ,
S di
FEMA 273
S ai
2.5% .
.
5
6 . 3
76
6 1.64%
.
(cm)
(g)
(cm)
()
8.93
0.345
11.25
145.75
eff (%)
19.96
6. 6

(cm)
(g)
(cm)
()
16.51
0.213
21.33
175.17
5.
eff (%)
14.04
5.1
C D (capacity)
(demand) .
(resistance
SAC Phase 2
factor), (demand factor)

,
(analysis demand factor)
. FEMA-355F
, Jalayar and Cornell(3)
1.0 ,
(Yun et al, Lee and Foutch).
1.0
. SAC
Jalayar
50 2%(2/50)
and Cornell Cornell et al(4) .

90%
5.2
(3) ()
LA 100 20
FEMA-355F 5-6
, KBC2005 2400
. 8 LA
20 , 9
.
8 scale factor 1.252 8
20 .
No.55. 2007. 12
77
Technical Research
5. 3
8. LA
9. KBC2005
(capacity)
3 6 IDA
incremental dynamic analysis( IDA)
10 11
. FEMA
(1) S a 0.1g
(2)
(3) Sa 0.1g
(4) IDA
(Se) 20%(0.2*Se)
10 11
(capacity)
FEMA
(a) LA42
(b) LA44
10. 3 IDA
78
(c) LA55
(c) LA53
11. 6 IDA
H Sa10% H Sa2% 50
(
a)
1/474 1/2475
. Sa 2% Sa 10%
Goel and Chopra .
2.0 .
Nowak and Szerszen
3 , 8
, 472MPa, 24MPa
1.24 9
. k hazard
curve (4) .
6
8 . 3, 6
90%
.
7. 3, 6
( )
0.862
0.768
C ()
0.030
0.023
( )
a ( )
1.371
1.219
1.422
1.209
D ()
0.011
0.010
( )
UT ( )
1.24
1.23
0.64
0.59
86%
85%
No.55. 2007. 12
79
(b) LA50
Technical Research
(a) LA47
8. FEMA-355F 5-6
Confidence
70%
80%
90%
95%
98%
1.67
2.01
2.46
UT = 0.5
k=1
1.15
1.34
k=2
1.01
1.19
1.48
1.77
2.17
k=3
0.89
1.05
1.30
1.56
1.92
k=4
0.79
0.92
1.15
1.38
1.69
UT = 0.6
k=1
1.14
1.38
1.80
2.24
2.86
k=2
0.96
1.16
1.51
1.87
2.39
k=3
0.80
0.97
1.26
1.56
2.00
k=4
0.67
0.81
1.05
1.31
1.67
k=1
1.13
1.41
1.92
2.48
3.30
k=2
0.88
1.10
1.50
1.94
2.58
k=3
0.69
0.86
1.18
1.52
2.02
k=4
0.54
0.68
0.92
1.19
1.58
UT = 0.7
6.
[]
3 6
1. , , , Flat-
Plate
,
, 17, 6, 77~86, 2001.
2. Mander, J.B. Priestley, M.J.N. Park, R
2400
"Theoretical Stress-Strain Model for
Confined concrete", Journal of Structural
Engineering, Vol. 113, No. 8, 18041826,
2400
1988.
3. Jalayer, F., Cornell, C.A., "A Technical
Framework for Probability-based De-
. FEMA-355F
mand and Capacity Factor Design(DCFD)
Seismic Formats" PEER Report 2003/8,
Pacific Earthquake Engineering Center,

University of California at Berkeley,
80
and Foutch, D.A., "Probabilistic basis for
Guidelines" Journal of Structural Engineering,

Vol. 128, No. 4, 526~533, 2002.
2000 SAC Federal Emergency Mana-
No.55. 2007. 12
81
4. Cornell, C.A., Jalayer, F., Hamberger, R.O.
gement Agency Steel Moment Frame
Technical Research
Berkeley, CA, 2003.
Technical Research
BIM

(shjeon@lottenc.com)
1.
IT
. IT
, . IT
, BIM (Building
Information Modeling) 3
. GSA1
BIM ,
. BIM
.
2, BIM

. BIM
BIM
BIM , BIM
1 General Services Administration

2 , PMIS , 2006
82
.
BIM
2.1 BIM BIM
BIM
BIM
3.
BIM CIFE (Center for In-
tegrated Facility Engineering)
YIT
BIM
BIM
BIM
BIM
BIM
.
1. BIM 3D
ArchiCAD
Bentley
Triforma
Revit

(API)
GDL, C++
VBA, VB
VC++
(Navigator )
Visual Studio 2005
BIM Revit,
, BIM
Archicad, Microstation...
3 NIBS, National Institute of Building Science
No.55. 2007. 12
83
BIM
2.
Technical Research
2 BIM .
BIM
PMIS (Project Management Information
System)
BIM
6 .
PMIS CMr
4
( ,

.5
, Mock-Up )

PMIS
ASP

JIT(Just in Time), RFID(Radio
2.2

Frequency Identification Device)
PMIS
PMIS () 5
(, , //,
//, ) ,
PMIS 1 .
1. PMIS
4 , -
, 2001
5 , PMIS
, 2005
84

, BIM
3.1

BIM

.
Spenser(1985)
BIM
2.1
BIM 6
BIM
BIM
2.

BIM

PMIS
PMIS
PMIS
PMIS
57% .
BIM
. 60 34
No.55. 2007. 12
85
BIM
Technical Research
3. BIM

, BIM
PMIS BIM
Pearson
PMIS
.6
SPSS(Statistical Package for the Social
PMIS 58%
Sciences) 12.0
. BIM
15%
PMIS
PMIS
2. PMIS
3. BIM PMIS
6 ,SPSS 12.0
, , 2006
86
BIM
PMIS
, , ,
4. BIM PMIS
PMIS
PMIS

3.73
3.30
3.02
3.30
3.18
3.03
3.27
3.21
3.34
2.91
2.67
2.64
2.88
3.12
3.04
3.36
3.42
3.03
3.01
2.91
2.96
2.88
3.06
2.81
2.76
3.36
3.21
3.27
2.86
2.90
2.58
3.00
2.67
BIM
PMIS
3.00
PMIS
5. BIM
PMIS
BIM

, ,

-
-
-
-
-
-
No.55. 2007. 12
87
BIM
. 3
Technical Research
4.
4. , , , , ,
PMIS
,
BIM

, 2005
5. Timo Hartmann, William E. Goodrich,
BIM 4
Martin Fischer, Doug Eberhard, "Fulton
Street Transit Center Project: 3D/4D
BIM
3
Model
Application
Report",
CIFE
Technical Report, 2007
6, ,
,
, 50, 10, 2006
7. ,
,
, 50, 10, 2006

8. , PMIS
,
[]
1. , (2001), CM

, , 17, 3
2. (1999),
PMIS
,
3. ,
,
, 2006
88
, 50, 10, 2006

9. , PMIS

, , 2006
10. , , PMIS
, ,
2003
11. Martin Fischer, Calvin Kam, "PM4D Final
Report", CIFE, 2002
12. http://bim.arch.gatech.edu
Technical Research
PJ (mms4005@lotte.com)
1.

,
. ,
.

.

,
.
2.
, ,
1 .
No.55. 2007. 12
89
Technical Research
1.
00.
(
)
60cm
60~90cm
60cm
00.
(
)
60cm
60cm
60cm
97.)
(
30cm
60cm
60cm
(1999)
30cm
60~90cm
()
()
(mm)
600
200
100
No.4
(%)
90~100
60~90
45~75
20~43
0~15
R 15
F 15
F 15
5,
5,
5
F 85
M 15
M 85
R15 : 15%, F15 : 15%
F85 : 85%, M15 : 15%
M85 : 85%
()
, ,
. 2
(1),(2) ,
C=
L=
()
(t/)
()
()
()
(t/)
(t/)
(t/)
(1)
(2)
2. , C

90
0.85~0.95
0.875
: 0.975(A)
1.10
1.10
1.15
1.15
1,700
0.85~1.90
2,000
2,300
1.00~1.30
1.00~1.30
2,400
1.20~1.40
1.20~1.40
1.30
2,600
1.30~1.50
1.30~1.50
1.40
1.30
1) :1.51.5m
2)
3)
4)
5) (1)
6) (2)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11) ()
12)
1.
1.5m
1.0~1.5m
.
No.55. 2007. 12
91
Technical Research
3.
4.
4.1

,
.
300mm, 5mm
. 2
Test-1, 2, 3 69.4%, 73.5%,
Test-1
74.5%, 30.6%, 26.5%,
, Test-2,3
25.5%.
2.
4.2

(
ds )
) 1
, ()
rd .
( rd)
V1 V2
() 1 (
ds ) (
1.648t/m3 .
92
( rd ) core
1.055 1.1
2.472t/ ,
( rd ) . 3
( rd ) C
3. , C
TEST-1
TEST-2
TEST-3
(t)
(t/)
W
(%)
,rds
(t/)
(A)
(B)
(C)=B/A
(D)
1.018
2.440
2.396
0.624
1.470
0.729
1.680
rd
rd
(t/)
(t/)
(E)=C/
(1+D/100)
(4~6)
(F)
(G)
(7)
(H)=G/F
11.3
2.153
2.376
2.472
1.041
2.356
9.8
2.145
2.324
2.472
1.064
2.305
7.0
2.154
2.327
2.472
1.062
1.055
No.55. 2007. 12
93
C , C ( rd )
() ( rd)
Technical Research
, ()
4.3
( 2).
() C
Data
.
(2006)
4.4
, ,
, , ,
, , ,
(a)

(b)
3.
94
h()
4 (c)
. 3 (a)
, 3 (b)
C C
4
. 4 (a)
(a) ()
(b) ( , C=1.4 )
(c) ()
4. (Unit : %)
.
No.55. 2007. 12
95
, 4 (b)
Technical Research
5.
4.
1.

,
C
1. , , , (2003),
2003 ,
pp. 4459~4464
2.
2. , , (2003),
1.055
1.1 .
2003 , pp.
3706~3710

.
3.
96
3. , , , (2003),
,
2003 , pp. 169~174
Technical Information
(sjpark@lottenc.com)
1.
20~30,
40~50, , 40~50 .

, , .
,
.
.
2.

.
2.1
: 5
: 150MN/
: 4%
No.55. 2007. 12
97
2.2
: 20 30
( 1. )
1. 1

//
(KS)
: KS M ISO845
40MN/
KS F 2868
0.1~0.3
KS F 2868
4% ( )
KS M ISO 4898
5%
KS M ISO 4898
+20%
KS M ISO 4898
0.1~0.3
KS M ISO 4898
20 : 0.041W/m.k
, 20 30
0.81W/m.k
3.
KS L 9016
3)
10, 20
3.1
1) :

.
2)
, 3
.
4)
3 ,
1 2(/
1) .
, . 2
1 32952
98
. 1 1

.
1 1g .
505
350350 80, 80
.
1
.
22020
1000

= (g)/1000()
500cc 200cc 200cc

. 100cc
.
= -
0.650.05
605%
350350 80, 80
. 1
22020
1 2
1000
= (g)/1000()
0.650.05
30x30, 5 3 .
0.160
(0.138 )
1 1
10, 20 3 1~2f/

.
7 : 0.9MPa
28 : 1.4MPa
3.

MPa(kgf/)
28
W/m.k
(/mh)
(%)
0.4
0.30
0.40
0.5(5.10)
0.8(8.15)
0.130
(0.112 )
0.5
0.5
0.40
0.50
0.9(9.18)
1.4(14.28)
0.160
(0.138 )
0.4
0.6
0.50
0.70
1.5(15.30)
2.0(20.39)
0.190
(0.163 )
0.3
2 KS F 4039
No.55. 2007. 12
2. 2
99
3.2
0.5MPa(5.1f/cm )
.(

)
5~7
.

.

.
2)
,

4.
4.1
1)
1 2(/
1) , (Flow)
.
3)

.
, 17020 .
(4~6)
69.8, 100, 50
2
.
2)
505050
4.3
1)
.
, 1
2) ( 3) ,
1 ,
, ( 1
, 7 ).
7 : 10MPa(102f/)
( (7 )
28 : 15MPa(153f/)
.)
3)
4.2
1)
0.5MPa(5.1f/)
.

100
,
.
4) 3
, 1
(5/
.).
4.
5.1
4.

(1)

()

()

,
,

No.55. 2007. 12 101
1)
5.
2)

6 1

.
3)
2)

(
) .
4)

.
3)
5)
5.2
1)
4)

. 6
, 3

.
.
102
5)

.

.

, 2006.
2.
, , 2001
3. ,
, 2001
4.
, , 1999
5. ,
6. KS F 4039( )
(Open Time) ,
7. - 31925

8. - 20610
[]
9. - 31320
No.55. 2007. 12 103
1. ,
(moon@lottenc.com)
(sudgarac1@hanmail.com)
1.
1.1
.
.

.
, .

.

.

.

. ,
104
TRwi :
Tswin : []
2.
Ch :
CD :
2.1
CDT :
TRin :
Tin : []
. (1)
Tco : []
(6) ,
Tam : []
1.2

Thermal Breaker
. (1)
(3)
.
PVC , Alwood (Aluminum+Wood)
(6)

Low-E

(1)
.
(TDR : Temperature Difference Ra-
(2)
tio) ,

.
(3)
No.55. 2007. 12 105
(4)

(5)
(6)
(7)
2. Double glazing information
Thickness
(mm)
U-factor
(W/m2-K)
Keff
(W/m-K)
Low-E coating
24 (12 air)
24 (12 air)
2.727
1.743
0.0644
0.0308
3. Boundary condition
(8)
Exterior
Interior
Temperature
()
-10
20
KS F2295
Relative
Humidity
(%)
50
KS F2295
Convection
(W/m2-K)
Wind Speed
(m/s)
(9)
Clear
26.0
5.5
ASHRAE/
NFRC
(Window
Library)
2.2

(7)
1. Frame material information

Material
Conductivity
(W/m)
Aluminum
237
Polyamide
(Nylon)
0.25
EPDM
0.25
PVC
0.17
Silicon
0.35
Silica Gel
0.13
Wood
0.11
Frame
Cavity
0.9
Therm5.2
Material Library
Therm5.2
Material Library
Therm5.2
Material Library
Therm5.2
Material Library
Therm5.2
Material Library
Therm5.2
Material Library
Therm5.2
Material Library
Therm5.2
Material Library
EPDM: Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer
106

.
1 2
. (8)
2
(9)
.
3.
5 . Sealing

3.1
Thermal
Low-E
Breaker Aluminum PVC
Alwood(Aluminum+Wood)
. Low-E
Low-E
.

.
1
, 2
Low-E ,
3 .
LBNL Therm 5.2 Window 5
6
,
4 .
Low-E

.
1. Measured Positions of Frame
Alwood
.
1
3.2
Center, Edge, Frame

Se-
No.55. 2007. 12 107
aling . 4
11 1 2 28 (120)
Center
, Sealing
. 6
. Sealing
. Frame
4. Temperature distribution of window section

Clear-Glzing
AL
PVC
Al+
wood
108
Low-E Coating
Glazing
Color
Legend
0 Sealing
Edge
Sealing
Low-E
. Frame
, 7 .
5. TDR distribution of windows' alternative

TDR of window
(clear glazing)
TDR of window
(Low-E coating glazing)
Aluminum
PVC
Alwood
2 3 11 1
2 28 (120) 6
7
.
No.55. 2007. 12 109
Center
Alwood Frame
Low-E

.
Sealing 5.9%,
PVC 10%, Alwood 11.7%
. Low-E

.
. 2 The incidence of condensation Low-E coating glass (%)
4.

.
(Aluminum, PVC, Alwood)

.

. 3 The incidence of Condensation Clear Glass (%)
6. The number of day of condensation

occurring (clear)
Center
Edge
Sealing
Frame
11 1 2
Aluminum
15
41
27
28
PVC
41
Alwood
15
83
7. The number of day of condensation

occurring (Low-E)
Sealing
. Alwood
Frame
Sealing 2
.
Center
Edge
Sealing
Frame
Aluminum
34
29
Low-E ,
PVC
29
Alwood
69
, Frame
110
, Sealing 5.9%
Thermal Performance of Windows,
11.7% .
Architectural Institute of Korea, Vol. 22
Low-E
No. 7
2. Suk, H. T., et al. 2005, A Study on the
Condensation Performance of Curtain-Wall
Low-E
Window in High-Rise Residential Building,
The Korean Housing Association, Vol. 16
No. 4
3. Song, S. Y., et al. 2006, Insulation Per-
Window 5 Therm 5.2
formance Evaluation of the Aluminum and
PVC Framed Double Glazing Window
Systems with Low-e Coating and
Insulation Spacer, Architectural Institute of
Korea, Vol. 22 No. 4
.

.
4. ASHRAE, ASHRAE Handbook 2005,

Fundamentals, ASHRAE 2005
5. LBNL, Therm 5/ Window 5 NFRC Simulation Manual, LBNL, 2003.06Berkeley,
CA, USA, 2001.11
[]
1. Lee, W. G., et al. 2006, Effect of Com-
6. Therm 2.1 NFRC Simulation Manual July

2000 p.2-11
No.55. 2007. 12 111
ponents Assembly and Sizing on the
, Center Edge
(novice00@lottenc.com)
1.
,
,
.
,

.

, Shaft , . , (Core Wall Shortening) Hoist
, ,
.
112
1. Double Deck System Elevator Hall ( KLCC )
2.

, ,

2.1
1 7
,

1.
D Project
34
H Project
69
S Project
55
S Project
69
H Project
46
W Project
31
H Project
46
2 .
2.2

2 . 2
No.55. 2007. 12 113
(Size) ,
SRC
Core Wall

Shaft , (Core Wall)
Shortening, (Motor) (Beam)
, Hoist ,
, Rail Bracket
.
ACS(Automatic Climbing System)
, .

1) Shaft
2.
Shaft
Shaft Cage
114
: 87.5% , : 12.5%
: 100%
: 100%
: 37.5%
: 12.5%

.
2.3m 2.6m, 3.3m 3.1m ,
2.9m 3.0m .
, .
245mm 775mm , 455mm
.
2. ()
: 20 mm , : 155 mm
: 10 mm , : 135 mm

Shaft
ACS ,
Rail Bracket

Buffer Tip Down Beam Jack Liner

Leveling Buffer Tip Down Beam Rail Support
(Jack bolt) Guide Rail Shortening Jack-Bolt

Top Rail 200mm
Rail Clip Spring Type
Shortening

Pit Rail 50mm Clearance

Liner Shortening Liner .
Sliding Clip
Shortening
Shortening Eye (
) Shortening
Clip

Tension
2 Beam T Ration Machine , Beam Beam
Pad
Motor
Beam

Beam ,

2 Beam
Car Cage Shoe Roller
( 105m/)
PM
Motor Beam

No.55. 2007. 12 115
2. ()
Motor
Beam

Spacer Beam M/C Beam
( )

: 50%
: 50%
: 75% , : 25%
()

, .

,

Shift
, ,
.
Hoist

Hoist , ,

.

2

116
Hoist

Over haul

SRC .

700

Sill Sill

1cm~2cm

,
Shaft

. 2
.

.
,
50% .

(, ,
, )
( ,
)
( , , Office, ,
)
Hall Indicator
No.55. 2007. 12 117
2. ()
3)

2) (Core Wall) Shortening
Shortening
, Shortening
Beam 2 Beam
, ,
Tension
PM
, Spring Type
, Top
, Pit
50mm Clearance
4) Hoist
Liner Shortening
Liner
Hoist
Sho-
rtening
. ,
Hoist
Shortening
Shortening ,
. ,
2 ,
Bracket Bed
Embed ,
Shortening
Hoist

, Hoist
118

, Shaft
5)
, (Core Wall) Shortening,
(Motor) (Beam) ,
Hoist ,
1)
700mm

2)
Sill
Sill
1cm~2cm
3.

3) Core Wall

No.55. 2007. 12 119
Embed Plate
Shortening
ACS Core Wall
120
On-the-spot study
(hjyang@lottenc.com)
1.

, , ,
, , SOC ,
.
2007 9 11 9 16 FICID-KIAST-KENKA TRAINING CENTER
4 ()
,
.
2
2.1
2003 GDP 9.8%
( 7.3%, 4.7%, 3.6%), 95-
03 GDP
GDP . ,
, . ,
No.55. 2007. 12 121
On-the-spot study
2004 137,359
(15,202), (provincial city,

29,336), (districts, 92,821)
ODA(JBIC, WB, ADB )

, , , ,
2005 3 5
2010 2020
4 ( 2
.(
2500 ), 2004.10
BOT , 2007.5
(Vietnam Expressway Cor-
BOT )
poration) 2005-2025

.
2.2
(2005-2025) 27 4,959 1
1)
(2005-2015) 15 2,353, 2
(2016-2025) 12 2,606 .
( km)

137,359
15,202
29,336
92,821
53,610
13,943
18,264
21,403
6,681
165
691
5,825
36,263
803
6,558
28,902
40,805
291
3,823
36,691
2)
, 2020
2,600km 6
, ,
- ()
, 84%, 7%,
9%. ,
,
3)
, -
24 ,
60km/h .(
, ,
40km/h).
, 80%
2010
. 2005
90km/h ,
1 4
, 2010 10
122
Cai Lan
15.7% .
, Vung-Tau-Thi Vai
, Van
6)
Phong
41,000km
(2020 2-4 TEU )
, 50% 750
.
187/ 170
4)
22 4(:,
, ()
: , , ), 17
60-70%, 30-40%
. Tan Son
, ,
Nhat() Noi Bai
, 2
..
, Tan Son Nhat 2 1,900
2007 800
WB, ADB, JBIC ODA
.(, 700
, , ,
) Noi Bai
, 2010 2,000
.( 600) Cat Bi (
7)
<>
, 200 .( 50
2010 8% ,
) Long Thanh Dong Nai
2010 2020 5.5%
, 1
Quang Ngai
2011- 2015 .(
14,000 Dung Quat
2,500 )
.(2006.4 , 2009.2
) 150,000
5)
2004
11,360MW(:37%, :63%),
<>
41.276Gwh (:46%, :54%). 2004
1 496kWh
( : GDP 21.8%)
No.55. 2007. 12 123
448kWh , 10
On-the-spot study
() 2 6,500
. 7
50%)
- -
, 2004.4
80 (North An Kahnh)
000
( 2,200/) ,
( 2,400/)
-
- : 27.8km( : 6.4km,
:21.4km)
- : 33(05.3~
07.11)
2.3
- : 3 4,700( : 1 3,900
, : 2 800)
1) TAY HO TAY
: T.H.T (5 )
- : 40m
( 6
, 4)
- : Tu Liem
208ha( 60)
- : , ,

- : 80( 10
1,351, 10 6,335

- : 50
, 10,
- : 29ha,
19,
31)
91ha, 26ha,
61ha
- : 5,000
- :06.12~
20.12(15)
- : 2 6,539 ( : 2
3,387)
- : 7.5( 6)
- : 9
- () :06~
14
3)
: (
100%)
2)
: 000 VINACONEX( 50%)

- (VINACONEX)

- : 1 Le Duan 30
, 4,124(13,362m2)
- : , ,
-(Lang-Hoa Lac)
000() (000
- : (21, 319), (32
124
2, 3
- : 50
- : 2 3,000( 1 6,789)
<BT >
- () : 2006~2009
- :
4)
13.653km(
: 00
)
- : 6~12( 30~60m)
- : 2 8,600( :1
- BT(Build-Tansfer)
- 00
2,000, : 1 6,600
5 ( 100
m2)
(m2)
(2)
(m2)
17,180
71,234
270
(2)
26,971
39,620
145
(9)
916,304
4,700
(10)
17,909
111,738
604
(2)
40,151
232,439
541,
- :
< >
- : Phuoc Kien-Nhon
Duc( 10km)
( 24km)
- : 200ha( 60)
- : 349.8ha( 106)
- : 36 , (100)
- : IT
(80)
- : 17,000
- : 2007~2056(50)
( 68,000)
- :09~
20(4
)
5) (00)

< >
No.55. 2007. 12 125
On-the-spot study
, 252), 21,

4,7900.00m2( 1,454)
4
(21 1, 17 1, 14 2)
/
/
4,200m2(87.5%)
1,273
40,966m2(854%) (1)
12,414
- : 144
- : 268
- 53~64m2(16.1~19.4)/328
- 108m2(32.7)/42
- 117m2(35.4)/42
16.1~35.5
7 Type
- : 661 m2
- : 757 m2
430
USD 15 mil(00 17%)
6)

00
00
8,000
2, 27 1
( 630, )
- 2, 70 1
( 372, 364, 36)
- 1, 47 2()
7)
Dragon Phoenix
Golf Cub
00
Hoa Binh
2,000
54
03.9~(
06.11
27 )
Bana Golf
Club
00 00
(Hoa Ninh Village,

Hoa Vang district)
1,208
27
06.9~
07.12
Sky Lake Resort

& Golf Club
DK ENC
Vina Co
Ha Tay, Chuong
My Commune
2,560
36
06.12~
08.12
Song Gia
Resort
00
Thuy Nguyen
118ha
2,730
27
07.3~
08.10
VanGiang

Van Giang
150ha
7,000
36 (5
,)
07.10~
09.1
00

200ha
36
07
126
()
9)
- :
(60ha,
)
- : 4.32ha 6
( 2,700)

- , 5
-
- : 1 7,115
- :07.2. ~
09.12
VENCEO
: 5 3
- : Cau Gia Yen Hoa
:08 ,
12 1 ,15
VP2
- : VENCEO J&Y Network
: Vungtau Shipyard
, Contrexim Hloding
Oil Gas Service Co. ()
( 1/3 )
- : 4.941m2 9
- : 1,200
10)
:
Lee & CO
, ( ),
- : Phu Thuan Ward, 7,

- : 254,012m2( 6
, 2, 3,933)
- : 7,600
( )
: 30( )

04 10
,
- : 355 Kinh Duong Vuong Sreet,

Binh Tan 3,
- : 17,747m2( 835)
11) (Master Plan)

: (90%), (10%)
No.55. 2007. 12 127
- : 4,500
On-the-spot study
8)
( )
- : 40km(
), 1.2~4km.
PMUs(Project Management Units)

- ()

10,500ha(3,176)
VEC(Vietnam Expressway Corporation)
-
, ,
- , , ,
,
PDOTs(Provincial Department of Transport)
- ()
DDOTs(District Department of Transport)
- : 40.5( )
- :06.7~
07.11
UDOTs(Urban Department of Transport,
3.
, )
-
3.1

3.2
MOT(Minstry of Transport)
(km)
90,724
3125km
17,295
21,762
45,013
6,654
(%)
43.2
83.5
53.6
20.2
60.7
()
(km)
(mil USD)
29
340
PMU Thanglong
BT
56
336
VEC
40
600
PMU Mythuan
(km)
(mil USD)
2006~2015
15
1,696
10,741
2016~2025
10
1,110
6,565
2026
11
2,476
(2007 )
128
(km)
(mil USD)
24
540
VEC
105
1,200
VDB
63
360
VEC
- -
55
610
VEC
69
366
PMU Mythuan
- -
82
1,100
VEC

- -
() -
()
- ( 2 )

-

-
-

-

- 5(4) 2008

- 1
---
- ( ) -

.
- (-
, 2,115Km)
(JBIC) .
--

- 2007. 4 VDB(Vie-
tnam Development Bank, Vietcom Bank)
BOT
53%(3) ADB,
47% VEC
(07. 6~7)
- (07. 8. 13)
-
(15km)
-
(07 2)
-
3 JBIC
(07 7)
- ADB
No.55. 2007. 12 129
On-the-spot study
3.3
- 1 -
2009
BOT
- -
- 51
- -
(4) - (40Km)
.
-
- 2010 (11)

BOT(BTO)
3.4
BT
BC(Building Contract)

(GS
,

)(POSCO,-
)
-SPC
-
-
-
-
.
-

-

-

- (,
)
-,

-
-
(
)
-
- ()
- ()
-
-
-BT
-
()
-
()
-
()
-
-
()
130
2001

97-
02
BOT
44%
BT
ODA ODA
2010 ODA
, ,
BOT
. ,
EDCF (06
5 1)
.

.
[]
1. 4 (FICID-KIASTKENKA TRAINING CENTER, 2007. 9)
2.
(http://www.korchamvietnam.com/)
No.55. 2007. 12 131
BOT ,
On-the-spot study
On-the-spot study
(bejewel@lottenc.com)
1.
1.1
.
,
.
1.2
(1)
18.248km (12.343km+ ) 800m
2009 5 . 63
(249m) 238.5m (29,000ton),
, PSC ,
.
(2)
, 2001 (Gale International) 10
24 . 1611 ,
132
, -
-
.

(2007. 10. 25())
1230
/ / ( )
1300
( )
1400
( / )
14 40
( / )
1640
( )
1700
1730
( / / )
1900
2.
(4) : 6( JCT,
IC, JCT, IC,
IC, JCT), 1(
2.1
(1) : L=12.34km()+8.93km(
(5) : BTO (Build, Transfer &
) = 21.27km
(2) (Steel Box Girder) : 1,480m(
: 800m), (Y )
Operate)
(6) : Fast Track -

: 238.5m
: 74m
(3) : 1 5,914() + 8,320
() = 2 4,234
(7) : 2005. 7~ 2009. 10(),

2005. 12~2009. 8()
1.
No.55. 2007. 12 133
On-the-spot study
167
2.
2.2
(80), (8.8
(1) : 1,611
), IT (170),
(2) : 25
(71), (34, 82)
(3) : , NSIC
(4) : (173),
(5) : 2005 ~ 2014(1

: 2008)
01
53.3km2
02
253,000
03
16, 310( )
04
, ,
NSIC
05
(5.67km2)
(2.3km2)
(0.3km2)
(6.15km2)
(30)
3.
3.
. (
)
3.1
( 31)
13 00
. 1
134
, , GS, ,
, 7
JV(Joint Venture)
230m .
10
20 km
. ,
(1), (),
2005
(2), PSC(
SK
3), V (4),
SK 20
(5) 6
. BTO(Build Transfer Lease)
SOC
4.
No.55. 2007. 12 135
On-the-spot study
. ,
5.
5. 3
6.
136
On-the-spot study
7. FCM
(Bent type pile) .
8.
No.55. 2007. 12 137
9.
3.2
,

.

.
10.

, .
138
( 30000ton)
.
On-the-spot study
11.
, ,
72m
12.
No.55. 2007. 12 139
3.3
. 1600
. 5, 10
()
13.
140
14.
4.
No.55. 2007. 12 141
On-the-spot study
VE Column
-A.C

(girlkiller98@lottenc.com)
1.
: IC RAMP-A U
: IC RAMP-A STA.0+827.344 ~0+940.000
: U L=112.656m (H=0.428~5.425m , 8 SPAN)
U (D=508mm,L=45.1m) 132
RAMP-A U
,

,
, 1.0m
.
142
-A.C
VE Column
1. IC RAMP-A U ()
2. U
No.55. 2007. 12 143
2.
6 12
132 138
.
U(2SPAN,3SPAN)
. .
3. RAMP-A U ()
4. RAMP-A U ()
144
. U
No.55. 2007. 12 145
-A.C
. U
VE Column
3.

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Technical Research

1. Mix proportion of concrete

1. Shrinkage of concrete by binder types

2. Relative dynamic modulus of concrete by binder types

14 C3B7F0 > C3B5F2 > LHBS >

C4B4F2 > C7B0F3

3. Change passed of concrete by binder types

4. Slump flow test by age

5. Slump flow test by pumping

6. J-Ring flow test by pumping

7. Arrival time of slump flow to 500mm

9. Air content test by pumping

8. Arrival time of J-Ring flow to 500mm

12.4 16.5, 21.9

10. U-Box flow test by pumping

11. L-Box flow test by pumping

13. Slump flow test by age over 150 min

12. V-funnel flow test by pumping

14. Compressive and tensile strength by age

15. Flexural strength

16. Location of thermal sensors

17. Results of Thermometer

16, 28, 56, 91

18. Core sampling location

(a) Core sampling location mark

(c) Core sample

20. Compressive strength of core sample (except age 56 days)

21. Estimated young

22. Estimated young

23. Estimated young

BSA 14000SHP-D 100

70MPa 50MPa 60MPa

50, 60, 70MPa

BS EN 1992-1-2 : 2004 Part 1-2

BS EN 1992-1-2 : 2004 Part 1-2

, k = (m2), p(x,t) (Pa)

= (kg m -1s -1),

pfw = (kg m-3)

, m fw-rel = (kg m-3)

1. Ahmed, G.N., Hurst, J.P., 1995. Modeling

the thermal behavior of concrete slabs

subjected to the ASTM E119 standard fire

2. Ahmed, G.N., Hurst, J.P., 1997a. Coupled

siliceous aggregate concrete slabs

Res. 31, 67-76.

subjected to fire. Fire Mater. 21, 161-168.

8. Blundell, R., Dimond, C. and Browne,

3. Ahmed, G.N., Hurst, J.P., 1997b. An

R.G.1976. The properties of concrete

analytical approach for investigating the

subjected to elevated temperatures,

causes of spalling of high-strength

Technical Note No.9, CIRIA Underwater

concrete at elevated temperatures.

Engineering Group, London

4. Anderburg, Y. 1997. Spalling phenomena

9. Chapman, D.A., 1976. A Study of the

of HPC and OC. International warkshop

Movement of Moisture in and from

on Fire Performance of High-Strength

Concrete at Elevated and Non-uniform

Concrete, NIST Special Publication 919

Temperatures, Ph.D. Thesis. King's