7.

1 Secondary Storage Devices Secondary Storage Device

Stores data, operating system and application software on a computer system Also called backing storage Non-volatile

7.1 Secondary Storage Devices Secondary Storage Device

Secondary storage device

Reading data from secondary storage device

1. Issue a read instruction CPU

2. Load data into main memory Main memory

3. Load data and continue execution

7.1 Secondary Storage Devices Secondary Storage Device

Writing data into secondary storage device
Secondary storage device 2. Issue a write instruction CPU

3. Write data into secondary storage

1. Store data into main memory Main memory

7.1 Secondary Storage Devices The Speed of a Secondary Storage Device

Access time Access time
The average time The average time taken for the device taken for the device to search and read to search and read the required data on the required data on the storage medium the storage medium Shorter access time Shorter access time means higher means higher searching speed searching speed The amount of data The amount of data that can be that can be transferred between transferred between the main memory the main memory and a storage device and a storage device per second per second Unit: bps or Bps Unit: bps or Bps Higher rate means Higher rate means faster faster reading/writing reading/writing process process

Data transfer Data transfer rate rate

7.1 Secondary Storage Devices Storage Capacity

The maximum amount of data that can be stored on a storage medium. Measured in kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte or terabyte
Unit Kilobyte Megabyte Gigabyte Terabyte Abbreviation KB MB GB TB Value 1 KB = 210 B = 1,024 B 1 MB = 220 B = 1,024 KB 1 GB = 230 B = 1,024 MB 1 TB = 240 B = 1,024 GB

7.1 Secondary Storage Devices Magnetic and Optical Storage Devices

Magnetic Storage Magnetic Storage Devices Devices Optical Storage Optical Storage Devices Devices

Example: floppy Example: floppy disks, hard disks disks, hard disks Data stored as Data stored as electromagnetic electromagnetic charges on magnetic charges on magnetic surfaces of the surfaces of the storage units. storage units. Gradual loss of Gradual loss of magnetic charges magnetic charges leads to loss of data leads to loss of data

Example: CD-ROM, Example: CD-ROM, DVD DVD Data stored as Data stored as microscopic light and microscopic light and dark spots on the dark spots on the disk surface. disk surface. Less susceptible to Less susceptible to environmental environmental damage damage

7.1 Secondary Storage Devices Magnetic and Optical Storage Devices

Magnetic Storage Magnetic Storage Devices Devices Optical Storage Optical Storage Devices Devices

Example: floppy Example: floppy disks, hard disks disks, hard disks Data stored as Data stored as electromagnetic electromagnetic charges on magnetic charges on magnetic surfaces of the surfaces of the storage units. storage units. Gradual loss of Gradual loss of magnetic charges magnetic charges leads to loss of data leads to loss of data

Example: CD-ROM, Example: CD-ROM, DVD DVD Data stored as Data stored as microscopic light and microscopic light and dark spots on the dark spots on the disk surface. disk surface. Less susceptible to Less susceptible to environmental environmental damage damage

7.2 Types of Secondary Storage Devices Magnetic Storage Devices

Floppy Disk
Protective plastic casing Circular flexible plastic disk with magnetic coating

3.5 inch

7.2 Types of Secondary Storage Devices Magnetic Storage Devices

Floppy Disk Stores data in tracks and sectors
Sector A small arc Can store up to 512 bytes of data Storage capacity = (2 x 80 x 18 x 512) = 1,474,560 bytes Two recordable surfaces Track A circular band 80 tracks 18 sectors

7.2 Types of Secondary Storage Devices Magnetic Storage Devices

Floppy disk Access data on a floppy disk Its read/write head transfers data between the computer and the disk

A floppy disk drive

7.2 Types of Secondary Storage Devices Magnetic Storage Devices

Floppy Disk Features
Handy, cheap and rewritable

Usage
Back up files Transfer a small amount of data between computers

7.2 Types of Secondary Storage Devices Magnetic Storage Devices

Hard Disk Consists of platters, which store data

7.2 Types of Secondary Storage Devices Magnetic Storage Devices

Data access of hard disk Direct access The access arm moves the read/write head on the platters. The drive then rotates the platters to the proper position. Sector
Read/write head

Cluster Track Platter

Access arm Cylinder

7.2 Types of Secondary Storage Devices Magnetic Storage Devices

Hard Disk Factors determining the performance
Time taken to move Time taken to move the read/write head the read/write head over the right track and over the right track and sector sector Higher speed rotations Higher speed rotations of disk plates and of disk plates and faster movement of faster movement of read/write head leads read/write head leads to shorter seek time to shorter seek time

Seek Time Seek Time

The number of The number of revolutions the disk revolutions the disk platters make per platters make per minutes minutes Unit: revolution per Unit: revolution per minute (rpm) minute (rpm) Higher rotational Higher rotational speed leads to higher speed leads to higher data transfer rate data transfer rate

Drive Rotational Drive Rotational Speed Speed

7.2 Types of Secondary Storage Devices Magnetic Storage Devices

Magnetic tapes Consist of a magnetically coated strip of plastic on which data is stored

Magnetically coated plastic strip

7.2 Types of Secondary Storage Devices Magnetic Storage Devices

Magnetic tapes Require sequential access Tape drive has to move through all preceding data before it can access the desired data. Relatively slow storage but large storage capacity at low cost Suitable for long-term storage and backup

7.2 Types of Secondary Storage Devices Optical Storage Devices

Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) A round disk coated with a metallic surface Data can be stored and accessed via laser technology. Content is set permanently when manufactured.

7.2 Types of Secondary Storage Devices Optical Storage Devices

Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) CD-ROM drive The device that reads data from a CD-ROM Performance mainly measured by its data transfer rate A N CD-ROM drive can transfer N 150 KB per second

7.2 Types of Secondary Storage Devices Optical Storage Devices

Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) CD-ROM drive focuses a laser beam on the layer so as to read the stored data

Pit

Lens
No reflection

Lens Land
Reflected beam

Light-sensing diode Laser diode

Light-sensing diode 1 Laser diode

7.2 Types of Secondary Storage Devices Optical Storage Devices

Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) Variations of CD-ROM Compact disk-recordable (CD-R) Compact disk-rewritable (CD-RW)
Drive CD-ROM drive CD-R drive CD-RW drive Can read data from CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW Can write data onto CD-R CD-R, CD-RW Can modify data of CD-RW

7.2 Types of Secondary Storage Devices Optical Storage Devices

Digital Versatile Disk (DVD) Looks like CD-ROM Can store up to 17 GB of data

7.2 Types of Secondary Storage Devices Optical Storage Devices

Digital Versatile Disk (DVD) DVD drive Reads data from DVD and CD-ROM A N drive transfers N 1.32 MB data per second

7.2 Types of Secondary Storage Devices Optical Storage Devices

Digital Versatile Disk (DVD) Variations DVD+R and DVD-R
Write-once optical disks

DVD+RW and DVD-RW

Rewritable versions of DVD+R and DVD-R respectively

DVD-RAM
Allows users to copy, modify and delete files

7.2 Types of Secondary Storage Devices Optical Storage Devices

Digital Versatile Disk (DVD) Features Large capacity Medium speed Low unit cost DVD+R and DVD-R: not rewritable DVD+RW and DVD-R: rewritable Usage Back up files Movie and multimedia file distribution

7.2 Types of Secondary Storage Devices Other Forms of Secondary Storage Devices
Magneto-Optical (MO) Disks Combine magnetic and optical methods to read and write data Can store up to 9.1 GB of data

7.2 Types of Secondary Storage Devices Other Forms of Secondary Storage Devices
Magneto-Optical (MO) Disks Features Medium capacity Medium speed High unit cost Rewritable Reliable long-term storage Usage Back up files

7.2 Types of Secondary Storage Devices Other Forms of Secondary Storage Devices
Memory Card Small memory chips on cards Store data in electronic format Extend storage capacity of Notebook computers PDAs MP3 players Digital cameras

7.2 Types of Secondary Storage Devices Other Forms of Secondary Storage Devices
Memory Card Types

Compact flash

Multimedia card

Memory stick

7.2 Types of Secondary Storage Devices Other Forms of Secondary Storage Devices
Memory Card Memory Card Reader Provides a data transfer between a memory card and a computer

Compact flash reader

All-in-one card reader

7.2 Types of Secondary Storage Devices Other Forms of Secondary Storage Devices
Memory Card Features Wide range of capacities available Medium speed High unit cost Rewritable Small, light, portable Quiet in operation Less susceptible to environmental change

7.2 Types of Secondary Storage Devices Other Forms of Secondary Storage Devices
Memory Card Features Wide range of capacities available Medium speed High unit cost Rewritable Small, light, portable Quiet in operation Less susceptible to environmental change

7.3 Interface Cards Interface Card

A circuit board that can be slotted into the motherboard Expands the capability of the system
Video/graphic card Sound card

Computer outputs

Video signals

Digital data

Audio signals

7.3 Interface Cards Interface Card

Modem card Network interface card

Transmit data over a telephone line

Transmit data over a cable

7.3 Interface Cards Interface Card

Modem card Network interface card

Transmit data over a telephone line

Transmit data over a cable