-, ' '

, 4991

THE FLOERSHEIMER INSTITUTE FOR POLICY STUDIES

THE ARABS IN ISRAEL IN THE LABOUR MARKET

Noah Lewin-Epstein, Moshe Semyonov & Majid Al-Haj

4991, " 02-666243 '' 9', 04409.

1994, The Floersheimer Institute for Policy Studies Ltd.

9a, Diskin St., Jerusalem 90440. Tel: 972-2-666243 ISSN 0792-6251


- - - - - -
2

1: 0791, 0891, 0991 2: )( , 5791, 0891, 0991 3: - )( - ) ( 4: - )( 5: - , 0991, 0891, 2791 6: , 0991, 0891, 0791 7: , 0791, 0891, 0991 ) 51 ( 8: , , 9: - 2791 -3891 ) %02 56-52 ( 01: - , , 2791 -3891 ) %02 56-52 ( 11: , , 3891 )( 21: - , , 3891, ) ( 31: , - , 3891 )( 41: 51: , 3891 )( 61: ,


, ) .(subordinate , , , . , . " " . , . , - - . , , - . , , . , , . , . , . - . , ) ( , , . , , .

, , . , . . - , - .

 1 , 0991-0791. . , -9 -0791 -21 -0991. , -11 -7.51 , . , - -04 . , ) ( . , - . 1: 0791, 0891, 0991 0891 0791 6.443 2.231 4.83 2.4 3.37 0.01 2.322 1.29 3.14 4.3 5.17 2.9 0891 2.6132 9.5811 2.15 8.4 0.87 8.09

0991 8.105 3.102 1.04 6.01 0.38 2.21

0991 3.9962 1.8441 6.35 4.9 6.97 8.78

0791 1.9081 3.909 3.05 9.3 9.37 8.09 41 )( )( )%( )%( )%( )%(

------------------------------------------------------: , 1791; 2891; 2991. : 0791, 0891 41 . 0991 51 .

, 1, . 0891, , . -5891, , . : . - .

. . , . . ) ( .

, . , . -0991 -38 , )%08(. , ) ( . , , .

, , . , , . -7 -0791 -3.21 -0991. , -23 -0791 -4.64 -0991 ) , 1791; 2991(. , , . , -. , )3991 , .(Lewin-Epstein & Semyonov , .

2 , . 0991 , ) 3 ( . 42-81 )%2.71( - 43-52 )%8.91(. , 44-53 )%1.07(. , 54 , ) -%5(. .

 . , , .

2: )( - *, 0991-5791 0991 9.2 2.71 8.91 9.11 7.4 1.3 0.2 007,03 7.01 6.44 5.76 1.07 7.16 1.33 9.6 008,836 0891 0.81 0.17 3.09 4.98 3.28 2.95 3.9 009,111

0991 0.61 0.17 1.98 6.98 2.77 3.65 3.3 006,071

5791 1.92 9.37 0.49 5.39 9.19 5.26 1.51 003,79

71-41 42-81 43-52 44-53 45-54 46-55 +56 ) " (

5.31 9.21 7.61 71-41 5.13 7.43 2.53 42-81 1.18 0.48 8.58 43-52 8.78 3.19 1.49 44-53 5.98 4.19 2.39 45-54 7.57 0.48 2.58 46-55 3.12 1.92 8.92 +56 ) " 003,908 007,427 001,266 ( ----------------------------------------------------------: , 2891; 2991.

* 7891 41 51. .

 0991-5791 ) 2( , , . )71-41( , -1.92 -5791 -0.61 0991. . 0991 71-41 )0.61( )%5.31(. . 45-54 - 46-55. , . , 45-54, . 5791, 45-54 9.19 - . 51 , 0991, 2.77 . , . , 5.98 . 46-55. )%7.57(, 3.65 . , , 44-53 0891, 45-54 0991. -4.98 -0891 -2.77 0991. 45-54 0891 46-55 0991 - -6.28 -3.65 . , . , . , , : . , . , . , . , .

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 . , . , . , , -0991 -6 ) ] [net loss -07 ( ) 4(. , ) ( ) (.

3: - )( - ) ( 0991 8.3 9.5 7.1 2.5 3.01 9.21 9.84 3.11 3.041 7.3 4.72 0.0 1.51 1.4 2.61 9.62 6.6 1.72 0891 4.2 4.8 1.1 5.4 6.7 0.11 5.84 5.61 9.19 7.5 4.43 3.1 4.31 8.3 9.8 7.82 8.3 7.51 2791 0.1 1.4 7.1 4.4 8.9 4.31 4.64 2.91 9.77 3.1 2.93 3.1 3.6 7.21 4.11 8.72 0.0 9.7 0991 2.01 2.21 1.9 1.11 8.01 2.9 5.43 9.2 7.907 0891 5.9 9.9 6.6 1.41 1.9 5.7 5.83 8.4 8.056 2791 9.6 2.8 0.5 4.31 0.9 9.8 1.14 5.7 9.485 / / - " )(

8.8 5.8 4.6 / 8.52 7.42 0.02 / 2.2 8.0 7.0 4.92 9.13 2.62 1.7 8.6 6.8 4.91 4.81 2.32 0.6 2.7 6.11 3.1 7.1 3.3 - 8.124 2.855 4.592 " )( -------------------------------------------------------

: , 7791; 2891; 2991.

4: - , - 0991 0891 0791 3.6 1.22 3.0 6.81 0.51 9.5 9.3 5.91 4.8 0.001 9.971 2.51 2.02 6.0 5.91 4.01 8.5 5.2 4.81 5.7 0.001 6.621 8.22 9.61 3.0 2.02 9.21 6.5 3.1 6.31 4.6 0.001 0.98 0891 0791 4.5 0.42 1.1 9.4 8.11 0.7 9.8 8.03 0.6 0.001 2.478 4.7 1.52 3.1 1.7 0.31 7.7 6.5 0.52 8.7 0.001

0991 9.3 7.12 2.1 3.3 5.41 3.6 8.01 0.13 3.7 .001 0 9.1131

, ) ( , / , )( " )(

2.478 " )( -------------------------------------------: , 1791; 2891; 2991.

3 -4 , ), , (, . , ) (.

01

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-
, - , . , , . 1 )(. -1 , -1 ) (. 5 ) -( 6 ) (. , ) /(. . , ) (. , -2791 , - , . -0991 -72.4. , , - ) ( ) -85.2 2791 -90.1 0991(. , ) (. , , . , . , , .

11

 ) 6(, . , -16.0 -20.1 .

5: - , 2791, 0891, 0991 0891 56.0 06.1 36.1 56.1 45.0 34.0 91.5 82.2 0891 32.0 38.0 61.0 92.0 28.0 25.1 45.1 29.3

0991 04.0 90.1 * 34.0 65.0 08.0 77.5 73.5

2791 91.0 85.2 17.1 91.0 35.1 34.0 79.2 --

0991 53.0 54.0 71.0 44.0 59.0 64.1 28.1 72.4

2791

41.0 / 84.0 / 23.0 92.0 01.1 85.1 42.1 59.2 --------------------------------------: 3.

* .

6: , 0991, 0891, 0791 0991 66.1 20.1 52.0 07.6 40.1 39.0
21

0891 41.3 08.0 45.0 07.4 78.0 28.0

0791 07.3 16.0 32.0 13.3 99.0 17.0

, ) ( , / ,

43.0 45.0 61.1

62.0 15.0 72.1

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22.0 74.0 18.0

. , . 7 0791, 0891, 0991. , . . , . , )-63 -0791 -31 -0991(. , ) 21 (. -0791 -2 -21 )%31 (, -0991 ) 21 ( 4 -1.9 . 2 ) -%82(. , . , . , -0791 , . . -5 -9 ) (, -3.9 -9.11 . , , . 0991 0791. , .

31

 7: , 0791, 0891, 0991 ) 51 ( 0891 1.11 4.6 9.3 3.12 2.71 4.03 3.21 5.8 0.001 8.5132 0891 5.7 9.81 0.01 9.33 0.61 5.31 5.5 2.2 0.001

0991 9.11 2.4 4.2 7.31 5.31 0.83 0.61 2.21 0.001 3.9962

0791 3.9 3.9 3.6 7.13 7.93 1.8 9.4 0.001 6.9081

0991 0.9 0.31 5.6 8.03 4.71 2.32 1.6 0.3 0.001

0791 0.5 1.63 7.31 1.53 0.31

0 4-1 8-5 01-9 21-11 7.1 51-31 )4.0( +61 0.001 " " 0.205 5.443 2.322 )( ----------------------------------------------: , 2991.

, , ) 8(. ) ( . 001 ), 1891(. - - . 8 , , . 5791 -0991 )-24 -54 -34 -54 (, , )-63 -43 -14 -83 (. , .

41

 - . , . , , - . 8: , 0891 24.8 35.33 52.2 0991 0891 73.21 44.54 42.3 91.11 74.34 11.3

0991 23.9 00.43 42.2 70.11 52.83 27.4

5791 56.7 03.63 12.3

5791 43.01 21.24 00.3 )(x )(y

20.01 77.8 88.21 79.11 57.01 )(x 32.83 16.04 21.54 00.44 63.34 )(y 19.4 30.5 61.4 31.4 14.3 -----------------------------------------------------------------: )"( 5791, 0891, 0991 46-52.

) , 8( , , . , 3 -5791 -42.3 -0991. , 12.3 -5791, -42.2 0991. -30.5 -27.4 5791 -0991, -14.3 -61.4 . , , . ,

51

, , - .

. , . , . 3891, , -04 , . , , 02 . , , . - . - . , , , . 2791 -3891. . , . 9 . -, - , - . 3 -6 1, 2 ) 2791( 4, 5 ) 3891(. - , -. 2791 -3891 , -1. , - -. )(, - . -3891, , 8.3. , 8.3 . .

61

 9: - 2791 -3891 ) %02 56-52 ( 3981 083,1 037,6 592 055,1 094,2 000,2 549,2 079,5 065,1 029,42 2791 533 022,2 541 085 055,1 501,1 000,5 514,4 599 543,61

/ 2.1 1.1 4.1 5.1 3.1 3.2 5.1 8.3 9.5 3.2

086,1 025,7 524 043,2 543,3 015,4 014,4 587,22 031,9 592,65

/ 3.1 2.1 8.1 6.1 4.1 5.2 5.1 4.3 7.6 4.2

044 527,2 552 529 531,2 567,2 595,7 032,51 036,6 007,83

84.1

/ / " 59.0 -------------------------------------------: 2791, 3891. .

. - . 9 - - . 1, . : - .

71

 , )31 ( , - . 9 , . 2791 -3891, 59.0 -84.1. , 3891 , 5.1 -. , , , . , . , . , , . , - .

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, , , - - . , ) ( - -. - , -. -. , ) 01(. 01: - , , 2791 -3891 ) %02 56-52 ( 3891 2791

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7.5 7.5 53-52 3.3 5.2 64-63 2.3 0.2 75-74 9.1 0.2 56-85 "" - 0.41 0.51 3.42 8.61 53-52 5.32 6.32 0.83 4.53 64-63 6.33 0.24 9.25 3.15 75-74 1.43 2.24 4.55 8.95 56-85 ------------------------------: 2791, 3891 46-52.

8.11 3.7 2.5 5.6

4.9 2.6 4.1 2.2

01 , -2791 - "" - - - . , "" . - , "" - 53-52 - . 2791 -3891 . , "" . , "" 53-52 -2791 7.5 , 3891 -8.11 . 75-74 "" 2.3 -2791 -2.5 -3891. - . 11 )53-52, 64-63 '( 11 , . , - . . "" 2791 75-74, , 2.3 . - 85 "" 5.6 . , "" , . : , - . -
91

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, : ) (, ) ( ) (. 3891. , . 11, 21, 31 , .

11: , , 3891 )( " 0.41 0.7 0.81 0.01 0.15 0.001 0.2 0.2 0.41 0.1 0.18 0.001 0.26 0.32 0.41 --0.001 0.06 0.02 0.02 --0.001 "

8.04 -000,01 6.41 000,02-000,01 5.61 000,05-000,02 3.0 000,001-000,05 5.72 000,001 0.001 " -----------------------------------: 3891 46-52.

11 . , , .
02

, ) "" " ", (. -000,001 , . -06 -000,01 -41 .

21: - , , 3891, ) ( " 37.067,33 )65.538,43 ( 61.64 )80.91( 0.21 )5.3( 6.04 )71.11( 0.24 )2.41( 85.263,91 )63.891,61( 27.73 )77.81( 0.01 )2.4( 8.83 )2.01( 3.34 )5.21( 92.560,12 )33.518,31 ( 22.23 )58.41( 7.8 )1.3( 2.63 )4.9( 2.54 )3.01( 17.306,22 )61.178,41( "

37.711,12 )04.380,51 ) ( ( 29.24 54.83 )53.12( )10.91( 3.01 9.9 )9.3( )5.3( 8.63 3.73 )5.9( )7.9( 0.04 4.24 )5.31( )4.21( --------------------------------: 3891 46-52.

12

 - ) 21(. , - . , . . "" ) 7.8 , -01 (. , . " " " " ) 21(. , " " , . , " " . 34 7.73. "" -23 . 31: , - , 3891 )( " 0.23 0.72 0.14 0.001 " -

0.02 0.9 0.23 1.22 0.02 0.01 0.71 2.61 0.06 0.18 0.15 7.16 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 " --------------------------: 3891 46-52.

. 41 - . - ), ( -23 , . , " " ) " "(, , -02 . , ""

22

 )%18(. "" )%9(. , . , . , , . , .

, : ) (wage discrimination ) .(job discrimination . 52-02 . , 08-57 ) , 8891(. , )-.(Epstein and Semyonov, 1993 Lewin , , , . , , . , . )9891 , (Wolkinson, 62 84 )54 001 ( . , . . - . , . , " " . , . , .

32


"" , . - . , . , " ", - . , , . , .

, , . , )2991 , .(Smooha 41 . 8.81 , . , - . (1989) Lewin-Epstein , - - , , )(. -06 , . , )%06( , ),Smooha 2991(. , , , , .

42

 41: 8.81 2.56 9.95 1.06 2.86 , ' -------------------------------: )2991( .Smooha, S

, , 86 . . . , , .

. , )-', 8891(. , . )(. , . . -0991, 2891-7891 , 24 03 )', (.

, . ,

52

 . 0991, -64 -2891 , -86 -7891. ) -%04(. , . , - , . 51 , 7.83 , 3.51 . . , , , , . 51: , 3891 )(

) ( 7.83 3.51 , , - 9.21 6.01 9.4 5.41 1.5 9.5 9.2 1.3 8.2 8.3 5.0 1.51 4.0 5.4 , 6.6 1.61 8.6 3.4 ), , '( 0.11 8.2 4.7 0.4 " 0.001 0.001 ----------------------------------------------------: ", , 3891.

, , . -31 , -. - , . ,

62

 . " , . , 05 06 -. " -, , , 6691-6891, 090,1 . -06 , 02 , )7891 ,.(Dar , , , , . ", , ), 2991(. , . , - . , . , . , - 9891. , ), 2991(. , 2991-0991 074,71 ) , 2991(. , . , ) , 19.5.6(. , , , . .

-, , , . , - . , . 51 , -5 , -51 . . , , .

72

 , , . , , . , , . , . , )0991 , .(Haidar, . , , . -0991, , . , ), , '( )', (.

51 , , . 51 , , 5.0 . . -02 -93 , -3 )-', 8891(. . 2991 . . -7891 . , .

. 4.0 , -5.4 , . -3991 -005,4 21 . , , . . , )-', 8891: 91(.

82

 . -' 2891-4891 )(. , . , -7891, , .

, . , , . , , , . 0991 , . . . , , , -0991 . -5.5 . , , . )%3.1( . 5 -7 . - . , , . , . , .

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 , - . )-', 8891( 24 . , -05 . -35 , , , 12 )(.

11 . )%1.91( ) , 2991: 643(. 61 , , . . , . . , . - )-', ( , -8 2891 -21 7891. 61 , . , , , .

61: , .. 2-1 4-3 " 1.88 3.6 5.3 8.1 1.0 2.0 0.001 .. " .. .. " "

7.38 -1.59 1.88 5.01 -6.2 7.5 6.2 --1.3 1.2 --3.1 5.0 -6.0 3.1 6.0 -7.1 5.0 0.001 -0.001 0.001 ------------------------------------------------------

03

: ", , 3891.

. : . . -57 -76 , -31 . , . . , , -2 . . . , . . . -01 . - - , . . , -. . . . 51 21 0991, 9 . . . , .

13

 . , " 51 , -63 . . , . 5891 8 -000,1 , -5.6 0991. . , , , . . . . , . , , , . . , , - . . - , .

23


, , , . , - , , . , . . - , " " . - . , - . , , . . : " . ." , - : 1. . . : 1.. . ) (. . 1.. . , . , . ,

33

 . , . 2. . 2.. . - . , . , . , , . 2.. - . , , . 2.. .I . . . . 2.. .II , . " ) (, , . , . 22 . 2.. , - . . , . 3. . 3.. , " " , . " " . , , . , " " - . 3.. . " "

43

 . , , , . , , - . 3.. " " . , , . . 3.. ) , (. . . , . 3.. , . , . , , . , . 3.. , , , . , , ) ,(affirmative action . , , . , . , .

53


', ' )8891(, : , ". ' 9-22 ' ' )(, . : -. ', ' ) (, , : , : . )1791(, 1791, ' 12, . )7791(, 6791, ' 72, . )2891(, 1891, ' 23, . )2991(, 1991, ' 24, . , )8891(, , : . , ' )1891(, - " " )1(: 01-92. , 6 , 1991. )2991(, " " )(, . )2991(, " )(, . , )2991(, " , - : " . ) 2991(.

02 ,Dar, Yoel (1987), U.S. Scholarship Programme Sought for Arab Students, Jerusalem Post .7891 ,September Haidar, Aziz (1990), Social Welfare for Israel's Arab Population, Boulder, San Francisco and .London: Westview Press ,Lewin-Epstein, Noah (1989), Labor Market Position and Antegonism Toward Arabs in Israel .191-561 :1 Research in Inequality and Social Conflict Vol :Lewin-Epstein, Noah and Moshe Semyonov (1993), The Arab Minority in Israel's Economy .Patterns of Ethnic Inequality, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press .Smooha, Sami (1992), Arabs and Jews in Israel (vol. 2), Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press Wolkinson, B.W. (1989), Equal Employment Opportunities for Israel Arab Citizens, Golda Meir .)84 Institute for Social and Labor Research, Tel-Aviv University (Discussion paper

63

* , , 2991. * , , 2991. , , , 3991. * , , , 3991 * , , , 3991 * , , 3991. , ' , 3991.

73