NH HNG N TRONG VN HA THI LAN

1. Ngn ng - T vng Ting Thi cng vay mn nhiu t ng ca ting Phn (Sanskrit) v ting Pali, nhng ngn ng c xa ca n m cc nh s thng s dng ghi chp cc kinh k gio l ca mnh. Nhng h thay i cch pht m lm cho n nghe ging nh nhng t Thi. Nhng ch luyn ly v nhn trng m cng b lc b i. Guru = khru = gio vin Maha = mah = ln Candi = ch i = n i Suami = s mi = chng Buddha = pht = pht - Ch vit 2. Vn hc Ramayana -> Ra ma kin 3. Ngh thut - Ngh thut ma ri Khn 4. Tm linh Pht gio Hindu

C tng n trong bn sc vn ho ng Nam

16/02/2009

Bn sc cng ng l bn cht c trng phn bit mt cng ng nht nh trong quan h vi nhng cng ng khc. Bn sc ng Nam nh vy cn c xem xt t s "thng nht trong a dng" ni ting ca khu vc ny, s thng nht c vun bi qua sut trng k lch s: trn c tng bn a cng nh qua hai lp tip bin vn ha ngoi nhp.

Chng ti cho rng nhng nh hng n v th ch chnh tr, t chc v quy tc x hi cng nh v ngn ng khng phi rt quan trng i vi bn sc vn ha ng Nam v nhng nh hng khng thc s ph qut, su sc, lu bn i vi tt c cc dn tc khu vc ny. C ngha quan trng nht, theo chng ti, l du n n trn nn tng tn gio v o c ca ng Nam . Nu Trung Quc, Pht gio i vo i sng tm linh trc ht v ch yu qua nhng bn dch t Tam Tng kinh (Tripitaka) th ng Nam , c Pht gio ln Hindu gio, nhng tn gio m trong bn cht, l nhng cch ngh v cch sng hn l nhng h thng kinh in, nghi l, li n ng Nam ch yu l qua nhng cu chuyn huyn thoi, c tch, s thi, ng ngn nh Jataka, Mahabharata, Ramayana, Panchatantra v bng nhng hnh thc sinh ng ca k chuyn (ngi k chuyn, tranh truyn thu), l hi, ngh thut to hnh (iu khc, hi ha), ngh thut biu din (kch ri, ma mt n) Nhng nh hng Pht gio, B La Mn gio qua qu trnh tng hp vn ha khng ch tp trung gii tinh hoa nm c quyn tri thc, c quyn chnh tr m cn tr thnh nn vn ha sng ng ca ng o qun chng nhn dn. Trong Jataka, Ramayana, Mahabharatanhn dn ng Nam khng qu bn khon suy t vi nhng cp phm tr Atman-Brahman (Tiu Ng-i Ng), Karma-Samsara (Nghip bo-Lun hi), Dharma-Moksha (Bn phn-Gii thot) ca trit hc Pht gio, Hindu gio. H ch n gin l ngng m trc c Pht, Rama, nhng tm gng mu mc v tri kin, hnh ng o c, k lut tinh thn, nhng biu tng rng ngi ca ci tm thanh sch, trong sng, bnh thn. Tng t nh th, nhn dn ng Nam khng tip thu Panchatantra vi t cch mt Rajaniti (Khoa hc cai tr cho cc nh cm quyn) m ch rt t nhng kin thc thc hnh dn dt x th tt trong i. Ramayana, Mahabharata, Jataka, Panchatantra vun bi trong nhn dn ng Nam nhng l tng v ci thin, v chnh ngha, lng nhn i, t bi, l tng sng v tha, ha bnh, ha hp, nhng gi tr thc ra vn manh nha, vn c nui dng t trong c tng vn ha bn a (vn ha nng nghip) ca h. Nhng gi tr c vun bi thun thnh vin mn v tr nn nhng thnh t quan trng trong bn sc vn ha ng Nam . Chnh di sn chung ny gp phn gn kt cht ch quan h gn gi, xc tin s hiu bit ln nhau v hp tc hiu qu gia cc

dn tc ng Nam trong qu kh, hin ti v c tng lai. Phng Ty, nghin cu bn sc vn ha chu u trong quan h vi qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin EU ang l vn thu ht s quan tm ca c gii hc thut ln nhng nh hoch nh chnh sch. Mt hng tip cn tng t i vi bn sc vn ha ng Nam v ngha ca n trong xc tin s hiu bit ln nhau v hp tc gia cc nc ASEAN, theo chng ti, cng c ngha quan trng tng ng nhng c th ni cha c s ch y . Trong bo co ny, chng ti mun trnh by i iu suy ngh v c tng n trong bn sc vn ha ng Nam .

(nh ngun Internet)

Nhng nh hng t n nh mt ng lc, nh nhng cu kin c bn cho vn ha cc nc ng Nam l iu khng c g cn phi ng vc. Cch thc tip bin nhng nh hng y ca ng Nam hu nh cng khng cn l vn tranh lun na. a s cc nh nghin cu khng cn cho rng ng Nam ch l ngi nhn nh hng mt cch th ng, khng cn xem cc nn vn minh khu vc ny ch l nhng nn vn minh nh trng, vn minh v tinh thuc v i n (Greater India) hay n M Rng (Furthur India) na m ngy cng nht tr rng qua tng tc vi n do con ng bun bn trn bin, c dn ng Nam rt c nhng im u m trong nn vn ha n m h thy c li cho nhng nn vn ha ca h v l qu trnh tng hp vn ha hn l qu trnh n ha (Indianization). Tuy nhin, nh hng no t n ng gp cho s hnh thnh nhng thnh t c bn ca bn sc vn ha ng Nam th c l vn cn i hi tip tc nghin cu. 1. Bn sc vn ho v Bn sc vn ha ng Nam Trc ht xin s lc gii thuyt khi nim Bn sc vn ho v Bn sc vn ha ng Nam . 1.1. Bn sc vn ho c nhiu nh l lun, nhiu nh nghin cu a ra nhng khi nim khc nhau v bn sc (identity), c bn sc c nhn (individual identity) ln bn sc cng ng (collective identity). Nu bn sc c nhn l bn cht c trng phn bit mt c nhn nht nh trong quan h vi nhng c nhn khc th tng t, nhng mt khun kh rng ln hn, bn sc cng ng l bn cht c trng phn bit mt cng ng nht nh trong quan h vi nhng cng ng khc. y, chng ti ch n bn sc cng ng. Theo Shmuel N. Eisenstadt 2003 (Comparative civilizations and multiple modernities. Leiden: Brill, tr. 75-134, dn li theo Bi Hi ng 2006), vi bn sc cng ng, mt mt, mt cng ng nht nh mun xc nh nhng c im khc bit nh nhng ranh gii phn cch h khi nhng cng ng khc, mt khc, h mun tm nhng c im chung nh nhng rng mi kt ni quan h gia cc thnh vin trong ni b cng ng h. Ni mt cch vn tt, bn sc cng ng l bn cht c trng phn bit CHNG TA (WE) v H (THEM). P. Sztompka 2004 (http://www.nias.knaw.nl/en/new_3/new_1, dn li theo Bi Hi ng 2006) khng nh rng ci CHNG TA (WE) c xc nh trn nn tng ca bn cp sau y:

(nh ch mang tnh minh ha; ngun: Internet)

(1) s s hu chung t xa xa mt lnh th, mt khung cnh mi trng; (2) gia ti chung ca nhng kinh nghim qu kh, nhng k c, truyn thng cng ng, nhng t tin chung (d thc t hay huyn thoi); (3) s chia s nhng ngn ng, tn gio, phong tc tp qun, cch sng chung; (4) s chia s nhng h t tng, l tng chung. Nh vy, c th thy bn sc cng ng l kt qu ca qu trnh nh hnh, phn bit bn ng ca mt cng ng, trong nhng gi tr vn ha c s dng nh nhng tiu ch nhn din. Bn sc cng ng, thc s, chnh l bn sc vn ha ca cng ng. Theo , liu c th c mt bn sc vn ha ng Nam chng, v cu trc ca n l nh th no? 1.2. Bn sc vn ha ng Nam Thut ng ng Nam vi ngha cp mt khu vc xut hin chnh thc t i chin th gii ln th hai. Khu vc ny bao gm cc nc vi nhng s a dng v mi trng cng nh chng tc. Xt t chng tc (ch th vn ha), sng ng Nam l chng Nam Mongoloid vi s phn chia thnh 5 nhm (theo Nguyn Tn c 2005): - Austro-Asiatic - Austronesian - Indonesian - Vedoid - Negrito H qu l, xt t ngn ng, ng Nam c 5 nhm (theo Nguyn Tn c 2005): - Austro-Asiatic (Mon-Khmer) - Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) - Tai-Kadai - Tibeto-Burman - Hmong-Mien Xt t mi trng (khng gian vn ha), khu vc ny bao gm ng Nam lc a v

(nh ch mang tnh cht minh ha; ngun: Internet)

ng Nam hi o. S phn chia lc a hi o phn nh nhng khc bit khng ch v a l m trn mt s kha cnh l c v vn ha. Bng 1: S phn chia ng Nam lc a ng Nam hi o (da theo Nguyn Tn c 2005, Mai Ngc Ch 1998) ng Nam lc a - Myanmar - Thailan - Campuchia - Lo - Vit Nam ng Nam hin i - Malaysia - Singapore - Indonesia - ng Timor - Philippines

Cc nc

- Brunei a l t nhin - Bn cnh ni l nhng ng - Nhng ng bng nh hp hn bng kh rng ln - Rng tr ph hn Kinh t Ch yu l Nng nghip M rng hot ng trn bin, trong quan trng l Thng mi trn bin S hnh thnh Cc quc gia thng nht ra Cc quc gia thng nht ra i quc gia i sm tng i mun hn Xt t lch s (thi gian vn ha), nhn chung trn ton b khu vc, c th ni n 3 thi k ln: (1) Thi k vn ha bn a (t khi thy n khong u Cng nguyn); (2) Thi k tip bin nhng nh hng vn ha Phng ng t Trung Quc, n , Arp (t khong u Cng nguyn n khong th k XVI); (3) Thi k tip bin nhng nh hng vn ha Phng Ty (t khong th k XVI n nay). Song, nhp v ni dung ca mi thi k li rt khc nhau gia cc tiu khu vc trong ni b ng Nam . Theo c Ninh, c th phn bit 5 tiu khu vc: (1) Campuchia, Champa: sm tip thu nh hng vn ha n , lc u l B La Mn, sau l Pht gio. (2) Indonesia, Malaysia: nh hng n (Pht gio, B La Mn gio) du nhp sm, nhng t th k XIV tr i dn thay th bng nh hng Hi gio. (3) Myanmar, Thi Lan, Lo: tip nhn nh hng n mun hn v thng qua cc

quc gia trung gian, vi Pht gio su m. (4) Philippines: nh hng n dn m nht, nh hng Thin Cha gio su m, bn cnh nh hng Hi gio pha Nam. (5) Vit Nam: Sm tip nhn nh hng n (nh hng Pht gio Luy Lu, nh hng B La Mn v Pht gio Champa, Ph Nam) ng thi l nc duy nht ng Nam chu nh hng su sc ca Trung Hoa ( pha Bc t th k II, pha Nam t sau s sp ca vng quc Champa vo th k XV). Mc d tt c nhng khc bit a dng y, ng Nam ngy cng c nhn nhn su sc nh mt khu vc a l, chnh tr-x hi v vn ha. Bn sc ng Nam nh vy cn c xem xt t s thng nht trong a dng ni ting ca khu vc ny, s thng nht c vun bi qua sut trng k lch s: trn c tng bn a cng nh qua hai lp tip bin vn ha ngoi nhp. i vi s hnh thnh vn ha c in ca ng Nam r rng tip bin quan trng nht l qua tng tc vi n . Vy th, nhng nh hng no t n mang tnh ph qut (c tc ng kh tng ng i vi c cc nc lc a ln hi o) v lu bn (vn lu du n su sc cho n ngy nay) to dng nhng thnh t c bn cho mt bn sc vn ha chung i vi tt c cc nc ng Nam ? 2. Nhng nh hng n i vi bn sc vn ha ng Nam ng nh Alastair Lamb [A.L.Basham (edited) 1998: A cultural history of India. p.443] nhn xt: Khng c bt c mt qu trnh n ha no mang tnh ng phc khp ng Nam . C ng Nam lc a ln hi o u tip nhn nhng nh hng n t u Cng nguyn nhng sau ny li c s phn chia r rt gia lc a v hi o: trong khi Pht gio Tiu tha thng lnh ng Nam lc a th ng Nam hi o dn d tr thnh mt th gii ca Hi gio. Bng 2: nh hng n i vi ng Nam lc a v ng Nam hi o ng Nam lc a Cho n nay, ch yu l nh hng Pht gio ng Nam hi o T khong th k XIV-XV, nh hng Hi gio thay th nh hng Pht gio v B La Mn gio

nh hng n

2.1. Nhng nh hng n v chnh tr, x hi Nhiu hc gi a ra lun im rng thng mi ng di trn bin gia cc nc ng Nam v n t u Cng nguyn ng vai tr cha kha trong vic thc y s pht trin chnh tr dn dn n s hnh thnh hng lot nh nc s khai khu vc ny. Nhng nh vua bn a s dng thn ph v cc nghi l n nh phng tin cng c uy th ca mnh. H cng vay mn mt s yu t t hnh thc cai tr l tng, nn tng lut php, chnh tr ca n . C th thy r iu ny trong huyn thoi lp quc, trong tn ngng Devaraja (Vua-Thn) ca Khmer, Champa v

cc nh vua n ha ca Java. Tuy nhin, theo chng ti, nhng nh hng n v th ch chnh tr, t chc v quy tc x hi khng phi rt quan trng i vi bn sc vn ha ng Nam . Bi l nhng nh hng ny ch mt s quc gia c, ng thi c bn cng ch gii hn trong thi c i (ch c mt ngoi l l Thi Lan, ni l tng Devaraja vn cn duy tr n tn hong gia ng i). Du n ca h thng phn bit ng cp kht khe ca n l v cng m nht ng Nam . V tr x hi ca ngi ph n ng Nam , do tip ni, bo lu truyn thng bn a, cng cao hn nhiu so vi n . 2.2. Nhng nh hng n v ngn ng Nhiu hc gi cng nhn mnh nhng nh hng n trong cc ngn ng ng Nam . Myanmar, Thi Lan, Campuchia, Lo n nay vn mn ch vit n v ngn ng ca h phn nh du n ca c ting Sanskrit ln ting Pali. Tuy nhin, theo chng ti, nhng nh hng n v ngn ng cng khng phi rt quan trng i vi bn sc vn ha ng Nam . V rng nhiu trong nhng ngn ng ng Nam thuc v nhng nhm hon ton khc nhng ngn ng n . Ngy hm nay, nu ASEAN cn c mt ngn ng cng ng (collective language) nh mt phng tin giao tip chung cho cc nc thnh vin th s la chn ca n chc chn khng phi nhng ngn ng n m c l, hoc l ting Anh hoc l ting Trung. 2.3. Nhng nh hng n v tn gio, o c C ngha quan trng nht, theo chng ti, l du n ca n trn nn tng tn gio v o c ca ng Nam . T thi c i, Pht gio v B La Mn gio thng lnh y. Ngy nay, Pht gio v Hi gio l hai tn gio quan trng nht. M Hi gio ng Nam li l Hi gio c mang n ch yu t n ch khng phi t Arp, mt Hi gio truyn tha qua n v vi mt s nh hng Hindu. Bng 3: Tnh hnh tn gio cc nc ng Nam (dn li theo Vin Thng tin Khoa hc X hi 1997: Tn gio v i sng hin i. Tp II) Pht gio 87,2% 92,1% 58% 88,4% 55,3% 1,0% (Hindu gio 2,1%) 6,4% Hi gio 3,6% 3,9% 2,4% 1,0% 83,6% 54,4% Tn gio Trung Quc 24,7% Cc tn gio khc Kito gio 5,6% Tn gio b lc 34% Kito gio 7,4%

Myanmar Thi Lan Lo Campuchia Vit Nam Indonesia Malaysia

(Hindu gio 7,4%) Philippines 8,6% Singapore Brunei (Hindu gio 5,7%) 13,1% 17,4% Tn gio Trung Quc 53,9% 64,2% Kito gio 8% 4,3% Thin Cha gio 84,1%

Nu Trung Quc, Pht gio i vo i sng tm linh trc ht v ch yu qua nhng bn dch t Tam Tng kinh (Tripitaka) th ng Nam , mc d trong nhiu th k cng c nhng dng i lu cc tng s n n ng Nam v cc tng s ng Nam n n nhng khng c ng o nhng dch gi vi vic thnh kinh, dch kinh quy m ln. C Pht gio ln Hindu gio n ng Nam , mc ph bin su rng, ch yu li l qua nhng cu chuyn huyn thoi, c tch, s thi, ng ngn nh Jataka, Mahabharata, Ramayana, Panchatantrav bng nhng hnh thc sinh ng ca k chuyn (ngi k chuyn, tranh truyn thu), l hi, ngh thut to hnh (iu khc, hi ha), ngh thut biu din (kch ri, ma mt n) Bng 4: Nhng bn Ramayana, Mahabharata, Jataka, Panchatantra cc nc ng Nam Ramayana -Yama Zatdaw (th k XVIII) - Reamker (th k VI) -Ramakien (th k XIII) -Phra Lak Phra Lam (th k XIX) -Gvay Dvorahbi -Ramayana - D Thoa vng (Lnh Nam chch qui) -Ramayana Kakawin (th k VIII-IX) -Munfa Tantay Mahabharata Jataka Panchatantra

Myanmar

Campuchia

- Jataka

Panchatantra

Thailand

- Xattakhm

-Nang Tantay

Laos

-Xn Xay (th k XV)

-Nang Tantay (1507)

Champa Vietnam

Indonesia

- Arjunawiwala

-Tamitri

- Bharatayudhakakawin (1100) - Bhagavad Gita Malaysia -Hikayat Seri Rama (th k XIII-XVII) -Hikayat Maharaja Ravana Philippines -Manaraw Bng 5: Ramayana, Mahabharata, Jataka, Panchatantra qua cc hnh thc k chuyn, l hi, ngh thut to hnh v ngh thut biu din cc nc ng Nam Ramayana - k chuyn -1 ngi n - kch ri bng - kch ri bng - kch ma cung nh - k chuyn - nhng ph iu Angkor Wat -193 bc tranh trong 1 tng vin Phnom Penh -sn khu La Kon - ma cung nh -k chuyn Mahabharata Jataka - k chuyn - trang tr n i Panchatantra Panchatantra

Myanmar

Campuchia

- k chuyn - ph iu

-k chuyn

Thi Lan

-k chuyn -trang tr n

-k chuyn

-2 ngi n -200 bch ha Wat Phra Kaeo (Bangkok) -Nng Yai (kch ri bng) Kohn (ma mt n) -k chuyn -2 ngi n -29 bch ha Vat Oup Moung (Vientiane) -ma - m nhc -n th Valmiki -sn khu d k ca ngi Khmer -k chuyn -kch ri bng, Wayang Kulit & Wayang Purwa - 5 ngi n -ph iu trn n Hindu -kch ri bng Wayang Kulit & Wayang Purwa -Ma Kecak -kch ma mt n -kch ri g -ma ballet - Cc l hi Mochopat, Bebachan

i -kch ri bng

Lo

-k chuyn

-k chuyn

Vit Nam

- 1 s truyn dn gian

Indonesia

-1 s truyn dn gian

-k chuyn

Malaysia

-k chuyn -1001 tranh tng trong ngi n Rama ln nht -kch ri bng Wayang Kulit

-kch ri bng Wayang Kulit

-1 s truyn dn gian

C th ni, bng nhng cch thc nh vy, chnh ng Nam hp th su sc linh hn ca Pht gio v B La Mn gio, nhng tn gio m trong bn cht, l nhng cch ngh v cch sng hn l nhng h thng kinh in, nghi l, tn iu cht ch. Hn na, ng Nam , ni m n 4/5 dn s sng nhng vng nng thn, vn ha truyn thng ch yu l vn ha truyn khu hn l vn ha ch ngha, bng hnh thc k chuyn, din xng, hi l... nh vy, nhng nh hng Pht gio, B La Mn gio qua qu trnh tng hp vn ha khng ch tp trung gii tinh hoa nm c quyn tri thc, c quyn chnh tr m cn tr thnh nn vn ha sng ng ca ng o qun chng nhn dn. Trong Jataka, Ramayana, Mahabharata nhn dn ng Nam khng qu bn khon suy t vi nhng cp phm tr Atman-Brahman (Tiu Ng-i Ng), Karma-Samsara (Nghip bo-Lun hi), Dharma-Moksha (Bn phn-Gii thot) ca trit hc Pht gio, Hindu gio. H ch n gin l ngng m trc c Pht, Rama-Sita, Yudhithira, Arjuna,... nhng tm gng mu mc v tri kin, hnh ng o c, k lut tinh thn, nhng biu tng rng ngi ca ci tm thanh sch, trong sng, bnh thn. Jataka (Nhng cu chuyn Tin thn c Pht) l nhng bi hc v c v tha, nhn ni, tnh thng yu rng m khng ch i vi ng loi m l tt thy mi chng sinh, cn cc s thi Ramayana, Mahabharata th trnh by l tng nhng quan h vua-ti, cha-con, chng-v, anh-em, bn hu, ca ngi nhng con ngi sn sng hy sinh nhng quyn li vt cht cho nhng i hi tinh thn, t quyn li ca cng ng, ca ngi khc trn quyn li bn thn Jataka, Ramayana, Mahabharata chia s nhng trit l, nhng nim tin su sc m gin d v gieo g gt ny, thin thng c Tng t nh th, nhn dn ng Nam khng tip thu Panchatantra vi t cch mt gio trnh Chnh tr hc (Rajaniti - Khoa hc cai tr cho cc nh cm quyn) m ch rt t nhng kin thc thc hnh (nh ch mang tnh minh ha; Ngun: Internet) dn dt x th tt trong i. Niti ct li nht trong Panchatantra l hiu bit ci hn (limit), rng: Khn cng cht, di cng cht, ch ngi bit l sng thi. Ramayana, Mahabharata, Jataka, Panchatantra vun bi trong nhn dn ng Nam nhng l tng v ci thin, v chnh ngha, lng nhn i, t bi, l tng sng v tha, ha bnh, ha hp, nhng gi tr thc ra vn manh nha, vn c nui dng t trong c tng vn ha bn a (vn ha nng nghip) ca h. Nu nh Nho gio ch nng ln thnh ngha l nhng tnh cm trung hiu m cc nc ng (Vit Nam, Nht Bn, Triu Tin) vn cm nhn v mong c t bn nng th Pht gio, B La Mn cng ng vai tr ng nh vy i vi truyn thng nhn vn ca ng Nam . Nhng gi tr c vun bi thun thnh vin mn v tr nn nhng thnh t quan trng trong bn sc vn ha ng Nam . Ngay c khi Hi gio th ch Pht gio v

B La Mn gio phn ln ng Nam hi o th ngi nng dn y vn tip tc tm c nim vui gii tr cng nh nhng bi hc o c vi nhng cu chuyn Ramayana, Mahabharata, Jataka, Panchatantra c nghe, c xem t thu u th. (C l mt phn chnh nh vy m ng Nam hi o vn l khu vc Hi gio n ha nht th gii). V ngay c khi Phng Ty mang vo ng Nam nhng yu t ca t duy th tc, thc dng, hoi nghi ng chm (ng thi cng kch thch) mnh m i vi nhng x hi truyn thng m mu sc tn gio v tm linh y (Guy Hunter 1966, tr.6) th nhng gi tr vn l nhng nng lc tch cc v mnh m ng u c, cn li vi s xm nhp, lan trn ca xu hng ch ngha vt cht ngoi lai. Bng 6: Du n ca nhng nh hng n trong gi tr vn ha ca cc dn tc ng Nam cho n tn ngy nay (Da theo Nguyn Tn c 2005) t nc Indonesia Nhng gi tr vn ha c tha nhn Trong Pancasila (Nm nguyn l) c - Ch ngha quc t / Ch ngha nhn o - Dn ch (LIslam en Indonsie II. Etudes Interdisciplinaires sur le monde insulindien Archipel 30. 1978. tr. 265) Trong Ruknegara (H t tng quc gia) c - Trung thnh vi c vua, vi dn tc - X s tt v o c (Tp ch Vng quanh ng Nam . 10 / 1999, tr. 24) Trong H t tng quc gia c - Hiu bit, khoan th, ha hp gia cc chng tc, cc tn gio - Ha iu gia quyn li c nhn v li ch cng ng - ng cm, gip nhng ngi km may mn - Gii quyt cc vn c bn trn c s thng lng, tha thun trong chng mc c th (Tp ch Vng quanh ng Nam . 10 / 1999, tr. 91-97) Trong nhng gi tr vn ha c - Pakikisama: c x tt gi ha hp

Malaysia

Singapore

Philippines

- Trnh xc phm (hiya) ngi khc (Tomas D. Andres 1987: Understanding Filipno, Philippines, tr. 75-77) Trong nhng gi tr vn ha c - C x tt gi ha hp - Khng ni hoc lm iu g lm phin hoc xc phm ngi khc - Coi trng quyn li cng ng hn li ch c nhn Trong nhng gi tr vn ha c - T bi - Gip ngi khc - Khoan th (Phung Phasa Khurvat. Thai art and culture) Trong nhng gi tr vn ha c - Nhn hu - Trnh xung t - Khim tn, nhn ni Trong nhng gi tr vn ha c - Nhn i - Nghi tnh (Trn Vn Giu 1993: Nhng gi tr tinh thn truyn thng Vit Nam) Tm li, nh hng quan trng nht, su rng nht, lu bn nht ca vn ha n trong nhng nn vn ha ng Nam l s vun bi mt nn tng o c chung cho ton b khu vc. Chnh di sn chung ny gp phn gn kt cht ch quan h gn gi, xc tin s hiu bit ln nhau v hp tc hiu qu gia cc dn tc ng Nam trong qu kh, hin ti v c tng lai. TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Guy Hunter 1966: South-East Asia Race, Culture, and Nation. Oxford University Press, New York, London. 2. Reginald le May 1964: The culture of SouthEast Asia. The heritage of India. George

Myanmar

Thi Lan

Laos

Vit Nam

Allen and Unwin Ltd. London 3. Nguyn Tn c 2005: Vn ha ng Nam . NXB. i hc Quc gia Thnh ph H Ch Minh. 4. Mai Ngc Ch 1998: Vn ha ng Nam . NXB. i hc Quc gia H Ni. 5. Lu c Trung (ch bin) 1998: Vn hc ng Nam . NXB. Gio dc. 6. Hugh Clifford 1990: Furthur India. White Lotus, Co.Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand. 7. H.B.Sahkar 1985: Cultural relations between India and SouthEast Asian countries. Indian council for cultural relations. New Dehli. 8. Thakur Upendra 1986: The Ramayana in SouthEast Asia Some aspects of Asian history and culture. Abhinav Publication, India. 9. A.L.Basham (edited) 1998: A cultural history of India. Oxford University Press. Delhi, Calcutta, Mumbai. 10. A.L.Basham 2000: The wonder that was India. Rupa & Co. 11. Susanne Schech & Jane Haggis 2000: Culture and development. Blackwell publishing. 12. Frank J. Lechnes & John Boli 2005: World culture. Origins and Consequences. Blackwell publishing. 13. Bui Hai Dang 2006: The EU and European identity. Jagiellonian Unversity in Krakow, Poland. PGS.TS. Phan Thu Hin - Trng HKHXH&NV, HQG TP.HCM; nh: Internet [(Tham lun ti hi tho)] Theo PGS.TS. Phan Thu Hin

NH HNG PHT GIO TI THI LAN

Di y l bi chng ti vit ti cha Bovoranives Bangkok vo thng 2 nm 1966 trong thi gian chng ti qua Thi Lan sng gn mt nm tm hiu v nghin cu v nn Pht Gio x ny.

H.T. Thch Tr Chn

Nh n , Tch Lan, Min in v.v.Thi Lan l x theo Pht Gio Nguyn Th hay Tiu tha (Hinayana). Pht Gio l quc gio. Thng k nm 1960, dn s Thi Lan c vo khong 24 triu, Pht t chim gn 94 phn trm.

Pht Gio tr thnh mt di sn tinh thn thing ling m bt c ngi dn Thi no cng c bn phn pht trin v duy tr. Hn ai ht, nh vua theo hin php l ngi bo tr cho cc tn gio, nhng lun lun phi l Pht t. o Pht y khng dnh ring cho hng ngi no, m cho tt c, khng phn bit giu ngho, sang hn, vua cha hay bn dn. Tng Pht c dn chng th khp mi ni. trng hc, trn xe but, trong tim bun, qun gii kht t nhn, nht l ti cc cng s, u u cng u c thit bn th Pht tuy n gin nhng trang nghim. Bt c ngi cng dn Thi no trong i mnh cng hy vng t nht c mt ln c xut gia vo cha tu vi nm, vi thng, vi tun, hoc vi ngy. Cc nhn vin cao cp chnh ph v nh vua cng vy. Nm 1956, vua Thi hin thi l Bhumibol Adulyadej n xut gia ti cha Bovoranives trong hai tun. c Tng Thng (hay Vua Si) l ngi c chc v cao nht do nh vua tn phong vi s ng ca chnh ph cng nh a s ch thng ta v i c trong Gio Hi. Gio hi lin lc cht ch vi chnh ph nh c Nha Tn Gio (Department of Religious Affairs) trc thuc B Gio Dc. Nm 1959, nha Tn Gio ny c n 200 nhn vin lm vic v mt ngn qu khong 13.451.543 baht tin Thi (nm 1966 mt m kim gi tr 20 baths). Trong nm, c bn ngy l Pht ln c chnh ph cng nhn l quc l. Ch thng ta trong gio hi c bn phn tham d tt c cc quc l v tun hnh mi quy lut quc gia. Tri li, chnh ph c bn phn bo v t ai, ti sn ca gio hi, tr cp ti chnh tu b cc cha chin, pht trin nn hc vn ca ch Tng v nng cng vic ging dy gio l ti cc trng bng chng trnh pht thanh ca chnh ph. Theo i Nin S ca Tch Lan (Mahavamsa) ghi rng Pht Gio c truyn t n vo Thi Lan di thi vua A Dc, do hai i c Sona v Uttara. C gi thuyt khc li cho rng o Pht du nhp Thi Lan do cc thng gia v di dn n trc kia thng lui ti cc b bin Min in, M Lai, Nam Dng, Thi Lan, v Campuchia. Nhng di dn v thng gia u tin ny mang truyn vo Thi c Pht Gio ln n Gio. Bng chng l c nhiu pho tng Vishu, Siva (n gio) v c Pht c o thy ti cc thng tch xa Thi Lan. Ti Lopburi, Phimai v cc ni khc hin cn thy nhiu cha th tng thn Siva do nhng ngi Thi u tin xy ct bng thch v ong. Vo th k th 12 v 13, ngi Thi di c t tnh Yunnan (Vn Nam - Trung Hoa) xung min nam. Sau ny do s xua ui ca ngi Trung Hoa, dn tc Thi vt sng Cu Long v nh c ti cc thung lng hp min Bc Thi, sau khi h chinh phc dn tc Mon- Kmer. Cho nn, ban u Thi ng c cng c tnh n m (monosyllabic) nh ngn ng dn Mon-

Kmer v hi ging ting Trung Hoa. Nhng sau ny bi chu nh hng Pht Gio vi nhng kinh in Pali v Sanskrit (Phn) nn Thi ng tr thnh a m (polysyllabic) do s thm vo ca nhiu t ng n . Ting Pali, ngn ng chnh thc trong tn gio tr thnh thng dng i vi hng ngi tr thc cng nh trong cc tc phm vn hc. Ngy nay ti Thi Lan cc hc gi vit sch u dng ngn ng Pali v Phn (Sanskrit) din t cc danh t chuyn mn v khoa hc Ty Phng. Vn chng v ngh thut trang tr trn vch tng ca Thi phn ln rt t ngha cc kinh tng Pht Gio v phng theo nhng chuyn tin thn ca c Pht. C th ni ngoi nhc kch, hu ht cc mn ngh thut khc ca Thi u chu nh hng su m Pht Gio. Cha l ni c dn chng xy ct v trang tr p nht trong lng. Trong cha trn cc vch tng ngi ta thng v nhng bc tranh phn nh tinh thn Pht Gio. Cc ca ln, ca nh thng c sn mu vng hoc en v trang tr bng nhng hnh l cy hoc cc v Thn bng vng. Ngi ta cn gn cc mnh snh hoc kin mu xung quanh ct v bn th ni in Pht. Cc bao ln cha thng c lm theo hnh nhng con rng. i khi, ngi ta cng t v hnh cc v thn hoc th vt trn nhng nn thp v th vin ca cha. V tng Pht ti Thi c nhiu loi. C th c bng kim kh, ng, vng, bc. Nhiu tng lm bng , thy tinh hoc bng gch (t st nung) c t vi xung quanh v dt, vng l bn ngoi. Nhng hp, bnh bt v cc php kh th trong cha i khi cng lm bng vng, bc c khm men huyn vi nhng hnh bng sen hoc cc nh tng thing ling trong Pht Gio. Nhng l vt em cng cha thng c tn mang li trong nhng bnh bt ln v trn nhng chic khay bc c chm tr p . V nin lch, trc kia dn tc Thi dng Pht lch, tnh k t ngy Pht Nit Bn (nm 543 trc Thin Cha). n nm 1940, dn Thi bt u dng ty lch. Ngoi ra, m lch cng c cha Thi dng n tnh cc ngy gii. Thi ng gi l Wan Phra (wan: ngy phra: nh s). Thng mi thng c bn ngy gii, i nhm nhng ngy mng 1, 9, 16 v 24; khng phi thng no cng vy, ty theo thng thiu , nhng ngy ny c th thay i, nh thng ging nhng ngy gii l mng 1, 9, 16 v 24. Thng ba li vo nhng ngy mng 8, 15, 23 v 29. nhc dn chng d nh, nhng ngy ny ni lch Thi thng c in hnh tng Pht. Nh tn ti v duy tr qua nhiu th k, Pht Gio ngy nay nh hng su xa n mi sinh hot ca ngi dn t Thi. C th ni Pht Gio l linh hn ca dn tc Thi. Nh nhiu hc gi Ty Phng bo nu khng c Pht Gio, Thi Lan khng cn l Thi Lan na. Tht vy, dn chng y lo vic cha trc vic nh. H c th bng lng chp nhn cuc sng cc kh hn l

 cho cha tng nt. Cho nn i t thnh th n thn qu, ni no chng ta cng thy ton cha l cha, vi nhng ngi thp nhn cao in m trn nn tri. Nm 1959, Thi Lan tnh c khong 21.380 ngi cha vi 232.960 nh s (gm c T Kheo v Sa Di). Trong gia nh, con ci ngay t nh c cha m t tn l Boon (bun) c ngha l cng c. Nhiu nam n thiu nin v ngi ln c tc l eo tng Pht, va trang sc, va mong c Pht ph h. Nh trn ni, mi ngi dn Thi khi cn tr, ai cng hy vng c vo cha tu t nht l vi thng to phc c cho mnh, thn nhn b con v c dp hc tp kinh lut Pht Gio. Ai khng lm c th xem nh l ngi cha thun thc. Ring phn thiu n, bt c giai cp no, cc c bao gi cng thch kt hn vi cc thanh nin tu cha ra. Bi h tin rng, ch c nhng ngi chng hiu bit v thc hnh gio l c Pht t hay nhiu sau ny mi c th xy dng c hnh phc cho gia nh. Vn tu v hon tc y rt d dng. C nhiu s Thi ti quen cng cha, mi khi sng thy h cn khoc y vng i bt (kht thc) , m chiu h lm l x gii ra th mc thng phc ri. Ngha l khi vo cha xin xut gia, ngi thanh nin khn trc Tam Bo, nguyn s tu mt thi gian bao lu, ht thi hn h s hon tc. Danh t hon tc, Thi ng pht m theo ting Vit l xc. Thi, tn khng bao gi c ngh xu hay t v khinh khi i vi cc nh S ra hon tc, m cn knh trng l khc. Do , cc thanh nin Thi ngi no cng mun vo cha tu c. Tc l tu mt thi gian ny rt hay l trnh c cho ch Tng t hi khng gi ng gii lut trong khi cha. Bi khi no nh s t thy mnh khng th kim ch dc vng, nghim tr gii lut c th s bch vi ch tn c trong Gio Hi Tng Gi xin x gii hon tc. Ti ngh sau ny Gio-hi Pht gio Vit Nam bn nh, nu c th nn p dng tp tc tu mt thi gian ny ca Thi Lan cho cc thy no t thy mnh khng sc tu trn i, cn hn l h ko di mt cuc sng tu hnh min cng khng my g thanh tnh cha v mc cm s hon tc s b tn ph bng. Thi Lan, khng phi tn no theo Pht cng c quan nim ging nhau. M ty trnh hiu bit v hon cnh sng c nhn, mi ngi dn Thi n vi c Pht bng suy ngh ring ca mnh. Hng ngi tr thc quy y Pht v h hm m nhng li dy tm l v siu hnh ca Ngi. H chp nhn theo o Pht bi Pht Gio cao l tr con ngi, vt ln trn nhng l thuyt hin i v bao hm nhiu tng khoa hc hn cc tn gio khc. Nhng k

khc ham chung c Pht qua nhng li dy thin nh v o c ca Ngi. Vi h, Pht Gio l mt phng php sng. ng li tu hnh v thin nh cha gip c nhn c c i sng an lnh v trng th, cng dt tr c cho x hi con ngi mi tranh chp v ti li. Ngoi ra cng c mt s ngi tuy nhn mnh l Pht t nhng khng thc hnh theo Pht Gio. Tuy nhin, hu ht dn Thi u xem Pht Gio nh mt gia ti tn ngng, gio l v nhng tp qun tt p m qua bao i n t bi cho nn vn ha x s, gip dn tc sng an vui lnh mnh v quc gia c lp ph cng. Ni tm, Pht Gio ngy nay tr thnh mt bo vt thing ling ca Thi Lan, l ngun hnh phc ca ton dn chng x Thi. Ngi dn n vi Pht Gio khng mong hon ton sng ng theo li Pht dy, nhng ct tm Pht Gio nhng gii p tinh thn v np sng thun phong m tc m Pht Gio c th dng hin cho h.

H.T. Thch Tr Chn

Vi nt v o Pht Thi Lan o Pht Thi Lan gn lin vi i sng tinh thn v tn ngng ca 95% dn s Thi Lan. C nc c trn 25000 ngi cha ln nh. p Pht c du nhp vo Thi Lan t Xri Lanca trong nhng th k u tin sau cng nguyn, thuc phi Tiu tha (Theravada). Cc v s tng u c o to trong cc tu vin Pht gio, hiu bit nhiu, thuc kinh sch, c c v gng mu, trong cuc sng gin d, khim nhng. Nhn dn thng tm ncc nh s gii by nhng bn khon v xin nhng li khuyn bo, nh ho gii nhng khc mc trong quan h xm lng? Hu nh lng no cng c mt vi ngi cha. Nh cha l ni th Pht, ng thi cng l mt trung tm sinh hot vn ho tinh thn ca nhn dn. Cc bui l Pht hay hi h u c t chc cha. Nhng cha ln c th vin gm nhiu b kinh Pht c xa rt qu. Cha cn c s dng lm trng hc cho tr nh. C th ni o Pht nh hng ln n quan nim v cch sng ca ngi dn Thi : hin ho, nhng nhn, a s bnh thn, c lng v tha v mn khch. Pht gio c vai tr ht sc quan trng trong i sng vn ho x hi v tinh thn ca nhn dn. Qua cc triu i khc nhau, tuy c nhng lc km phn rc r nhng Pht gio hu nh tuyt i ng tr trong ton x hi; Pht gio tr thnh Quc gio. Trong lch s Thi Lan, thng thy xut hin mt mi quan h cht ch gia cung in vi nh cha; nhiu khi nh vua cng ng thi l nh s v c nhng nh s li bc ln ngai vng. Hu ht cc triu i phong kin ca Thi Lan u tn ti mt phn quan trng phi da vo sc mnh v uy tn ca gii tng l Pht gio. Mi ngi coi sau nh vua ch c cc nh s l ngi c tn knh nht. n bt k nh no cc nh s u c mi ngi v tr c bit tn knh, mi ngi khc u ngi v tr thp hn. Nam thanh nin ngi Thi thng phi i tu cha trong thi gian khong 3 thng mi c coi l trng thnh. c tnh hng nm c 10% s nam gii Thi Lan sng trong cc cha. T chc Pht gio c uy tn v cng ln trong i sng x hi nhn dn Thi Lan, c bit l cc vng nng thn, ngi cha l trung tm tn gio v x hi v c coi l mt trong nm thnh phn c cu mt lng Thi Lan. l: Gia nh, hc hng, dn tc, cha, trng hc. y, cha v trng hc quyt nh b mt ca mt lng v tnh cm ca dn chng i vi lng. Ngi cha cng l ni duy nht c th huy ng c sc dn trong cc cng vic mang tnh

chung ca cng ng T 1950, Pht gio v o c Pht gio l mt mn hc bt buc trong tt c cc trnghc v c a vo dy t lp 1 tr ln. Nm 1960, B Gio dc chn hng trm nh s vo lm gio vin trong cc trng hc ca nh nc v c lnh lng thng theo Vnh Bo - Ng ngng Bng Cc

Thi Lan, t nc ca Pht gio

Mi ngi bit n Thi Lan nh mt t nc du lch xinh p vi nhng bi bin th mng, nhng khu vui chi gii tr. Ti cm nhn t nc v con ngi Thi Lan di mt gc nhn khc mt t nc hiu khch, sng o Pht v vn tn ti nh vua. Bn Nguyn Th Linh Hng vit.

Ln u tin ti n Thi Lan l tham d kha tu c mt tng lai. Kha tu c khong 400 ngi, trong 300 thin sinh t Thi Lan, Indonesia, Malaysia v Singapore, 50 tnh nguyn vin, v 50 s thy s c.

n cha c knh Thi Lan. nh: Linh Hng.

Ngi Thi Lan rt sng o Pht. Bn s c ngm nhn nhng ngi cha, nhng bc tng Pht ti bt c u trn t nc Thi Lan. Ti c mt tun tri nghim th v khu Petcharat resort and camp thuc tnh Saraburi cch Bangkok 2 gi i xe bus. Thi Lan ni ting vi nhng khu ph n , nhng ring vi cm nhn ca ti th ch l mt chnh sch h pht trin du lch. t nc Thi Lan lun tn sng o Pht v knh trng nh vua.

Cnh thin nhin Thi Lan. nh: Linh Hng.

D bt c u trn Thi Lan, bn vn c th ngh ngi v n ung ti chui siu th 7 Eleven, hoa qu va ngon li sch s, thng thc nhng mn lu Thi vi v cay c trng. ng ph Thi Lan t khi bi, v c bit l bn Thi Lan li xe v pha tay tri ging bn nc Anh. Hy th mt ln n vi t nc v con ngi Thi Lan c thc s cm nhn v t nc v con ngi ni y, ri bn s li mun n Thi Lan tip. Nguyn Th Linh Hng
nh hng ca Jataka trong vn ha ng Nam
Phn ln cc quc gia ng Nam , c hi o ln lc a, u chu nh hng vn ha n , c bit v tn gio v o c. nh hng n n mt cch ha bnh, v c thm thu qua s tip nhn ch ng, sng to ca ng Nam . Vn nh hng ca Jataka ng Nam c khng t nh nghin cu trong v ngoi nc cp, tuy nhin, trong phm vi t liu m chng ti bao qut c, cha c nhng nghin cu tht chuyn su, c h thng. Trong bi vit ny, ch yu vi cc phng php h thng - cu trc, so snh, v lin ngnh, chng ti i su kho st nh hng ca Jataka ng Nam nhm lm sng t mt s nt c th trong bn cht Pht gio n cng nh mt s nt c th trong tip bin vn ha ca ng Nam .

Mt cnh trong Vessantara Jakata Jataka, thuc Tiu b kinh, l mt trong nhng tc phm tiu biu ca kho tng kinh in Pht gio, c bin tp kh sm, nh hnh vo khong th k III tr Ty lch. Jataka bao gm 547 Jataka, tc l 547 truyn lin quan n nhng kip trc (Jati) ca c Pht, nhng kip trong v s kip sng m Ngi tri qua trc khi tr thnh Buddha (ng Gic ng). Trong truyn thng Pht gio, c Pht chng c tc mng minh, thu sut nhng tin kip ca mnh v khi cn thit, Ngi k li nhm minh ha, nhn mnh nhng bi hc o l hoc lm sng t nhng tnh hung lin quan nht nh. Jataka, v th, tr thnh b kinh truyn, dng k chuyn thuyt php: ging trit l Nghip bo - Lun hi (Karma - Samsara) cng nh phng thc tu tp cn bn bng pho truyn v i v mt v B tt, qua cc kip sng, khng mt mi, thc hnh nhng hnh nguyn cao thng, lp nguyn thnh Pht ha chng sinh. Ngay t khi xut hin, Jataka c vai tr quan trng i vi Pht gio n v sau ti hu ht cc nc chu nh hng Pht gio, Tiu tha cng nh i tha. Qu trnh nh hng ca Jataka ni ring, Pht gio ni chung ng Nam , bn cnh nhng c im chung, vn c mt s c trng ring so vi n cng nh ng Bc . Th nht, xt v thi gian. Mc d cha c ti liu no ghi chp chnh xc thi im song c th xt on rng Jataka n ng Nam ng thi vi s c mt ca Pht gio mt s quc gia c ca khu vc ny vo khong th k th II, thm ch sm hn. Theo b bin nin s Mahavamsa ca Sri Lanka, vo th k th III tr Ty lch, i vng Asoka gi chn phi on truyn gio n cc nc, trong phi on th tm do hai Trng lo Sona v Uttara dn u n Suvannabhumi, c xem l Myanmar (c ti liu cho l c khu vc ng Nam ) ngy nay. Vit Nam, t th k II, Pht gio c mt v tr nht nh trong lng dn tc (vi cc truyn thuyt v Thch Quang Pht v Pht Mu Man Nng cng vi nh s Khu La). Lc tp kinh v Cu tp th d kinh ra i thi k ny, theo L Mnh Tht (trong Tng tp vn hc Pht gio Vit Nam) l nhng bn kinh u tin ca Vit Nam, hnh thnh khong t trc n sau thi Hai B Trng, do chnh ngi Vit son tp v s Khng Tng Hi dch ra ting Hn vo i Ng - Tam quc (Tk.III). Lc tp kinh v Cu tp th d kinh kt tp nhng truyn tch Pht gio, trong kh nhiu truyn c ngun gc t Jataka. Nh vy, v thi gian, chc hn

Jataka n ng Nam tng i sm hn so vi ng Bc . Bi v nh chng ta bit, trung tm Pht gio Luy Lu (thuc Thun Thnh, Bc Ninh ngy nay) hnh thnh vo na u th k I, trong khi trung tm Pht gio u tin ca Trung Quc l Bnh Thnh (nay thuc tnh Giang T) na sau th k I mi xut hin v ch tr thnh trung tm Pht gio quan trng vo na sau th k II. Nhiu nh s n trc khi vo Trung Quc truyn gio hay ngc li, nhiu nh s Trung Quc trc khi vo n tu hc Pht php lu tr mt thi gian ti nhng trung tm Pht gio c xa ng Nam . [theo Nguyn Lang 1994: Vit Nam Pht gio s lun, T.1, NXB. Vn Hc, tr. 26 v 31-33].

Nhng cu chuyn Jataka c chm khc nShweddagon Myanma Th hai, xt v tng phi. ng Nam ch yu theo Pht gio Tiu tha (ch Vit Nam ngoi l do giai on sau chu nh hng Trung Quc) trong khi ng Bc li theo Pht gio i tha. Trong tng quan, Jataka th hin vai tr c phn quan trng hn nhng nc Tiu tha, ni Sakyamuni Buddha l tiu im ca nim tin v thc hnh Pht gio (khc vi nhng nc i tha cn th phng nhiu v Pht v B tt khc bn cnh c Pht lch s). Th ba, xt v v th vn ha ca Pht gio. n , sau khong 15 th k thnh t, Pht gio gn nh bin mt trong khi Hindu gio dn ly li v tr thng lnh. Ngy nay, cha y 1% dn s n theo o Pht trong khi n 83% theo o Hindu. Trung Quc c thi k chu nh hng Pht gio su m nhng v c bn vn l nn vn ha vi nh hng thng lnh ca Nho gio. Cn ng Nam c th phn bit hai tiu khu vc vi nh hng Pht gio ngn ngi / lu di, m / nht khc nhau: 1) Cc nc n ngy hm nay v c bn vn l cc nc Pht gio (vi tn chim trn 50% dn s) bao gm Campuchia (88,4%), Thi Lan (92,1%), Myanmar (87,2%), Lo (58%) v Vit Nam. Trong , Campuchia l quc gia c sm tip thu nh hng vn ha n , lc u l B La Mn, sau l Pht gio. Myanmar, Thi Lan, Lo l cc quc gia hnh thnh tng i mun, tip nhn nh hng n mun hn v thng qua cc quc gia trung gian, vi Pht gio su m. Vit Nam sm tip nhn trc tip nh hng n (nh hng Pht gio Luy Lu, nh hng B La Mn v Pht gio Champa, Ph Nam) ng thi l nc duy nht ng Nam

 chu nh hng su sc ca Trung Hoa ( pha Bc t th k II, pha Nam t sau s sp ca Vng quc Champa vo th k XV). 2) Cc nc n ngy hm nay nh hng Pht gio tng i m nht bao gm Brunei (13,1%), Singapore (8,6%), Malaysia (6,4%), Indonesia (6,4%). Trong , Indonesia v Malaysia tng rt sm chu nh hng n (Pht gio v B La Mn), t th k XIV-XV chuyn sang Hi gio. Tt c cc yu t ni trn khin cho cch thc nh hng ca Jataka ng Nam c nhng khc bit so vi n , ng Bc .

Tranh la th hin nhng cu chuyn Jataka (ng Bc-Thi Lan) T Jataka kinh in, nguyn gc n Jataka phng tc, "ngoi kinh" Trung Quc l nn vn ha knh trng kinh in, knh trng ch vit nn khi tip thu nh hng Pht gio cng bt u trc nht bng vic dch kinh. H thng kinh Chuyn tin thn (bn duyn, bn sinh - Phn tng) c dch sang ting Hn t rt sm, nh Tp bo tng kinh (Sanyakta-ratna-pitaka-sutra) t th k IV-VI, Hin ngu kinh (Damamuka-nidana-sutra) th k IVVI, Bn sinh man / B tt bn sinh man lun (Jatakamala) th k X-XII D tip nhn nh hng Pht gio sm hn, ng Nam nhn chung li hon thnh cc bn dch Jataka mun hn kh nhiu so vi Trung Quc. Bn Jataka dch t ting Pali sang ting Myanmar chng hn, c nh s U. Aw Batha thc hin vo th k XVIII, m cng ch l bn dch mt s truyn. Vit Nam, trn b Jataka c dch v xut bn nm 1993. Ti Hi ngh Pht gio ln th 6 (1954-1956, Myanmar), nhiu nh s v hc gi uyn bc ca Myanmar, Thi Lan, Lo, Campuchia cng nhau kho st li cc kinh in, trong c cc bn Jataka c dch v sau xut bn nhng kinh ny. Trong khi khng mnh v dch kinh, ng Nam c xu hng bin son tuyn tp vi s lng cc truyn t hn nhiu so vi Jataka nguyn gc. in hnh nh Pannasa Jataka (Nm mi Jataka) cc nc Thi Lan, Lo, Campuchia v Myanmar, ch c s truyn chng 1/10 so vi

b Jataka 547 truyn. Nh nghin cu Bunnary, trn c s tham kho nhiu hc gi i trc, cho rng vo th k XV-XVI, khong 25 nh s t khp ng Nam , trong , ni bt l t bn nc ni trn, sau khi tu hc ti Ceylon trn ng v nc, cng dng mt ngi cha gn Chiang Mai (nay l min Bc Thi Lan), tuyn tp v son tho Pannasa Jataka, chp trn l c. Cng c kin cho rng Pannasa Jataka c bin son khng phi do mt nhm m ch nh cng lao ca mt nh s Lo, sau c ph bin sang Campuchia, Myanmar v Thi Lan. [Chea Bunnary 2004: 17-18]. Tip tc tinh tuyn, cc nc ng Nam tp trung vo Dasa Jataka (Mi Jataka), ngha l 10 tin thn cui cng trc kip sinh ca Sakyamuni Buddha (10 penultimate lives of the Buddha). Thi Lan gi l Thosachat (Mi ha thn). Myanmar phn bit 10 i Jataka ny so vi nhng tiu Jataka khc trong tng s 550 Jatakas (theo bn Ceylon). Mi tn Pht gio Myanmar u quen thuc vi Tey-Za-Thu-Ney-Ma-Bu-San-Ni-Wei (tp hp nhng ch u trong tn ca Mi i Jataka). Thm ch, trong s 10 Jataka cui , nhiu nc ng Nam c bit hng v mt Jataka cui cng: Vessantara Jataka (Wetsandon trong bn Thi Lan, Vissandara trong bn Myanmar).

Nhng truyn Jataka c bin son, k li ng Nam c th bin i i cht tn t, tn ngi; sa i hay thm vo nhng tnh tit khin cu chuyn c bn a ha ph hp hn vi bi cnh a l, lch s - x hi cng nh tm l, tnh cch mi dn tc. V k c khng thiu nhng truyn Jataka mi c to ra. Nhng Jataka phng tc, d cch ny hay cch khc, nh vy, mang tnh ngoi kinh (extra-canonical / apocryphal), phi chnh thng (non-official). Tuy nhin, iu hon ton c th chp nhn bi ngay chnh b Jataka nguyn gc, kinh in ca n cng m trm c nhng thnh t vn phi Pht gio trong ngn ngun, bao gm nhiu nhng truyn dn gian (c tch, ng ngn). Tt c c tch hp vo di sn vn chngkinh in Pht gio: Bt c cu chuyn truyn thng no u c th c chuyn thnh Jataka, n gin bng cch bin mt trong nhng nhn vt ca n thnh tin thn c Pht, min l cu chuyn tr thnh phng tin thuyt php [Robert E. Buswell 2003: 401]. Nhiu nc ng Nam chuyn Jataka thnh khng ch mt s cu chuyn dn gian bn a m c truyn tch s thi B La Mn gio h vn tip nhn trc nh hng Pht gio. Reamker (Ramayana ca Campuchia) k rng Riem (tc Rama) sau khi chin thng qu vng tr thnh Pht. Riem l Pt Theng C, mm non ca c Pht, tin thn ca c

Pht. Tng t trong Ramakien (Ramayana ca Thi Lan), Phra Ram (tc Rama) l avatar (ha thn) ca Phra Narai (tc thn Bo v Narayan-Visnu) v cng c xem l tin thn ca c Pht. Sut 200 nm qua, chn nh vua Thi Lan mang tn Rama v t xem nh ha thn ca Visnu vi trch nhim bo v Pht php. R nt nht l trong Phra Lak Phra Lam ca Lo, tc phm ng thi va l mt Ramayana va l mt Jataka, ni c Pht k cho Tng chng chuyn v tin thn Phra Lam (tc Rama) ca Ngi. Phra Lak Phra Lam l Ramayana duy nht ng Nam c kt cu ca mt Jataka vi 3 phn: 1) Phn c duyn: Vat Savathi, mt ngy kia c Pht k cho Tng chng cu chuyn Phra Lak Phra Lam, mt trong nhng tin thn ca Ngi. 2) Phn cu chuyn tin thn: Chuyn Phra Lak Phra Lam. 3) Phn nhn din tin thn: Sau khi kt thc chuyn Phra Lak Phra Lam, c Pht ging cho Tng chng: Phra Lam trong kip trc chnh l Ngi trong kip ny, Hapkhanasouane trong kip trc chnh l Thevathad (Devadatta), k lun th on v m mu hm hi c Pht.

"Giao tranh gia Pra Ram v Thotsakan" trn sn khu Khon (Thi Lan);Phra Ram va l ha thn ca thn Visnu va l tin thn c Pht. Nh vy, nhng nc ng Nam chu nh hng B La Mn trc nh hng Pht gio v sau tr thnh nc Pht gio c qu trnh Jataka ha mt s s thi, truyn tch B La Mn, Pht ha thn Visnu ca B La Mn gio. n , sau khi Pht gio ra i nh phn v s hon thin B La Mn gio, o B La Mn t ci bin thnh o Hindu trn c s thu np mt s yu t ca Pht gio v chnh c Pht c xem nh ha thn th chn ca thn Visnu, ngha l Hindu gio Visnu ha c Pht a c Pht vo thn in ca mnh. T Jataka t s ngn t n cc hnh thc Jataka t s hnh nh, t s vt th Trong khi Trung Quc, Jataka ch yu c lu gi, tng c trong hnh thc kinh in th ng Nam , Jataka thng xuyn hn li c k nh nhng cu chuyn. Nhiu Jataka i vo qun chng, tr thnh truyn k dn gian. Nhng th d v loi ny rt phong ph. Chng hn

nh trong truyn c Lo, cc truyn S tch hnh th trn mt trng v S tch ca ru vn bt ngun t cc truyn Tin thn Sasa (Jataka 316) v Tin thn Kumbha (Jataka 512). Trong truyn c Thi Lan, chm truyn G g tr thnh thy gio nh th no; G g thng thi, hin hu, ng s c c v con h c kt cu v ni dung ging vi truyn Tin thn Tittira (Jataka 438). Trong Truyn c Campuchia, chm truyn Th Pha lm vua, Th kt bn vi voi, Th la c su da trn truyn Tin thn Daddabha (Jataka 322) Trong Truyn c Vit Nam c truyn V kin chu chu cng da theo truyn Tin thn Daddabha ny. c bit, ni dung, tnh tit ca nhiu truyn , truyn Trng (kiu truyn ch b thng minh) Vit Nam ta thy du n r nt t truyn Tin thn Mah-Ummagga (Jataka 546, mt Jataka c kt cu xu chui vi truyn khung v 30 tiu truyn), trong nhn vt chnh Osadha-Kumara, tin thn ca c Pht, l mt v i s ch mi by tui, lun chin thng nh nhng mu mo ca mnh. Chng hn Kumara dng mt si len nhng mt nh by kin ko si chui qua l ca vin ngc qu kt li dy chui b t cho vua Kusa. Hoc khi ngi ta a n mt khc cy o nhn, bt ch u no gc, u no ngn, Kumara th khc g xung nc, nh vy m phn bit c u gc bao gi cng nng hn Khng ch c ghi chp, tng k bng ngn t (verbal narrative), nhng truyn Jataka cn c truyn t qua nhng bc tranh, nhng bc ph iu... Sm nht cho hnh thc ny n l tranh trn ca thp Pht (stupa) Bharhut (th k III trc Ty lch) v trng hoa sen hnh ch S m mi bng hoa k mt Jataka to nn Jataka-mala (trng hoa Jataka). Cc Jataka cng c th hin qua cc tc phm iu khc Sanchi (th k II trc Ty lch), Bodh Gaya (th k I trc Ty lch), Amaravati (th k II), Nagarjunakonda (th k III). Phc hp cha - hang Ajanta ni ting vi nhng bch ha Jataka trong cc in th (chaitya) s 1 v s 17 (th k V). Trung Quc th c trc khi h thng kinh truyn ny c chuyn ng, vo th k th III, nhiu bch ha Jataka xut hin ti cc hang ng Tn Cng, n Hong Thi Bc Ngy, nhng ti t Jataka tr nn ph bin i vi m thut Trung Hoa. Nhng tc phm iu khc, hi ha Jataka c bit n r ti cc quc gia ng Nam . Tiu biu nh Indonesia trong ngi cha Borobudur lng danh (th k IX); Myanmar trong cc cha Shwezigon, Ananda, Kucha (th k XI), Gubyaukgyi, n Pagan (th k XIII); Campuchia l cc ngi n Tanei, Prah Khan (th k XI) v n Bayon (th k XII) thuc qun th Angkor Wat; Thi Lan c cha Sukhodaya (th k XIII), cha Wat Yai Intharam (th k XVIII-XIX); Lo vi cc cha Wat Mai Suwannaphumaham (th k XVIII) v Wat Si Saket (th k XIX) Lo c ng Nang Kan-maag gn vi truyn Tin thn m dn tc ny say m l Pra Rot Meree. mt s nc ng Nam , nhng cu chuyn Jataka cn c v trn nhng tm vi dy m ngi ta c th mang theo. Campuchia c tranh trn vi Prah Bad. Cn ng Bc Thi Lan, tranh cun th hin cu chuyn Jataka thng rng 3,5 feet v di c th n trn 30 feet, c cc ngh s v rt cng phu. Do iu kin kh hu, kh c th treo mt bc tranh cun n hn 50 nm m tranh khng h hng, nn theo tc l, ngi ta thng nh k d b, i khi t i v thay bng nhng bc tranh mi c cung tin. Thi Lan, tranh v nhng cu chuyn Jataka cng cn c th hin trn g tch, giy koi Nhng hnh thc t s hnh nh (visual narrative), t s vt th (physical narrative) nh vy khng n thun l minh ha cho t s ngn t (verbal narrative) khin cc cu chuyn tr nn hin hin c th, trc tip, sng ng, gy n tng mnh m vi ngi xem m quan trng hn, bu kh quyn linh thing trong n cha khin cc cu chuyn c tin tng, sng m mt cch c bit v chng dn dt tn hnh hng theo du chn c Pht bng cch i qua nhng kip sng k tip nhau ca Ngi [Robert E. Buswell 2003: 402]. Nhng tranh, ph iu nh vy cn h tr cho phn tng k, thuyt ging Jataka ca cc nh s, v cng gip cho mc ch thin nh. Khng ch dng trong phm vi ca ngh thut to hnh, nhiu nc ng Nam , nhng cu chuyn Jataka cn c th hin trong ngh thut biu din. Ngha l khng ch t s th gic

m cn hn th na, pht huy nng lc sn khu nh mt ngh thut tng hp - ngh thut khng gian v ngh thut thi gian, ngh thut th gic v ngh thut thnh gic Ri bng Wayang Kulit Indonesia, ri bng Meleyu Malaysia th hin mt s cu chuyn phng tc t Jataka bn cnh nhng tch truyn s thi Ramayana, Mahabharata. V sau ny, ngay c khi chu nh hng Hi gio, kch ri k nhng cu chuyn y vn tip tc c ngi bnh dn yu mn. Thi Lan, nhng cu chuyn Jataka c din k, c trong ma dn gian Manohra (min Trung), sn khu dn gian Lakhon Chatri hoc Nohra Chatri (min Bc v min Trung) ln trong kch ma cung nh Lakhon Nai, sn khu cung nh. Ma v kch cung nh thng biu din cc truyn Jataka cng vi nhng truyn tch s thi Ramayana (Ramakien), Mahabharata. Myanmar, t ch kch l Zat, xut pht t Jataka. 10 i Jataka l nhng truyn kch thng xuyn c trnh by. Chng trnh biu din, vi din vin cng nhng con ri, thng t chc n cha, c th ko di hng tun, mi m bt u lc 9h v kt thc khi bnh minh: m th nht din Zat (truyn Jataka), m th hai - Thamaing (mt truyn thuyt lch s hoc huyn thoi v ngi n), m th ba - Pon pyin (mt truyn ng ngn / truyn lun l). Trong nhng l hi n cha Mandalay cn c kch cm v ti Jataka. Truyn thng biu din Jataka ko di n tn ngy nay v t nm 1993 bt u nhng cuc thi din kch Jataka hng nm, mt trong s 10 i Jataka c chn ua ti (th d nm 1997 chn Jataka th 3 Suvannasama, nm 2000 chn Jataka th 5 - Mahothada). Qua nhng hnh thc phong ph, a dng ca truyn k (t kinh-truyn n truyn dn gian), truyn tranh (c hi ha ln iu khc, trong n cha), truyn din k (kch ma, kch ri trong cung nh cng nh ngoi dn gian), ng Nam , cc Jataka tm c nhiu con ng hn (so vi ng Bc ) n vi ng o ngi dn, vt qua mi ngn cch giu ngho, ngi tr thc - k tht hc, tr - gi, nam - n Jataka t n cha vo i sng Trong i sng c dn nhiu nc ng Nam , nht l cc quc gia Pht gio Theravada, Jataka c nh hng su rng, t cc nghi l tn gio n cc nghi l vng i, phong tc, tp qun Hng nm, hu ht cc nc Pht gio Theravada u t chc nhng bui l tng c v din ging Jataka, thng din ra vo dp Vesak, thng T m lch. Campuchia, sau ma ma l l Tesnamohajict, tc l l Tng c, Thuyt ging i Jataka cui cng - Vessantara Jataka. Nghi l ny c tn l Thet Mahachat Thi Lan, thng t chc vo dp u nm trong hu nh tt c cc cha. Mt tu s tng c bng ting Pali, phn ng ngi Thi khng hiu ngn ng ny nn c thm phn k tm tt cu chuyn bng ting Thi, sau , mt hoc nhiu tu s s din ging ngha truyn - kinh. Tng t l Tang-Tham-long Myanmar, Bun Pha Wet Lo. Lo, khng ch nhng dp nghi l tn gio m hng ngy, cc tu s u ging php bng cc cu chuyn Jataka. Nh s, nhiu nc ng Nam , nht l cc nc Pht gio Theravada, c tn knh nh lnh t tinh thn, nh ngi thy, c vai tr quan trng trong gn gi lut l, t php tc hnh x n lut php quc gia, quy nh hnh chnh Khi nhng cu chuyn Jataka c cc nh s tng k, din ging, dn chng u xem l thc, l thing ling, lng nghe vi tt c s knh trng v tin tng. Vi ngi Lo cng nh ngi Thi Lan th hu nh trong mi nghi l vng i u c tng k Jataka. l mt phn quan trng ca nghi thc kwan trong l quy y cho mt ch tiu cng nh

trong hn lTrong giai on ngi v gi gn, king c sau khi sinh (nu sinh con u lng thi k ny c th l 30 ngy hoc lu hn), ngi chng cng c hoc nh ngi c k Jataka cho v mnh nghe. Trong tang l, hng m u c tng c Jataka, cho linh hn ngi cht; cho thn nhn, h hng c an i; dn lng cng thch nghe m ch nh th xem l lm vic tch c [Pranee Wongthet 1989: 21-30]. Cn nhn mnh l tt c nhng iu vn cn sng ng cho n tn ngy hm nay cc nc Pht gio Theravada. C th ni rng Jataka i vo i sng ng Nam vi nh hng tm rng, b su v chiu di thi gian ln hn nhiu so vi ng Bc . T tn gio - trit hc ti o c Trong Jataka, trit hc Pht gio c trnh by khng phi bng nhng gio l cao siu, tru tng m qua nhng cu chuyn c th, sinh ng v B tt. iu c ngha l khi cha tr thnh c Pht, Ngi tng thuc v nhng ng cp tm thng, thm ch tng trong kip chim chc, mung th tr thnh mt con ngi ton ho, mt ng gic ng, tri v s kip tin thn, B tt n lc, kin tr thc hnh mi hnh nguyn cao thng (Paramita), bao gm: B th (Dana), Tr gii (Sila), Xut ly (Nekkhamma), Tr tu (Panna), Tinh tn (Viriya), Nhn nhc (Khanti), Chn tht (Sacca), Kin nh (Adhitthana), tm T (Metta), tm X (Upekkha). Jataka, v th, l nhng cu chuyn v cuc i bnh thng ca mun loi chng sinh vi mi quan h trn tc: Tt c u trong nhn qu o c - Gieo g gt ny, tt c u c Pht tnh, tt c u c th gic ng. Nhng nhn vt, cnh ng, x s trong cc Jataka khng him khi i vo trong hi thoi hng ngy nhiu nc ng Nam khi ngi ta nh gi, bn bc, nu ln bi hc o l. Mi Jataka cui cng m nhiu nc ng Nam la chn tp trung nhn mnh nh Mi i Jataka chnh l nhng cu chuyn cm ng th hin mi hnh nguyn cao thng ca B tt, c kt mu mc o c sng ngi cho khng ch bc tu hnh xut gia m cn cho ng o nhng tn ti gia noi theo. Jataka cui cng - Vessantara Jataka, truyn ph bin nht, c yu mn nht nhiu nc ng Nam , cao hnh B th. Hong t Vessantara ho phng ni ting n mc ngi ta t mi ni x n ca nh chng xin x v chng khng t chi bt k ai. Khi chng tng nh vua lng ging con voi thing ca quc gia khin cho sau trong nc b hn hn th dn chng khng chu ng ni na, buc c vua phi lu y Vessantara vo rng. Lang thang trong rng, chng li tip tc biu con nga, c xe, hai a con ri c ngi v yu qu ca mnh. Cm ng v hnh B th ca Vessantara, sau cc th thch, Thin Indra cho chng on vin cng v con, quay tr v vng quc trong s hn hoan cho n ca tt thy mi ngi. Cu chuyn Tin thn Vessantara gp phn bi p truyn thng sn lng lm t thin, tch c nhiu nc ng Nam . Bn cnh Vessantara Jataka, ngi Campuchia cng tn sng ngang th i vi Mahosatha Jataka (tc Mah-Ummagga, Jataka s 546). i s Mahosatha c tr thng minh v ti nng tuyt nh, by tui tr thnh mt kin trc s ni ting. Tri qua nhiu th thch, Mahosatha c nh vua tin cn mi vo cung thnh vn nhng vn o c v triu chnh, qu mn v thng yu nh con. Nh tr tu v phc c, chng thot khi s mu hi ca bn v i thn, khng nhng gip vua thot nn m cn to c tnh ha hiu vi cc nc ln bang. V chng l nng Amara va xinh p va thng minh v y c hnh. Ngi n ng Campuchia mong c thng minh nh Mahosatha, ph n th mun c khn ngoan nh v ca Mahosatha. c yu thch gn nh Vessantara Jataka, i vi ngi Thi v ngi Lo l Pra Rot Meree (cn c cc tn khc nh Nang Sib Song, Phra Rodasan trong ting Thi). Jataka gc n c Thi v Lo bin i trong mt s chi tit. Thi, cu chuyn c biu din trn sn

khu Lakhon, gn y c chuyn th thnh tc phm in nh v tr thnh mt trong nhng b phim thnh cng nht tng c dng. Truyn k v hong t Phra Rodasan c ngi m cht mt. B hong hu xu tnh ca vua cha chng thc ra l mt yu tinh khng l ci trang. Phra Rodasan n x s khng l, chng bit c nhng b n ng sau s phn m v ngi d m ca mnh, quan h gia h vi yu tinh khng l. Tnh cm ca chng vi Meree, con gi ca yu tinh khng l gip chng tnh ng v th hn v yu thng: cha m l cu th nhng nhng a con n vi nhau trong tnh i. Cu chuyn tin thn ny t m ng thi hai hnh Tr tu v tm X - hiu bit su sc chn l gip ngi ta x b nh kin, hn th tha th, thng yu. Trong khi u tp trung vo 10 hnh th hin qua 10 Jataka cui, u c bit nhn mnh hnh b th trong Jataka cui cng th ty tnh cch, kh cht tinh thn tng dn tc m mi nc ng Nam c th la chn cao nhng c hnh cao thng gn vi nhng Jataka nht nh no khc nhau. Vessantara cng l mt trong bn truyn Jataka ph bin Trung Quc c v ni ng Tn Cng v n Hong. Nhng truyn m Trung Quc nhn mnh hn c li l Shyama / Samaka / Sama Jataka (Jataka s 540). Shyama l ngi con trai tn ty phng dng cha m mnh - mt i v chng n s m la v gi c. Mt ngy kia khi ra sui ly nc v cho cha m, chng b cht do trng tn ca mt nh vua i sn. Cm ng v tm T i vi cha m ca Shyama, Thin Indra cho chng sng li. Ngi Trung Quc coi trng o Hiu c bit xng tng tin thn ny ca c Pht. Shyama c chuyn ng thnh San t (Shanzi), ngha l c xem nh bc Thnh, ging Khng T, Mnh T... vy; truyn Shyama t n a v cao qu ca San t kinh (Shanzi Jing). [M.C. Joshi & R. Benerjee]. C th thy truyn Jataka ny c Trung Quc ha trong kh quyn ca vn ha Nho gia. *** Tm li, khi n ng Nam , ni 4/5 dn s sng nng thn, vn ha truyn thng ch yu l vn ha dn gian, Jataka c th tc ha, bnh dn ha, dung hp vi ngun bn a cng nh nhng ngun ngoi nhp khc tr thnh yu t quan trng bi p nn tng o c v li sng nhn i, hin ha ca c dn trong khu vc. Bng nhng cch thc nh vy, chnh ng Nam hp th su sc tinh thn ca Pht gio n , nn tn gio m trong bn cht, l mt trit hc o c, v c bn nhn mnh nhng cch ngh v cch sng hn l nhng h thng kinh in, nghi l, tn iu cht ch. h TP.HCM, thng 5 nm 2009 TI LIU THAM KHO CHNH 1. Ahir, D.C. 2000: The Influence of Jatakas on Art and Literature, B.R. Publishing Corporation, Delhi. 2. Banerjee, P. 1994: The Spread of Indian Art and Culture to Central Asia and China, Indian Horizons, Vol.43,No.1-2, http://ignca.nic.in/pb0013.htm. 3. Bunnary, C. 2004: Buddhist Ethics in the Pannsa Jtaka (Apocryphal Birth-Stories), Royal University of Phnom Penh. 4. Buswell, R. E. 2003: Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Vol.1, Macmillan reference USA.Cowell, E. B. 1973- 1979: The Jtaka or Stories of the Buddha's Former Births (Vol. I - VI), Cosmo Publications, Delhi.

5. Kapoor, S. 2001: The Buddhist - Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Vol.3, Cosmo Publications, New Delhi. 6. Phan Thu Hien 2006: Indian substratum in South East Asian Cultural Identity. Transactions of 2nd International conference on South East Asian Culture Values: Exchange and Cooperation, Cambodia. 7. Phan Thu Hin 2006: i nt bn sc vn ha Lo qua qu trnh bn a ha s thi Ramayana trong Phra Lak Phra Lam. K yu Hi tho Vn hc Lo. Trng HKHXH & NV TP. HCM. 8. Phan Thu Hien 2007: Buddhism in Vietnam and Buddhism in Thailand: Some similarities. Transactions of conference on Korean and Southeast Asian Studies. Burapha University, Thailand. 9. Phan Thu Hin 2008: Ngh thut k chuyn - thuyt php trong Jataka. TC Vn hc s 8. 10. Rhys Davids, T. W. 2004: Buddhist Birth-Stories, Winsome Books India, Delhi. 11. Sahkar, H.B.1985: Cultural relations between India and SouthEast Asian countries. Indian council for cultural relations. New Dehli. 12. Wongthet, P. 1989: The Jataka Stories and Laopuan worldview. Asian Folklore Studies, Vol.48, Silpakorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. PGS.TS. PHAN THU HIN (*) v ThS. VN NG (**) (*) Ging vin Khoa Vn ha hc, Trng HKHXH&NV TP.HCM (**) (Thch Qung Kin), Nghin cu sinh Khoa Vn hc v Ngn ng, Trng HKHXH&NV TP.HCM