Chuyn mch knh n L loi chuyn mch phc v s trao i thng tin bng cch cp knh dn trc tip

gia cc i tng s dng. n X l cuc gi tin hnh qua 3 giai on: n Thit lp ng dn da vo nhu cu trao i thng tin. n Duy tr knh dn trong sut thi gian trao i thng tin. n Gii phng knh dn khi i tng s dng ht nhu cu trao i. n c im: n Thc hin trao i thng tin gia cc user trn trc thi gian thc. n Cc user lm ch knh dn trong sut qu trnh trao i. n Hiu sut thp. n Yu cu chnh xc thng tin khng cao. n Ni dung trao i khng mang thng tin a ch. n Ph hp vi dch v thoi. n Khi lu lng tng n ngng no th cuc gi mi c th b kho, mng t chi mi yu cu kt ni mi n khi c th. Chuyn mch tin n L loi chuyn mch phc v s trao i thng tin gia cc bn tin nh in tn, th in t, file n Thit b u cui gi n node chuyn mch bn tin mang thng tin a ch ch. n Ti y, bn tin c thu nhn, x l (chn ng) ri sp hng ch truyn i. Phng php ny gi l store and forward. n Thi gian tr: Td=tnhn+tx l+tsp hng. n c im: n Khng c mi lin h thi gian thc gia cc user. n Knh dn khng dnh ring cho cc user (dng chung ng truyn). n Hiu sut cao. Chuyn mch gi n Bn tin c chia thnh cc gi vi chiu di xc nh, mi gi c phn header mang thng tin a ch v th t gi. n Mi gi i qua cc node c tin hnh theo phng php store and forward nh chuyn mch tin. n Ti u thu tin hnh sp xp cc gi tr li. n Trong cc gi lun c trng kim tra m bo gi truyn khng li qua tng chng. n c im: n Trao i thng tin khng theo thi gian thc nhng nhanh hn chuyn mch tin. n i tng s dng khng lm ch knh dn. n Hiu sut cao. n Thch hp truyn s liu. Chuyn mch khung n Chuyn mch khung v c bn da trn chuyn mch gi, nhng bn tin c chia thnh cc khung c kch thc xc nh. n Hn ch chc nng kim tra li v iu khin lung. n Tc truyn dn c ci thin ng k so vi chuyn mch gi. n Hot ng ch yu lp 2, vi mc ch ln nht l to mng ring o VPN (Virtual Private Network) cho khch hng.

n Bng thng khng c nh cho user m c phn phi mt cch linh hot. n Phc tp do tc bit thay i. n Kh nng n 40Mbps so vi 2Mbps ca chuyn mch gi. Chuyn mch t bo n n n n n n n Cc loi chuyn mch k trn khng p ng c yu cu bng thng v thi gian thc ca mt s dch v. Chuyn mch t bo th chia bn tin thnh cc t bo (cell) c kch thc nh v c nh. X l nhanh. Chuyn tip nhanh. Tc t n 600Mbps. Kh nng phc v cc dch v tc bit thay i v c nh. Tnh thi gian thc hng n chuyn mch knh.

Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc Internet ang pht trin rt mnh v l iu khng th thiu trong cuc sng hin ti. Cc dch v mi a s u p dng trn IP (Internet Protocol). Nhng Internet gp tr ngi v thi gian thc v bng thng. Gii php IP over ATM c xut nhng cng gp kh khn trong k thut. Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS (Multiple Protocol Label Switching) n gin ho vic chuyn tip cho cc router bn trong. n Tc nh ATM. n Gi thnh r. n n gin. NGUYN L CHUYN MCH GI Knh logic n Knh o (VC: Virtual Circuit) n Ni kt logic ca knh truyn c thit lp trc khi truyn cc gi gi l knh o VC. Knh o VC gn ging nh chuyn mch knh v knh o s c gii phng khi kt thc qu trnh chuyn tin. n Cng mt thi gian th mt PSE c th c nhiu VC n mt PSE khc. n Knh o vnh vin PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit) n PVC l phng thc thit lp knh o c nh gia hai thu bao cho d c truyn d liu hay khng. n PVC c th c xem nh vic thu knh ring, trong kiu ny th knh dn c thit lp mt ln thi im khi to v s c gii phng khi ht nhu cu s dng dch v (hp ng). Bng thng hn ch, tc chun ca X.25 l 64kbps, tuy nhin, ngy nay c mt s mng X.25 c bng thng n 2Mbps IETF(Internet Engineering TaskForce) X.25 ITU-T l giao thc truyn ng b qua giao tip DTE v DCE. Cc giao thc ca Internet n n n n n n n TELNET cung cp kh nng ng nhp u cui t xa. ng dng FTP cung cp vic ng nhp, thao tc th mc, chuyn file mt cch an ton. SMTP h tr truyn th in t. DNS qun l tn min, thun tin trong truy cp thay v s dng a ch IP. SNMP h tr thit b cu hnh, phc hi d liu v cnh bo. RIP cung cp cc thng tin bng nh tuyn v topo cho cc router trong mng. Cc router gi cc thng ip iu khin v thng bo n cc router khc s dng ICMP. ICMP cn cung cp mt chc nng m user c th gi lnh ping kim tra ni kt n mt a ch IP khc. n ARP ni trc tip vi lp tuyn d liu nh x a ch vt l n a ch IP. n n n n n

Mng s tch hp dch v n ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Netwrok): n S kt hp gia mng in thoi s v mng my tnh to thnh 1 mng thng tin duy nht, cung cp nhiu dch v khc nhau cho ngi dng. n c im n Mng s ho hon ton. n Kh nng cung cp cc dch v: Thoi, s liu, hnh nh, m thanh... Cc knh trong ISDN n Knh l ng dn m thng tin chy qua . n Knh D: Phc v cho vic truyn cc thng ip bo hiu gia ngi s dng v mng, ngoi ra knh D cn c kh nng s dng truyn s liu kiu gi. Tc hot ng ca knh D l 16kbps hoc 64kbps tu thuc giao din li vo ngi s dng. n Knh B: Truyn tn hiu thoi, audio, s liu, video, ni chung phc v co vic truyn lu lng cho ngi s dng. Tc knh B l 64kbps, knh B cn c th p dng cho chuyn mch knh ln chuyn mch gi. n Knh H: Phc v cho vic truyn lu lng tc cao. Knh H bao gm: Knh H0 c tc bng 6B, tc l 384kbps thng s dng trong dch v truyn hnh hi ngh, Knh H1 tu thuc v chun chu u hay M m c H1=30B, vi tc d liu l 1.920kbps (E1) v H1=24B vi tc d liu l 1.472kbps (T1). Knh H2 c s dng trong ISDN bng rng vi H21=32.768Mbps v H22 = 43 n 45Mbps. H4 c tc t 132 n 138.240Mbps. Cc giao din vo ca ISDN n BRI: Basic Rate Interface n Giao din tc c bn. BRI bao gm 2 knh B v 1 knh D16 vi tc 16kbps, vy tc s dng ca BRI l 144kbps v tc tng l 192kbps. n Thng c s dng cung cp li vo gia thit b ngi s dng v tng i ISDN trung tm. n PRI: Primary Rate Interface n Giao din tc chnh, tu theo tiu chun Bc M hay Chu u m ta c giao din PRI gm 23B+D64 vi tc tng l 1,544Mbps v tc d liu l 1,536Mbps hoc 30B+D64 vi tc tng 2,048Mbps v tc d liu l 1,984Mbps. Cc im tham chiu ISDN n im tham chiu R: n Khng c chun chung, ph thuc TE2 v TA. n im tham chiu S: n So: Tc 144kbps 2B+D. Cp ng n Sp: Tc 2048kbps (30B+D) hoc 1544kbps (23B+D). Cp ng. n im tham chiu U: n Khng c chun chung. n Uo (Chu u) Tc truyn: 160kbps gm 2 knh lu lng +ng b khung+cnh bo (2B+D+D). Khong cch ti a 4,2km i vi cp ng knh 0.4mm v 8km i vi cp 0.6mm. Yu cu trit vang v truyn song cng trn dy ng. n Uo (M): Tc truyn 160kbps (2B+1D) nhng tc d liu ch t khong 80baud. Khong cch ti a 12km. Giao tip thu bao ISDN. n n n n Thu bao tng t PSTN c ni vi mch giao tip ng dy tng t trong tng i PSTN. Tp trung thu bao xa hoc thu bao m rng c ni vi mch giao tip theo chun V5.1. BRA c ni vi giao tip ng dy s 2B+D. PRA c ni vi ng dy s 30B+D.

n Trong trng hp ch c thu bao tng t ca PSTN th chuyn mch thi gian s tp trung lu lng vo chuyn mch nhm nhng khi c cc thu bao ISDN th chuyn mch thi gian phi chia x lu lng cho cc knh ISDN. n Giao tip V5.1 cho tc truy cp 2.048Mbps vi cu trc khung gm 32 khe thi gian cho lu lng, bo hiu, iu khin v ng b. nh tuyn IP truyn thng nh tuyn IP truyn thng da trn cc yu t c bn sau: Giao thc nh tuyn c s dng phn phi thng tin inh tuyn lp 3. Chuyn tip ch da vo a ch ch. nh tuyn tng chng. nh tuyn

Cc phng php trao i thng tin nh tuyn t node A n node B: Broadcast Routing: Thng tin nh tuyn truyn t A n mi B m khng yu cu hng ngc li. Hop-by-hop Routing: Yu cu lin lc qua cc chng ni n B. Source Routing: Yu cu danh sch cc node (hop) ni n B.

Nhn

ATM: Nhn l VCI/VPI c vn chuyn bn trong gi. Frame Relay: Nhn l DLCI, vn chuyn bn trong khung. TDM: Nhn l mt khe thi gian. X.25: Nhn l LCN. Nhn l mt gi tr. Bc sng cng l gi tr. Vy, chuyn mch quang cng l chuyn mch nhn? MPLS nh tuyn bin, chuyn mch trung tm. MPLS tch hp IP v ATM CHUYN MCH GI NHANH Cu hnh chung mng FR n Cc thnh phn mng Frame Relay: n Thit b FRAD c th l cc LAN bridge, LAN Router v.v... n Thit b FRND c th l cc tng i chuyn mch khung (Frame) hay tng i chuyn mch t bo. n ng kt ni gia cc thit b l giao din chung cho FRAD v FRND, giao thc ngi dng v mng hay gi F.R UNI (Frame Relay User Network Interface). n m bo vic truyn cc frame ng a ch, chnh xc, nhanh, , FR s dng cc trng sau: n 1, DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifier) Trn ni kt vt l c th c rt nhiu cc ni kt o, mi mt ni kt o c nh danh ring trnh b ln, c gi tt l DLCI. n 2, CIR ( Committed Information Rate ) y l tc khch hng tho thun vi nh cung cp dch v v mng li phi cam kt thng xuyn t c tc ny. n 3, CBIR ( Committed Burst Information Rate ) Khi c lng tin truyn qu ln, FR vn cho php khch hng truyn qu tc cam kt CIR ti tc CBIR trong mt khong thi gian (Tc) rt ngn vi ba giy mt t, iu ny tu thuc vo "nghn" ca mng cng nh CIR. n 4, DE bit ( Discard Eligibility Bit ) Bit ny c lp khi truyn vt qua CIR v nhng frame c DE=1 th s u tin loi khi nghn. Lc u cui phi pht li n Kim sot nghn: n FECN v BECN (Forward Explicit Congestion Notification v Backward Explicit Congestion Notification) n Bit C/R: Command/Respond (lnh/p ng).

n Bit ny tng t nh th tc X25 dng hi v p, nhng mng Frame Relay khng dng m ch dnh cho cc thit b u cui (FRAD) s dng mi khi cn trao i thng tin cho nhau, Bit C/R do FRAD t gi tr v c gi nguyn khi truyn qua mng. n DLCI: nh danh ni kt o, n Trong trng hp m rng trng a ch th DLCI nh danh ti a 217 a ch, cn bnh thng th nh danh cho 1024 a ch. n Tng t, DLCI c th m rng thnh 4 bytes a ch khi ta thm 1 byte a ch na vi EA1=0, EA2=0, EA3=0, EA4=1. n Bit DE: Discard Bit. n nh du cc frame c chuyn vi tc vt CIR, nhng frame ny c th b loi b nu mng nghn. Bnh thng DE=0. Cc dch v ca Frame Relay n Knh o vnh vin PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit): n Thit b u cui trong mng din rng WAN c a ch mng d liu DNA (Data Network Address) v mi cp DNA c xc nh bi DLCI to thnh knh o. Cc cuc gi gia cc cp DNA ny khng cn thit lp. n Knh o chuyn mch SVC (Switching Virtual Circuit): n Knh o ni a im MVC (Multicast Virtual Circuit): n S dng nhn dng knh o a im MDLCI. T bo ATM n VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier). n VPI (Virtual Path Identifier). Lp thch ng ATM n AAL (ATM Adaptation Layer) gii quyt mi cng vic c cung cp bi lp ATM vi cc dch v khch hng yu cu. n CCITT nh ngha 4 lp nh sau: n Dch v lp A: Dng cho in thoi voice, audio v video, yu cu tc bit khng i. n Dch v lp B: Cc dch v video, audio c tc bit thay i c th dng cho truyn hnh hi ngh khi tc bit ph thuc vo tnh ng ca hin trng. n Dch v lp C+D: Cc dch v ny c tc bit thay i nhng khng yu cu thi gian thc gia ngun v ch.