HM S PHC V NH X

2.1 Hm s phc
2.2 nh x ca hm s phc
2.3 nh x tuyn tnh
2.4 Hm ly tha t bit
2.4.1 Hm ly tha z
n
2.4.2 Hm ly tha z
1/n
Mt hm s f t tp A n tp B l qui lut
tng quan ngu nhin t mi phn t trong
A n mt v ch mt phn t trong B.

2.1 Hm s phc:
Mt hm s phc f l mt hm s c min xc
nh ( D(f) ) v min gi tr ( R(f) ) l tp con
ca tp s phc C
VD :
f(z) = -z
3
+ 2.z + z
a) z = i b) z = 2 i c) z = 1+2i
Gii:
a) f(i) = -(i)
3
+ 2.(i) + i = 4i
b) f(2 - i) = -(2 - i)
3
+ 2.(2 - i) + 2 - i
= -(8 12i + 6i
2
- i3) + 4 2i + 2 i
= 4 + 8i
c) f(1 + 2i) = -(1 + 2i)
3
+ 2.(1 + 2i) + 1 + 2i
= -(1 + 6i + 12i
2
+ 8i
3
) + 2 + 4i +1 +2i
= 14 + 8i
Phn thc v phn o ca hm s phc
Ta c w = f(z) m z = x + iy
t w = u + iv
Gi s w = z
2
=> w = ( x + iy)
2
= x
2
- y
2
+ 2xyi
=> f(z) = u(x,y) + v(x,y)i
u(x,y) gi l phn thc.
v(x,y) gi l phn o.
VD:
f(z) = 6z 5 + 9i
vi z = x + iy
f(z) = 6.(x + iy) - 5 + 9i
= 6x 5 + (6y + 9)i
=> u(x,y) = 6x 5
v(x,y) = 6y + 9
Hm s m s phc e
z
Hm s e
z
c nh ngha nh sau :
e
z

= e
x
cosy + ie
x
siny
th c gi l hm s m s phc v
u(x,y) = e
x
cosy - phn thc
v(x,y) = e
x
siny - phn o
Mt s tnh cht:
e
0
= 1
e e = e

= e

(e
z
)
n
= e
nz
vi n = 0, 1, 2,



2
1
z
z
e
e
1
z
2
z
2 1
z z +
2 1
z z
VD:
a) z = 3 + i

=> x = 3, y =

e
3 + i
= e
3
cos ( ) + ie
3
sin ( )

= -e
3
+ ie
3

3
t
3
t
3
t
3
t
2
1
2
3
3
t
To cc:
z = x + iy biu din dng Cc :
z = r(cos + isin ) = re
i
Nu w = f(z), ta thay z = r(cos + isin ) lc
ny hm s c vit di dng to
cc nh sau:
w = f(z) = u(r, ) + iv(r, )
u(r, ) v v(r, ) vn c gi l phn thc
v phn o ca w.

VD:
f(z) = r
2
.cos + i.3.sin(2.) vi z = i
Ta c:
i = cos + i.sin

r = 1 , =

f(i) = cos + 3.sin .i

=

2
u
4
t
t

2
t
t
2
t
2
2
2.2 nh x ca hm s phc:
Cng c hu ch trong vic nghin cu hm thc
trong i s s cp l th ca hm. th ca
hm y = f(x) l tp tt c cc im (x,f(x)) trong
h to Cc 2 chiu.
Mt nh ngha tng t cho hm s phc. Tuy
nhin nu w= f(z) l hm phc, c z v w u
nm trn mt phng phc, n gm tt c cc
im (z,f(z)) nm trn khng gian 4 chiu (2
chiu t u z vo 2 chiu t u ra ca w).

D nhin tp con ca khng gian 4 chiu khng th
d dng minh ho.V vy:
Chng ta khng th v th ca hm phc


Nu w = f(z) l nh x phc v nu S l tp
cc im trong mt phng z, chng ta gi
tp cc nh o S qua f l nh ca S, k
hiu S.

Nu tp S c tnh cht cng th S l min xc
nh, k hiu l D, D.
S biu din ging nh hnh 2.1 mang ngha
truyn thng tin v mi lin h tng qut gi
im tu z v nh ca n w = f(z).

VD:nh ca na mt phng di w = iz.

Tm nh ca na mt phng Re 2 di nh
x phc w = iz v biu din hnh hc nh x.

Gii: t S l na mp cha tt c nhng
im phc z vi Re 2.
Tt c nhng im z trn
ng x = 2 c pt z = 2 + iy
trong vng (- < y < ).
Gi tr ca f(z) = iz ti cc
im trn ng thng l
w = f(2 + iy) = -y + 2i.
V tp cc im w = -y +2i l
ng v = 2 trong mp w.

Ta kt lun ng x = 2 trong mp z c
nh x ln ng v = 2 trong mp w bi
nh x w = iz.

hnh 2.2 a) tp S c th c miu t bi 2
bt ng thc ng thi:
x 2 v - < y < (1)
biu din nh ca S, chng ta biu diu
nh x w = iz trong phn thc v o u, v ca
n.Ta thay z = x +iy vo w = iz
w = i(x + iy) = -y + ix
u(x,y) = -y v v(x,y) = x (2)
T (1),(2) : v 2 v - < u <
chnh l tp S nh ca S qua w = iz bao
gm tt c cc im w = u + iv trong mp tha
2 bt ng thc ng thi:
v 2 v - < u <

VD 2: nh ca ng thng w = z
2
Tm nh ca ng thng ng x = 1 di nh
x phc w = z
2
v biu din hnh hc nh x.
Gii:
t C l tp cc im thuc ng thng x = 1
hay tp cc im z = 1 + iy vi - < y < .
Nh VD 1 phn thc v phn o ca w = z
2
l
u(x,y) = x
2
y
2
v v(x,y) = 2xy .
V z = 1 + iy u(1,y) = 1 y2 ,v(1,y) = 2y
S l tp cc im thuc w = u + iv tho 2 pt
ng thi:

u = 1 -

< < =
=
) ( 2
1
2
y y v
y u
4
2
v
y c th ly gi tr thc t v
nn v nhn gi tr thc C
(nh ca C) l ng
parabol trong mp w vi nh
(1,0), ct u ti (0,2).Trn
hnh ng x = 1 c nh
x thnh ng parabol
u = 1 - qua nh x phc
w = z
2

4
2
v
ng cong tham s trong mp phc:
nh ngha:
Nu x(t) v y(t) l nhng hm thc ca
bin thc t ,khi tp C gm tt c cc
im z(t) = x(t) + iy(t), a t b gl
ng cong tham s hoc ng cong
tham s phc.Hm tr phc ca bin
thc t, z(t) = x(t) + y(t) gl hm tham s
ca C
Nhng ng cong tham s chnh
trong mp phc :



ng thng:
Hm tham s ca ng thng qua im z
0
v z
1
l:
z(t) = z
0
(1 t) + z
1
t - t
on thng:
z(t) = z
0
(1 t) + z
1
t 0 t 1
Tia:
z(t) = z
0
(1 t) + z
1
t 0 t
ng trn:
z(t) = z
0
+ r(cost + isint) 0 t 2t
Tnh gn ng:
z(t) = z
0
+ re
it
0 t 2t


nh ca ng cong tham s di nh x
phc:

Nu w = f(z) l nh x phc v nu C l
ng cong c tham s z(t), a t b th
w = f(t) = f(z(t)) a t b
l hm tham s ho ca nh C ca C qua w = f(z)

VD: nh ca 1 ng cong tham s
Tm nh ca an thng i t 1 n i di
nh x phc w = iz.
Gii:
t C l an thng i t 1 n i v C l nh
ca C theo f(z) = iz.
Ta c: z
0
= 1 ,z
1
= i
Theo cng thc z(t) = 1 t +it 0 t 1
w(t) = f(z(t)) = i(1 t +it) = -i(1 t) t,0 t 1
z
0
= -i, z
1
= -1 theo w(t)
nh C l an thng i t -i n -1
2.3 nh x tuyn tnh:
Mt hm s thc c dng f(x) = ax+b vi
a,b l hng s thc ,ta gi l hm s tuyn
tnh.
Tng t ta c mt hm s phc tuyn tnh
l hm s c dng f(z) = az + b vi a,b l
hng s phc.
Mt nh x tuyn tnh phc c th c to
thnh bng t hp 3 cch: php di trc
ta , php quay, t s gin.
Php di trc ta :
Mt hm s phc tuyn tnh:
T(z) = z + b b 0 (1)
c gi l di trc ta .
Nu z = x+iy v b = x
0
+ iy
0
, khi :
T(z) = (x + iy) + (x
0
+ iy
0
) = x + x
0
+ i(y + y
0
)
Nh vy, nh ca im (x,y) theo T l im
(x + x
0
,y + y
0
),ta c hnh 2.8
V th nh x tuyn tnh T(z) = z + b c
th c xem nh qu trnh tnh tin im
z theo vector (x
0
,y
0
) n im T(z) trong
bn sao ca mt phng phc.
im (x
0
,y
0
) l vect
biu din ca s phc
b,nh x T(z) = z + b
cng c gi l php
di trc ta bi b
VD: nh ca 1 hnh vung theo php di
trc ta .
Tm nh S ca hnh vung S vi cc nh
1 + i, 2 + i, 2 + 2i v 1 + 2i theo nh x
tuyn tnh T(z) = z + 2 i.
Gii:
Ta biu din S v S c xy dng bng
cch v nh ca mt phc.
Theo (1): b = x
0
+ iy
0
= 2 +i(-1).

Tp cc nh ca cc vect l S, nh ca
S theo T.Theo hnh 2.9 chng t
rng S l 1 hnh vung vi
cc nh :
T(1 + i) = (1 + i) + (2 i)
= 3
T(2 + i) = (2 + i) + (2 i)
= 4
T(2 + 2i) = (2 + 2i) + (2 i)
= 4 + i
T(1 + 2i) = (1 + 2i) + (2 i) = 3 + i
Php quay:
Mt hm tuyn tnh phc:
R(z) = az, a = 1
c gi l mt php quay.
Nu l mt s phc bt k khc 0, khi
a = / l mt s phc v |a|=1 .V vy vi
bt k s phc khc khng , ta c R(z) =
z l mt php quay.

Khi a = 1 v Arg(a) > 0, ta c th vit a
dng m a = e
i
vi 0 <
o
o
t
Nu a = e
i
v z = re
i
th:
R(z) = ei

re
i
= re
i( + )
Nu z v R(z) c xy dng bng cch
v nh ca mt phc, khi tt c cc
im u nm trn 1 cung trn tm ti
0,bn knh r.

VD: nh ca ng thng theo php quay
Tm nh ca trc thc y = 0 theo nh x
tuyn tnh:
R(z) = ( + i )z.
Gii:
t C l trc thc y = 0
v C l nh ca C theo
R.V
+ i = 1, nh x
phc R(z) l mt php
quay.
Ta c: + i =e

2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
4
t
i
V y=0 => z=r => R(z)=re
Do ,nu z v R(z) c v trong mt sao ca
mt phc,khi im R(z) chnh l im z c
quay ngc chiu kim ng h mt gc
Php t s gin:
Mt hm phc tuyn tnh:
M(z) = az , a > 0
c gi l t s gin
Nu z = x + iy, khi M(z) = az = ax + iay, v vy
nh ca im (x,y) l im (ax,ay).Khi dng dng
m z = re
i

ta c:
M(z) = a(re
i
) = (ar)e
i

a, r l nhng s thc v ln ca M l ar.

4
t
4
t
i
Gi s a > 1,khi im phc z v M(z)
c cng gc nhng khc mdun (r ar)
Nu ta dng cc im
phc z v M(z)
bng cch v nh ca
mt phc, khi M(z) l
im trn tia xut pht
t 0 cha z v cch 0
mt khong ar. Khi a>1
M(z) cch gc xa hn z.
S thc a c gi l hng s gin ca
M(z)
VD: nh ca mt cung trn theo php t s
gin.
Tm nh ca cung C cho bi = 2 theo
nh x tuyn tnh M(z) = 3z.
Gii:
Hng s gin l 3,vy mi
im M(z) trong nh c
mdun l 3.2 = 6.
nh C l cung trn = 6
tm ti gc trc to v
bn knh l 6.
z
w
Anh cua 1 iem qua anh xa tuyen tnh
F(z) = az + b la 1 anh xa tuyen tnh vi a 0 va z
0
la 1
iem trong mat phang phc. Neu iem w
0

= f(z
0
) c xay dng bang cach ve anh cua mat
phc

th w
0
la 1 iem co c bang cach
(i)php quay z
0
1 goc Arg(a) so vi goc toa o
(ii) php t s gin(hng s gin |a|)
(iii) php di trc ta bi b

Mt nh x tuyn tnh phc w = az + b vi
a 0 c th lm bin dng th (hnh v)
nhng khng th thay i kiu th (hnh
v).
VD: nh ca mt hnh ch nht theo nh x
tuyn tnh.
Tm nh ca hnh ch nht vi cc nh -1 + i,
1 + i, 1 + 2i, -1 + 2i theo nh x tuyn tnh
f(z) = 4iz + 2 + 3i.
Gii:

t S l hnh ch nht vi cc nh cho
v S l nh ca S theo f. V f l nh x
tuyn tnh nn S cng l hnh ch nht.
Vy ta ch cn tm nh ca S, tc l nh
ca cc nh ca S theo f.
f(-1 + i) = -2 - i f(1 + i) = -2 + 7i
f(1 + 2i) = -6 + 7i f(-1 + 2i) = -6 I
Vy S l hnh ch nht vi cc nh -2 i,
-2 + 7i, -6 + 7i, -6 i.

nh x tuyn tnh f(z) = 4iz + 2 + 3i VD
trn c th lm theo php quay, php ti
gin, php di trc to .
V Arg(4i) = /2 v = 4, f c biu
bi php quay 1 gc /2, t s gin l 4,
di trc 2 + 3i.

t
i 4
t