o Thanh Ton

Phm Thanh Huyn

----- -----

U1A

U2
74LS73
J1
__
K1
Q1
CP1
Q1
RD1
J2
__
K2
Q2
CP2
Q2
RD2

10100111000

Bi ging
K thut s
Chuyn ngnh: KTVT, KTTT, KH-THGT

H ni 7/ 2005

PTH-DTT

Li ni u:
K thut s l mn hc nghin cu v cc mc logic s phng php biu
din ti thiu ho bi ton v tn hiu s, nghin cu cc mch s c bn: mch t
hp, mch dy.
Bi ging K thut s c bin son da trn cc gio trnh v ti liu
tham kho mi nht hin nay, c dng lm ti liu tham kho cho sinh vin cc
ngnh: K thut Vin thng, K thut Thng tin, T ng ho, Trang thit b in,
Tn hiu Giao thng.
Trong qu trnh bin son, cc tc gi c cc ng nghip ng gp
nhiu kin, mc d c gng sa cha, b sung cho cun sch c hon chnh
hn, song chc chn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, hn ch. Chng ti mong
nhn c cc kin ng gp ca bn c
Xin lin h: daothanhtoan@uct.edu.vn

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Phn 1
i s boolean
v vi mch s

PTH-DTT

Chng 1:
H thng m v m
I. Biu din s trong cc h thng m
1. Khi nim c bn
+ H thng m l t hp cc quy tc gi v biu din cc con s c gi tr
xc nh
+ Ch s l nhng k hiu dng biu din mt con s
+ Phn loi h thng m gm 2 loi l h thng m theo v tr v h thng
m khng theo v tr
. H thng m theo v tr l h thng m trong gi tr v mt s lng ca mi
ch s ph thuc vo v tr ca ch s nm trong con s
V d: trong h m thp phn:

Con s 1278 c s 8 ch 8 n v
Con s 1827 c s 8 ch 8.103 n v

Nh vy tu vo v tr khc nhau trong con s m ch s biu din gi tr khc nhau.

. H thng m khng theo v tr l h thng m gi tr v mt s lng ca mi ch
s khng ph thuc vo v tr ca ch s nm trong con s.
V d: trong h m La m trong cc con s IX, XX hay XXXIX u c X biu
din gi tr 10 trong h thp phn m khng ph thuc vo v tr ca n trong con s.
Nhn xt: h thng m khng theo v tr cng knh khi biu din gi tr ln do
t s dng. Do vy, khi ni ti h thng m ngi ta hiu l h thng m theo
v tr v gi tt l h m.
2. Cc h m thng dng
Nu mt h m c c s l N th mt con s bt k trong h m s
c gi tr trong h thp phn thng thng nh sau:

A = a n 1 .N n 1 + a n 2 .N n 2 + ... + a1 .N 1 + a 0 .N 0
Trong ak l cc ch s lp thnh con s (k = 0, 1 n-1) v 0 < ak < N-1
Sau y l mt s h m thng dng:
+ H m mi (thp phn): c c s l 10, cc ch s trong h m ny l: 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 v 9.
v d: con s 1278 = 1.103 + 2.102 + 7.101 + 8.100 biu din mt nghn hai trm by
mi tm n v theo ngha thng thng
+ H m hai (nh phn): c c s l 2, cc ch s trong h m ny l 0 v 1
v d: 1011 trong h nh phn s biu din gi tr
A = 1.23 + 0.22 + 1.21 + 1.20 = 11 trong h m 10 thng thng
+ H m mi su (thp lc phn hexa): c c s l 16 vi cc ch s: 0, 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E v F

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

v d: 8E trong h m hexa s biu din gi tr

A = 8.161 + 14.160 = 142 trong h m 10 thng thng
+ H m tm (bt phn octa): c c s l 8 vi cc ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 v 7
vd: con s 12 trong h octa biu din gi tr
A = 1.81 + 2.80 = 10 trong h m thng thng
Bng i chiu 16 con s u tin trong cc h m trn
H 10
H 2
H 16
H 8
0

0000

0001

0010

0011

0100

0101

0110

0111

1000

10

1001

11

10

1010

12

11

1011

13

12

1100

14

13

1101

15

14

1110

16

15

1111

17

3. Biu din s trong cc h m

Mt s trong h 10 c biu din vi cc thnh phn: du ( + hoc - ), phn
nguyn, du phy ( , ) v phn l
Khi cc con s c x l bi cc mch s th cc con s ny phi c biu
din di dng h 2 hoc dng m no to thnh t cc s h 2 nh m BCD, m
Gray ). Do vy, cc con s c th biu din theo s sau:

Dng l

PTH-DTT

H 2

Du phy tnh
Dng nguyn

Con s
Du phy ng

H BCD

Dng l

2
8
C s 10
16

Dng nguyn

H 2

H BCD

Du phy tnh:
Dng nguyn: du phy lun sau ch s cui bn phi. v d: 1001,
Dng l: du phy lun trc ch s u bn tri. v d: ,1001
Du phy ng:
Chuyn s thnh dng chun ho dng lu tha
v d: 12,78 chuyn thnh (,1278).102
Du : quy c ly gi tr 1 ch du m v gi tr 0 ch du dng
v d: 1 0101 trong h 2 ch s -5 trong h m 10
0 1001 trong h 2 ch s +9 trong h m 10
Tuy nhin, ngi ta cng cn thng s dng s b biu din s m nh
sau:
S b 1: dng s 1 biu din du m v phn gi tr thc hin php ly
phn b cho mi ch s (chuyn 1 thnh 0 v 0 thnh 1 cho mi ch s)
v d: s b 1 ca 0101 l 1 1010
S b 2: dng 1 biu din du m cn phn gi tr i ra s b 1 sau
cng thm 1 vo hng n v
v d: s b 2 ca -0101 l 1 1011
S b 9: dng 1 biu din du m cn phn gi tr tr thnh mt s sao cho
tng ca s mi v s c mi hng bng 9
v d: s b 9 ca 0011 0100 0010 (bng 342 theo h mi)
l 1 0110 0101 0111

(bng 657 theo h mi)

S b 10: ly s b 9 cng thm 1 n v

v d: s b 9 ca 0011 0100 0010
l

1 0110 0101 1000

(bng -658 theo h mi)

II. h m hai (nh phn)

1. Cc php tnh s hc trong h m 2 (module 2)

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

+ Php cng: Da trn cc nguyn tc sau

0+0

1+0

0+1

1+1

10 (0 nh 1)

+ Php tr: Da trn cc nguyn tc sau

0-0

1-0

1+1

10 - 1

+ Php nhn: Da trn cc nguyn tc sau

0.0

1.0

0.1

1.1

+ Php chia: thc hin nh vi h thp phn

2. Chuyn i gia h 2 v h 10
Trong khi con ngi s dng h m 10 th cc mch gia cng v x l s liu
li s dng h m 2 nn vic chuyn i gia hai h m ny l rt quan trng.
a. Chuyn i t h 2 sang h 10
Mt con s trong h 2 c gi tr trong h 10 l:

A = a n 1 .2 n 1 + a n 2 .2 n 2 + ... + a1 .21 + a 0 .2 0
trong ak = 0 hoc 1 (vi k = 0, 1, 2, n-1)
v d: chuyn i con s 1001 trong h 2 sang h 10 nh sau:
A = 1.23 + 0.22 + 0.21 + 1.20 = 9
b. Chuyn i s t h 10 sang h 2
Chuyn i tng phn nguyn v phn l sau gp li
Chuyn i phn nguyn theo nguyn tc chia v ly phn d
v d: chuyn i s 17 h mi sang h hai nh sau

PTH-DTT

Phn
nguyn chia
cho 2

S d

17

s h 10

S h 2

Chuyn i phn l theo nguyn tc nhn 2 tr 1nh sau:

t s 10 (phn l) tn cng bn tri. Nhn s h mi ny vi 2, nu tch
s ln hn 1 th ly tch s tr i 1, ng thi ghi 1 xung hng di (hng t h s
cn tm), nu tch s nh hn 1 t 0 xung hng di, ghi sang ct 2 v tip tc ti
khi hiu s bng 0 hoc t s l theo yu cu
v d: chuyn i s 0,525 h mi sang h hai. p dng quy tc trn ta c:
H 10

0,525 x 2 = 1,05

0,525

1,05 1 = 0,05

H 2

0,05 x 2 = 0,1

0,1 x 2 = 0,2

0,2 x 2 = 0,4

Vy s h 2 thu c l 0,1000
T 2 kt qu trn ta tm c s h 2 tng ng vi s h 10 bng cch gp
phn nguyn v phn l vi nhau
v du:
S h 10

S h 2
17

10001

0,525

0,1000

17,525

10001,1000

III. M ho h s 10
1. Khi nim v m ho h s
thc hin vic chuyn i cc con s gia 2 h thng m 2 v 10 ngi ta
s dng phng php biu din 2 10. Phng php ny gi l m ho cc con s
trong h m 10 bng cc nhm m h 2 (BCD Binary Coded Decimal).
Cc ch s trong h 10 gm cc s t 0 ti 9 do s c biu din bng cc
h s hai c 4 ch s. Ngha l thc hin chuyn i mt s h 2 sang h 10 ta phi
thc hin chuyn i vi n = 4
A = a n 1 .2 n 1 + a n 2 .2 n 2 + ... + a1 .21 + a 0 .2 0
A = 8a3 + 4a 2 + 2a1 + 1a 0

Trong , 8-4-2-1 gi l trng s v m c quy lut trn gi l m BCD c

trng s t nhin hay m BCD 8421
v d:

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

H 10

M BCD 8421
12

0001 0010

1278

0001 0010 0111 1000

Tuy nhhin, trn thc t ngi ta cn s dng cc m BCD vi trng s khc

nhau nh: 7421, 5421, 2421
Ch : Cc con s biu din bng m BCD 8421 v 7421 l duy nht trong khi cc
m BCD 5421 hay 2421 l khng duy nht.
2. Cc m thng dng
Khi s dng 4 ch s h 2 ta s c 16 t hp khc nhau nhng m BCD ch s
dng 10, do d 6 t hp. Bng cch chn 10 trong s 16 t hp khc nhau ngi
ta s c nhiu loi m khc nhau. Thng dng nht l: M BCD, M tha 3,M
Gray Ngoi ra c th s dng 5 ch s h 2 m ho, v d: M Johnson, M 2
trn 5
+ M BCD: c trnh by trn
+ M tha 3: c to thnh bng cch cng thm 3 n v vo m BCD
8421. Loi m ny c s dng rng ri trong thit b tnh ton s hc ca h
thng x l hoc gia cng cc tn hiu s.
+ M Gray: c c im l khi chuyn t mt m s ny sang m s khc tip
theo th t m ch thay i ti cng 1 v tr ca k hiu m
+ M 2 trn 5: s dng 5 ch s h 2 biu din cc ch s h 10. Mi t
hp lun c 2 ch s 1 v 3 ch s 0.
+ M Johnson: s dng 5 ch s h 2 vi c im l khi chuyn sang m s
k tip s thay 0 bng 1 bt u t phi sang tri ti khi t 11111 ( ng vi 5 trong
h 10) s bt u thay 1 bng 0 v cng theo chiu t phi sang tri.

PTH-DTT

Bng biu din cc ch s h 10 theo cc loi m khc nhau

S
h
10

S h 2

M tha 3

M Gray

M 2 trn 5

(BCD 8421)

B3 B2 B1 B0 A3 A2 A1 A0 G3 G2 G1 G0 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 J4 J
0

10

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Chng 2:
i S Boolean
I. Khi nim chung
1. M u
K thut in t ngy nay c chia lm 2 nhnh ln k thut in t tng t
v k thut in t s. K thut in t s ngy cng th hin nhiu tnh nng u
vit v tc x l, kch thc nh gn, kh nng chng nhiu cao, tiu th in
nng t . Do , in t s c ng dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc v ngy
cng tr thnh mt phn thit yu hn trong cc h thng v thit b hu ht cc
lnh vc c ng dng khoa hc k thut v cng ngh mi (c kh, ho hc, y hc...).
Hn na, vi s pht trin ca mch tch hp to nn s thc y cng
mnh m trong vic to ra nhng mch s c phc tp cng tng. Nn cng ngh
ban u ch to c cc mch tch hp c nh (S.S.I) nhng, ngy nay, vic s
dng cc mch tch hp c va (M.S.I), c ln (L.S.I) v cc ln (VLSI) ngy cng
tr nn ph bin.
Trong mch s, tn hiu u vo 1 trong 2 trng thi logic 0 hoc 1 v u ra
cng 1 trong 2 trng thi 0 hoc 1tu theo tn hiu u vo v cc phn t trong
mch gi l cc cng logic. m t mch s ngi ta s dng cng c ton hc l
i s Boolean (i s logic). y l c s ton hc cho mi lnh vc c lin quan
n k thut s.
2. Mt s khi nim c bn
+ i s logic: l mt tp hp S ca cc i tng A, B, C trong xc nh 2
php ton cng logic v nhn logic vi cc tnh cht sau:
Tnh cht

Tn gi

S cha (A + B) v (A.B)

tnh ng kn

A+B=B+A

Lut giao hon

A.B = B.A
(A + B).C = A.C + B.C

Lut phn phi

A + B.C = (A + B).(A + C)
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)

Lut kt hp

(A.B).C = A.(B.C)
A+A=A
A.A = A
A + B = B A.B = A

tnh nht qun

11

PTH-DTT

A+0=A
A.0=0
A+1=1
A.1=A
A+ A =1
A. A = 0
A. (A + B) A + A.B A

Lut hp th

A + B = A.B

Lut De Morgan

A.B = A + B

A + A.B = A + B
A + AB = A + B
A.B + A.C + B.C = A.C + B.C
A A
1= 0
0 =1

+ Gin Venn: y l cch biu din trc quan cc php ton trong i s logic.
Trn gin Venn tp hp S c biu din bng 1 vung cn cc phn t A, B,
C c biu din bng cc min nm trong vung . Min khng c trn gin
c coi bng 0 v min ln nht (ton b vung) c coi bng n v 1.
v d: tp hp S l mt nhm cc sinh vin v c biu din bi ton b min trong

A.B hay A B

A+B hay A B

hnh vung; trong nhm sinh vin c 2 nhm ph A v B, vi sinh vin thuc
nhm A c tc nu trong khi cc sinh vin ca nhm B c mt xanh.
Khi , phn giao ca A v B bao gm cc sinh vin c c mt xanh v tc nu
(A.B). H l thnh vin ca c nhm A v nhm B.
Nhm cc sinh vin m c tc nu hoc mt xanh c th c biu din: A+B (c
xem nh hp ca cc nhm)

12

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

II. Bin v hm logic

1. Khi nim v bin v hm logic
+ Bin logic l mt khi nim dng thay cho thut ng mnh tu , mnh ny
c th ng hoc sai v khng c kh nng mt mnh va ng va sai, ngha l
bin logic ch nhn mt trong hai gi tr l ng hoc sai
V d, cu: Hm nay l th Nm v tri ang ma c th c biu din
nh sau:
C = A.B.
vi

A : hm nay l th Nm.
B: tri ang ma.
C: ton b cu.

Khi no th ton b cu l ng?

C th thit lp mt bng lit k cc trng hp ng(True) hay sai(False)
cho A v B:
A

sai

sai

sai

sai

ng

sai

ng

sai

sai

ng

ng

ng

Nu 1 c s dng thay th cho pht biu ng v 0 cho pht biu sai

th bng trn c th c biu din li nh sau:
A

Nh vy, ton b cu l ng khi A v B u ng cn cc trng hp khc C

sai.
+ Mt mnh phc tp c to thnh t cc mnh n gin ban u, n nhn
mt trong 2 gi tr l ng hoc sai. Khi , k hiu l F(A, B, C ) hay F(x1, x2,
x3 ), ngi ta gi l hm logic ca cc bin A, B, C hay ca x1, x2, x3
+ Trong k thut s cc gi tr ng v sai ca bin logic hay hm logic c k
hiu l 1 v 0 (y n thun l k hiu m khng phi l ch s ca h hai). Thm
na vic thc hin cc gi tr logic cn ph thuc vo vic chn cc tr s vt l
biu din.
V d: vi vi mch thuc h TTL ngi ta a ra 2 cch k hiu cho mc logic

13

PTH-DTT

. Mc logic dng:
Xi = 1

ng vi mc in p cao 5V

Xi = 0

ng vi mc in p thp 0V

Xi = 1

ng vi mc in p thp 0V

. Mc logic m:
Xi = 0
2. Cc hm logic s cp

ng vi mc in p cao 5V

a. Hm logic s cp mt bin

Fi

F(A)

Biu thc

Tn gi

F1

Hng s 0

F2

Lp li A

YES

F3

o bin A

NOT

F4

Hng s 1

b. Hm logic hai bin

A
B

0 0 1 1 K hiu v biu thc i s

ca hm
0 1 0 1

Tn gi ca hm

F0

0 0

0 0 F0 = 0

Hng s 0

F1

0 0

0 1 F1 = A.B

Nhn logic

F2

0 0

1 0 F2 = A.B

Cm B

F3

0 0

1 1 F3 = A

Lp li A

AND

YES / BUFFER
F4

0 1

0 0 F4 = B. A

Cm A
INHIBITION

F5

0 1

0 1 F5 = B

Lp li B
YES / BUFFER

F6

0 1

1 0 F6 = A.B + B. A = A B

Khc du / cng module

2
XOR

F7

0 1

1 1 F7 = A + B

Cng logic

OR

F8

1 0

0 0 F8 = A B = A + B

Hm Pierce

NOR

14

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

F9

1 0

0 1 F9 = A ~ B = A.B + A.B

ng du

F10

1 0

1 0 F10 = B

B ca B
NOT B

F11

1 0

1 1 F11 = B A = A + B

Ko theo A
IMPLICATION

F12

1 1

0 0 F12 = A

B ca A
NOT B

F13

1 1

0 1 F13 = A B = A + B

Ko theo B
IMPLICATION

F14

1 1

1 0 F14 = A/B = A.B

Hm Sheffer
NAND

F15

1 1

1 1 F15 = 1

Hng s 1

Cc hm logic s cp
+ Hm F(A,B) = A.B
Hm ny thc hin php nhn logic ca hai bin A v B. Phn t thc hin
chc nng ca hm trn l phn t AND (cn gi l cng AND). Mt cng AND c
hai hay nhiu u vo v ch c mt u ra. u ra c mc logic 1 ch khi tt c cc
u vo mc 1; v c mc 0 khi mt trong cc u vo mc 0. Hnh di y
ch ra k hiu v bng chn l ca cng AND vi 2 u vo.

Tng qut: Hm AND ch mang ga tr 1 khi cc u vo ng thi bng 1

+ Hm F(A,B) = A + B
Hm ny thc hin php cng logic. Phn t thc hin l phn t OR (cn gi
l cng OR). Cng OR c mc logic cao khi c t nht mt u vo mc 1; v ch
khi c 2 u vo mc logic 0 u ra cng OR mi c mc logic 0. Hm OR c k
hiu v bng chn l nh hnh di y:

Tng qut: Hm OR ch mang gi tr 0 khi tt c cc u vo ng thi bng 0

15

PTH-DTT

+ Hm F(A) = A
Hm ny thc hin php ly phn t b ca A. Phn t thc hin hm l phn
t NOT, thng c gi l cng o, c mt u vo v mt u ra. Trng thi ca
u ra lun ngc vi u vo. K hiu ca mch v bng chn l nh sau:
+ Hm F(A,B) = A.B
A

0
1
Hm ny cn gi l hm Sheffer. Phn t mch in thc hin hm l phn t
NAND (cng NAND). V c bn, y l mt cng AND theo sau l cng NOT.
u ra c mc logic 0 ch khi tt c u vo c mc logic 1. Di y l k hiu v
bng trng thi (bng chn l) ca cng NAND 2 u vo.

Tng qut: Hm NAND ch mang gi tr 0 khi tt c cc u vo u c mc logic

1
+ Hm F(A,B) = A + B
Hm ny cn gi l hm Pierce. Phn t mch in thc hin hm l phn t
NOR (cng NOR). y l cng OR theo sau bi cng NOT. u ra c mc logic
thp khi mt hay nhiu u vo mc logic cao; v u ra c mc logic cao ch khi
tt c u vo mc thp. Di y l k hiu v bng chn l ca hm.
Tng qut: hm NOR ch mang gi tr 1 khi tt c cc u vo u c mc logic 0

+ Hm F(A,B) = A B = AB + A.B
Phn t thc hin hm ny l phn t Exclusive OR (hay cng XOR). Cng
ny c 2 u vo. Cng ny l thnh phn c bn ca php so snh. Khi 2 u vo
ging nhau, u ra mc logic 0; cn khi 2 u vo khc nhau, u ra c mc logic
1. Di y l k hiu v bng trng thi.
Tng qut: hm XOR cho gi tr 1 khi s cc ch s 1 trong t hp l mt s l.

16

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

y chnh l tnh cht ca hm cng module n bin

+ Hm F(A,B) = A B = A ~ B = A B = A.B + A.B
Hm ny gi l hm tng ng. Cng logic thc hin hm ny l cng
XNOR. y l s kt hp ca hm XOR v theo sau bi hm NOT. Khi 2 u vo
ging nhau u ra mc logic 1; cn khi 2 u vo khc nhau, u ra c mc logic
0. Di y l bng chn l v k hiu hm

Tng qut: hm XNOR s mang gi tr 1 khi s cc ch s 1 trong t hp l mt s

chn (k c 0)

Ch :
Vi cng mt phn cng nh nhau nhng nu s dng vi cc mc
logic khc nhau th chc nng ca cc cng s thay i. Cc cng logic trn c
thc hin vi kiu logic dng. Nu dng logic m th ta c tng ng nh sau:

3. H hm y d
Mt hm logic bt k lun c biu din di dng t hp ca cc hm s
cp trn. Tuy nhin, trn thc t khng nht thit phi s dng ht cc hm s cp
m ch cn mt b phn ca cc hm s cp.

17

PTH-DTT

Mt h hm s cp c gi l y nu c th biu din mt hm logic bt

k bng cch thc hin cc php ton ca i s logic ln cc phn t ca h hm
ny.
Cc h hm sau c chng minh l cc h hm y :
+ H hm 1: gm cc hm AND, OR, NOT
+ H hm 2: gm cc cng AND, NOT
+ H hm 3: NOR
+ H hm 4: NAND
+ H hm 5: AND, NOT

Gii thch chi tit hm NOR v hm NAND to thnh cc hm khc nh th

no v trnh by phng php thit k mch dng cng NOR v cng NAND
III. Phng php biu din hm logic
1. Phng php dng bng gi tr ca hm
Phng php ny s dng bng ghi mi t hp c th ca bin v gi tr hm
tng ng. Bng ny cn gi l bng hm hay bng chn l (bng s tht)
v d: Cho mt hm 3 bin c gi tr nh trong bng ng vi cc t hp ca bin
nh sau:
X3
X2
X1
F
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
X
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
X
X l k hiu m ti gi tr ca hm khng xc nh (c th l 0 v c th l 1)
Nhn xt: Phng php trn c u im l trc quan v r rng nhng n t ra cng
knh v qu rm r khi s bin tng ln. Do phng php ny ch dng biu
din cho cc hm s cp hay cc hm c s bin nh.
2. Phng php hnh hc
Trong phng php ny ngi ta biu din n bin ng vi khng gian n chiu.
Mi t hp ca bin c biu din bi mt im trong khng gian
Nh vy, n bin s biu din bi 2n im vi quy c 2 im trn cng mt
cnh ch khc nhau 1 bin duy nht.

18

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

v d: trng hp 1, 2 v 3 bin biu din nh trong hnh di y

3. Phng php biu thc i s
0

10
010

11

011

111
110
00

000

01

001

100

101

nh l: Mt hm logic n bin bt k lun c th biu din di dng chun tc

tuyn y hoc chun tc hi y
Dng chun tc tuyn y l tuyn ca nhiu thnh phn, mi thnh phn l hi
gm y n bin
Dng chun tc hi y l hi ca nhiu thnh phn, mi thnh phn l tuyn
gm y n bin
a. Cch vit hm s d-i dng chun tc tuyn ( CTT ) y :
+ S ln hm bng 1 s l s tch ca n bin
+ Trong mi tch cc bin c gi tr 1 c gi nguyn, cc bin c gi tr 0 c
ly ph nh
+ Hm F bng tng cc tch trn
b. Cch vit hm s d-i dng chun tc hi ( CTH ) y :
+ S ln hm bng 0 s l s tng ca biu thc n bin
+ Trong mi tng cc bin c gi tr 0 c gi nguyn, cc bin c gi tr 1 c
ly ph nh
+ Hm F bng tch cc tng trn
v d: Xy dng hm logic ca cc bin A, B ,C c cc gi tr nh sau:
F (0,0,0) = F( 1, 0,0) = F(1,1,0) = 1
Cc trng hp khc bng 0
Thc hin cc bc nh trn ta c hm F vit di dng CTT v CTH nh sau:
F(A, B, C) = A.B.C + A.B.C + A.B.C = 0,4,6
F(A,
B,
C)
( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C )( A + B + C ) = 1,2,3,5,7
4. Phng php dng bng Karnaugh

Quy tc xy dng bng:

+ Bng c 2n biu din hm n bin, mi cho mt t hp bin

19

PTH-DTT

+ Cc cnh nhau hay i xng nhau ch khc nhau 1 bin (ghi theo th t ca m
Gray). Cc hng v ct ca bng c ghi cc t hp gi tr bin sao cho hng v
ct cnh nhau hay i xng nhau ch khc nhau 1 bin
+ Ghi gi tr ca hm ng vi t hp ti
Ch :

i vi CTT gi tr hm bng 0 c trng

i vi CTH gi tr hm bng 1 c trng
Hm khng xc nh ti t hp no th nh du X vo

v d: biu din hm sau bng bng Karnaugh

0,2,5 vi N = 1, 4
F(A, B, C) = 3,6,7 vi N = 1, 4

F(A, B, C) =

(cch vit theo CTT)

(cch vit theo CTH)

Vi N l tp hp ca t hp bin m ti gi tr ca hm khng xc nh.

Thc hin nh cc bc trn ta c bng Karnaugh biu din cho hm F theo CTT
nh sau:
A \ BC

00

01

11

10
1

Hoc c th biu din hm F theo CTH nh sau:

A \ BC

00

0
1

20

01

11

0
0

10
0

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Chng 3
Ti thiu ho hm Boolean
I. Phng php ti thiu ho
1. Khi nim ti thiu ho
Ti thiu ho l tm dng biu din i s n gin nht ca hm. Khi s
gim c ti a s cng thc hin hm. y l yu cu rt cn quan tm v n
gip cho vic thc hin mch c n gin v hiu qu.
V d: Cho hm c dng CTT v CTH y nh sau:

F = X 3 .X 2 .X 1 + X 3 .X 2 .X 1 + X 3 .X 2 .X 1
F = ( X 3 + X 2 + X 1 )( X 3 + X 2 + X 1 )( X 3 + X 2 + X 1 )( X 3 + X 2 + X 1 )
Khi s cng thc hin hm s c dng:
U2B
U1A
U2C
U1B

U4A

U2A
U3A

U1C
U3B

Tuy nhin nu s dng bng chn l ca hm ta c:

X3

X2

X1

T bng chn l d dng thy F = X2. R rng biu thc ny n gin hn rt nhiu
so vi biu thc trn, v th mch lc ny cng ch l mt b m cho X2 m thi

21

PTH-DTT
F

X2

Cng c mt s yu t khc ngoi gi thnh nh hng n phc tp ca

mch cn c quan tm. Mt trong cc yu t l thi gian tr truyn t, l khong
thi gian tnh t lc c s thay i ti u vo ti khi c s thay i kt qu ti u
ra. Cng nhiu cng c mc ni tip vi nhau th thi gian tr ny cng ln.
V d vi hm : f = A*B*C + A*B*C+A*D

1)

l mt dng ti thiu v u ra c mc tr ca cng AND thm vi mc tr

ca cng OR.
Tuy nhin, cng vi hm ny theo lut phn phi, ta c:
f = A*(B*C+ B*C +D).

2).

Hm ny c thi gian tr ln hn hm trc v n gm mc tr ca 3 cng.

Bi th, d r hn, n c thi gian tr ln hn.
Mt yu t ng quan tm khc l ti ca u vo. Xt 1). tn hiu A phi
iu khin 3 ti (3 cng), trong khi vi 2). ti ch c mt cng.
Ti nay vn cha c phng php ti u no c th thc hin vic ti thiu
ho mt cch ti u. Vic ti thiu ho hm logic c th thc hin bng mt trong
hai cch c bn l:
+ Bin i i s
+ Thut ton
2. Phng php ti thiu ho hm logic bng bin i i s
Trong trng hp s bin t v hm c biu din bng phng php gii tch
ngi ta c th thc hin bin i trc tip hm theo cc tnh cht ca i s
V d: dng phng php bin i i s ta thc hin rt gn hm f nh sau:

f = A. X + A. X + A. X
f = A. X + A. X + A. X + A. X
f = X ( A + A) + A( X + X )
f =X+A
r rng l hm f c n gin i rt nhiu thay v mt hm phc tp

U7A
A
U6A
U7B

U3C
f

U6B
U7C

22

U8A
A

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

3. Nhm cc phng php ti thiu ho theo thut ton

Mt s khi nim:
nh: nh l mt tch gm y cc bin ca hm ban u (nu hm c n
bin th nh l tch n bin)
nh 1 l nh m ti hm s bng 1
nh 0 l nh m ti hm s bng 0
nh khng xc nh l nh ti hm khng xc nh (k hiu l X)
Thng thng khi cho mt hm s dng CTT ngi ta cho tp cc nh 1 v
cc nh khng xc nh (N) ca hm ban u.
Tch cc tiu l mt tch m ti hm bng 1 hoc khng xc nh vi thnh
phn cc bin khng b bt c n. Tch cc tiu l biu din ca 1 nhm 2k nh.
Tch cc tiu ny ph cc nh hay cc nh cha trong tch cc tiu, ngha l dng
tch cc tiu biu din ti a s nh vi s bin t nht. C s ton hc ca vic
tm tch cc tiu l p dng php dn: A. X + A. X = A
Tch quan trng l mt tch cc tiu ph t nht 1 nh 1. N nht thit phi
xut hin trong biu thc cui cng ca bi ton. Tp hp cc tch quan trng chnh
l ph ti thiu, kt qu cui cng ca bi ton.
Ch : Khi tin hnh vi hm vit di dng CTH y th thay cc nh 1 bng
nh 0. Cc khi nim tng v tch cng i ch cho nhau. Ngha l:
nh l tng y n bin
Biu din hm bng tch cc tng
Tng cc tiu
Tng quan trng
Ph ti thiu l s tng quan trng t nht m ph ht c s nh 0
Gi tr ca bin s gi nguyn nu c gi tr 0 v o nu c gi tr 1
Qu trnh ti thiu ho gm cc bc nh sau:
+ Biu din hm s di dng CTT y vi tp cc nh 1 v nh khng
xc nh hoc CTH y vi tp cc nh 0 v nh khng xc nh
+ Tm cc tch cc tiu
+ Tm cc ph ti thiu
+ a ra cch biu din mi ca hm
a. Phng php dng bng Karnaugh.
Bng Karnaugh l mt bng c 2n , mi tng ng vi mt t hp trong
bng trng thi v cha cc gi tr u ra tng ng. Mt c trng ca biu ny
l lun sp xp sao cho ch c s thay i ca mt bin khi chuyn t ny sang
k cn.
Trong bng ta ch n 2 du hoa th, ta s vit c:

23

PTH-DTT

L1

A = L1 . R1 .L2.R2 + L1 .R1.L2.R2
S dng cc nh l ca i s Boolean, c th vit li:
A = L1 .L2.R2.( R1 +R1)
= L1 .L2.R2. 1
= L1 .L2.R2.
Nh vy, hm c ti thiu ho gm mt cng AND 3 u vo.
Nguyn l thit lp biu Karnaugh
chnh l ti cc k nhau, gi tr 1 c
nhm li vi nhau. Kch thc ca nhm l lu
tha ca 2 (v d: 2 , 4 , 8 , 16 , 32 ...). V
d 4 ca ct th t trong bng hnh bn c
th c nhm. Nh vy, ton b nhm s c
ti gin thnh A. B , chnh l cc phn t chung
ca c nhm. Cc phn t c gi tr khc nhau
(C v D) s khng xut hin. Kt qu ny cng
nhn c nu ta p dng cc nh l ca i s
Boolean cho 4 ny nh sau:
f = A. B.C.D + A. B .C.D + A. B .C. D
= A. B .C .( D +D) + A. B .C.(D+ D )
= A. B .C +A. B .C = A. B .(C+ C )
= A. B

24

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Ch : Bng Karnaugh, ging nh bn th gii, pha bn phi s tip lin pha

bn tri, nn c th nhm cc nm i din nhau. Nguyn l ny cng c p
dng cho bn trn v bn di. (tc l chng ta nhm theo kiu i xng hoc lin
k)
V d, c th nhm 4 4 gc ca biu nh hnh di y

T cc nhn xt trn ta rt ra c cc bc tin hnh ti thiu ho bng

bng Karnaugh cho dng CTT l:
1, Biu din hm cho trn bng Karnaugh
2, Xc nh cc tch cc tiu ca hm (tch cc tiu tm c bng cch dn 2k
c gi tr 1 hoc X vi k ti a, cc ny gn k hoc i xng nhau)
3, Tm ph ti thiu l chn mt s t nht cc nhm tch cc tiu sao cho ph
ht c cc nh 1 ca hm
Ch :

. Qu trnh hon ton tng t khi hm biu din dng CTH

. Khi lp bng Karnaugh vi CTT nhng bng 0 nn trng cn dng

CTH th b trng nhng c gi tr 1.
b. Ti thiu ho bng phng php Quine - Mc.Cluskey
Phng php ny c thc hin cho hm biu din di dng CTT
Cc bc tin hnh:
Bc 1: Tm tch cc tiu
. Xc nh nh 1 v X
. Sp xp cc t hp bin theo s lng ch s 1 c trong chng
. So snh mi t hp thuc nhm i vi t hp thuc nhm (i + 1). Nu 2 t
hp ch khc nhau 1 ct s th kt hp 2 t hp thnh mt t hp mi, trong
s dng du thay cho ct s khc nhau. nh du vo 2 t hp va kt hp
. Loi b cc t hp ging nhau v lp li bc trn cho n khi ht cc t hp
c kh nng kt hp
. Tp hp cc t hp trong bng cui v cc t hp khng b nh du chnh l
tp cc tch cc tiu
Bc 2: Tm ph ti thiu

25

PTH-DTT

. Lp bng c ct l cc gi tr c nh l 1 (cc gi tr ny thng ghi theo h

m 10 cho tin theo di), hng l cc tch cc tiu
. nh du X vo m tch cc tiu hng ph nh ct. Ct c 1 du X
chnh l tch quan trng
. Loi b cc ct c ph trong tch quan trng
. Loi cc tch quan trng khi hng
. Lp bng mi v tip tc qu trnh n khi tt c cc nh u c ph
V d: Ti thiu ho hm sau bng phng php Quine Mc. Cluskey nh sau:
Hm f =

(0,2,5,8,9,10,11)
Sp xp li

Thc hin php dn

H 10

H 2

H 10

H 2

0000

0000

(0,2)

00-0

(0,2,8,10)

-0-0

0010

0010

(0,8)

-000

(0,8,2,10)

-0-0

0101

1000

(2,10)

-010

(8,9,10,11)

10- -

1000

0101

(8,9)

100-

(8,10,9,11)

10- -

1001

1001

(8,10)

10-0

10

1010

10

1010

(9,11)

10-1

11

1011

11

1011

(10,11)

101-

Vy kt qu cui cng l: -0-0 v 10- Hay f = B.D + A B

26

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

chng 4:
Gii thiu vi mch s
I. nh ngha v phn loi
1. nh ngha
Vi mch l nhng linh kin in t c mt chc nng xc nh v c ch
to bng mt cng ngh ring. Vi mch hin i thng a nng v c th s dng
linh hot trong nhiu thit b in t khc nhau
Ngi ta phn loi theo mt s tiu ch sau:
+ Phn loi theo bn cht ca tn hiu in vo / ra ca vi mch
+ Phn loi theo mt tch hp
+ Phn loi theo cng ngh ch to
2. Phn loi vi mch theo bn cht ca tn hiu vo / ra
Nh bit, tn hiu in c phn thnh 2 loi l tn hiu tng t v tn
hiu s.
+ Tn hiu tng t (analog) l tn hiu c bin bin thin lin tc theo thi
gian
+ Tn hiu s (digital) l tn hiu c bin mt trong hai ga tr hu hn
mang ngha logic 0 hoc 1, ng vi 2 mc thp v cao. Tn hiu s gin on theo
thi gian.
Nu k hiu X, Y l tn hiu vo v ra ca vi mch, theo bn cht ca tn hiu

vo / ra ny ta s c cc loi vi mch sau:

Tn hiu vo Tn hiu ra

Loi vi mch

Tng t

Tng t

Tng t

Tng t

ADC / analog-digital converter

Tng t

DCA / digital-analog converter

Trong phm vi ca mn k thut s chng ta ch xt ti vi mch s, ngha l

c u vo ln u ra u l tn hiu s.

27

PTH-DTT

Cc vi mch s ny bao gm t cc cng logic n gin nh AND, OR, NOR,

NAND flip-flop, MUX, DEMUX, Memory n cc loi mch cc k phc
tp nh cc b vi x l
3. Phn loi theo mt tch hp
Mt tch hp c nh ngha l tng cc phn t tch cc (transistor) hoc
cng logic cha trn mt n v din tch ca mng tinh th bn dn trong vi mch
v d: B vi x l Pentium III ca Intel c mt tch hp l 9triu transistor trn 1
inch vung
Mc tch hp c nh ngha l tng s nhng phn t tch cc hoc cng
logic trn mng tinh th bn dn ca vi mch
Nhng thng s trn phn no cho thy phc tp ca mch. Phn loi theo
mc tch hp ta c
Loi mch

S transistor

S cng logic

V d

SSI Vi mch c nh

Hng chc

1 - 10

Gate, flip-flop

MSI Vi mch c trung bnh

Hng trm

10 - 100

Gate, counter,
shift-register,
encoder, small
memory

LSI Vi mch c ln

Hng nghn

100 - 1000

Larger
Memory,
microprocessor
4 / 8bit

VLSI - Vi mch c rt ln

Hng vn

> 1.000

MP 16/32bit,
console
i/o
8086, Z8000

ULSI Vi mch c cc ln

Hng triu

> 10.000

MP 64bit

4. Phn loi theo cng ngh ch to

IC c th chia ra lm 4 loi: IC mng mng/ mng dy; IC khi rn; v IC lai
Di y l cc hng pht trin vi mch theo cng ngh ch to

28

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Vi mch
Thick / thin film

Monolithic
Digital

Hybrid
Analog (BJT)

Digital

Analog

UJT MOS
P / N chanel

CMOS

BJT
RTL

DTL

TTL

ECL

a. Vi mch mng mng / mng dy

Cc IC loi ny c ch to bng cch lng ng nhng vt liu nht nh
trn mt cch in (v d nh gm, s..). Sau hng lot cc qu trnh to mask
trn to thnh in tr, in dung hay in cm. Cc linh kin tch cc nh diode,
transistor s c ch to theo cch thng thng vi kch thc nh (thng l
FET). Mch ny cho tch hp kh cao nhng khng bng loi n khi, tuy
nhin li c kh nng chu ng in p v nhit tt hn. IC mng mng v mng
dy c s dng cho cc mch i hi chnh xc cao
b. Vi mch bn dn khi rn
IC monolithic c to ra hon ton trn mt n v tinh th cht bn dn nn
l Si, cc cht bn dn khc s c khuch tn vo trong cht nn to ra nhiu
loi mt ghp khc nhau. Nhng mt ghp ny c th to thnh in tr, in dung,
diode hay transistor.
Nhng vt liu bn dn c khuch tn vo trong cht nn di dng hi v
ng li trn cht nn sau hng lot cc qu trnh to mask nhit cao.
Qu trnh to mask l qu trnh trong ngi ta tin hnh oxy ho b mt
cht bn dn, tc l lp kn b mt ca n bng SiO2. Sau ph mt lp cm
quang ln trn b mt SiO2. Dng mch thu nh, chp ln phim to thnh khun
sng. t khun sng ln b mt cht cm quang, chiu nh sng vo ta s thu c
dng mch theo yu cu. Dng ho cht n mn cc rnh, loi b cht cm quang

29

PTH-DTT

thc hin khuch tn cht vo. Mask c to thnh bng phng php nh trn
gi l phng php quang khc.
Vi mch monolithic c 2 loi l mch lng cc v mch MOS, ngy nay vi
mch MOS tr nn ph bin do d ch to, din tch nh nn kh nng tch hp cao.
c. Vi mch lai
y l s kt hp ca 2 loi vi mch trn. IC lai c th bao gm nhiu tinh th
monolithic c ghp vi nhau thnh khi, cng c th l s kt hp gia mch
monolithic vi mch mng mng th ng.
IC lai mang y u im ca 2 loi vi mch monolithic v mng mng /
mng dy nh kch thc nh gn m cng sut li ln, chnh xc cao
II. Cc thng s chnh ca vi mch s
1. Mc logic
Mc logic l gi tr in p vo / ra c quy nh cho cc s nh phn 0 v 1.
Mc logic l thng s quan trng nht ca vi mch s, nh thng s ny m ta c
th d dng nhn bit c nhng trng thi logic ra v vo bng cch o nh vn
k hoc oscilloscope.
Gia cc thng s khc nhau (in p, dng, thi gian...) c trng cho mt
h logic th cc tham s in tnh c bit quan trng bi v chng xc nh gii
hn dng v p ti u ra v u vo.
Mi trng thi logic ca linh kin (High hay Low) c xc nh bi di in
p cho php.
Tng cng s c 4 di in p, mi di c xc nh bi 2 gii hn in p;
nh vy s c 8 gi tr in p c trng cho mi h logic.
Cc mc v di in p cho php.
Ta c quan h in p u vo v ra sau:
Volmax <= VilMax .
VohMax <= VihMin .
2. c tnh truyn t

VolMin >=VilMin .
VohMin >= VihMin .

ng c tuyn truyn t (transfer characteristic) l ng cong ch ra mi

quan h gia in p vo v ra.

30

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Di y l ng c tuyn truyn t ca mt cng o (trn) v mt cng khng

o (di).
Vi cng o, di in p v cc mc gii hn s c xc nh nh hnh di
y:

Trong thc t, in p vo v ra ln nht c cho bi gi tr in p cung cp

Vcc v cc gi tr nh nht l bng zero tc bng in p t.

Nh vy, s ch cn 4 gi tr in p gii hn v c quan h:
Volmax <= VilMax .
VohMin >= VihMin .
Bng so snh gi tr in p vo v ra ca cc h logic TTL, CMOS, HCT
v h ECL.
Ch : in p cung cp khc nhau.

31

PTH-DTT

3. Cc thng s v dng in.

Cc di gii hn v dng in cng c nh ngha tng t nh di gii hn
in p. Cc gi tr dng ra l cao hn cc gi tr vo.
Chiu ca dng in c quy c nh sau: chiu dng l chiu dng i vo
cc ca linh kin cn chiu m l chiu dng i ra khi linh kin.
V d: cc thng s c tnh l tng ca cng NAND c ch ra hnh a. Tuy
nhin, trong thc t cc ng c tnh ny l cc ng cong nh trong hnh b.

a)

b)
Ni chung, vi cc h logic ta u c:
VolMin = 0.
VohMax = Vcc.
bi th, ch cn 4 gi tr gii hn v dng in:
IilMax .
IihMax .
IolMin.
IohMin .
ta c quan h:
IolMin >= IilMax .
IohMin >= IihMax .

32

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Bng sau s ch ra cc gi tr dng ra v vo tng ng vi cc h logic TTL,

CMOS v ECL.
Dng tiu th trong trng thi tnh.

Ti trng thi tnh, dng cung cp l tng dng tiu th ca tng linh kin khi
cc cng ca n l n nh, khng xy ra s chuyn trng thi.
Cc nh sn xut s cung cp cc thng tin v dng tnh quiescent cho tng
linh kin v di cc iu kin th c bit.
Bng sau ch ra cc gi tr dng max cho mt vi linh kin ca cc h logic.

4. Cng sut tiu th.

Cng sut tiu th bi cc linh kin logic chia thnh 2 loi: tnh v ng.
Thnh phn cng sut tnh to nn do dng tnh.
Thnh phn ng to nn do dng in yu cu tch v phng cho in
dung ti u ra; do dng in yu cu bi cc in dung ni; v do dng in cn
thit to trng thi dn cho cc Transistor u ra.
Vi cc linh kin ECL, cng sut tiu th ch yu do hot ng trong min
tch cc.
Cng sut tiu th c tnh theo cng thc:
P = Icc*Vcc + Cpd*Vcc2*fi + (CL*Vcc2*fo).
vi: Icc: dng tnh.
Vcc : in p cung cp.
fi : tn s tn hiu vo.
fo : tn s tn hiu ra.
Cpd : in dung tng ng u vo.
CL : in dung ti.

33

PTH-DTT

Thnh phn cng sut tnh tiu th ca cc linh kin LS-TTL cao hn rt
nhiu so vi linh kin CMOS nhng li nh hn so vi linh kin h ECL.
Tng cng sut ng ca 1 linh kin h CMOS ph thuc ch yu vo tn s,
khng ging nh linh kin h TTL.
Bng cng sut tiu th ca cc linh kin trong mt s h logic.
5. H s ti FAN-IN; FAN-OUT

H s ti u vo FAN-IN.
FAN-IN l t s gia dng vo ca 1 linh kin c th v dng vo ca 1 mch
chun.
Thng thng, mch c ly lm chun s l 1 cng logic c bn ca cng
h logic. H s ny c dng nhiu trong qu kh khi cc h logic mi c gii
thiu. Ngy nay, h s FAN-IN khng c nhc n trong cc gii thiu sn phm
data-sheet ca cc nh sn xut.
H s ti FAN-OUT quan trng hn v c dng nhiu hn.
H s ti u ra FAN-OUT.
FAN-OUT l t s gia dng ra nh nht ca 1 linh kin logic v dng ra ca
1 linh kin c th c ly lm chun.
FAN-OUT cng c th c nh ngha l s ln nht cc cng c th c
iu khin t 1 u ra, m khng lm vt qu cc gii hn ra ca linh kin.
H s FAN-OUT s c tnh vi c mc in p cao cng nh mc thp v
h s nh hn s c chn.
Trong trng hp cng LS-TTL, ta c:

FAN OUT ( H ) =

Ioh 400 A
=
= 20
Iih 20 A

FAN OUT ( L) =

Iol 8mA
=
= 20
Iil 0.4mA

Bng sau ch ra h s FAN-OUT ca cc h logic:

FAN-OUT

34

TTL-LS

CMOS

HCT

ECL

20

100

100

34

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

6. Khong l chng nhiu (Noise Margin).

Nu u ra ca 1 cng logic c ni vi u vo ca 1 cng logic cng h,
bt k nhiu chng ln no cng khng th gy ra li nu bin ca n nh hn
khong l chng nhiu.

Khong l chng nhiu (biu din bi NM) c n v l Volts.

Tham s ny c nh ngha cho mc logic thp (NML) cng nh mc logic
cao (NMH).
Ta c phng trnh biu din mi quan h ca NM vi cc mc in p
NML = VilMax -VolMax .
NMH = VohMin VolMin .
Thng thng, c mt vi ngun nhiu ac, v nh hng ca n ph thuc vo
cc nhn t sau:
tr khng vo v ra, in dung nh hng trn ng vo cng nh bn thn
nhiu ca ng dy.
nhiu t ngun cung cp.
nhiu t.
Nhng yu t ny to nn nhiu nh hnh sau; nhiu c biu din nh cc
ngun in p.

Cc nhiu xung thng thng kh loi b v chng c to nn bi cc s c

m rt kh pht hin v chng c truyn i bi cc thnh phn k sinh.

35

PTH-DTT

Bng di y so snh cc loi nhiu vi cc h logic khc nhau

S liu trong bng ch ra rng khong l chng nhiu ca h logic CMOS cao
hn nhiu so vi cc h logic khc. Nh vy, ta nn dng h CMOS trong mi
trng nhiu chng hn trong mi trng cng nghip.
TTL-LS
ECL
[CMOS (+15V) HCT
[+5V]
(+5V)
5,2V]
NMH
0.7V
5V
2.4V
0.3V
NML
0.3V
5V
0.7V
0.3V
7. Thi gian truyn t v thi gian qu
C hai khong thi gian c trng cho tng h logic, trong thi gian truyn
t l tham s quan trng hn. N l khong thi gian gia thi im thay i mc
logic vo v thi im xut hin thay i mc logic ra tng ng. N s xc nh
tc ln nht ca ton mch. Thi gian qu xc nh tc chuyn mc ca
tn hiu ra.
Thng thng, mi linh kin s s phi ch r cc thi gian truyn t sau:
tPHL : thi gian tr vi u ra chuyn t mc cao xung thp.
tPLH : thi gian tr vi u ra chuyn t mc thp ln cao.
Cc thi gian tr ny, phi c o gia cc mc ngng c th, trong hu ht
cc trng hp, trng vi 50% khong thay i tn hiu.
Tham s ny ch yu dng cho vic thit k cc h thng logic v khi kt qu
thay i, thi gian s phi xc nh theo mt cch c bit cho mi thay i
chng li cc xung khng mong mun.
Thi gian qu (transition time)
Thng thng, vi mi linh kin s cng phi nu r cc thi gian qu sau:
tTHL : thi gian qu vi u vo chuyn t cao xung thp
tTLH : thi gian qu vi u vo chuyn t thp ln cao.
Thi gian c o trong khong 10-90% thay i ca tn hiu.
Thi gian ny cn khi thit k cc mch logic tun t, vi cc u vo kch,
bi v tn hiu kch khng nhanh linh kin s khng lt trng thi.
Hnh sau biu din thi gian tr truyn t cng nh thi gian qu ca mt
cng o.

36

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Bng so snh cc gi tr thi gian ca cc h logic.

Bng ny ch ra rng h ECL c tc cao nht, h CMOS c tc thp
nht.

8. Dng v IC
C 3 phng php ng b cho tinh th silic l: phng php T05, ng v
dng hp v ng v hai hng chn song song.
+ ng v dng T05, hnh dng ny ging nh ca transistor, ngha l dng
m c nhiu chn. Kiu ng rn ny hin nay t c s dng nhng do c kh
nng tiu tn nhit tt nn ch yu c dng cho IC tuyn tnh.
+ ng v 2 hng chn song song / DIP, y l cch ph bin nht ng v
IC. N ln hn kiu ng rn nhng c u im l d lp rp v s dng. Cc loi
IC ng v kiu c s chn t 8 ti hng trm chn.
C nhiu kiu vt liu c s dng ng rn, thng dng v r nht l
ng gi cht do. IC c t vo khung kim loi sau ton b mch c bao
ph bng k thut c cht do. Ngoi ra tng kh nng chu nhit ngi ta cn
dng k thut ng rn bng gm.
+ ng v dng hp / flat pack, y l kiu ng v cho cc IC c mt tch
hp cao, thng gi l IC dn.
IC flat pack thng c s dng cho cc h thng yu cu tin cy cao.
9. Gii hn nhit
Hu ht c IC u c th hot ng trong mt di nhit kh rng t -55 ti
+125 C. Cc mch c bit c th lm vic ngoi di trn tu theo cu to ca
chng.
0

Vi loi IC ng rn bng cht do th gii hn nhit nh hn (t 0 ti

+700C) so vi loi ng rn bng gm v thng c gn thm cc cnh tn nhit
hay thm ch c c qut gi.
III. Cng ngh IC s
1. Cng ngh n cc (cng ngh MOS Metal Oxide Semiconductor)
Cng ngh MOS c u im l d ch to v cng on thc hin t quy trnh
hn, mt tch hp cao do transistor n cc c kch thc nh v c bit l tiu
th in nng rt t.
Di y ta s xem xt mt s h logic MOS thng dng nht
a. H logic PMOS

37

PTH-DTT

Cc transistor MOSFET y c dng knh P nn gi l PMOS. Do cc ht

mang in l l trng nn PMOS c tn s lm vic kh nh (khong 1MHz) v l
trng di chuyn kh hn in t. PMOS c mt tch hp cao, cng sut tiu th
nh v d ch to. Tuy nhin h ny khng tng hp vi TTL (h logic rt ph
bin m ta s ni c th phn sau) do mch i hi nhiu in p ngun nui
khc nhau.
Cng ngh PMOS thng ch to cc b vi x l tc chm nh NEC
com 43/44/45 hay TMS 1000
b. H logic NMOS
MOSFET c s dng l MOSFET knh N c ht dn in l in t nn t
c tc cao hn PMOS hng chc ln.
NMOS cho mt tch hp rt ln, cng sut tiu th cng ch tng ng
PMOS, khong 0,2mW/cng
NMOS c kh nng tng thch vi TTL nn ch cn mt ngun nui duy
nht.
H NMOS c mt s ci tin thnh cc h HMOS, XMOS hay VMOS c mt
tch hp cao hn, cng sut tiu th nh hn nhng tn s lm vic li cao hn.
Mt s b vi x l c ch to theo cng ngh NMOS nh 8080 / 8085 /
8086, Z80 / Z80000, MC 6800 / 68000
c. H logic CMOS.
H CMOS s dng cc cp MOSFET knh N v knh P ch ti tch cc
do cng sut tiu th nh, 10 W/cng. Ngng i trng thi bng khong 1/2
in p ngun nui.
v d: hnh di y l s ca cng NOT s dng cng ngh CMOS.
Mch ny gm 2 Transistor trng
khc loi, NMOS (T1) v PMOS (T2).
u vo c ni ti cc ca G v
u ra ni ti cc mng D.
in p cung cp trong cc mch
logic CMOS thng c k hiu Vdd.
Hot ng
Khi u vo mc logic thp, NMOS
s ngt (v VGS 0V) v PMOS dn (v VGS
-Vdd ). Bi th, in p u ra c mc cao
thc t bng Vdd (khi khng ti).
Tng t, khi u vo c mc logic cao, dn n u ra c mc logic thp
bng 0V (khng ti).
u im ca vic s dng mch 2 T khc loi (b).
Vic s dng 2 T b, khin cng ngh CMOS c nhng u im so vi cc h
logic khc:

38

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Gim cng sut tiu th trong iu kin tnh xung khong vi W (khng c
dng ti mch ra v khi 1 T dn, T kia s ngt).
Khi chuyn trng thi, sn xung s dc hn v c thi gian i xng hn,
tc: tTHL = tTLH .
Mc logic 0 v 1 ti u ra s xp x 0V v Vdd .
Gim dng u vo trong iu kin tnh, thm ch v 0A do cc G c cch
ly i vi MOS.
Tuy nhin, u im ca vic gim cng sut tiu th do cc ca G c cch
ly i vi cng ngh MOS s dn n nhc im l: cc u vo c th lu tr cc
in tch tnh in to nn mt lp mng cht cch in ng li trn knh. Do ,
cn c mch chng tnh in ti u vo, nm bn trong mch tch hp. Mch ny,
v c bn l mt nhm cc Diode c ni vi nhau nh hnh di y bi th in
p VGS khng th ln hn Vdd hay gim xung 0V.
Khng ging cc h logic khc, cng sut
tiu th ca CMOS tng nhanh khi tn s
hot ng tng v 2 l do chnh:
+ S ln np v phng trn mt giy
ca cc in dung k sinh (to bi cc ca
G) tng ln.
+ Trong khong thi gian chuyn
mc logic, c hai MOS u dn.
V cc l do ny, cng sut tiu th,
m c b qua di iu kin tnh, s tng
khi tn s tng, cho n tn s khong vi MHz th cng sut tiu th ca h CMOS
s xp x nh cc h lng cc.

Seri CMOS loi HC v HCT.

Seri HC (CMOS tc cao High Speed) c gii thiu vo nhng nm bt
u thp k 80. Loi ny c tc v dng cao hn CMOS chun khong 10 ln, s
chn tng thch vi h TTL; khong l chng nhiu cao hn TTL v Vdd t 2
n 6V. Khi lm vic vi in p 5V nh TTL tc ca cc h trn gim i rt
nhiu
Seri mi ny c cng sut tiu th thp hn h TTL; kh nng chng nhiu
cao hn; kh nng iu khin u ra cao hn v in p hot ng t 2 6V.
V in p ra ca HC khng tng thch vi TTL nn seri HCT c pht trin,
vi cng tnh nng nh HC nhng c kh nng tng thch TTL vi in p cung
cp Vdd = 5V.
Mt s ch tiu k thut ca CMOS:

39

PTH-DTT

Thi gian tr

30 100ns

Cng sut tiu tn

0,01mW (1mW tn s 1MHz)

Kh nng ti

50

n nh nhiu

~ 45%Vdd

Mc logic

Mc 0 bng 0V; mc 1 bng Vdd

Ngun cung cp

3 15V

Cc cng logic c bn

NOR; NAND

2. Cng ngh lng cc

Thnh phn c bn ca cc vi mch cng ngh lng cc l s dng cc
transistor lng cc. Cng ngh ny c mt s h c bn sau:
a. H logic TTL (Transistor Transistor Logic)
y l h vi mch c s dng rng ri trong mi lnh vc v tr thnh tiu
chun tng hp TTL cho cc h logic khc.
c tnh in ca cng logic TTL.

Xt cng logic c bn ca h TTL l cng NAND c cho nh hnh di

Transistor T1 l loi nhiu emiter.
Transistor T2 lm nhim v cung cp 2 tn
hiu ngc pha; tn hiu ny iu khin
tng ra gm T3, D1 v T4.
Transistor T3 c gi l transistor
ni ngun (pull-up) v hot ng nh mt
mch lp E khi u ra mc cao n s
khin cho tr khng ra rt thp.
Nu c hai u vo mc cao, mch
s tiu th dng ca mi u vo khong
40A.
Collector ca T1 c ni vi base
ca T2 v c mc in p 2VBE, tc l
khong 1,4V. Diode tng ng ca tip
gip base-collector ca T1 ly ngun qua in tr R1, do vy c phn cc thun;

40

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

nh th Transistor T2 ri vo trng thi bo ho. Dng Emitter ca T2 mt phn

chy qua R3, mt phn chy vo base ca T4 do , a T4 vo trng thi bo ho.
in th base ca T3, Vb3 c gi tr bng vi tng Vbe ca T4 cng vi VceSat ca T2.
in p qua Emitter ca T3 l:
Ve3 = VceSat + Vd1 .
Do , Vb3 = Ve3 v transistor T3 trng thi ngt (OFF). Lc ny, Transistor
T4 s thng (ON), c dng in khong 16mA chy qua v u ra c mc logic 0
tc in p t khong 400mV.
Gi tr logic 0 in hnh ti u ra l 220mV, vi dng in t 16mA
Gi tr dng ny iu khin 10 u vo logic TTL trng thi 0.
Tr khng ra Rout do T4 t khong 12Ohm.
Trng thi OFF (mt u vo ti mc thp, u ra mc cao).
Xt trng hp ti thiu mt u vo mc thp (u vo khng vt qu
400mA).
Gi tr dng ln nht khi u vo c mc logic 0 l khong 1,6mA, bi th
mt cng vi u ra mc thp c th iu khin khong 10 cng khc.
Lc ny, Transistor T1 s dn, T2 v T4 ri vo trng thi ngt. in p trn
collector ca T2 l cao do vy, T3 t bo ho.
Di nhng iu kin ny, dng a qua u ra t 400A, iu khin
10 cng khc.
in p u ra Vo, khi ngun cung cp, khng nh hn 2,4V.
Thc t, vi gi tr p vo thp hn 800mV, in p ra in hnh t 3,3V.
Dng in ra trong iu kin ngn mch c gi tr nh nht l 18mA v gi tr
max l 58 mA, c gii hn ch yu bi R4.
Tr khng ra mc cao l khong vi trm Ohm.
Qu trnh chuyn trng thi ca cng TTL.
chuyn trng thi t 1 (OFF) v 0 (ON) mt u vo s c mc th t cn
u vo kia ni vi Vcc. Khi in p u vo mc thp tng, dng in u vo
s gim v khi tng t ti 0,8V T2 bt u dn v in p trn collector ca n
gim. Kt qu, in p u ra gim cho n khi in p u vo t khong 1,41,5V, lc ny in p u ra c gi tr khong 2V. in p trn base ca T2 l
khong 1,4V v do vy, c T2 v T4 u dn.
Bt u t thi im ny, in p u ra nhanh chng gim xung gi tr VceSat
ca T4 , tc l T2 t bo ho cn T3 chuyn sang trng thi ngt (OFF).
C mt khong thi gian rt ngn khi m c T3 v T4 u dn; trong khong
thi gian ny c dng chy qua R4, T3, D1 v T4.
Dng ny c hn ch ch yu bi R4.
Khi chuyn t trng thi thp (low) ln cao (High), ban u cc u vo
trng thi cao.

41

PTH-DTT

Khi in p ca mt (hay nhiu) u vo gim xung 1,4V, T1 bt u dn

khin cho T2 v T4 cng ri vo trng thi dn. Dng qua T2 gim in p trn
collector ca T2 tng khin T3 ri vo trng thi dn v th u ra s mc thp.
D cho cng TTL mc ON hay OFF tr khng ra lun thp, cho php cng
TTL c th iu khin ti dung khng cao.
Cc nhnh ph ca h TTL.
H logic chun TTL (STD) c thay i qua nhiu nm c cc tnh
nng tt hn, to nn cc nhnh ph (sub-families) ca h TTL.
Thc t, cc nhnh ph ca h TTL chun hot ng nhanh hn hay tiu th
cng sut t hn so vi h TTL chun.
Chng gm:
S TTL (Schottky TTL) : tc tng gp 3 ln nhng cng sut tiu th tng
ln ti 20mW/cng.
AS TTL (Advanced Schottky): tc gn bng ECL (1 n 2ns)
LS TTL (Low Power Schottky TTL) : cng tc nhng cng sut tiu th
gim 5 ln. 10ns, 2mW/cng
F TTL (Fast TTL) : tc gp 4 ln, cng sut tiu th gim mt na.
ALS TTL: 3ns, 1.25mW/cng
Mt s k hiu ca TTL cho bit di nhit cng tc
74:

00C - +700C

84:

-250C- +850C

54:

-550C - +1250C

Mt s ch tiu k thut ca TTL chun:

Thi gian tr

10ns

Cng sut tiu tn

10mW

Kh nng ti

10

n nh nhiu

Cao

Mc logic

mc 0 bng +0,4V;
mc 1 bng +3,6V

Ngun cung cp

5V 10%

Cc cng logic c bn

NOR; NAND

b. H logic ECL.
H logic ECL (Emitter Coupled logic) c to ra s dng cng ngh lng
cc (ging nh h TTL).

42

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

y l h logic c tc hot ng nhanh nht trn th trng. N t c

tc v 2 l do:
+ Trnh vic a cc linh kin tch cc vo trng thi bo ho.
+ Cho php tiu th cng sut cao hn trn mi cng so vi cc h logic khc.
Mt thnh phn chnh trong h ECL l b khuch i vi sai, trong 2
Transistor c ghp Emitter chung nh trong hnh di y
Cc c im ca b khuch i vi sai:
Dng emitter khng i.
Dng s chy t Transistor ny sang T kia, khi
in p Vin a ti u vo ca T th nht nm trong
khong:
VBB 0,1V <Vin <VBB+0,1V.
vi VBB : in p chun a vo base ca T th
2.
in p u ra ca mch s nhn mt trong hai
gi tr c th v nh vy, n hot ng ging nh
mch nh phn. Bi th, mch khuch i vi sai thng thng c xem nh mt
mch tng t nhng cng l mch s quan trng.
V cc mch s so snh c to nn t mch vi sai khng c Transistor no
ri vo trng thi bo ho, do vy, h logic ECL c tc hot ng rt nhanh v
thi gian tr thp hn 1ns.
Tuy vy, tc cao phi tr gi bng vic tng cng sut tiu th trn mi
cng so vi h TTL (khong 25mW/cng)
Di y l cng OR v NOR vi 2 u vo.
Mch ny tng t nh mch hnh trn ch
khc l u vo s dng 2 Transistor mc song
song.
Nu A v B mc thp, T1 v T2 s khng
dn trong khi T3 tch cc (dn). Lc ny, Y c
mc thp v Y c mc cao.
Nu mt trong hai u vo mc cao,
dng Emitter s chy qua R3 v dng collector
ca T3 gim gn v 0. Bi th in p ti im Y
tng v in p Y gim. Nh vy, mch logic
thc hin hm OR ti u ra Y v hm NOR ti
u ra cn li.
Mt trong nhng nhc im ca cu trc
mch ECL hnh trn l cc mc in p u ra c khc bit so vi u vo.
khc phc, mc thm 2 Transistor T4 v T5 theo kiu CC, nh trong hnh di y
a mc in p tr v ng cc gi tr yu cu.

43

PTH-DTT

y l cu trc c
bn ca cng ECL vi 3
u vo. in p chun
VBB c to ra t mch b
nhit (khng c ch ra
hnh v). Mch ny to ra
cc mc in p :
V(0) = -1,7V.
V (1) = -0,9V.
Khong l chng
nhiu ca h logic ny rt
hp v iu ny gii thch
ti sao cc cng c cp
ngun gia t v -VEE (-5.2V) lm gim tr khng trong.
3. Giao tip TTL-CMOS v CMOS-TTL.
Nh gii thiu phn trn ta thy h TTL v h CMOS l 2 h logic ln nht
v c s dng nhiu nht. TTL c u im v tc cn CMOS li c u im v
cng ngh ch to n gin v tiu th in nng t. V vy, vic ghp ni gia 2 h
logic l rt quan trng d rng cc nh sn xut khuyn ngh nn dng cng mt h
logic trong mt mch in t.
a. Giao din TTL-CMOS.
Trng hp n gin nht ca giao tip gia linh kin TTL v CMOS l khi ta
ch c 1 ngun cung cp duy nht l 5V.
Nh ta thy trong hnh bn, mt in tr ni ngun (pull-up-c gi tr khong

vi KOhm) c s dng ko u ra c mc logic cao ca cng TTL (m c gi

tr nh nht l 2,4V, cha c xem nh l mc cao i vi CMOS) ln xp x 5V.
Khi cc linh kin c cc ngun cung cp khc nhau giao tip vi nhau ta phi
s dng mt linh kin tng thch TTL vi u ra h collector hay h cc mng D
nh hnh sau:

44

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

B m in hnh l 7407 hay 7417 c cp ngun +5V, vi in tr ni

ngun khong vi KOhm gia u ra v VDD (c th iu khin nhm thu c in

p t +3V n +18V).
b. Giao tip CMOS-TTL.
Vic ghp ni trc tip linh kin CMOS-TTL s dng cng ngun cung cp
+5V yu cu vic xem xt dng r ca linh kin CMOS gi mc in p u ra
thp ca CMOS nm trong phm vi cho php ca linh kin TTL.
Trong Seri CMOS CD4000 B tt c cc linh kin u c th iu khin ti

thiu mt linh kin TTL nhng ch thuc h LS.

iu khin mt hay nhiu linh kin ca h TTL STD, TTL S hay TTL F...,
yu cu c mt b m (chng hn nh CD4049 hay CD 4050).
Khi cc linh kin c ngun cung cp ring khc nhau ghp ni vi nhau, mt
b m CMOS vi u ra h cc mng D c s dng nh hnh di.

Tnh hung ny cn gp phi khi cn truyn d liu t phn thu thp d liu
s dng linh kin CMOS (chng hn trong khu vc cng nghip yu cu khong l
chng nhiu cao-ch c vi cc linh kin h CMOS) ti h thng x l dng cc
linh kin h TTL. Linh kin c s dng nn l b m CMOS vi u ra h cc
mng D- MM 74C906. in tr R nn nm trong khong vi KOhm.

45

PTH-DTT

Phn II
Mch t hp

46

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Chng 5:
phn tch v Thit k mch t hp
Mch s c chia lm 2 loi l :
+ Mch t hp / Combinational Circuit
+ Mch dy / Sequential Circuit
Mch t hp l mch m tn hiu ra ch ph thuc vo tn hiu vo. Phng trnh
xc nh tn hiu ra ca mch l:
Yi = fi(X1, X2, , Xn) vi i = 1 m
Yi l tn hiu ra u ra th i, c m u ra
Xj l tn hiu vo u vo th j, c n u vo
Ngi ta cn gi mch t hp l mch khng c nh
Mch dy l mch c tn hiu ra ph thuc vo trng thi trong ca mch v c th
ph thuc hoc khng ph thuc vo tn hiu vo. Phng trnh c trng ca mch
dy l: Yi = fi(X1, X2,Xn, S1, S2 ,. Sk) vi i = 1 m
Yi l tn hiu ra u ra th i, c m u ra
Xj l tn hiu vo u vo th j, c n u vo
St l trng thi trong ca mch
Mch dy c kh nng lu tr d liu nn cn c gi l mch c nh.
C th coi mch t hp l mt trng hp ring ca mch dy vi s trng
thi trong ca mch l 1.
I. M hnh ton hc ca mch t hp
X1
X2
X3
Xn

Y1

Mch
t
hp

Y2
Y3

Mch
t
hp

Ym

X = { X1, X2, Xn}: tp hp cc tn hiuu vo

Y = { Y1, Y2, Ym}: tp hp cc tn hiu u ra
Khi mch t hp c th c m t bi h m phng trnh i s Boolean
nh sau:
Yi = fi( X1, X2, Xn) vi i = 1 m
V mt ton hc c th ni m hnh ton hc ca mch t hp chnh l otomat
khng c nh, m t bng phng trnh:
O = (X, Y, f)

47

PTH-DTT

Vi X, Y l b ch vo, ra v f l nh x t X vo Y
II. Phn tch mch t hp
Bi ton phn tch la bi ton t s logic cho trc vit hm logic ca cc
u ra theo cc vo v nu cn th cn phi ch ra dng sng ca tn hiu ra
tng ng vi tn hiu vo, xc nh gi tr tnh hiu tng im trong s .
Cc bc phn tch mch t hp nh sau:
+ t cc bin ph vo mi mch u ra ca mi mch logic
+ Vit phng trnh ca cc bin ph (vit ln lt t u vo cho n u
ra)
+ Trong biu thc cui cng, thay th cc bin ph bng cc gi tr tng ng
rt ra c hm logic cho cc u ra cho s .
v d: phn tch mch t hp cho hnh di y:
U2B
U1A

U1C

U2C

U2A
U1B

III. thit k mch t hp

1. Bi ton thit k v cc bc thc hin
y l bi ton ngc vi bi ton phn tch, l t yu cu cho trc nh
chc nng, dng sng ta phi xy dng s mch thc hin nhng yu cu .
Trong phm vi ca chng ny ta ch xt n vic s dng cc vi mch c nh
(SSI), thc hin theo cc bc sau:
+ M t bi ton di dng chc nng
+ Ti thiu ho
+ Ch ra s logic dng cho cc cng cho
2. Thit k mch t hp 2 tng v nhiu tng
a. Mch 2 tng
u im:
+ C th thc hin c mi hm logic
+ C tc cao
+ Vic phn tch v thit k mch n gin
Nhc im:
+ Trong mt s trng hp thit k khng nhn c s n gin nht
+ Thng yu cu cc phn t c s u vo ln

48

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Cc cch thit k mch hai tng vi cc phn t cho trc

Tng1 / tng 2
AND
OR
NAND
AND

CTT

OR

CTH

1. CTH

NAND

2. f , D
1. CTT
2. f , D

1. CTT

2. f , D

1. CTT

2. tp , D

NOR

X
X
1. CTH

2. tp , D

NOR
1. CTH

2. f , D

Ghi ch:

f : ph nh hai ln hm f
tp : ph nh hai ln tng thnh phn
D: p dng lut Demoorgan
Cc gi tr tn hiu vo Xi v Xi c sn
Trn cng mt tng ch s dng mt loi phn t (AND, OR, NAND, v
NOR)
Nhng phn t ny c s u vo khng hn ch
v d: Cho hm logic f =

0,1,5,6,7

Trc khi xy dng s ta cn thc hin ti thiu ho hm trn theo dng

CTT v CTH
Biu din hm f trn bng Karnaugh
C / AB

00

01

11

10

T bng Karnaugh d dng vit c:

f = A.C + B.C + A.C

f = ( A + B + C )( A + C )
Da vo bng kt hp u vo v u ra ta c th xc nh c s mch cho f
nh sau:
1. Tng 1 dng mch AND, tng 2 dng mch OR

f = A.C + B.C + A.C

49

PTH-DTT

2. Tng 1 dng mch OR , tng 2 dng mch AND

f = ( A + B + C )( A + C )
3. Tng 1 dng mch OR, tng dng mch NAND
+ Vit f di dng CTT f = A.C + B.C + A.C
+ Ph nh hai ln hm f, sau p dng 2 ln lut D

f = A.C + B.C + A.C

f = ( A + C ).( B + C )( A + C )
4. Tng 1 dng mch NAND, tng 2 dng mch AND
+ Vit f di dng CTH f = ( A + B + C )( A + C )
+ Ph nh 2 ln cc thnh phn v p dng De Morgan

f = ( A + B + C )( A + C )
f = A.B.C. A.C
5. Tng 1 dng mch NAND, tng 2 dng mch NAND
+ Vit hm di dng CTT f = A.C + B.C + A.C
+ Ph nh hai ln hm f v p dng De Morgan

f = A.C + B.C + A.C

f = A.C.B.C. A.C
6. Tng 1 dng mch NOR, tng 2 dng mch OR
+ Vit hm di dng CTT f = A.C + B.C + A.C
+ Ph nh 2 ln cc thnh phn sau p dng D

f = A.C + B.C + A.C

f = A+C + B+C + A+C
7. Tng 1 dng NOR, tng 2 dng mch NOR
+ Vit hm di dng CTH f = ( A + B + C )( A + C )
+ Ph nh 2 ln f v p dng D

f = ( A + B + C )( A + C )
f = ( A + C) + ( A + B + C)
8. Tng 1 dng mch AND v tng 2 dng mch NOR
+ Vit hm f di dng CTH f = ( A + B + C )( A + C )

50

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

+ Ph nh 2 ln hm s f v p dng D
f = ( A + B + C )( A + C )
f = ( A + C) + ( A + B + C)
f = ( A.C ) + ( A.B.C )

b. Mch nhiu tng

Khi s u vo ln hn s u vo cho php ca phn t cho trc lc phi
tng s rng ca mch. S dng cc s thay th nh sau:
U6A
U5A
U7A

U6B

U9A
U11
U1D

U9B

U10A
U4
U2D

U10B

U12A
U8A
U13A

U12B

51

PTH-DTT

3. Thit k mt h hm t hp
C hai cch thit k mt hm t hp l thit k ring tng hm hoc thit k
c phn chung hn ch s u vo.

52

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Chng 6:
Mt s mch t hp thng gp
I. B cng nh phn mt ct s
1. Phn tch bi ton
M hnh ton hc ca b cng y 1 bit (FA Full adder)

Ai

Si

B cng
1 bit
FA

Bi
Ci-1

Ci

trong Ai v Bi l cc s nh phn th i ca A, B a vo cng

Ci-1 l s nh ca ct c trng s nh hn bn cnh ( ca php tnh trc )
Si l l ch s ca tng ct th i Si = Ai Bi C i 1
Ci l s nh a
Ci = Ai.Bi + C i 1 ( Ai + Bi )

ct

trng

ln

hn

bn

cnh

Ch : Php cng 2 s nh phn lun bt u t ct s c trng s nh nht

Bng chn l ca php cng y mt bit
Ai

Bi

Ci-1

Si

Ci

53

PTH-DTT

2. Xy dng s
C th xy dng b cng theo 1 trong 2 cch nh sau:
+ Xy dng trc tip t h phng trnh ca Si v Ci
+ Xy dng t cc b bn tng (HA Half Adder). y l phng php c
s dng nhiu trong thc t v di y ta s xem xt ti phng php ny.
B bn tng l b c bng chn l sau:
A

T bng chn l rt ra c:

S = A B
C = A.B

Nh vy s ca b bn tng nh sau:

HA

U1A
S

B
U2A

T phng trnh ca b tng y

Si = Ai Bi C i 1
Ci = Ai.Bi + C i 1 ( Ai + Bi )
ta xy dng c s ca b tng FA bng 2 b HA v 1 cng OR nh sau:

A
B

HA
1

C1
S1

Ci-1

Ci

HA
2

C2
S2

chng minh:

Si = S 2 = C i 1 S1 = C i 1 A B
Ci = C1 + C 2 = AB + C i 1 .S1 = AB + C i 1 ( A B)
Ci = AB + C i 1 ( AB + AB) = A( B + B.C i 1 ) + B( A + A.C i 1 )
Ci = A( B + C i 1 ) + B( A + C i 1 ) = AB + C i 1 ( A + B)

54

Si

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Nguyn l hot ng ca b cng nh phn.

Rt nhiu mch logic cn cc thit b c kh nng cng 2 s nh phn. Mt b
cng c th tnh ton mt php cng nh phn. V u ra ph thuc u vo ti mt
thi im xc nh theo yu cu, nn s s dng mch logic t hp.

Hnh trn l s ca 1 b bn tng 1-bit v mch ton tng. S d c gi

l b bn tng v n khng cng bit nh ti u vo, mt vic thng yu cu khi
cng nhng s c nhiu s hng.
cng cc s vi nhiu s hng, mch phi c kh nng x l thm 1 u
vo na. u vo ny l kt qu ca php cng t tng trc. Mch nh vy, c
gi l mch ton tng (Full Adder).
Ghp ni tip cc b cng.
B ton tng s l phn t c s cho vic xy dng b cng n-bit. Hnh bn
ch ra lm th no m cc u vo v ra ca mt phn t cng n l c th c
ni vi nhau to thnh b cng 3-bit.
Hon ton tng t vi cc b cng nhiu bit khc.

55

PTH-DTT

II. B tr nh phn mt ct s
Cch lm hon ton tng t nh khi xy dng b cng nh phn 1 ct s.
Ngha l xy dng bng chn l, ti thiu ho , sau xy dng trc tit hot dng
b bn tr to ra b tr y
Bng chn l ca b tr y (FS Full Substructor) nh sau:
Ai
Bi
Ci
Hi
Ci
Ch s th i
Ch s th i
S nh t ct
Ch s th i
S nh a ti
ca s b tr
ca s tr
c trng s
ca php tr
ct c trng s
nh hn
ln hn
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
T bng chn l ta ti thiu ho hm Hi v Ci bng bng Karnaugh ta nhn
c:
Hi = Ai Bi C i 1
Ci = A.B + C i 1 ( A + B )

Bng chn l ca b bn tr (h s Half Substructor)

A
B
H
C
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0

H = A B
C = A.B
Khi ta c s b bn tr v b tr y nh sau:

A
B

Ci-1
Chng minh:

56

HS
1

C1
H1

Ci

HS
2

C2
S2

Hi

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Hi = C i 1 H 1 = C i 1 A B
Ci = AB + A B.C i 1 = AB + ( AB + AB).C i 1

U2A

HS

Ci = C1 + C 2 = AB + H 1.C i 1

Ci = A( B + B.C i 1 ) + B( A + AC i 1 )

U1A

U3A
C

Ci = A( B + C i 1 ) + B( A + C i 1 )
Ci = AB + C i 1 ( A + B)
Ch : trn thc t t khi ngi ta s dng b tr m thng bin thnh php cng
hay dng m b s dng cc b cng
III. B so snh comparator
Mt b so snh s thc hin php so snh 2 s nh phn v kt qu s c th
hin ti u ra.
B so snh nh phn thng thng c ba u ra: A=B, A>B, A<B. V cc u
ra ch ph thuc vo trng thi tc thi ca u vo nn mch khng c cc phn t
nh.
1. B so snh 2 s nh phn 1 bit
Bng chn l cho cc hm ra ca b so snh nh sau:
A
B
A=B A>B A<B
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
T bng chn l trn ta thy:
Hm (A = B) = A B = A B + AB

Hm NXOR

Hm (A > B) = A.B

Hm cm B (inhibition)

Hm (A < B) = AB

Hm cm A

Di y l s ca b so snh 1 bit theo nguyn l v s c th dng

cc cng NAND.
U5A
f2
U4B

U4A

U4D

U5B
f1

U4C
B

vi

U5C
f3

f1 l hm (A = B)
f2 l hm (A > B)

57

PTH-DTT

f3 l hm (A < B)
2. B so snh n bit
Gi s c 2 s nh phn n bit A v B c biu din nh sau:

An An 1 .... A1
Bn Bn 1 .....B1
trong An, Bn l ct s c trng s ln nht v A1, B1 l ct s c trng s
nh nht
xy dng s b so snh ny c 2 cch nh sau:
+ Xy dng trc tip cc hm f1, f2 v f3 (thc cht l xy dng 1 h 3 hm
logic, mi hm 2n bin)
+ Xy dng s gin tip t cc b so snh 1 bit c sn
Xt v d vi n bng 3
A = A3A2A1
B = B3B2B1
Khi ta thy:
(A = B)

(A3 = B3)(A2 = B2)(A1 = B1)

(A > B)

(A3 > B3) + (A3 = B3)(A2 > B2) + (A3 = B3)(A2 = B2)(A1 > B1)

(A < B)

(A3 < B3) + (A3 = B3)(A2 < B2) + (A3 = B3)(A2 = B2)(A1 < B1)

S dng cc b so snh 1 bit (A1, B1), (A2, B2) v (A3, B3), ta s c s mch
thc hin so snh 3 bit nh sau:
U7A

U1B

f1

U1C

U5D

U7C
f2

U7B

U1D

U6A

U8A
f3

U8B

58

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Vi mch so snh nh phn 4-bit.

Vi mch SN74LS85 c mt b so snh cc s nh phn 4-bit.
Di y l s chn v s c th bn trong ca vi mch thc hin

59

PTH-DTT

IV. B to v kim tra chn l Parity Generator and

Checker
Phng php kim tra chn l l mt phng php n gin nht xc nh
li trong vic truyn d liu. Phng php ny c thc hin bng cch thm 1 bit
d liu c truyn i sao cho s ch s 1 trong d liu lun l mt s chn hoc s
l. Bit thm vo gi l bit chn l.
Bit chn: nu bit thm vo c gi tr sao cho s ch s 1 trong d liu l mt
s chn (Even)
Bit l: nu bit thm vo c gi tr sao cho s ch s 1 trong d liu l mt s
l (Odd)
thc hin c vic truyn d liu theo kiu a thm bit chn , l vo d
liu cn xy dng:
+ S to c bit chn, l thm vo n bit d liu
+ S kim tra c h l h chn hay l vi (n+1) bit u vo (n bit d
liu v 1 bit chn / l)
1. Mch to bit chn l
Xt v d trong trng hp d liu 3 bit, trng hp s bit ln hn c th thc
hin hon ton tng t.
Gi 3 bit d liu l d1, d2, d3 v Xe, Xo l 2 bit chn, l thm vo d liu. Xe
l gi tr bit phi thm vo h l h chn , Xo l gi tr bit phi thm vo h l
h l. Bng chn l ca mch to bit chn l cho trng hp d liu 3 bit nh sau:
Vo
Ra
d1

d2

d3

Xe

Xo

T bng chn l ta c:

Xe = d1 d 2 d 3
Xo = Xe = d1 d 2 d 3
2. Mch kim tra chn l
Bng chn l ca mch kim tra tnh chn l ca h cho

60

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Vo

Ra

d1

d2

d3

Fe

Fo

T bng chn l ta thy

Fe = d1 d 2 d 3 X
Fo = Fe
Fe ch ra tnh chn ca h, ngha l nu h chn Fe = 1
Fo ch ra tnh l ca h, ngha l nu h l Fo = 1
Ch : phng php kim tra chn l ch pht hin c li n hoc s li l l m
khng pht hin c li chn v khng c kh nng sa li

61

PTH-DTT

V. Mch phn loi ngt

Mch phn loi ngt l mch c nhim v:
+ Ti thi im t nu c t nht 1 trong cc thit b ngoi vi cng gi yu cu
ngt ti b VXL th mch phi to ra tn hiu yu cu ngt IR (interrupt request) ti
b VXL
+ Ti thi im t nu c nhiu thit b ngoi vi cng g yu cu ngt ti VXL
th mhc phi ch ra cc thit b ngoi vi no cn u tin gii quyt ngt ti thi
im .
S khi ca b phn loi ngt c cho trong hnh di y
Trong (A1, A2 ..An) l cc t hp tng ng vi cc thit b ngoi vi
(TBNV)
IR = khi c t nht 1 trong 2n TBNV c yu cu ngt ti b VXL
Nh vy b phn loi ngt c 2n u vo v n+1 u ra
I1

TBNV 1

IR
I2

TBNV 2

TBNV 2

I2n

B
phn
loi
ngt

A1

B
VXL

An

V d: xy dng s b phn loi ngt cho 4 thit b ngoi vi, vi gi thit cc

thit b ngoi vi c u tin ngt theo th t P3, P2, P1, P0
Nh vy b phn loi ngt s c 4 u vo v 3 u ra ( IR v AB l a ch
ca cc TBNV). Khi ta c bng chn l ca b phn loi ngt nh sau:
Vo

Ra

P3

P2

P1

P0

IR

T bng chn l xc nh c cc hm u ra nh sau:

IR = P1 + P2 + P3
A = P3 + P 2.P3
B = P3 + P1P 2 P3

62

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

VI. B chn knh

Demultiplexer)
1. B chn knh

phn

knh

(Multiplexer

and

B dn knh l mch c 2n u vo d liu X, n u vo a ch A, 1 u cho

php En v 1 u ra Y (c th c mch c thm u ra Y )
Nhim v ca b chn knh l chuyn thng tin t mt u vo d liu c a
ch c xc nh nh cc u vo a ch n u ra khng o khi u vo cho
php trng thi tch cc.
Tu theo gi tr ca n u vo a ch m u ra s bng mt trong nhng gi
tr u vo Xj. C th l nu gi tr thp phn ca t hp (An-1An-2A0) bng j th
Y =Xj nu khi En = 1.

En

Hnh bn l s khi ca mt
b MUX chn 1 u vo t 2n u vo
Hin nay b MUX c dng
nh mt phn t vn nng xy dng
nhng mch t hp khc, c th l:

X0
X1

+ To cc dy xung
+ Truyn d liu

MUX
2n 1

+ To hm logic

X 2n - 1

+ MUX c dng nh b
chuyn thng tin dng song song
u vo thnh ni tip u ra

An-1 An-2

+ Gii m a ch

A0

+.
2. B phn knh

En

B chn knh l mch c 1 u

vo d liu X, n u vo a ch A, 1
u cho php En v 2n u ra Y
Hnh bn l s khi ca b
DEMUX
Nhim v ca b phn knh thc
cht l c chc nng gii m t mt a
ch ca knh cho to tn hiu
iu khin ca knh l chuyn
thng tin t mt u vo d liu c a
ch c xc nh nh cc u vo a
ch n u ra khng o khi u vo
cho php trng thi tch cc.

Y0
X

Y1

MUX
1 2n

Y2n - 1

An-1 An-2

A0

Tu theo gi tr ca n u vo a
ch m u ra th i (Yi) s bng gi tr u vo X. C th l nu gi tr thp phn
ca t hp (An-1An-2A0) bng i th Yi = X nu khi En = 1.

63

PTH-DTT

VII. B chuyn m
Trong cc h thng in t dng mch s, d liu c x l v truyn i
di dng t nh phn n bit, mt t n bit c th biu din cho 2n phn t tin khc
nhau. T nh phn n bit gi l m (code) ca phn t tin tc. C rt nhiu loi m
khc nhau c s dng cho tng mc ch khc nhau, di y ta s xt n cc
m tiu biu v cc mch t hp thc hin chuyn m, gm 2 loi l m ho v gii
m (ENCODER v DECODER)
1. Cc loi m tiu biu
a. M k t
+ M ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange): dng 8
bit m ho cho bng ch ci v mt s k t c bit (m ny c s dng rng
ri nht m ho k t cho cc h thng x l vn bn)
+ M EBCDI (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange): dng 8 bit
m ho cho k t
+ M BAUDOT: dng 5 bit biu din cho 1 k t, thng dng cho
teletype v bu in
b. M s
Cc loi m thng s dng l nh phn, d 3, Gray, BCD
Phn ny c m t c th trong chng 1.
Ngoi ra cn mt s loi m c bit nh m sa sai l m ngoi cc bit mang
thng tin cn c mt s bit thm vo pht hin v sa li, vi d: m chn l, m
CRC . M 7 vch c di bng 7 dng biu din ch s thp phn bng n
7 thanh.
2. Mch m ho - lp m (ENCODER)
Gi s t m c n bit, khi s c 2n b gi tr khc nhau biu din cho
cc k hiu hoc lnh. Nh vy mi loi m ch c s k hiu hoc lnh <= 2n
Ch : nu N < 2n th s t hp khng dng n c th c dng cho cc mc ch
khc, v d nh pht hin hay sa sai.
Di y l v d v vic mch thc hin m ho to m BCD 8421 (hay
cn gi l BCD t nhin, NBCD)
B m ho Thp phn sang BCD.
Mt b chuyn m t thp phn sang BCD, thng c gi l b m ho,
phi c s dng trong cc h thng s v cc mch logic v c bn l cc thit b
nh phn.
Mt b gii m thp phn sang BCD l mt mch t hp gm 10 u vo (gi
tr thp phn, t 0 n 9), v 4 u ra nh phn. Bn u ra thp phn m ho cc
s khng ln hn 9, cho nn c gi l s BCD (Binary Coded Decimal). Trng
hp c nhiu hn mt u vo tch cc th phi s dng b m ho u tin, m ch
m ho u vo no c trng s ln nht. Nh bit, m BCD 8421 dng 4 ch s
h 2 m ho cc con s t 0 ti 9 ca h 10 v c trng s 8,4,2,1. Ta c bng
chn l nh sau:

64

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

S h 10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1

B
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0

C
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0

D
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

T bng chn l ta c:
A=8+9
B=4+5+6+7
C=2+3+6+7
D=1+3+5+7+9
Nh vy mch thc hin m ho 10 BCD 8421 c s nguyn l nh sau:
U1A
D

U1B
C

U2A
B

U3A
A

D0
D1

D2

D3 D4 D5 D6

D7 D8 D9

Khi mt trong cc u vo D0 D9 c mc in p cao th cc ng ra

ABCD s c tn hiu tng ng. V d D5 c mc in p cao cn cc ng khc
c mc in p thp , ngha l ta mun m ho s 5, khi cc ng ra B v D c
mc in p cao cn A v C c mc in p thp, tc ta c ABCD = 0101 nh mong
mun.
Ch : v cu to, n gin mch OR thng ch to theo kiu DL (diode logic).
Khi mch tr thnh nh sau:

65

PTH-DTT

Ch : Mch in ca b m ho khng c mc u tin (tc khng c nhiu ng

D

D0
D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

D7

D8

D9

vo cng mc cao) c ch ra nh hnh D09.3. B m ho khng c u vo 0

v, thng thng, n khng cn n trong cc mch logic. Cng c th thc hin b
m ho trn theo s di y:

3. Mch gii m (DECODER)

Mch ny c chc nng ngc vi b m ho,ngha l t b bit n bit h 2 cn
tm li c 1 trong N k hiu hoc lnh tng ng.
B gii m BCD sang thp phn.
B gii m BCD sang h thp phn l mt mch t hp c 4 u vo nh phn
v 10 u ra thp phn. u vo l m BCD v s kch hot u ra tng ng vi
u vo.

66

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Di y l bng chn l ca b gii m BCD-thp phn, vi u ra tch cc

mc logic m, ng vi vi mch SN 74LS42. C th thy rng cc s ln hn 9 s
khng kch hot bt k u ra no.
SN74LS42 l mt vi mch gii m BCD thp phn c s dng rng ri,

di y l s bn trong ca vi mch ny minh ho cho vic chuyn i m.

B gii m BCD sang 7 vch.

n 7 vch c s dng hin th d liu c x l bi thit b in t s.
Chng c th hin th cc s t 0 n 9 v cc ch ci t A n F v mt vi k t
khc.
Thit b hin th ny c th c iu khin bi b gii m m s chiu sng
cc vch (on-segment) ca n ph thuc vo s BCD ti u vo. Cc b gii m

67

PTH-DTT

ny cng cha cc b m cng sut cp dng cho n, do vy, n cn c gi

l b iu khin-gii m (Decoder-Driver).
B m ho ny c 4 u vo tng ng vi 4 bit m BCD v 7 u ra, mi u
s iu khin mt vch ca n 7 vch. Hnh di ch ra m hnh ca cc vch trong
thit b hin th (n) 7 vch v cc s c th hin th.
Hin th 7 vch
n hin th 7 vch bao gm cc vch (on sng segment) nh. Chng c
th biu din ti 16 k t trong c 10 s v 6 ch ci nh hnh di y:

Cc m u vo t 0 -9 hin th cc ch s ca h thp phn. Cc m u vo

t 9-14 ng vi cc k hiu c bit nh nu, cn m 15 s tt tt c cc vch.
on sng th 8 ca n hin th l du chm thp phn (dp). Cc thit b
hin th loi ny c nhiu kiu vi mu sc, kch thc khc nhau v c c tnh
pht sng rt tt.
V mt in, cc LED hot ng nh diode chun, ch khc l khi phn cc
thun i hi in p gia anode v Cathode cao hn. c cng sng khng
i, thit b hin th phi c cp dng.
Cc thit b hin th 7 vch c th c cc tnh:
+ vi kiu cathode chung, iu khin bi mc logic dng.
+ vi kiu anode chung, iu khin bi mc logic m.
Vi mch TTL 74LS47 l mt b iu khin- hin th c dng ph bin. Vi mch
ny c cc u ra o do s dng vi LED anode chung. Hnh di y ch ra s
chn v s mch bn trong ca vi mch.
Chn LT (Lamp Test) c dng kim tra tnh trng hot ng (sng hay
cht) ca cc vch; trong khi chn RB (Ripper Blanking) c dng tt tt c cc
vch khi yu cu trng thi khng hin th s.

68

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

4. Thit k mch chuyn m

Cc bc thit k mch chuyn m hon ton tng t nh thit k mch t
hp, ngha l qua cc bc sau:
+ Lp bng chn l ca mch
+ Ti thiu ho cc hm ra
+ Xy dng s mch vi loi cng cho trc
5. Mt s vi mch chuyn m thng dng
Tn vi mch
74147
B m ho s h thp phn thnh m BCD
8421

7447 / 74LS47
Chuyn i m BCD thnh m 7 vch hin
th theo h 10 bng led 7 thanh c anode
chung

Hnh dng thc t

U14
74147
I9
I8
I7
I6
I5
I4
I3
I2
I1

A3
A2
A1
A0

U7
74LS47
A3
A2
A1
A0

g
f
e
d
c
b
a

test
RBI RBO

69

PTH-DTT

7442

U11
74LS42
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

Gii m BCD 8421 thnh s h thp phn

A3
A2
A1
A0

7448
Chuyn i m BCD thnh m 7 vch hin
th theo h 10 bng led 7 thanh c cathode
chung

U8
74LS48
A3
A2
A1
A0

g
f
e
d
c
b
a

test
RBI RBO

74LS138

74LS138

B gii m / phn knh 1 - 8

A2
A1
A0

Q7
Q6
Q5
Q4
Q3
Q2
Q1
Q0

E3
E2
E1

74154

U10
74LS154
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

B gii m / phn knh 4 ng thnh 16

ng
E1
E0
A3
A2
A1
A0

4028

U12
4028

Gii m BCD 8421 h 10

A3
A2
A1
A0

70

Q9
Q8
Q7
Q6
Q5
Q4
Q3
Q2
Q1
Q0

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Phn III
Mch dy

71

PTH-DTT

CHng 7:
Cc phn t nh c bn
I.Khi nim chung
Nh ni, mch dy l mch c tn hiu ra khng ch ph thuc vo tn hiu
vo m cn ph thuc vo trng thi trong ca mch, ngha l mch c kh nng lu
tr nh trng thi.
Cc phn t nh c bn to thnh mch dy c gi l cc flip-flop
(mch bp bnh), chng l cc phn t nh n bit v ch c kh nng nh c 1
ch s nh phn.
II. nh ngha v phn loi
1. nh ngha
Flip flop / FF l phn t c kh nng lu tr 1 trong 2 trng thi l 0 hoc 1.
FF thng c nhiu u vo v 2 u ra c tnh lin hp (u ra ny l o

Cc
u
vo
kh

FLIP FLOP

Q
Q

ca u ra kia), k hiu l Q v Q . Tn gi ca cc u vo tu thuc vo tng loi

FF, s ni c th sau.
K hiu v tnh tch cc trong mch FF:

xung tch cc sn +
mc +
xung tch cc sn
xung tch cc mc +

xung tch cc mc -

72

sn +
mc -

sn -

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

2. Phn loi FF
C th phn loi FF theo 2 cch nh sau:

Flip-flop

Theo chc nng

D - FF

T - FF

Theo cch lm vic

RS - FF

JK - FF

ASYNC

SYNC

Normal

M/S

3. Biu din FF
m t mt FF ngi ta c th dng 1 trong 3 cch sau:
+ Dng bng chn l
+ hnh chuyn i trng thi
+ Phng trnh c trng
III. cc loi FF v iu kin ng b
1. Flip-Flop kiu RS
RS FF l mch Flip-Flop n gin nht ch c 2 u vo iu khin R (reset
xo) v S (set thit lp), RS-FF c th c xy dng t 2 cng NAND hay 2 cng
NOR. Hnh di y ch ra bng trng thi rt gn v s ca mch vi cc cng
NAND v k hiu ca RS - FF

R, S l cc u vo iu khin
Qn l trng thi ca FF ti thi im hin ti t
Q l trng thi s chuyn ti ca FF sau thi gian qu , tc trng thi ca
FF thi im tip theo
Gi thit, ti thi im bt u, S=1 v R= 0. Mc u ra ca cng 1 l thp
(0) v iu ny to nn trng thi cao trn u ra ca cng 3 (Q=1). Tuy nhin, u
ra ca cng 2 mc cao, bi th cng 4 c c hai u vo u mc cao (t cng 2

73

PTH-DTT

v 3) nn u ra ca n s mc thp ( Q =0). Flip-Flop trng thi SET v u ra

Q =1 bt k Qn trc l 0 hay 1.
Khi S=0 v R=1, Flip-Flop s chuyn trng thi v u ra: Q=0; Q =1.
Trng hp ny, Flip-Flop c RESET hay xo v 0, trng thi logic 0 trn Q d
trc Qn l 0 hay 1.
Trng thi m trong , c hai u vo u mc R = S = 0 c gi l trng
thi nh, v u vo s duy tr trng thi trc , Qn.
Nu u vo SET v RESET ng thi mc cao (S = R = 1), ta s c trng
thi sau:
Q = Q = 1.
c coi l trng thi khng xc nh (khng s dng hay cm) R-S Flip-Flop
khng c thit k hot ng trong trng thi R=S=1.
Nhn xt:
+ Phng trnh c trng ca RS FF l Q = S + Qn.R
+ S lun a Q v ga tr 1
+ R lun a Q v gi tr 0
+ FF tt, tc chuyn trng thi t 1 sang 0 vi phng trnh Toff = S RQn
+ FF bt, tc chuyn trng thi t 0 sang 1 vi phng trnh Ton = S RQn
RS Flip-Flop vi u vo xung nhp
Cc h thng tun t thng yu cu cc Flip-Flop thay i trng thi ng
b vi xung nhp. Khi ngi ta coi FF nh mt mch cht hay RS FF ng b
hay RST FF hay RS FF nhp. iu ny c th thc hin c bi vic thay i mch
nh sau:

Khi cha c xung nhp, Flip-Flop s gi nguyn trng thi khng ph thuc
vo R v S (trng thi nh), ngha l trng thi ca FF b cht li .
Khi c xung nhp:
nu R = S = 0, u ra ca Flip-Flop s khng i;
nu R = 0, S = 1, Flip-Flop s c trng thi u ra: Q = 1, Q = 0;

74

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

nu R = 1, S = 0 ta s c trng thi u ra: Q = 0 v Q = 1.

Tm li: Khi khng c xung nhp FF khng thay i trng thi (khng ph thuc
vo tn hiu u vo iu khin) v ch khi c xung nhp Ck mch mi lm vic theo
bng chc nng (ph thuc vo tn hiu u vo iu khin)
Cc bin th ca RS FF
s dng c c t hp cm R = S = 1 ngi ta ch to cc bin th ca
RS FF nh FF R, FF S v FF E. Cc FF ny c s dng kh rng ri trong cc
khu iu khin ca h thng s.
Flip Flop R: ng vi t hp cm u ra Q = 0
Flip flop S : ng vi t hp cm u ra Q = 1
Flip flop E: ng vi t hp cm FF khng chuyn trng thi
2. JK Flip-Flop.
JK FF l mt loi FF vn nng v c nhiu ng dng
JK Flip-Flop cng tng t nh mt R-S kho v c cc u ra hi tip v u
vo nh hnh di y

Mt u im ca J-K Flip-Flop l n khng c trng thi khng xc nh nh

ca R-S khi c hai u vo mc 1.
V d, nu J = K = 1; Q = 1 v Q = 0; khi c xung nhp n, ch c cng 2 cho php
truyn d liu vo, cn cng 1 s ngn li. Mc 0 ti u ra ca cng 2 s khin cho
phn t nh chuyn trng thi. Nh vy, khi cc u vo u mc cao, u ra s
o hay lt (toggle) trng thi ti mi xung nhp vo.
Nhn xt:
+ Phng trnh c trng ca JK FF c dng: Q = J .Q + KQ
+ C s tng ng gia JK v RS, J tng ng vi S, K tng ng vi R
nhng t hp 11 trong JK vn c s dng m khng b cm nh trong RS
+

JK = 00

FF lun gi nguyn trng thi

JK = 01

FF lun chuyn n trng thi 0

JK = 10

FF lun chuyn n trng thi 1

JK = 11

FF lun lt trng thi

JK Flip-Flop ch c mt kh nng cho trng thi khng xc nh, l khi

di xung nhp ln hn thi gian truyn t. Gi thit, Flip-Flop ang trong trng

75

PTH-DTT

thi:
Q = 0 , Q =1 v J = K = 1;
Khi c xung nhp n, u ra s o trng thi sau mt khong thi gian
truyn t t :
Q = 1 v Q =0;
Tuy nhin, do vn c xung nhp kch thch, u ra s hi tip tr li u vo
khin mch c xu hng dao ng gia 0 v 1. Bi th, ti thi im cui ca xung
nhp, trng thi ca Flip-Flop s khng c xc nh. Hin tng ny gi l hin
tng ua vng quanh v c th gy nn chuyn bin sai nhm ca mch. Ngi ta
khc phc hin tng ny bng cch s dng mch JK FF kiu ch t.
JK Flip-Flop kiu ch t.
JK FF kiu ch t c s cu trc nh sau:

Mch bao gm 2 na ging nhau, mi na l mt RS Flip-Flop, FF th nht

gi l FF master (ch) v FF th 2 gi l FF slave (t). u vo ca FF ch l u
vo ca mch v u ra ca FF t l u ra ca mch. Tn hiu hi tip t u ra ca
FF t v u vo ca FF ch. Cc xung a ti phn t l o vi xung a ti phn
ch.
Cc u vo Preset v Clear s c chc nng ging nh ca u vo Set v
Reset. Chng tc ng n u ra mt cch khng ng b, tc chng s thay i
trng thi u ra m khng ph thuc vo s c mt ca xung nhp; v ch yu
a u ra v mt trng thi bit no . (ngi ta cn gi y l cc u vo
iu khin trc tip)
Gi thit cc u vo ny l khng tch cc (khi Pr = Cl = 1), khi c xung nhp
n, Flip-Flop s thay i trng thi nh trong bng chn l sau:

76

CK

Qn+1

Qn

Qn

Qn

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Vi Qn+1: trng thi k tip;

Qn : trng thi trc .
x: trng thi khng xc nh.
Trong khong thi gian xung nhp l cao, phn T kho, bi th cc u ra Q
v Q s khng thay i. Khi xung nhp chuyn t 1 v 0, khi T s chuyn trng
thi trong khi khi Ch s kho. Ni cch khc, d liu trn J v K trc tin c
truyn n khi Ch ti sn tng ca ca xung nhp v truyn ti khi T ti sn
xung; nh vy, trng thi khng xc nh ca u ra nh trng hp J-K Flip-Flop
s c loi b.
3. D Flip-Flop
D FF l loi FF ch c mt u vo iu khin D
U3A
S

CP

Q
_
Q
R

Phng trnh c trng ca D l Q = D

Thc cht D FF chnh l mt khu tr c thi gian t l thi gian qu ca
mch. u ra Q chnh l tr ca u vo sau khong thi gian t, v vy FF ny c
tn l D FF (delay FF)
Ch to D FF t JK FF
Nu t mt JK Flip-Flop thm vo mt b o nh hnh di th u vo K
lun l b ca J v s to nn mch D Flip-Flop. Hot ng ca n rt n gin, khi
c xung ng h n, d liu ti u vo s c truyn v gi nguyn ti u ra.
Ngoi ra cng c th ch to D FF t RST FF bng cch thm cng NOT gia

hai u vo S v R tng ng vi J v K nh hnh trn.

Bin th ca D FF
Trn thc t ngi ta s dng bin th ca D l DV FF. Loi FF ny c bng
trng thi v s xy dng t cc cng NOR nh sau:

77

PTH-DTT

Qn+1

Qn

Qn

U1A
U1D
Q

U1B

V
U1C

T bng trng thi ta thy:

+ Khi V = 1 FF DV hot ng nh mt FF D thng thng
+ Khi V = 0 FF khng i trng thi vi bt k mc logic no ca D
4. Flip-Flop kiu T.
FF T l mt FF c 2 u ra v 1 u vo T. T FF c bng trng thi nh sau:
T

Qn+1

Qn

Qn

Khi T = 0 FF gi nguyn trng thi

Khi T = 1 FF lt trng thi (toggle)
Phng trnh c trng ca T FF: Q = T Qn
Nh vy mch T FF thay i trng thi tun t theo mi ln c xung kch
thch
Ch : Khi u vo T c thi gian tn ti mc logic cao trong mt khong di hn
so vi thi gian chuyn trng thi (thi gian tr) ca mch th mch s tip tc lt
trng thi ti khi ht thi gian tn ti mc logic cao ca T, qu trnh lm cho
vic xc nh chnh xc mch ang trng thi no l khng th, do T ch c th
lm vic ch ng b (v thc t thi gian tn ti mc logic cao ca T lun ln
hn rt nhiu thi gian tr ca mch)
Ch to T FF t JK FF
R rng T FF n gin l mt JK Flip-Flop vi c J v K u mc logic 1.
V J = K = 1 nn Flip-Flop ny
s lt (Toggle) trng thi mi khi xung
nhp chuyn t 1 v 0.
Hnh bn l s mch v k
hiu ca T Flip-Flop .

78

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Bin th ca T FF
Trn thc t ngi ta s dng bin th ca T l TV FF. Loi FF ny c bng
trng thi nh sau:
T bng trng thi ta thy:

Qn+1

Qn

+ Khi V = 1 FF TV hot ng nh mt FF T
thng thng

Qn

+ Khi V = 0 FF khng i trng thi vi bt

k mc logic no ca T

Qn

Qn

Nhn xt chung v ch lm vic ca cc

loi FF:

+ Cc D FF v RS FF c th lm vic ch ng b hoc khng ng b

v vi mi tp tn hiu vo iu khin lun tn ti t nht 1 trong cc trng thi n
nh
(Q = Qn)
+ Cc T FF v Jk FF khng th lm vic ch khng ng b v mch s
ri vo trng thi dao ng (chuyn trng thi lin tc gia 0 v 1). Khi JK = 11
hoc T = 1 hai loi FF s dao ng, do chng lun phi lm vic ch ng
b.
IV. Chuyn i gia cc loi FF
4 loi FF va xt trn c th chuyn i ln cho nhau
Phng php chuyn i gia loi FF i thnh FF j c m hnh ho theo s
sau:

Mch
logic

FF
loi i
Q

Cc bc thc hin:
+ Xc nh h hm i = f(j, Q) theo bng cc u vo kch ca cc FF
+ Ti thiu ho cc hm ny v xy dng s
Bng u vo kch ca cc FF

79

PTH-DTT

Qn

Qn+1

JK

RS

0X

X0

1X

01

X1

10

X0

0X

v d: thit k mch t hp chuyn i RS FF thnh JK FF

Trc ht ra s thit k mch logic ca hm
R = f(Q, J, K)
S = g(Q, J, K)
Lp bng Karnaugh ca R theo Q, J, K ta c:
Q / JK

00

01

11

10

Vy: R = QK
Lp bng Karnaugh ca S theo Q, J, K ta c:
Q / JK

00

01

0
1

11

10

Vy: S = J. Q
Nh vy mch thc hin chuyn i t RS FF sang JK FF s c dng nh sau:

U2B
U1
S
R

U2A
K

80

Q
_
Q

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Chng 8
B m
I. nh ngha v phn loi
1. nh ngha:
B m l mt mch dy tun hon c cc c im sau:
+ Mt u vo( m) v mt u ra(kt qu)
+ S trng thi trong bng h s m
Di tc dng ca tn hiu vo, b m s chuyn trng thi ny n trng
thi khc, theo mt trnh t nht nh. C sau K tn hiu vo m, mch li tr v
trng thi ban u:

Tn hiu m: X

Tn hiu ra: Y

B m
(h s m K)

S khi ca b m

2. Phn loi
a, Phn loi theo cch lm vic:
+ B m ng b(Synchronous Counter) l b m m cc FF dng( m
ho cho cc trng thi trong ca b m) cng mt lc khi c tn hiu vo m m
khng qua cc trng thi trung gian. Cc tn hiu xung nhp(Ck) c a ng thi
vo cc FF

Si
0001

Si
0010

+ B m khng ng b(Asynchronous Counter), trong b m tn ti t

nht mt cp chuyn trng thi(Si ->Sj) m trong cc FF khng thay i trng
thi cng mt lc, tn hiu xung nhp Ck khng c a ng thi vo cc FF.

Si
0001

Si+1
0010

Si+m

Sj
0100

Gi s ban u b m khng ng b ang trng thi cn bng n nh Si, khi c

tn hiu vo m ch c mt s FF b tc ng, sau s thay i trng thi ca FF

81

PTH-DTT

ny s lm thay i trng thi ca FF khc, cho n khi b m trng thi cn

bng n nh
b. Phn loi theo h s m:
- B m c h s m K = 2n (trong n l s t nhin), v d K=2, 4, 6, 8,
10,...
- B m c h s m K # 2n (trong n l s t nhin), v d K=3, 5, 7, 9,
11,...
c. Phn loi theo hng m
- B m thun, cn gi l b m tng: mi khi c tn hiu vo m gi tr
ca b m tng ln 1
- B m nghch, cn gi l b m gim: mi khi c tn hiu vo m gi tr
ca b m gim i 1.
Khi nim b m thun nghch trong k thut s ch mang tnh tng i,
tu theo vic m ho(quan im) m b m s l thun hay nghch, c ngha l
mt b m s l m thun khi m ho kiu ny, nhng s l m nghch khi m
ho kiu khc.
C th c loi th 3 l va thun va nghch tu theo tn hiu iu khin.
d. Phn loi theo kh nng lp trnh
- B m c kh nng chng trnh ho
- B m khng c kh nng chng trnh ho.
Ch : mt b m c th thng bao gm tt c cc c tnh trn: v d B m c
K=9, m tng, ng b, khng th chng trnh...
3. hnh trng thi ca b m:

X/0

X/0

X/0

X/0

X/0

K-2

X/0

X/0

K-1

X/1

hnh trng thi ca b m

nh: l cc trng thi bn trong ca b m, gm c K trng thi, tc l

c K nh.
- Cung: L tn hiu vo m/ kt qu ra m; khi khng c tn hiu vo
m(tn hiu vo m khng tch cc)- X = 0(o), trng thi ca b m
gi nguyn; khi c tn hiu vo m(tn hiu vo m tch cc), b m thay
i trng thi. Tn hiu ra ca b m ch xut hin(Y=1) khi b m
trng thi K-1 (SK-1) v c tn hiu vo X
Tc l Y=(SK-1)X
V khi c tn hiu ra mch s tr v trng thi ban u, v qu trnh m tip
tc.

82

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

VD: Gi s m s xe trn mt on ng, theo nguyn tc c xe i qua mt vch

ngang th tin hnh m
Khi , tn hiu vo m tch cc X chnh l xe i qua vch, gi s khi tin
hnh m cha c xe no i qua, khi c 1 xe i qua, th trng thi b m thay i:
s xe tng ln 0->1, c nh th cho n 9, khi n 9 th nu c mt xe i qua ta
s c 1_0 xe, vit 0 nh 1(tn hiu ra l 1- hng chc), b m quay v trng thi
ban u 0(ta hay ni l vit 0 nh 1).
Ch : mun quan st c trng thi ca b m, th cn c mch di m, nh v
d trn th ting Vit quy c c l: mt, hai, ba, bn... th ngi bit ting Vit s
hiu l c 1, 2, 3, 4,... xe i qua vch.
II. M ca b m.
Ging nh mch dy ni chung cc trng thi ca b m c m ho bi
mt m c th. Cng mt b m, c th c nhiu cch m ho cc trng thi trong.
Cc m thng dng thit k b m:
a. M nh phn:
M nh phn l loi m m cc bit ca n c trng s l 1-2-4-8-16-32-...., bt tr
nht(LSB) l 1=20, bit tip theo tng ng l 2=21, ... , v bt gi nht MSB l 2n-1.
Dng n bit nh phn m ho c 2n trng thi.
b. M Gray:
L loi m khng c trng s, khong cch Hamming gia 2 t m k nhau l 1(2
t m k nhau ch khc nhau mt bin).
Dng n bit nh phn m ho c 2n trng thi.
c. M BCD
L m nh phn m ho s thp phn, m ny dng 4 ch s nh phn m ho
mt ch s thp phn, chng c gi l decard. Ch dng 10 t hp m ho s
t 0(0000) n 9(1001), cc s ln hn th s dng t hp ca chng.
V d: 12=0001.0010
Ch : cc loi m trn xem bng m
d. M Johnson:
Dng n bit nh phn, s m ho c 2n trng thi, theo nguyn tc:
+ Hai t m k nhau ch khc nhau mt bin.
+ Trong bng m cc bt bng 1 c y dn ln t bt tr nht n bt gi
nht, v khi y ht th n li vi dn i t bt tr nht(s bt 1 tng dn t tri sang
phi, khi y th li gim dn tri sang phi):
VD: n=2
t hp th nht : 0 0
t hp th hai : 1 0
t hp th ba : 1 1
t hp th t : 0 1
n=3

t hp th nht : 0 0 0
t hp th hai : 1 0 0
t hp th ba : 1 1 0
t hp th t : 1 1 1
t hp th nm : 0 1 1
t hp th su : 0 0 1

83

PTH-DTT

n=4

0000
1000
1100
1110
1111
0111
0011
0001
......

e. M vng:
M vng c nguyn tc lp m:
+ Dng n bt nh phn th m ho c n trng thi
+ 2 t m k nhau lun khc nhau 2 bin
+ Trong mt t m ch c duy nht mt bt l 1 v c dch t bt tr nht
n bt gi nht, cc bt khc l 0.
VD: n=3
100
010
001
n =4

1000
0100
0010
0001
.......

III.Cc bc thit k b m
Cng ging nh cc bc thit k mch dy, gm c 4 bc c bn nh
sau:
- Bc 1: T bi ton cho, xc nh tn hiu vo m, h s m K, t
v hnh trng thi ca b m.
- Bc 2: M ho cc trng thi trong v Xc nh s FF(n) cn thit ca b
m, theo iu kin sau:
+ M nh phn huc m Gray: n log2K
n ly cn trn, nguyn
V d , K =8 => n log28 = 3, chn n=3
K =10 => n log210 3,4 ; chn n=4
+ M Johnson: n= K/2
+ M Vng:
n=K
S FF cng chnh l s bit cn thit lp m, m ho cc trng thi.
- Bc 3: Xc nh hm kch cho cc FF, v xc nh hm ra( ni phn
nh ngha b m).
Tu loi FF s dng m c hm vo kch khc nhau, c th thc hin
da theo 2 yu t: + Da vo cc bng chuyn i trng thi, bng ra xc nh .
+ Da trc tip vo hnh trng thi.
Cc th nht trc quan d thc hin, nn c s dng nhiu hn.
- Bc 4: S mch thc hin, Cn c vo 2 phng trnh, v mch
nguyn l:
+ Phng trnh u vo kch

84

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

+ Phng trnh tn hiu ra

IV. Mt s dng b m thng gp
1. B m thun, ng b, h s m K= 2n, dng m nh phn.
H b m ny ch khc nhau h s K, sau y ta xt mt s v d
a, K = 4
- Bc 1: T bi ton cho, xc nh tn hiu vo m, h s m K, t v
hnh trng thi ca b m:
Gi s: + K hiu tn hiu vo m l X: tch cc(1); X d khng tch cc(0)
+ K hiu tn hiu ra m l Y: tch cc(1); Y khng tch cc(0)
K=4, nn s trng thi l 4, k hiu S0, S1, S2, S3
Ta c hnh trng thi nh sau:
X/Y

X/Y

S0

S1
X/Y

X/Y

S2

X/Y

X/Y

X/Y

S3

X/Y

- Bc 2: M ho cc trng thi trong v Xc nh s FF(n) cn thit ca b

m.

S FF: n log24 = 2. u bi khng yu cu loi FF, gi s ta chon JK-FF,

k hiu ln lt l A v B.
Ta c cc t hp m ho :
AB
Trng thi
00
S0
01
S1
10
S2
11
S3
=> Dng Automat nh phn:
0/0

0/0

00

01
1/0

0/0

10

1/0

0/0

11
1/0

1/1

Nhn hnh ny ta thy tt c cc thng s, k hiu c s ho

- Bc 3: Xc nh hm kch cho cc FF, v xc nh hm ra
Gi s ti thi im t b m c tp cc trng thi S(i,j), ti thi im(t+1) thi
im c xung m xut hin b m chuyn sang trng thi S(i,j), cn c vo 2 tp
trng thi ny ta xc nh c u vo kch cho hai FF A v B, theo bng sau(xem
phn u vo kch cho FF):

85

PTH-DTT

t
A B
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

A
0
1
1
0

Q->Q
0->0
0->1
1->0
1->1

t+1
B
1
0
1
0

JA
0
1
x
x

FF -A
KA
x
x
0
1

JB
1
x
1
x

FF -B
KB
x
1
x
1

JK
0x
1x
x1
x0

Tip theo ta tin hnh ti thiu ho cc hm J v K

JA

B
0
1

KA

86

KA=B

B
0

JB=1

JA=B
JB

A
B
0

KB

B
0

KB=1

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

- Bc 4: S mch thc hin

True

FF-A
JA

FF-B
JB

_
A

KA

KB

B
Ck

Ck

Ck

a, K = 6
- Bc 1: T bi ton cho, xc nh tn hiu vo m, h s m K, t v
hnh trng thi ca b m:
Gi s: + K hiu tn hiu vo m l X: tch cc(1); X d khng tch cc(0)
+ K hiu tn hiu ra m l Y: tch cc(1); Y khng tch cc(0)
K=6, nn s trng thi l 6, k hiu S0, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5
Ta c hnh trng thi nh sau:
X/Y

X/Y

S0
X/Y

S1

X/Y

X/Y

S2

X/Y

X/Y

S3

X/Y

X/Y

X/Y

S4

X/Y

S5

X/Y

- Bc 2: M ho cc trng thi trong v Xc nh s FF(n) cn thit ca b

m.

S FF: n log26 , chn n =3. u bi khng yu cu loi FF, gi s ta chon

JK-FF, k hiu ln lt l A, B, C.Nh vy s c 8 t hp trong khi ch cn 6 t hp
m ho 6 trng thi, gi s khng dng 2 t hp 110, 111
Ta c cc t hp m ho :
A BC
000
001
010
011
100
101

Trng thi
S0
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5

87

PTH-DTT

=> Dng Automat nh phn:

0/0

000

0/0

0/0

0/0

010

001

1/0

1/0

0/0

011

0/0

101

100

1/0

1/0

1/0

1/1

- Bc 3: Xc nh hm kch cho cc FF, v xc nh hm ra

Gi s ti thi im t b m c tp cc trng thi S(i,j), ti thi im(t+1) thi
im c xung m xut hin b m chuyn sang trng thi S(i,j), cn c vo 2 tp
trng thi ny ta xc nh c u vo kch cho ba FF A ,B,C theo bng sau(xem
phn u vo kch cho FF):
t
A B C
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1

A
0
0
0
1
1
0

t+1
B C
0 1
1 0
1 1
0 0
0 1
0 0

JA
0
0
0
1
x
x

FF -A
KA
x
x
x
x
0
1

JB
0
1
x
x
0
0

FF -B
KB
x
x
0
1
x
x

JC
1
x
1
x
1
x

FF -C
KC
x
1
x
1
x
1

Ti thiu ho cc hm J v K

JA

KA
AB

00

01

C
0
1

11

10

AB

C
0

1
KA=C

JA=BC

88

00

01

11

10

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

AB

00

C
0
1

01

11

C
0

00
x
x

01

11

10

KB=KA=C

JB= A C

AB

AB

10

00

01

11

C
0

10

00

01

11

10

C
0

JC=1

AB

KC=1

- Bc 4: S mch thc hin

FF-A
True
FF-B
JA

_
A

KA
Ck

JB
KB
Ck

B
_

JC

KC

_
C
Ck

Ck
Bi tp: thit k vi K=8, 10, 12. Dng JK-FF; D-FF; T-FF; RS-FF
2. Cc b m nghch, nh phn, ng b vi h s m chn
Phng php thit k ging nh m thun, ch khc hnh trng thi: cc
trng thi s c chuyn t 'cao' xung 'thp'
V d K= 4

89

PTH-DTT

AB
11

10
S2

S3

AB
11
10
01
00

A'B'
10
01
00
11

DA
1
0
0
1

01

00

S1

S0

DB
0
1
0
1

=> DA= AB + AB ; DB= B

DA

DB
A

Ck
B m K=4
Sinh vin t lm cc phn sau:
- B m m Gray, ng b K=10
- B m m NBCD, ng b K=10, m thun
- B m m NBCD, ng b K=10, m nghch
- B m m JohnSon, ng b K=10, m nghch
- B m m Vng, ng b K=10, m nghch
3. Cc b m nh phn, ng b vi h s m chn
Cc b m kiu ny c cu to rt n gin, c c im:
- Ch dng mt loi T-FF huc JK-FF, cc u vo T v JK lun ni vi
mc logic cao
- u ra ca FF tng trc Q huc Q'(FF biu din bit c trng s nh)
lun c a vo u xung nhp cho tng sau(FF biu din bit c trng s ln hn
ngay cnh ), khi m thun ly u ra thun Q, khi m nghch ly Q'.

90

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

- Tn hiu vo X lun c a vo u vo xung nhp ca FF c trng

s nh nht.

'1'

JA A

'1'

'1'

JB

'1'

'1'

JC

'1'

'1'

JD D

'1'

KB

KA

KC

KD

Ck
B m thun, khng ng b, dng JK-FF
4. Thit k b m c mch khi ng
y l loi b m m mi khi khi ng s lun c mt trng thi cho
trc(v d nh cc tr chi tng thm phn hp dn, ngi ta lun cho mi i
chi mt lng im ban u no ).
Cch thit k cng ging vi cc mch xt, ch c qu trnh chuyn trng
thi l khc mt cht:
Minh ho: mt b m khi ng lun S3, trong qu trnh hot ng trng
thi s bin i trong phm vi t S0 n S2:

S3

S0

S
S0
S1
S2
S3

AB
00
01
10
11

S1

S2

AB
01
10
00
00

T bng trng thi, ta thy trng thi S3(11) s chuyn v S0(00)

91

PTH-DTT

VI. Lu khi thit k b m:

B m cng l mt mch dy, nn cng c th ri vo trng thi kho hay
trng thi chu k, cho nn trong qu trnh thit k cn hn ch kh nng ny, chi tit
phng php xem chng Mch dy ng b v chng Mch dy khng ng b.
V. Mt s IC m thng gp:
- IC 7490
- IC 74L90
- IC 74LS90
- IC 74LS190
- IC 74LS192
Ngoi chc nng m, cc IC ny cn c th dng chia tn s theo nguyn
tc: n xung vo cho m xung ra, th tn s s gim cn n/m ln.
S chn v ng dng c th xem cc ti liu hng dn s dng v tra
chn IC

92

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Chng 9
M t v thit k mch dy
I. Khi nim c bn.
1. M hnh tng qut.

V1
Li
vo

Vn

Mch t
hp

Trng
thi
trong

Li
ra

Hm
kch
Mch
dy

Ck
M hnh mch dy
2 Phng php m t mch dy.
a. M hnh ton hc.
Ta c th dng mt h phng trnh ton hc biu th mi quan h vo ra ca h
tun t. i vi m hnh tng qut hnh 6.1, nu gi:
V: l tp tn hiu vo,
R: tp tn hiu ra.
X :l tp hm kch thch.
S: tp cc trng thi trong
th h c th c m t bi cc phng trnh sau:
a. Otomat (h phng trnh) Mealy:
R = f1(V,S).
(1)
S = f2(X,S).
(2)
X = f3(V,S).
(3)
Phng trnh (1) c gi l hm ra, th hin mi quan h gia u ra vi
tc ng vo v bin trng thi.
Phng trnh (2) l hm chuyn i trng thi ca cc phn t nh.
Phng trnh (3) l hm kch thch cho cc phn t nh.

93

PTH-DTT

H phng trnh trn c gi l Otomat Mealy, trong khi nu hm ra ch

ph thuc bin trng thi m khng ph thuc bin vo th h tun t c tn l
Otomat Moore.
b. Otomat (h phng trnh) Moore.
R = f1 (S),
S = f2(X,S),
X = f3 (V,S).
b. Bng trng thi.
Trong phng php ny, ta thit lp bng lit k mi quan h gia R, trng
thi trong S vi tn hiu vo V v trng thi S. Bng thu c c tn gi l bng
chuyn i trng thi. Nu nh bit loi FF, t bng chuyn i trng thi, ta c
th suy ra hm chuyn i trng thi v hm kch thch.
V
V0
V1

S S
S0 S0
S1 S1

R
R0
R1

V2

S2 S2

R2

V3

S3 S3

R3

...

...

...

Vn

Sn-1 Sn-1

Bng chuyn i trng thi.

Minh ho: xt mch chuyn i t FF D sang FF JK nh sau:
U1A

U1B

Ra

U1C

DFF
D
CP

Q
_
Q

Mch chuyn i FF D thnh FF JK

Ta c th biu din bng chuyn i trng thi nh sau:

94

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

V
JK
00

S S

0 0

00

1 1

01

0 0

01

1 0

10

0 1

10

1 1

11

0 1

11

1 0

S S
S0 S0
S1 S1

R
S0
S1

V1

S0 S0

S0

V1

S1 S0

S0

V2

S0 S1

S1

V2

S1 S1

S1

V3

S0 S1

S1

V3

S1 S0

S0

Nu t :
00: V0 ;
01: V1;
10 : V2;
11: V3
v 0: S0;
1: S1,
ta s c:
V
V0
V0

c. Biu din bng hnh trng thi.

hnh trng thi l mt hnh c hng gm 2 tp:
M : tp nh v K: tp cc cung c hng.
a. M hnh Mealy
Tp nh M l tp cc trng thi trong.
Tp cc cung K l tp tn hiu vo/ra.
Trn cung i t Si Sj ghi tn hiu vo/ra tng ng.
i vi minh ho chuyn i FF trn, ta s xy dng c hnh trng thi Mealy
nh hnh v.
V2 (V3)/S1
V0 (V1)/S0

V0 (V1)/S1

S0

S1
V1 (V3)/S0

M hnh Mealy.

95

PTH-DTT

b. M hnh Moore
V tn hiu ra ch ph thuc vo trng thi trong ca mch m khng ph thuc tn
hiu vo cho nn :
Tp nh M l tp trng thi trong/tn hiu ra.
Tp cung K l tp cc tn hiu vo.
II. Cc bc thit k mch dy.
- Bi ton cha c hnh thc ho.
Nhim v thit k c m t bng ngn ng hoc bng lu thut ton.. Ni
chung l cha c hnh thc ho.
- Hnh thc ho
Phin dch cc d kin thnh 1 hnh thc m t hot ng ca mch bng
cch hinhg thc ho d liu ban u dng bng trng thi hay hnh trng
thi.
Rt gn cc trng thi trong ca mch nhn c s trng thi trong l t nht.
Ch rng, bc ny tin hnh trn Otomat cha phi l nh phn c V l tp
cc tn hiu vo, R l tp cc tn hiu ra, S l tp cc trng thi trong.
- Otomat nh phn.
M ho tn hiu vo , ra, trng thi trong nhn c otomat nh phn c X l
tp tn hiu vo, R l tp tn hiu ra, Q l tp trng thi trong.
- H hm ca mch:
Xc nh h phng trnh logic ca mch v ti thiu ho cc phng trnh ny.
- Xy dng s mch thc hin.
T h phng trnh ca mch vit chng ta xy dng s mch thc hin.
Lu thut ton

Bng ca Otomat

hnh trng thi

Bng Otomat
nh phn

H hm ra
Y

H PT u
vo kch cho
FF-D

hnh
nh phn

H PT u vo
kch cho FF-T

H PT u
vo kch cho
FF-JK

S
Cc bc thit k mch dy.

96

H PT u
vo kch cho
FF-JK

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

1. Thit k mch dy t bng trng thi ca Otomat.

Cc bc:
1. Xc nh s khi chung.
2. M ho tn hiu vo V, ra R, trng thi trong S v Q.
3. Lp bng chuyn i trng thi.
4. Xc nh u vo kch thch cho cc FF, vit h hm kch thch v hm ra.
5. Xy dng s mch.
hiu r thm phng php thit k mch dy dng bng trng thi ta s xt
bi ton minh ho sau:
Thit k mch m ng b thun, K=5 (m t 0-4) dng FF D theo
phng php bng trng thi.
Qu trnh gii nh sau:
1. Xy dng s khi chung.
xy dng mch m, K=5 ta dng 3 FF. Hnh v s khi chung c th
hin nh sau:

Mch
t hp

Q3
Q2
Q1 TG1 D1

TG2 D2

TG3

D3

Ck
S khi chung ca mch m K=5
Theo quy nh, FF1 c trng s nh nht. FF3 c trng s ln nht.
2. M ho.
S
S

S0
S1
S1
S2
S2
S3
S3
S4
S4
S0
Bng trng thi trong ca mch
3. Xy dng bng chuyn i trng thi.
Q3
Q2
Q1
Q3
S0
0
0
0
0
S1
0
0
1
0
S2
0
1
0
0
S3
0
1
1
1
S4
1
0
0
0

Q2
0
1
1
0
0

Q1
1
0
1
0
0

D3
0
0
0
1
0

D2
0
1
1
0
0

D1
1
0
1
0
0

97

PTH-DTT

4 Xc nh u vo kch cho FF v h hm kch.

S dng phng php ti thiu ho dng bng Karnaugh, ta s tnh c:

D1= Q1.Q3
D2 = Q2Q1 D3 = Q1.Q2
6. V s mch.
Sau khi xy dng c h hm kch, ta s v mch.
U3C

U5A

U3A

V4
5V
U1A
V1
CP1 Q1
CP2 Q2

D
R

S
Q
_
Q

CP

U2A

U1B

S
D

Q
_
Q

CP
R

Q
_
Q

CP
R

V2
5V

Mch m K=5
2. Thit k mch dy t hnh trng thi.
Gm 5 bc thit k:
1. Xy dng s khi chung, hnh trng thi.
2. M ho V, R, S, Y, Q.
3. Xc nh h phng trnh tn hiu ra
Y = f(X,Q)
4. Xc nh h phng trnh hm kch cho cc FF.
X = f(V,Q).
Da vo bng hm kch thch, xy dng c thut ton xc nh phng trnh
u vo kch cho cc FF.
Quy c cung biu din s thay i Qi Qi nh sau:
0 0 l cung loi 0.
1 1 l cung loi 1.
0 1 l cung loi 2.
1 0 : cung loi 3.
a. Vi FF D.
Do Di = Qi = tuyn cc cung i ti nh c Qi=1
= (1+2)
b. Vi FF T:

98

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Ti = cc cung c Qi thay i
= (2+3)
c. Loi FF JK.
+ Gi Ton l cc cung m Qi bt = (2)
Sau thc hin ti thiu ho
Nu phng trnh ca Ton cn Qi , tc l c dng:

Ton = T *. Qi
th J = T*.
Nu phng trnh ca Ton khng cn Qi th : J=Ton.
+ Gi Toff = cung m Qi tt = (3); Sau thc hin ti thiu ho.
Nu phng trnh ca Toff cn Qi tc c dng:
Toff= (T**).Qi.
th K= T**.
Nu phng trnh ca Toff khng cn Qi th K= Toff.
d. Loi FF RS.
S = Ton + [cung loi (1)].
R = Toff + [cung loi (0)].
Ch : cung loi (1) v cung loi (0) trong du [ ] c ly gi tr khng xc
nh ; Nhng gi tr ny cng vi nhng trng thi khng s dng c dng
ti thiu ho.
5. V s mch.
Ch : Ngoi ra cn c th thit k mch dy t Lu Thut ton, bng
cch chuyn v hnh Mealy huc hnh Moore

99

PTH-DTT

Chng 10
Thanh ghi dch
I, Khi qut
1. nh ngha:
Thanh ghi dch l mt mch dy, c kh nng ghi gi v dch bit thng
tin(dch phi huc tri)
Thanh ghi dch c dng:
+ nh s liu
+ chuyn s liu song song thnh ni tip,
v ngc li
+ Thit k b m, to dy tn hiu nh phn
tun hon theo yu cu cho trc

2. Cu to
Thanh ghi dch gm dy cc phn t nh n bit(FF) c mc lin tip v
ng trong cng mt v.
Cc FF s dng trong thanh ghi dch thng l D-FF huc FF mc theo kiu
D-FF, s FF chnh l s bt m thanh ghi dch lu tr c.

B1B2B3B4

B2

B1

B3

B4

Input
JA

KA

JB

KB

JC

KC

JD

KD

Clock
Thanh ghi dch 4 bit dng JK-FF
Thng tin c np vo thanh ghi dch theo nguyn tc tng bit ng b vi xung
nhp, bit u tin c np vo FF u tin, cc bit thng tin c lu tr dch
phi 1 bit(bit lu trong FF-A chuyn sang FF-B, FF-B chuyn sang FF-C)
3. Phn loi
a, Phn loi theo cch a thng tin vo, ly thng tin ra
- Vo ni tip, ra song song: thng tin c a vo thanh ghi dch tun t tng bit
mt, s liu c a ra ng thi
- Vo song, ra song song: thng tin c a vo v ly ra ng thi
- Vo ni tip, ra ni tip: thng tin c a v ly ra tun t tng bit mt
- Vo song song, ra ni tip: thng tin c a vo thanh ghi dch ng thi, s
liu c a ra tun t tng bt mt.
b, Phn loi theo u vo:
- u ra n: mi FF trong thanh ghi dch ch c mt u ra Qi(huc u o), c
a ra chn ca vi mch.
- u ra n: C hai u ra ca FF c a ra chn ca vi mch

100

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

II. hnh tng qut

hnh tng qut ca thanh ghi dch theo m hnh De Bruijn nh sau:
- Thanh ghi dch 2 bit:

00
0

00

01
1

10

11

00

10

01

11

Bng chuyn i trng thi

S1

01
1

S3

0
0

00

10

S0
0

0
11

S2

hnh tng qut

T hnh ta nhn thy thanh ghi dch s b kho trng thi 00 nu hm hi tip
l 0 v kho trng thi 11 nu hm hi tip l 1.

101

PTH-DTT

- Thanh ghi dch 3 bit:

S1
001

S2

S3
011

1
1

010
0

000

111

101

S0

S7

S5

0
110

100

S6

S4

hnh tng qut thanh ghi dch 3 bit

- Thanh ghi dch 4 bit:
S1
000

S3

001

010

001

S7

011

101

1
0

000

011

100

111

S0

101

010

100

S8

110

S12

hnh tng qut thanh ghi dch 4 bit

102

S15

110

111

S14

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

III. Thit k b m dng thanh ghi dch

1. S khi:
T hnh trng thi ca thanh ghi dch ta thy rng: Xut pht t mt trng
thi ban u bt k, ng vi dy tn hiu hi tip fht=DA=JA xc nh, s c dy xc
nh cc trng thi s chuyn ti, nu dy tn hiu ca fht c chn thch hp sao
cho dy chuyn bin trng thi to thnh mt chu trnh kn th hnh trng thi
ca mch chnh l hnh trng thi ca b m.
Nh vy bi ton thit k b m dng thnh ghi dch chuyn thnh bi ton
thit k hm hi tip cung cp cho u vo ca b ghi dch, sao cho ng vi hm
ny cc trng thi ca mch s chuyn bin theo mt chu trnh kn, s trng thi
trong ca chu trnh bng K
S ca b m dng thanh ghi dch nh hnh di y, cc FF c mc vi
nhau thnh thanh ghi dch n bit, u ra ca cc FF gm c Q v Q c dng to
hm hi tip, a ti iu khin u vo ca thnh ghi. Gia u vo v u ra ca
FF c mi quan h:
A'=fht(A, B, C, D,,N)
B'=A; C'=B;; N'=M
Mch hi tip c gi tr 0 hay 1 v c a vo u vo ca FF-A, khi c xung
nhp s thit lp trng thi ca FF- A tng ng.

Mch hi tip

JA

Clock

KA A
A

JB

JN

KB

B
A

KN N
A

B m dng thanh ghi dch

103

PTH-DTT

2. Cc bc thit k

Xc nh s bt n ca thnh ghi dch nlog2K

Chn chu trnh chuyn trng thi ca b m theo

hnh De Bruijn

Xc nh fht v ti thiu ho hm ny

Xy dng s

V d: Thit k b m K=8
- Bc 1, Xc nh s bt n=log28=3
- Bc 2: Chn chu trnh chuyn trng thi, cn c vo hnh trng thi ca thanh
ghi dch chn mt chu trnh c 8 trng thi:

S1
00

S2

S3
01

01

S0

S7

00

1
0

10
S5

1
0

0
10
S2

104

11

11
0

S6

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Gi s chn: S0->S1->S3->S7->S6->S5-> S2->S4->S0

- Bc 3: Xc nh hm hi tip, k hiu cc FF ln lt l CBA, ta c bng m ho
trng thi v hm hi tip nh sau:
S
S0
S1
S3
S7
S6
S5
S2
S4

C
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1

B
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0

A
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0

fht
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0

Ti thiu ho fht:
C
0
1

BA

00
1

01
1

11
1

10
1

fht= C B + C A + CB A
- Bc 4: Xy dng s :

JA

KA A

JB

JC

KB

KC C

Clock

105

PTH-DTT

Bi tp: thit k tng t ng vi K=10, 12, 14

IV. Mch to dy tn hiu tun hon
Thanh ghi dch c th dng to dy tn hiu tun hon theo yu cu cho trc.
1. S khi:
Gi L l chu k ca dy tn hiu tun hon cn phi to, tc l to dy tn
hiu ny mch phi tun hon v c L trng thi khc nhau. Mch ny theo nh
ngha chnh l b m c K=L, b m c th xy dng t b ghi dch v mch hi
tip ging nh phn trn, thm vo cn xy dng mt mch tn hiu ra ly dy
tn hiu tun hon.
Ta c s khi ca mch nh sau:

Mch hi tip

JA

KA A
A

JB

JN

KB

B
A

KN N
A

Clock

Mch logic ra
Tn hiu ra

Mch to tn hiu tun hon dng thanh ghi dch

106

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

2. Cc bc thit k

Xc nh s bt n ca thnh ghi dch nlog2K

Chn chu trnh chuyn trng thi ca b m theo

hnh De Bruijn

Xc nh fht v ti thiu ho hm ny

Xc nh hm ra v ti thiu ho hm ny

Xy dng s
Minh ho: Thit k mch to tn chui tn hiu tun hon:
L=0-1-0-1-1-1-0-1
- Bc 1: Tn hiu c chiu di L= 8 =>n=log28=3
- Bc 2: chn chu trnh chuyn trng thi:
Gi s chn: S0->S1->S3->S7->S6->S5-> S2->S4->S0
- Bc 3: Xy dng hm hi tip v ti thiu ho
K hiu cc FF ln lt l CBA, ta c bng m ho trng thi v hm hi tip nh
sau:
S
S0
S1
S3
S7
S6
S5
S2
S4

C
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1

B
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0

A
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0

fht
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0

107

PTH-DTT

Ti thiu ho fht:
C
0
1

BA

00
1

01
1

11
1

10
1

fht= C B + C A + CB A
- Bc 4: Xc nh hm ra:
S
S0
S1
S3
S7
S6
S5
S2
S4

C
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1

B
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0

A
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0

fht
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0

L
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1

Ti thiu ho fht:
C
0
1

BA

00

01
1
1

11

10

fht= C + B A
-Bc 5: Xy dng s

JA

JB

JC

KA

KB

KC

Ck

0-1-0-1-1-1-0-1

108

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

- Bi tp: thit k mch to chui tn hiu tun hon:

L=0111000111
L=101110011110
V. B m vng, v b m vng xun
Trong b m vng dng thanh ghi dch, hm hi tip c ly t u ra ca
FF cui cng v a vo FF u tin, trong mch ny mt thi im ch c mt
FF lu trng thi 1, cc vn khc tng t nh phn thit k b m.
B m vng xun khc vi b m vng ch: hm hi tip c a t u
ra o ca FF cui cng v u vo ca FF u tin.
VI. B ghi dch vi hm hi tip l hm cng module 2
1. B ghi dch vi hm hi tip l hm cng module c Lmax=2n-1
Thanh ghi dch 4 bit cho trong hnh sau, c hm hi tip

JA

JB

KA

JC

KB

KC

JD

KD

Ck

fht=JA=C D
Da vo hnh De Bruijn ca b ghi dch 4 bit v phng trnh ca hm
hi tip ng thi l hm kch cho FF-A d dng xc nh c trng thi tip theo
ca b ghi dch khi bit trng thi hin ti.
V d , nu b ghi dch ang trng thi S1(0001, D=0,C=0,B=0,A=1) th
fht=JA= C D= 0 0=0, do vy khi c xung nhp Ck tip theo b ghi dch s
chuyn n trng thi S2(0010, D=0,C=0,B=1,A=0), bng y nh sau:
S
S1
S2
S4
S9
S3
S6
S13
S10

D
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1

C
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0

B
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1

A
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0

F
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1

109

PTH-DTT

S5
S11
S7
S15
S14
S12
S8

0
1
0
1
1
1
1

1
0
1
1
1
1
0

0
1
1
1
1
0
0

1
1
1
1
0
0
0

1
1
1
0
0
0
1

Trng thi S0(0000) khng xut hin trong bng trng thi, v b ghi dch
trng thi ny, do hm hi tip fht=JA= C D n s nm mi trng thi ny m
khng thot ra c, y chnh l trng thi kho, nn phi loi S0.
Thanh ghi dch 4 bit ny c s trng thi khc nhau trong dy chuyn bin
trng thi(L, hay K) l 15 t Lmax
2. V d ng dng mch loi ny thit k b m:
+ Cc bc thit k:

Xc nh s bt n ca thnh ghi dch nlog2K

chn fht l hm cng module thch hp c Lmax

Trn hnh trng thi ca Lmax chn bc nhy

thch hp ch cn li L trng thi

Xc nh fht ng vi dy trng thi c L chn v

ti thiu ho

Xy dng s
+ Minh ho: Thit k b m K=10, dng b ghi dch v hm hi tip cng
module 2
- Bc 1: K=L=10 do vy n=4, chn hm hi tip l hm cng module
tng ng mch t Lmax, nh bit chn:
fht= C D, huc fht= A D

110

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Gi s chn fht= C D
- Bc 2: Trn hnh trng thi Lmax=15 ca b ghi dch 4bit vi fht= C
D chn, chn bc nhy loi i 5 trng thi , gi s chn bc nhy S3 v S7:
S1
DCBA
0001

S2

S4

S9

S3

0010

0100

1001

0011

1100

1110

1111

0111

S12

S14

S15

S7

1000

S8

- Bc 3: Xc nh f*ht da vo hnh De Bruijn ca b ghi dch 4 bit, xc

nh gi tr ca f*ht ng vi dy tn hiu chn:
S
S1
S2
S4
S9
S3
S7
S15
S14
S12
S8

D
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1

C
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0

B
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0

A
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0

f*ht
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0

Ti thiu ho ta c f*ht= C D + AB D + AB D
-Bc 4: Xy dng s :

111

PTH-DTT

JA

KA

JB

KB

JC

KC

JD

KD D
D

Clock

IC: Vi Mch tch hp SN 74LS95.

Vi mch SN 74LS95 cha cc thanh ghi dch 4 bit vi cc u vo v ra c th
hot ng theo kiu song song hay ni tip; n cn cho php dch phi hoc dch
tri (ch dch tri c th thc hin c vi cc kt ni thm bn ngoi).
S chn v s logic ca vi mch 74LS95

112

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Chng 11
Mch dy ng b
Mch dy ng b l mt mch s bao gm cc mch t hp v cc phn
t nh FF, mch hot ng theo s ng b ca xung nhp Ck.
I. Phn tch
Bi ton phn tch l bi ton xc nh chc nng cho trc;
- S mch:
T s mch cho trc cn xc nh chc nng tng phn t c bn ca s , v
mi lin h gia cc s
- Xc nh u vo, u ra, s trng thi trong ca mch:
Coi mch nh mt hp en, cn phi xc nh s u vo, u ra, c im cc u
vo ra, xc nh trng thi ca mch
- Xc nh phng trnh hm ra, hm kch cho cc FF
Da vo s cho trc xc nh h phng trnh hm ra, hm kch cho cc FF
- Lp bng trng thi, bng ra nh phn:
Bng trng thi, bng ra nh phn l bng biu din quan h gia trng thi chuyn
n, tn hiu ra nh phn vi trng thi hin ti v tn hiu vo tng ng. Da vo
cc phng trnh hm kch, hm ra xc nh c trn, v da vo phng trnh
c tnh ca FF xc nh c trng thi chuyn ti v tn hiu ra tng ng vi tn
hiu vo v trng thi hin ti ca mch.
- hnh trng thi:
T bng trng thi v bng ra lp trn, xy dng c hnh trng thi v tn
hiu ra ca mch.
- Chc nng ca mch:
Sau khi lp c hnh trng thi, da vo hnh xc nh c chc nng
ca mch. C th l t s phn tch m rt ra c chc nng ca mch.
II. Thit k
1. Cc bc thit k:
Cc bc thit k ngc li vi cc bc phn tch, tuy nhin mch thit k phi
thc hin chc nng cho trc vi s cng n gin cng tt, iu ny ng
ngha vi vic ti thiu ho trng thi.
- Bc 1: Xc nh bi ton
y l bc u tin v cng l bc quan trng thc hin tt vic thit k mch,
trc tin phi xc nh c yu cu t ra cho mch v phi xc nh mch c
thit k t nhng yu t no?
- Bc 2: Xc nh tn hiu vo/ra:
Xc nh tn hiu vo, ra cng nh c im ca chng
- Bc 3: Xy dng hnh trng thi, bng trng thi, bng tn hiu ra
Ni chung vic xy hnh trng thi khng da trn mt quy tc no, m
phn ln da vo kinh nghim ca ngi thc hin, nhng quy tc l da vo yu
cu ca bi ton t ra(tn hiu vo ra ), t lp hnh trng thi, xc nh c
iu kin cho mch c th chuyn i t trng thi ny sang trng thi tip theo
v khi no th mch cho tn hiu ra.

113

PTH-DTT

T hnh trng thi lp trn, xy dng bng trng thi v bng tn hiu
ra

Xc nh bi ton

Xc nh tn hiu vo ra

hnh trng thi, bng trng thi, bng ra

Rt gn trng thi

M ho nh phn

Xc nh h phng trnh ca mch

S mch thc hin

- Bc 4: Ti thiu ho
Nh bit s trng thi trong ca mch gn nh t l vi s FF c dng trong
mch, vic ti thiu ho trng thi ch yu da vo khi nim tng ng, ta s
xt sau.
- Bc 5: M ho nh phn

114

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Sau khi ti thiu ho cc trng thi, v a vo hnh trng thi tng ng, dng
cc bin nh phn m ho cho cc trng thi, s bin nh phn dng m ho
cc trng thi ph thuc vo s trng thi trong.
Nu s lng trng thi trong l N, s lng bin nh phn dng l n, th n
phi tho mn iu kin: nlog2N
C nhiu cch m ho khc nhau, mi cch cho mt s khc nhau, yu
cu phi m ho sao cho s l n gin nht.
- Bc 6: Xc nh h phng trnh ca mch:
Sau khi m ho c cc trng thi trong ca mch, c th xc nh h
phng trnh ca mch theo 2 cch:
+ Lp bng chuyn i trng thi v tn hiu ra nh phn, t xc nh c
phng trnh u vo kch cho cc FF v phng trnh ca tn hiu ra, sau chng
ta tin hnh ti thiu ho cc phng trnh .
+ Da trc tip vo hnh trng thi, vit h phng trnh Ton , Toff ca cc FF v
phng trnh tn hiu ra ca mch sau tin hnh ti thiu ho h phng trnh .
- Bc 7: S mch thc hin
T cc phng trnh xc nh c ta xy dng s mch
III. Ti thiu ho:
Nhim v t ra cho ngi thit k l phi a ra mch hot ng ng chc
nng cho trc, s cng n gin cng tt, mun vy cn gim nh s trang thi
trong.
Vic ti thiu ho ch yu da vo khi nim"trng thi tng ng", bi
ton ti thiu ho trng thi chnh l bi ton i tm lp trng thi tng ng ln
nht, v c thay bng mt trng thi i din, s trng thi tng ng chnh l
s trng thi ti thiu. C 3 phng php ti thiu hay dng:
1, Phng php Caldwell:
Phng php ny c minh ha qua v d sau:
Thit k mt mch dy ng b thc hin nhim v kim tra dy tn hiu
vo dng nh phn c di bng 3 c a vo lin tip u vo X, nu dy tn
hiu vo c dng 010 huc 110 huc 111 th tn hiu ra Z=1 bo hiu l mch
nhn c mt trong cc dy tn hiu vo .
- Bc 1: Xc nh bi ton
Mch thit k c nhim v pht hin dy tn hiu vo, nu dy tn hiu vo
c dng 010, huc 011, huc 110 huc 111 th Z=1 bo hiu mch nhn c
mt trong cc dy tn hiu .
- Bc 2: Xc nh tn hiu vo ra
Mch phi thit k l mch ng b, nn ngoi u vo X cn c u vo
xung nhp Ck mt u tn hiu ra l Z, theo dng s khi nh sau:

Error! X
Ck

Z
Mch logic

- Bc 3: hnh trng thi, bng trng thi, bng ra: Da vo cc yu cu

ca tn hiu vo, ra lp c hnh chuyn trng thi nh sau:
S chuyn i trng thi:

115

PTH-DTT

S0
000

X CK

XCK

S1

001

010

XCK

S3

XCK

XCK

X CK

011,Z=1

100

S4
XCK

X CK

S2

S5
X CK

X CK

011,Z=1

XCK

S6
XCK

X CK

110

X CK

Trng thi ban u l S0 : khi tn hiu vo l XCK mch chuyn n S1,

X CK mch chuyn n S2.
Tng t vi trng thi S1, mch s chuyn n S3 khi tn hiu vo l XCK,
mch chuyn n S2 khi tn hiu vo l X CK
Tng t vi trng thi S2, mch s chuyn n S5 khi tn hiu vo l XCK,
mch chuyn n S2 khi tn hiu vo l X CK.
Nu mch mt trong 4 trng thi S3, S4, S5, S6, khi c tn hiu vo l XCK
huc X CK mch s chuyn n trng thi ban u S0, vy khi dy tn hiu vo l
110 huc 111 ng chuyn i trng thi: S0->S1->S3->S0 hay khi dy tn hiu
vo l 010 huc 011 ng S0->S2->S5->S0 th mch s cho tn hiu ra Z=1 ti thi
im ca xung nhp th 3. Vi ng chuyn i khc Z=0, t hnh trng lp
c bng trng thi nh bng sau:
S
S0
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6

X=0
S2
S4
S6
S0
S0
S0
S0

S'
X=1
S1
S2
S5
S0
S0
S0
S0

Z
X=0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0

X=1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0

- Bc 4: Ti thiu ho trng thi, ta s dng phng php Caldwell:

+ Trng thi tng ng:

116

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Trng thi Si c gi l tng ng vi Sj khi v ch khi nu ly Si v Sj l

2 trng thi ban u th vi mi tn hiu vo c th c chng lun lun cho tn hiu
ra ging nhau.
Nu c nhiu trng thi tng ng vi nhau tng i mt th chng tng
ng vi nhau. kim tra nhm cc trng thai tng ng vi nhau khng, c
th s dng bng trng thi v tn hiu ra nh sau:
- Nhm cc trng thi tng ng phi c nhng hng trong bng tn hiu ra ging
nhau.
- Nhm cc trng thi tng ng phi c nhng hng trong bng trng thi cng
mt ct(ng vi cng t hp tn hiu vo ) l tng ng. Ngha l ng vi cng
mt t hp tn hiu vo cc trng thi s chuyn bin ti, ca chng l tng ng.
iu ny cho thy th tc kim tra tnh tng ng ca nhm cc trng thi phi
tin hnh tun t tng bc cho n nhm c trng thi cui cng, nu nhm c
trng thi cui cng ny l tng ng th nhm trng thi c kim tra l tng
ng.
Quy tc Caldwell:
Nhng hng(tng ng vi trng thi trong) ca bng chuyn i trng thi v
tn hiu ra s kt hp vi nhau v c biu din mt hnh chung- c trng(trng
thi c trng) cho chng nu nh chng tho mn 2 iu kin sau:
1- Cc hng tng ng trong ma trn ging nhau
2- Trong ma trn ra, cc hng tng ng phi tho mn mt trong 3 im:
- Cc hng trong ma trn phi ging nhau
- Cc trng thi trong cng mt ct nm trong nhm trng thi c xt
- Cc trng thi trong cng mt ct l cc trng thi tng ng
Sau khi thay th cc trng thi tng ng bng mt trng thi chung c
trng cho chng, lp li cc cng vic tm cc trng thi tng ng(cc hng
tng ng) khc, cho ti khi no khng th tm c cc hng(cc trng thi)
tng ng vi nhau na th dng li. S trng thi trong bng trng thi lc l
ti thiu.
p dng quy tc Caldwell vo bi ton trn, trong bng trn:
S
S0
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6

X=0
S2
S4
S6
S0
S0
S0
S0

S'
X=1
S1
S2
S5
S0
S0
S0
S0

Z
X=0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0

X=1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0

S4 tng ng S6, S3 tng ng S5, thay th cc trng thi tng ng

bng trng thi c trng cho chng, chng hn thay th S4, S6 bng S46, S3 v S5
bng S35, t lp c bng mi nh sau:

117

PTH-DTT

S
S0
S1
S2
S35
S46

X=0
S2
Z=0
S46
Z=0
S46
Z=0
S0
Z=1

X=1
S1
Z=0
S35
Z=0
S35
Z=0
S0
Z=1

S0

S0
Z=0

Z=0

T y ta li thy S1S2, bng s rt gn nh sau:

S
S0
S12
S35
S46

X=0
S12
Z=0
S46
Z=0
S0
Z=1

X=1
S12
Z=0
S35
Z=0
S0
Z=1

S0

S0
Z=0

Z=0

T bng trn, khng c trng thi no tng ng na, nh vy mch cn li 4

trng thi, vi hnh trng thi nh sau:
AB
00
01
11
10

118

S
S0
S12
S35
S46

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

AB
00

01

Ck

Ck
XCk

X Ck

10

11, Z=1

- Bc 5: M ho trng thi, cc trng thi c m ho nh bng trn

- Bc 6: Xc nh h phng trnh ca mch.
Da vo bng trng thi, bng ra xc nh u vo kch cho cc FF v phng
trnh tn hiu ra.
u vo kch cho cc FF-A v FF-B l JA, KA JB, KB tng ng vi gi tr ca tn
hiu vo X, theo bng sau:

Trng
thi hin
ti

Trng thi tip theo

X=0
X=1
X=0

AB
00
01
11
10

AB
01, Z=0
10, Z=0
00, Z=1
00, Z=0

AB
01, Z=0
11, Z=0
00, Z=1
00, Z=0

JA
0
1
x
x

KA
x
x
1
1

Cc u vo ca FF
X=1
X=0

X=1

JA
0
1
x
x

JB
1
x
x
0

KA
x
x
1
1

JB
1
x
x
0

KB
x
1
1
x

KB
x
0
1
x

Sau khi ti thiu ho, ta thu c:

JA=B; KA=1; JB= B ; KB= X + A ;
Phng trnh tn hiu ra Z c xc nh da vo bng chuyn i trng thi, bng
ra v bng m ho : Z=A.B.CK
Ngoi cch ny c th da trc tip vo phng trnh Ton v Toff xc nh.
- Bc 7: S mch:

119

PTH-DTT

'1'
CK

JA A

JB B

K B
A

2. Phng php phn hoch:

Phng php ny c da trn vic phn chia cc trng thi theo cc lp c
cc c im ging nhau, s phn chia thc hin nh sau:
- S phn chia ln th nht(P1)
T bng chuyn i trng thi v tn hiu ra ban u, phn chia cc trng thi
ban u thnh nhiu lp, trong mi lp l nhng trng thi c tn hiu ra nh nhau
khi tn hiu vo nh nhau.
- S phn chia ln 2(P2)
Xt cc trng thi trong cng mt lp ca P1: Nu cc trng thi nm trong
cng mt lp ca P1 c cc trng thi tip theo cng nm trong cng mt lp ca
P1 th c xp chung trong mt nhm. Nu khng tho mn th phi tch chng ra
thnh cc nhm khc nhau, v s c mt tp hp cc nhm mi P2
Tip tc thc hin nh trn, s c P3,P4,, Pi. Qu trnh phn chia s
dng li khi Pi+1=Pi, s nhm Pi chnh l s trng thi c ti thiu ho.
Sau y l mt v d minh ho:
Bng chuyn i trng thi v tn hiu ra ca mt mch dy ng b m t
bng sau:

120

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Trng thi hin ti

S0

X=0
S0

S1

S4

Z=0
Z=1
S2

S0
Z=1

S3

S5

S4

S1

S5

S5

S6

S0

Z=0
Z=1
Z=0
Z=1

Trng thi tip theo

X=1
S4
Z=1
S2
Z=0
S3
Z=1
S6
Z=1
S2
Z=0
S4
Z=1
S3
Z=1

+ S phn chia ln 1:
P1=(S0,S3,S5)(S1,S4)(S2,S6)
+ S phn chia ln 2:
P2=(S3)(S0, S5)(S1,S4)(S2,S6)
Ta c P3=P2=(S3)(S0, S5)(S1,S4)(S2,S6)
Trng thi hin ti
S05

X=0
S05

S14

S14

S26

S05

Z=0
Z=1
Z=1
S3

S05
Z=0

Trng thi tip theo

X=1
S14
Z=1
S26
Z=0
S3
Z=1
S26
Z=1

Nh vy cc lp trng thi tng ng ca mch c xc nh, sau khi ti

thiu ho mch ch c 4 trng thi nh trn.
3. Phng php dng bng so snh
Gi s ban u mch c n-1 trng thi trong S0, S1, S2, , Sn Lp bng so
snh c cc hng v ct nh hnh v.
Mi biu din cp so snh gia 2 trng thi tng ng(Si, Sj) ti hng v ct
tng ng vi . Tin hnh ti thiu ho nh sau:
- Trong mi , nu cp trng thi tng ng c tn hiu ra ging nhau vi mi t
hp tn hiu vo(hng trong bng ra nh nhau) th ghi vo cp trng thi m n
chuyn n ng vi tng t hp tn hiu vo. Nu tn hiu ra khc nhau th nh du
X vo .
- Kim tra nhng ghi cp trng thi: ny b gch i(X) nu nh trong c
mt cp trng thi b gch tng ng vi chng trc.

121

PTH-DTT

Tin hnh nh bc 2 cho ti khi no khng gch c no na th dng li,

nhng khng b gch s tng ng vi cc cp trng thi tng ng Si,Sj ti
hng v ct tng ng vi .
- Kim tra cc trng thi tng ng vi Si: trn bng ko theo s kim tra tng ct
t phi(Sn) sang tri(S0) xc nh cc lp trng thi tng ng, s lp trng
thi tng ng ca S0 chnh l s trng thi ca mch ti thiu.
Minh ha:
Cho bng chuyn i trng thi v tn hiu ra m t nh bng sau:
Trng thi hin ti
S0
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7

Trng thi tip theo

X=1
S2
Z=0
S0
Z=0
S5
Z=0
S1
Z=0
S6
Z=0
S0
Z=0
S7
Z=0
S2
Z=0

X=0
S0
Z=0
S3
Z=1
S5
Z=0
S4
Z=1
S6
Z=1
S2
Z=0
S1
Z=1
S7
Z=0

Sau y l cc bc ti thiu ho:

- Bc 1: nh du X vo nhng m cp trng thi tng ng vi c hng
tng ng trong bng tn hiu ra khc nhau. Nhng khng b gch, ghi nhng cp
trng thi S'i-S'j m 2 trng thi Si, Sj s chuyn bin ti ng vi tn hiu vo X=0
v X=1
- Bc 2: Tin hnh kim tra cc trong bng
Kim tra cc trong bng sau:
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S0

122

S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

S6

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

S1
S0-S5
S2-S5

S2
S3

S3-S4
S0-S1

S4

S3-S6
S0-S6

S5

S0-S2

S4-S6
S1-S6
S2-S5

S1-S3
S0-S7

S6
S0-S7

S1-S6
S6-S7

S5-S7
S2-S5

S7
S1

S0

S1-S4
S1-S7

S2

S2-S7

S3

S4

S5

S6

Gch thm mt s mi, c bng hnh sau

S1
S2
S3-S4
S0-S1

S3
S4

S3-S6
S0-S6

S5

S4-S6
S1-S6
S2-S5

S1-S3
S0-S7

S6

S1-S4
S1-S7

S1-S6
S6-S7

S5-S7
S2-S5

S7
S0

S1

S2

S2-S7

S3

S4

S5

S6

S5: (S6)(S5, S7)

S4: (S6)(S5, S7)(S4)
S3: (S6)(S5, S7)(S4)(S3)
S2: (S6)(S2, S5, S7)(S4)(S3)(S1)
S1: (S6)(S2, S5, S7)(S4)(S3)(S1)
S trng thi ti thiu bng s nhm trng thi tng ng ct S0, mch c
s trng thi ti thiu l 5.

123

PTH-DTT

Lp c bng chuyn i trng thi v tn hiu ra ti thiu nh bng sau:

Trng thi hin ti
S0257

X=0
S0257

S1

S3

S3

S4

Z=0
Z=1
Z=1
S4

S6
Z=1

S6

S1
Z=1

Trng thi tip theo

X=1
S0257
Z=0
S0257
Z=0
S1
Z=0
S6
Z=0
S0257
Z=0

IV. M ho trng thi

Trong cc minh ho trc y cc trng thi ca mch c m ho tu , c
nhiu cch m ho khc nhau v mi cch cho mt s khc nhau, cn phi chn
cch m ho sao cho s mch thc hin l n gin nht. Hin nay vn cha c
cch m ho no l ti u nht.
Thng thc hin theo 2 cch sau c c s tng i n gin
- Quy tc1:
Nu mt trng thi hin ti Si c th chuyn bin n nhiu trng thi S'i1,
S'i2,,S'in th cc trng thi S'ij phi c m ho bng cc t m k cn(ch khc
nhau mt bin).
- Quy tc 2:
Nu nhiu trng thi Sj1, Sj2,,Sjn cng chuyn bin n mt trng thi tip
theo S'j th cc trng thi Sj1, Sj2,,Sjn phi c m ho bng cc t m ho k
cn nhau.
V. Mch dy ng b dng m hnh Moore v m hnh Mealy
Nhc lai:
M hnh Moore l m hnh m tn hiu ra ch ph thuc vo trng thi trong
ca mch.
M hnh Mealy l m hnh m tn hiu ra ph thuc c vo trng thi trong
v tn hiu vo X.
Ta nghin cu 2 m hnh ny qua mt v d:
Thit k mt mch dy ng b nhn bit dy tn hiu vo, tn hiu vo c
a lin tip u vo ca mch theo dng nh phn, mi ln dy tn hiu vo l
101, mch s cho ra tn hiu Z=1, cc bt d liu vo c ng b vi xung nhp
Ck.
Gii:
- Bc 1: Xc nh bi ton
Theo u bi ra ta cn phi thit k 1 mch dy ng b pht hin dy tn hiu
vo, nu dy tn hiu vo c dng 101 th u ra Z=1
- Bc 2: Xc nh tn hiu vo, ra:
Mch c 2 u tn hiu vo l X v xung nhp Ck, v c mt u tn hiu ra Z, theo
nh s khi sau:

124

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

X 10100111011
Z

Mch
logic
Ck

- Bc 3: hnh trng thi, bng trng thi, v tn hiu ra

a, Nu dng m hnh Mealy:

X Ck

Ck

S0
AB
00

S3

AB
10

XCk
S1

X Ck

XCk
AB
01
XCk

X Ck

S2
Z=XCk

AB
11

Theo yu cu ca bi ton ch cn s dng 3 trng thi m ho S0, S1, S2.

Nh vy dng 2 bt nh phn s tha 1 trng thi, trnh tnh trng ri vo trng
thi kha, ta thit k mch khi ri vo trng thi , th ngay t xung nhp u
tin n s v S0. Ta c bng trng thi v tn hiu ra:

125

PTH-DTT

S
S0

X=0
S0
Z=0
S2
Z=0
S0
Z=0
S0
Z=0

S1
S2
S3

X=1
S1
Z=0
S1
Z=0
S1
Z=1
S0
Z=0

b, Vi m mnh Moore:
Chuyn t m hnh Mealy sang Moore ta c s v cch m ho nh
sau:
A
0
0
1
1

B
0
1
1
0

S
S0
S1
S2
S3

X Ck

S0
AB
00

XCk
S1

XCk

XCk
AB
01
X Ck

S3

XCk

Z=1
AB
10

X Ck

S2
AB
11

Trng thi S3 chnh l trng thi cho tn hiu ra Z=1

126

X Ck

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

- Bc 4:Ti thiu ho
Vi v d ny ta nhn thy cc trng thi khng th ti thiu thm c na.
- Bc 5: M ho trng thi, vi bi ton ny p dng phng php m ho khc
nhau 1 bt
A B
S
0 0
S0
0 1
S1
1 1
S2
1 0
S3
- Bc 6: H phng trnh ca mch
a, M hnh Mealy:
TONA=S1 X = AB X
TOffA=S3+ S2 X + S2X=S2+S3=A
TONB=S0X= AB X
TOffB=S2 X = AB X

=> JA=B X
=> KA=1
=> JB= AX
=> KB= A X

V Z= ABXCk
a, M hnh Moore:
TONA=S1 X = AB X
=> JA=B X
=> KA=BX
TOffA=S2 X + S3X=AB X +A B X
TONB= B ( AX + A)
=> JB=A+X
TOffB=S2 X +S2X

=> KB= A

V Z= A B
- Bc 7: S
a, M hnh Mealy:

'1'

JA A

JB B

K B

CK

127

PTH-DTT

b, M hnh Moore:

X
JA A

JB B

K B

K
CK

128

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Chng 12

Mch dy khng ng b
Nu mch dy ng b hot ng theo s iu khin ca xung nhp Ck th
mch dy khng ng b hot ng theo s iu khin bi cc s kin m khng
tun theo quy lut.
Tm li tt c cc mch dy m c iu khin bi cc s kin ngu nhin
th c xp vo nhm mch dy khng ng b.
I. Cc bc thit k:
V c bn ging vi cc bc thit k mch ng b, ch khc bc 5 v
bc 6

Xc nh bi ton

Xc nh tn hiu vo ra

hnh trng thi, bng trng thi, bng ra

Rt gn trng thi

M ho nh phn

Xc nh h phng trnh ca mch

S mch thc hin

129

PTH-DTT

- Bc 5: M ho nh phn
Mch khng ng b hot ng khng c s tc ng ca xung nhp, cho nn trong
mch thng xut hin hin tng chy ua huc hin tng chu k, dn ti s hot
ng khng chnh xc ca mch. Cho nn khi m ho cn c bin php loi tr.
- Bc 6: Xc nh h phng trnh ca mch:
Da vo bng trng thi bng tn hiu ra v c th da trc tip vo hnh.
C 2 cch u c 2 loi phng trnh:
+ Phng trnh ca mch ch dung NAND
+ Phng trnh ca mch ch dung RS-FF khng ng b v cc mch NAND
Cch 1: Da vo bng trng thi v tn hiu ra
*. Ch dng mch NAND:
K hiu A, B,, N l cc bin nh phn dng m ho trng thi trong ca mch.
X1, X2 ,,Xm l cc tn hiu vo c m ho nh phn
Z1, Z2 ,,Zn l cc tn hiu ra c m ho nh phn
Da vo bng trng thi, bng ra xc nh c h phng trnh:
A'=fA(A, B, ,N, X1, X1, .., Xm)
B'=fB (A, B, ,N, X1, X1, .., Xm)
.
N'=fN(A, B, ,N, X1, X1, .., Xm)
Z1 =g1(A, B, ,N, X1, X1, .., Xm)
Z2 =g2(A, B, ,N, X1, X1, .., Xm)

Zn =gn(A, B, ,N, X1, X1, .., Xm)

Ti thiu ho h hm ny v vit phng trnh dng ch dng NAND
*, Mch dng RS-FF v cc mch NAND
Trong bng m trng thi, cn c vo s thay i trng thi ca tng FF:
A->A'; B->B',,N->N', xc nh c gi tr tng ng ca u vo kch R, S cho
tng FF, t vit c h phng trnh:
RA=F1(A, B, ,N, X1, X1, .., Xm)
RB=F2(A, B, ,N, X1, X1, .., Xm)
Ti thiu ho hm v vit phng trnh dng dng NAND. Cch lm tng t vi
B, C,..,N
Cch 2: Da trc tip vo hnh trng thi
Ta c phng trnh u vo kch R, S ca FF-A l:
SA=Tp hp bt(on) ca A + [(1)]
RA=Tp hp tt(off) ca A + [(0)]
Tng t cho B, C,,N
*. Nu ch dng NAND
Ta c phng trnh ca RS-FF nh sau:
Q'=S+ RQ => A'=SA+ R A A
Sau tin hnh ti thiu ho tng phng trnh v vit di dng ch dng
NAND.
Tin hnh tng t vi B, C,..,N
* Nu ch dng RS-FF khng ng b v cc mch NAND
Ta cn xc nh SA, RA theo cc bin u vo v cc bin nh phn dng m ho:
RA=F1A(A, B, ,N, X1, X1, .., Xm)
SA=F2A(A, B, ,N, X1, X1, .., Xm)
RB=F2B(A, B, ,N, X1, X1, .., Xm)

130

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

..
RN=F1N(A, B, ,N, X1, X1, .., Xm)
SN=F2N(A, B, ,N, X1, X1, .., Xm)
Z1=Y1(A, B, ,N, X1, X1, .., Xm)
Z2=Y2(A, B, ,N, X1, X1, .., Xm)
.
Zn=Yn(A, B, ,N, X1, X1, .., Xm)
Ti thiu ho h phng trnh: vit cc phng trnh dng dng mch NAND.
II. m ho v Ti thiu ho thi trong mch dy khng ng
b.
1. M ho trng thi:
Ni chung m ho trng thi loi mch ny v nguyn tc cng ging nh
h thng mch dy xem xet, nhng lu vic m ho phi trnh c hin tng
chu k v chy ua.
Trnh hin tng chu k: Phi lu sao cho vi mi t hp tn hiu vo th
mch lun lun c mt trng thi n nh.
Trnh hin tng chy ua: Phi lu m ho sao cho vi tt c cc chuyn
bin trng thi c th c ca mch ch c duy nht mt bin thay i m thi, tc l
cc cp t m m ho cho Si v Sj(Si->Sj) c khong cch Hamming l 1
Minh ho:
Cho hnh trng thi ca mch dy khng ng b nh hnh sau:

S0

S1

AB
00

AB
01

S2
AB
11

Khi thay i t S2->S0 c hai bin nh phn u thay i(11->00), iu ny dn

n hin tng chy ua trong mch, trnh ta a thm bin S3 s thay i t
S2->S0 thng qua S3, tc l S2->S3->S0, m bo ch c mt bin thay i, thng
chn iu kin thot khi trng thi gi l v iu kin:

131

PTH-DTT

S0
AB
00

S1

V iu kin

AB
10

AB
01

S2

AB
11

S3

Tm lai: Khi m ho cc trng thi trong ca mch, trnh hin tng chu k, v
chy ua, ta cn c trng thi trung gian, thng thng tng s bit m ho tng
trng thi, v la chn trng thi trung gian cho hp l, v phi thit k vic thot
khi trng thi trung gian l v iu kin
2. Ti thiu ho:
Ging nh mch dy ng b, nhng thng ch n yu t mch chy tt l
c(khng c hin tng chy ua v chu k)
III. Hin tng chu k v chy ua
1. Hin tng chu k:
Hin tng chu k l hin tng ti mt t hp tn hiu no , mch lin tc
chuyn t trng thi ny sang trng thi khc theo mt chu k kn, ngha l trong
qu trnh khng c trng thi no n nh, do vy khi thay i tn hiu vo
khng xc nh c mch ang trng thi no trong dy cc trng thi ni trn.
V d: ng vi mt t hp tn hiu vo qu trnh chuyn i trng thi theo Hnh v
di y
Vic m ho trng thi s dng bin nh phn A v B l hon ton tu .
hnh trng thi, v bng trng thi nh sau:
Gi thit ban u mch trng thi S3(AB=10) v X=0, sau tn hiu vo
X thay i t 0 1, mch s chuyn t trng thi S3S0.
Nu X vn =1 mch s chuyn ln lt chuyn n cc trng thi tip theo
l S1, S2, , S0 . Khi X= 1 ta c:

132

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

S3 S0 S1 S2->S3, tc mch khng c trng thi n nh

S0

S1

AB
00

AB
01

X +X

X
S2

AB
10
S3

AB
11

X +X

X=1

X 0
S
S0 S2

1
S1

S1

S2

S2

S2

S3

S3

S3

S3

S0

2. Hin tng chy ua:

Hin tng chy ua trong mch khng ng b l hin tng, do tnh
khng ng nht ca cc phn t nh phn dng m ho trng thi, v mch hot
ng khng ng b nn khi chuyn trng thi t Si Sj mch c th chuyn theo
cc ng khc nhau.
Nu trng thi cui cng ca nhng con ng y l n nh v duy
nht th chy ua l chy ua khng nguy him, nhng nu cch chuyn trng thi
y dn n cc trng thi n nh khc nhau, c th ti trng thi kho v khng
thot ra c.
V d chy ua khng nguy him: Mt mch dy khng ng b c
bng trng thi m t hnh sau:
Mch c th thay i trng thi theo nhng con ng khc nhau tu thuc
vo th t thay i ca A v B:
-Nu A v B thay i ng thi mch s chuyn sang trng thi S2 ri mi
sang trng thi S3.
- Nu B thay i trc A th mch s ln lt chuyn qua S1, S2 ri mi
sang S3

133

PTH-DTT

- Nu A thay i trc B mch s chuyn t S0 sang S3

X 0
S
S0 S2

1
S1

S1

S2

S2

S2

S3

S3

S3

S3

S0

AB
00
01
11
10

B thay i trc A

Av B cng thay i

A thay i trc B

C 3 con ng chuyn i u dn n cng mt trng thi n nh S3.

Hin tng chy ua ny l chy ua khng nguy him.
Khi mch ang trng thi n nh(khoanh trn), n ch thay i trng thi
khi tn hiu vo thay i.
V d chy ua nguy him: hnh trng thi ca mt mch khng
ng b m t hnh
sau:
X

X
X

AB
00
S0

AB
11
S1

X
S2

AB
10

AB
01

S3
X
Gi thit trng thi ban u ca mch l S0(AB=00) v tn hiu vo X=0.
Nu X thay i t 01 mch s chuyn i trng thi nh sau:
- Nu A, B thay i ng thi mch s chuyn n S1
- Nu B thay i trc A th mch s chuyn n S2
- Nu A thay i trc B mch s chuyn n S3
y trng thi S3 l trng thi kho, nh vy khi A thay i trc B mch
s ri vo trng thi kho v khng thot ra c, chy ua khi ny l chy ua
nguy him

134

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

IV. Cc v d minh ho
1. V d 1:
Thit k mch m m s ngi vo thm mt vin bo tng, mch gm 2 LED
sng X1 v X2 c b tr nh hnh v. Mch thit k sao cho mi ln m c
mt ngi

Li vo

Li ra

X1

X2

Phn tch: Khi c mt ngi i vo th 2 chm sng s b chn lin tip:

- u tin X1 b chn, tip
- Tip theo X1 v X2 cng b chn
- Sau X2 b chn, mch c tn hiu ra Z=1(mt ngi i vo)
M hnh mch m nh sau:

X1
Mch m

X2

Quy c : Chm sng b chn X; Chm sng khng b chn X

Ta c hnh trng thi ca mch nh sau:

X 1X 2
S1

X 1X 2

X 1X 2

X 1X 2

S0

S4

S4

Tnh

S3

X 1X 2

X1X2

X 1X 2
X1X2

Z=1

X 1X 2

S2

Li ra
Li vo

X 1X 2

Tnh: trng thi tnh

S4

135

PTH-DTT

S0 l trng thi ban u ca mch(trng thi tnh)

- Nu mt ngi i vo s chuyn i trng thi ca mch s l
S0S1 S2 S3 S0
- Nu mt ngi i ra s chuyn i trng thi ca mch s l
S0S3 S4 S1 S0
- Nu mt ngi ngp ngng vo sau li i ra: ban u chn X1 ,
sau khng chn X1 na, trng thi mch: S0S1S0 khi ny mch s khng
m.
Lp bng trng thi, bng ra

Trng thi
hin ti
S0

X1
0
S0

Trng thi tip theo v tn hiu ra

X2
X1 X2
X1 X2
X1
0
0
1
1
1
1
Z=0

S3

X2
0
S0

Z=0

Z=0
S1

S2

S0

Z=0

S1

Z=0

Z=0

S2
S3

S1

S2

Z=0

Z=1

Z=0

S3
S0

S4

S3

Z=0

Z=0

Z=0

S4
S3

S1

S4

Z=0

Z=0

Z=0

Bng c 5 hng ng vi 5 trng thi hin ti c th xut hin v 4 ct, mi ct ng

vi mt t hp gi tr c th X1, X2. Mi ca bng biu din trng thi tip theo
v tn hiu ra tng ng vi trng thi hin thi v gi tr ca tn hiu vo X1, X2.
V d hng u tin ca bng ng vi trng thi hin ti l S0, nu tn hiu
vo l X1X2=01 mch s chuyn ti trng thi S3 v tn hiu ra Z=0. Trong ghi r
S3 v Z=0.
Trong bng trng thi, nhng trng thi c khoanh trn l nhng
c trng thi tip theo bng chnh trng thi hin ti, nhng trng thi l trng
thi n nh, v d trng thi hin ti l S0 vi tn hiu vo l X1, X2 l 00, trng
thi tip theo ca mch vn l S0. iu kin trng thi n nh l S'=S(S: trng thi
hin ti, S' trng thi tip theo).
Trn bng c nhng trng, nhng ny tng ng cc t hp tn hiu khng
xut hin u vo. Tht vy do cch xp xp ca 2 chm sng X1, X2 u ang
khng b chn(00) tng ng vi trng thi ban u S0, khng th ngay tc khc c
2 chm sng u b chn(X1X2=11). T hp tn hiu vo ny khng xut hin
tng ng vi trng hng th nht.

136

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Nu bng trng thi, bng ra c nhng trng th c th in gi tr khng

xc nh X vo cc , ri li dng ti thiu ho trng thi, c th nh sau:
C th gn trng thi tip theo v tn hiu ra vo cc trng sao cho hng c
trng c th kt hp vi cc hng khc.
bng trng thi, bng ra trn hnh trn, cc hng S0, S1, S2 v S3, S4c cc trng
thi tip theo v tn hiu ra tng ng l ging nhau nu ta gn:
- trng ca hng u tin(S0) l S2/Z=1
- trng ca hng th 2 S3/Z=0
- trng ca hng th 4 S1/Z=0
- trng ca hng th 3, th 5 S0/Z=0
Khi ta c bng ti thiu nh sau:

Trng thi
hin ti
S012

X1
0

Trng thi tip theo v tn hiu ra

X2
X1 X2
X1 X2
X1
0
0
1
1
1
1

S012

Z=0
S34

S012

Z=0

S34

S34

S012

Z=0
Z=0

S012

Z=1
S34

X2
0
Z=0

S012

Z=0

Z=0

hnh trng thi:

S012

X2

S34

Z=X1X2
A=0

A=1
X 1X 2

S dng 1 bit nh phn m ho, S012:0; v S34:1

Mch c tn hiu ra Z=1 khi X1X2=11 trng thi S012.
Vit phng trnh hm kch cho FF-A ta c:
SA= (Tp hp bt ca Q) +[(1)]= A X 1X 2 + A X 1X 2 = X 1X 2
RA= (Tp hp tt ca Q) +[(0)]= A X 2 + A X 1X 2 + AX 1X 2 = X 2
M phng trnh c trng ca RS-FF:
Q'A=SA+ R A Q A thay gi tr ca RA,SA vo ta c:
A'= X 1X 2 + X 2 A = X 1X 2 + X 2 A = ( X 1X 2).( X 2 A)
Phng trnh tn hiu ra:
Z= AX 1X 2
T ta xy dng c s nh sau:

137

PTH-DTT

X1
RA A
A
RA A
A
Z
X2
A': trng thi tip theo
2. V d 2
Thit k mch iu khin bm nc vo mt ng nc nh 2 bm p1 v P2, c 2
bm c m bm nc khi mc nc di mc 1 v vn m cho n khi cha
t mc 2. Khi va t mc 2 th bm P1 ngt, cn P2 vn bm. V P1 vn ngt
cho n khi nc li di mc 1, P2 vn m, ch khi nc t mc3 th P2 mi
ngt. V P2 vn ngt, ch m khi nc li xung di mc 1
Gii:
M ho trng thi:
+ a=1 khi mc nc ln hn huc bng mc 1, trng hp khc a=0
+ b=1 khi mc nc ln hn huc bng mc 2, trng hp khc b=0
+ c=1 khi mc nc ln hn huc bng mc 3, trng hp khc c=0
+ P=1 : Bm m; P=0 : bm ng

P1
Vo

P2
Vo
Mc3

c
b

Mc2

Mc1

Ra

138

Mch
logic

P1
P2

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

hnh trng thi:

T cc d liu u bi, lp hnh trng thi nh sau:

S0

S1
a

P1=0
P2=0

P1=1
P2=1

b
P1=0
P2=1
S2

- Trng thi S0 tng ng khi nc ln hn huc bng mc 3, c 2 bm P1 v P2

u ngt.
- Khi mc nc tt xung mc 1( a ), mch chuyn sang trng thi S1 lc c 2
bm u m.
- Khi nc t mc 2(b), mch chuyn sang trng thi S2 bm P1 vn bm, P2 tt.
C 2 kh nng sy ra
+ Nu nc tip tc dng ln mc 3(c) mch s chuyn sang trng thi S0 v c 2
bm u tt.
+ Nu nc gim xung mc 1( a ) mch chuyn sang trng thi S1; P1 vn bm, P2
tt.
Bng trng thi:
T hnh trng thi ta c bng trng thi, do ngha vt l ca cc bin vo, nn
ch c th c 4 kh nng sau ca abc: 000;100;110;111.
S

abc

000

100

110

111

S1
P1=1
P2=1

S0
P1=0
P2=0

S0
P1=0
P2=0

S0
P1=0
P2=0

S1
P1=1
P2=1

S1
P1=1
P2=1

S2
P1=0
P2=1

S1
P1=1
P2=1

S2
P1=0
P2=1

S2
P1=0
P2=1

S0

S1

S2
S0
P1=1
P2=1

139

PTH-DTT

M ho trng thi:
T bng trn ta thy, ng vi mi ct cu t hp tn hiu vo mch lun c it
nht mt trng thi n nh, ngha l trong mch khng c hin tng chu k, nh
vy khi m ho ch cn trnh hin tng chy ua, gii php thc hin bng vic
thm mt trng thi gi S3:

S0
P1=0
P2=0

AB
00

S1
a

P1=0
P2=0

AB
10

AB
11

S3

b
P1=0
P2=1
S2

H phng trnh ca mch:

T hnh trng thi, ta c h phng trnh ca mch nh sau:
SA=(Tp hp bt ca A)+[(1)]=b.B
RA=(Tp hp tt ca A)+[(0)]= B + B a = B + a
SB=(Tp hp bt ca B)+[(1)]= a A
RB=(Tp hp tt ca A)+[(0)]=cA
M phng trnh c trng ca RS-FF:
Q'A=SA+ R A Q A thay gi tr ca RA,SA vo ta c:
Q'A=A'= b.B + ( B + a). A = b.B + a. A.B
v
B'= a A + c. A.B = a A + (c + A) B
Phng trnh tn hiu ra:
P1= A.B
P2= A.B +AB=B
T ta xy dng c s nh sau:

140

AB
01

P1=1
P2=1

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

A
'

a
RA A

RB B

RA A
A

RB B
A

B
'

P1

P2
c

A', B': trng thi tip theo

141

PTH-DTT

Chng 13
Thit k mch s dng MSI v LSI

I. Khi nim:
Thit k mch s dng mch tch hp c va MSI v tch hp c ln LSI c mt s
c im khc vi mch SSI nghin cu:

SSI

MSI, LSI

Bi ton

Bi ton

Xc nh
phng trnh

Chn cc vi
mch MSI, LSI

Ti
thiu ho

Ni cc MSI, LSI cho trc

dng trn SSI nu cn

Thit k mch s dng MSI v LSI c th khng s dng ht kh nng ca

mch, nhng li kinh t v lm cho mch tng th c kch thc nh hn nhiu.
Cc vi mch thng dng di dng MUX, DEMUX,CODER, DECODER,
ROM, PLASau y l cc v d

142

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

II. B dn knh MUX

1. S tng qut:

E(Enable)
0
0

1
f

1
f

MUX
2n

2n
1

2. Cc ng d ng
a. Chuyn i d liu song song thnh ni tip
Minh ho bin i 8 bit song song thnh ni tip, vic iu khin a tn hiu ra
thc hin nh b m nh phn 3 u ra

D0
D1

Cc bt ra ni tip
(theo xung nhp)

MUX
D7
A
Ck

B
m

b, Mch to dy tn hiu tun hon:

Mun to dy tn hiu tun hon dng MUX ta thc hin ni cc u vo MUX, v
ni vi mc logic nht nh, vic thc hin a tn hiu ra nh mt b m nh phn
m cc u ra ca b m nh phn ny c a vo cc u vo iu khin ca
MUX , v d to tn hiu tun hon 10010011:

143

PTH-DTT

+5
D7
10010011

MUX
D0
A
C

B
m

II. ROM(Read Only Memory-b nh ch c)

1. S cu to:

n u vo
a ch

n u
vo a
ch

144

m u ra
d liu

ROM

Ma
trn
AND

2n tch

Ma
trn
OR

m u
ra
d liu

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

2. ng dng
a, Dng lm b nh trong, lu cc chng trnh c nh ca my tnh.
b, Dng thit k cc mch t hp
Khi dng ROM thit k mch t hp, coi X nh a ch vo ca ROM v
Y nh l cc s liu ra ca ROM, ROM c s dng nh mt bng tra cu(ging
bng chn l trong thit k mch t hp)

A
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

i ch
B
C
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1

Z1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0

Z2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1

u ra
Z4
Z5
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1

Z3
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1

Z6
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0

Z7
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0

Z8
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1

V d: Dng ROM xy dng b gii m nh phn sang 7 vch, c bng

chn l nh trn, cc u vao c xem l u a ch ca ROM, cc u ra 7 vch
chnh l u ra ca ROM.

M 7 vch:
M
16
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F

H
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

M nh phn
G
F
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1

E
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

P
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1

Q
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0

R
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0

M 7 vch
S
T
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1

U
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1

V
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1

145

PTH-DTT

Ma trn ni nh sau:
P0
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
P7
P8
P9
P10
P11
P12
P13
P14
P15

146

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

Ti liu tham kho:

1. K Thut S ng dng- NXB Th gii, 2002
2. Bi Ging K thut S- Trn Vn Vinh, HVBCVT, 2000
3. Digital Electronics, Roger L.Tokhenim, ISBN Editor, 1999
4. PAL Device Data Book Bipolar and CMOS, ISBN Editor, 1990
5. C s k thut in t s, B mn in t, i hc Thanh Hoa Bc Kinh 1996

147

PTH-DTT

Ph lc:

Chng 1. H thng m v m................................................... 4

I. Biu din s trong cc h thng m............................................... 4
1. Khi nim c bn ........................................................................ 4
2. Cc h m thng dng............................................................... 4
3. Biu din s trong cc h m .................................................... 5
II. h m hai (nh phn) ..................................................................... 6
III. M ho h s 10 ............................................................................ 8
1. Khi nim v m ho h s ......................................................... 8
2. Cc m thng dng...................................................................... 9
Chng 2.i S Boolean............................................................. 11
I. Khi nim chung............................................................................ 11
1. M u ...................................................................................... 11
2. Mt s khi nim c bn ........................................................... 11
II. Bin v hm logic ......................................................................... 13
1. Khi nim v bin v hm logic................................................ 13
2. Cc hm logic s cp................................................................. 14
3. H hm y d .......................................................................... 17
III. Phng php biu din hm logic ................................................... 18
1. Phng php dng bng gi tr ca hm ................................... 18
2. Phng php hnh hc ............................................................... 18
3. Phng php biu thc i s.................................................... 19
4. Phng php dng bng Karnaugh ........................................... 19
Chng 3.Ti thiu ho hm Boolean .................................. 21
I. Phng php ti thiu ho ............................................................. 21
1. Khi nim ti thiu ho............................................................. 21
2. Phng php ti thiu ho hm logic bng bin i i s ...... 22
3. Nhm cc phng php ti thiu ho theo thut ton............... 23
Chng 4.Gii thiu vi mch s ................................................ 27
I. nh ngha v phn loi ................................................................. 27
1. nh ngha................................................................................. 27
2. Phn loi vi mch theo bn cht ca tn hiu vo / ra ............... 27
3. Phn loi theo mt tch hp.................................................. 28
4. Phn loi theo cng ngh ch to.............................................. 28
II. Cc thng s chnh ca vi mch s .............................................. 30
1. Mc logic .................................................................................. 30
2. c tnh truyn t.................................................................... 30
3. Cc thng s v dng in. ....................................................... 32
4. Cng sut tiu th...................................................................... 33
5. H s ti FAN-IN; FAN-OUT .................................................. 34
6. Khong l chng nhiu (Noise Margin).................................... 35
148

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

7. Thi gian truyn t v thi gian qu .................................. 36

8. Dng v IC ................................................................................ 37
9. Gii hn nhit ....................................................................... 37
III. Cng ngh IC s .......................................................................... 37
1. Cng ngh n cc ................................................................... 37
2. Cng ngh lng cc................................................................. 40
3. Giao tip TTL-CMOS v CMOS-TTL. ..................................... 44
Chng 5.phn tch v Thit k mch t hp.................. 47
I. M hnh ton hc ca mch t hp................................................ 47
II. Phn tch mch t hp .................................................................. 48
III. thit k mch t hp .................................................................... 48
1. Bi ton thit k v cc bc thc hin..................................... 48
2. Thit k mch t hp 2 tng v nhiu tng ............................... 48
3. Thit k mt h hm t hp....................................................... 52
Chng 6.Mt s mch t hp thng gp ........................ 53
I. B cng nh phn mt ct s.......................................................... 53
1. Phn tch bi ton ...................................................................... 53
2. Xy dng s ......................................................................... 54
II. B tr nh phn mt ct s............................................................ 55
II. B tr nh phn mt ct s............................................................ 56
III. B so snh comparator ............................................................. 57
1. B so snh 2 s nh phn 1 bit................................................... 57
2. B so snh n bit ......................................................................... 58
IV. B to v kim tra chn l Parity Generator and Checker ....... 59
IV. B to v kim tra chn l Parity Generator and Checker ....... 60
1. Mch to bit chn l .................................................................. 60
2. Mch kim tra chn l............................................................... 60
V. Mch phn loi ngt ..................................................................... 62
VI. B chn knh v phn knh ........................................................ 63
1. B chn knh............................................................................. 63
2. B phn knh............................................................................. 63
VII. B chuyn m ............................................................................ 64
1. Cc loi m tiu biu................................................................. 64
2. Mch m ho - lp m (ENCODER) ........................................ 64
3. Mch gii m (DECODER) ...................................................... 66
4. Thit k mch chuyn m ......................................................... 69
5. Mt s vi mch chuyn m thng dng .................................... 69
Chng 7.Cc phn t nh c bn .......................................... 72
I.Khi nim chung............................................................................. 72
II. nh ngha v phn loi................................................................ 72
1. nh ngha................................................................................. 72
2. Phn loi FF .............................................................................. 72
149

PTH-DTT

2. Phn loi FF .............................................................................. 73

3. Biu din FF .............................................................................. 73
III. cc loi FF v iu kin ng b ................................................ 73
1. Flip-Flop kiu RS ...................................................................... 73
2. JK Flip-Flop. ............................................................................. 75
3. D Flip-Flop ................................................................................ 77
4. Flip-Flop kiu T. ....................................................................... 78
IV. Chuyn i gia cc loi FF ....................................................... 79
Chng 8.B m............................................................................... 81
I. nh ngha v phn loi ................................................................. 81
1. nh ngha:................................................................................ 81
2. Phn loi.................................................................................... 81
3. hnh trng thi ca b m:................................................. 82
II. M ca b m. ............................................................................ 83
III.Cc bc thit k b m ............................................................. 84
IV. Mt s dng b m thng gp................................................. 85
1. B m thun, ng b, h s m K= 2n, dng m nh phn. 85
2. Cc b m nghch, nh phn, ng b vi h s m chn..... 89
3. Cc b m nh phn, ng b vi h s m chn.................. 90
4. Thit k b m c mch khi ng ......................................... 91
VI. Lu khi thit k b m: .......................................................... 92
V. Mt s IC m thng gp:.......................................................... 92
Chng 9.M t v thit k mch dy................................. 93
I. Khi nim c bn. .......................................................................... 93
1. M hnh tng qut. .................................................................... 93
2 Phng php m t mch dy. ................................................... 93
II. Cc bc thit k mch dy.......................................................... 96
1. Thit k mch dy t bng trng thi ca Otomat. ................... 97
2. Thit k mch dy t hnh trng thi. .................................. 98
Chng 10.Thanh ghi dch ......................................................... 100
I, Khi qut...................................................................................... 100
1. nh ngha:.............................................................................. 100
2. Cu to..................................................................................... 100
3. Phn loi.................................................................................. 100
II. hnh tng qut ....................................................................... 101
1. S khi:............................................................................... 103
2. Cc bc thit k..................................................................... 104
IV. Mch to dy tn hiu tun hon............................................... 106
1. S khi:............................................................................... 106
2. Cc bc thit k..................................................................... 107
V. B m vng, v b m vng xun .......................................... 109
VI. B ghi dch vi hm hi tip l hm cng module 2 ............... 109
150

BomonKTDT-HGTVT

1. B ghi dch vi hm hi tip l hm cng module ............... 109

2. V d ng dng mch loi ny thit k b m: ................ 110
Chng 11.Mch dy ng b ................................................. 113
I. Phn tch....................................................................................... 113
II. Thit k ....................................................................................... 113
1. Cc bc thit k:.................................................................... 113
III. Ti thiu ho: ............................................................................ 115
1, Phng php Caldwell: ........................................................... 115
2. Phng php phn hoch: ....................................................... 120
3. Phng php dng bng so snh ............................................. 121
IV. M ho trng thi ...................................................................... 124
V. Mch dy ng b dng m hnh Moore v m hnh Mealy..... 124
Chng 12.Mch dy khng ng b.................................. 129
I. Cc bc thit k: ........................................................................ 129
II. m ho v Ti thiu ho thi trong mch dy khng ng b. .. 131
III. Hin tng chu k v chy ua ................................................. 132
1. Hin tng chu k:.................................................................. 132
2. Hin tng chy ua: .............................................................. 133
IV. Cc v d minh ho ................................................................... 135
1. V d 1:.................................................................................... 135
2. V d 2..................................................................................... 138
Chng 13.Thit k mch s dng MSI v LSI .................. 142
I. Khi nim:.................................................................................... 142
II. B dn knh MUX...................................................................... 143
1. S tng qut:....................................................................... 143
2. Cc ng d ng.......................................................................... 143
II. ROM(Read Only Memory-b nh ch c) ............................... 144
1. S cu to: .......................................................................... 144
2. ng dng.................................................................................. 145

151