CT 2

I. GII THIU
Trong h thng CDMA tri ph trc tip (DS-CDMA), tt c cc thu bao s dng cng
bng tn, nhng mi tn hiu pht c gn mt chui tri ring. Dng chui, di v tc
chp s xc nh kh nng ca h thng.
Cc chui Walsh v chui trc giao di bin i c thuc tnh trc giao hon ho vi
tr thi gian bng 0, v l cc chui l tng cho truyn dn hng thun (forward link) ca h
thng CDMA ng b (S-CDMA, synchronous CDMA). Cc chui tri trc giao c th c
s dng nu tt c cc thu bao ca mt knh m bo c ng b trong mt khong rt ngn
thi gian ca mt chip, do mc tng quan cho gia cc bn dch khc nhau ca cc chui trc
giao thng thng l khc 0. Ngoi vn ng b, trong mi trng thng tin di ng, truyn
dn a ng cng to ra cc tn hiu vi thi gian tr khc 0, do , lm mt i tnh trc giao
gia cc chui Walsh,
THIT K CHUI TRI TRC GIAO SUY RNG
CHO H THNG QS-CDMA
TRNH QUANG KHI
B mn K thut vin thng
Khoa in in t
Trng i hc Giao thng Vn ti
FAN PING ZHI
Vin Thng tin Di ng
Trng i hc Giao thng Ty Nam, Trung Quc
Tm tt: gim thiu hoc loi b giao thoa a truy nhp v giao thoa a ng
trong cc h thng CDMA xp x ng b nh LAS-CDMA, yu cu t ra l phi thit k
c tp chui tri trc giao trong mt min dch pha, hay cn c gi l min trc giao.
Bi bo ny gii thiu vic thit k cc chui tri mi nh chui trc giao suy rng v xp x
trc giao suy rng trong cc h thng QS-CDMA tri ph trc tip. Bn cnh vic thit k,
bi bo ny cng tho lun v phn tch l thuyt gii hn ca cc chui GO/GQO tun hon
v khng tun hon, cng ng dng ca cc chui trong h thng QS-CDMA.
Summary: For various quasi-synchronous (QS) CDMA systems such as LAS-CDMA
system emerging recently, to reduce or eliminate the multiple access interference and
multipath interference, it is essential to design a set of spreading sequences, mutually
orthogonal within a designed shift zone, also called orthogonal zone. In this paper, new
concepts of generalized orthogonality (GO) and generalized quasiorthogonality (GQO) for
spreading sequence design in direct sequence (DS) QS-CDMA systems are presented. Besides,
selected GO/GQO sequence design and general theoretical periodic and aperiodic limits,
together with application in QS-CDMA system, are also reviewed and analyzed.
CT 2
i vi h thng CDMA khng ng b (A-CDMA, asynchronous CDMA), khng yu
cu c s ng b gia cc chui tri c truyn, tr gia cc chui tri c truyn l bt
k. Do , loi b giao thoa a truy nhp, cn thit k mt tp chui tri c hm t tng
quan (ACFs-autocorrelation functions) dng impulse v cc mc tng quan cho (CCFs-
crosscorrelation functions) bng 0. Tht khng may, theo cc nh l bin Welch v cc l
thuyt gii hn khc, v mt l thuyt, khng th thit k cc chui c thuc tnh l tng nh
vy. Do , trong h thng A-CDMA, chui tri thng thng c thit k sao cho c mc t
tng quan v tng quan cho thp, v d nh chui Gold, chui Kasami,
gii quyt nhng kh khn trn, hai khi nim mi, cc chui trc giao suy rng (GO-
generalized orthogonality) v xp x trc giao suy rng (GQO-generalized quasi-orthogonality),
c xut, p dng trong h thng CDMA xp x ng b (QS-CDMA, quasi-synchronous
CDMA), c kh nng loi b giao thoa a truy nhp v giao thoa a ng. Cn ch rng, cc
chui GO cn c gi l cc chui ZCZ (min tng quan 0), IFW, ZCW, ZCD, hay NHZ khi
p dng i vi h thng nhy tn/thi gian, s dng hm tng quan Hamming.
Trong h thng QS-CDMA (hnh 1), hay cn c gi l h thng CDMA xp x ng b
(AS-CDMA, approximately synchronous CDMA), cc hm tng quan ca cc chui tri GO
c m bo nhn gi tr 0 hoc gi tr rt thp trong mt min tng quan (min GO hoc
GQO) xung quanh gc thi gian 0. ngha ca chui GO i vi h thng QS-CDMA l d
tr gia cc tn hiu tri nhn c do b nh hng ca truy nhp ng b v truyn dn a
ng th tnh trc giao gia cc tn hiu vn c duy tr min l tr khng vt qu gii
hn cho php.
Mt v d in hnh v h thng QS-CDMA c th k n l h thng CDMA ng b
vng rng (LAS-CDMA, large area synchoronous CDMA), s dng cc chui tri tam phn (-1,
0, 1) LA (large area ternary sequences) v LS (loosely synchronous), hay cc chui m thng
minh (smart code sequences). Do dung lng h thng v hiu qu ph cao, cng ngh LAS-
CDMA tr thnh mt ng vin cnh tranh cho cng ngh 4G.
Hnh 1. Cc m hnh h thng CDMA

s
1
(t)
B quyt
nh
Knh u thu
AWGN

b
T
0
a(1)(t)

1
a
(2)
(t)

2
a
(M)
(t)
(2P)cos(
c
t+

M
)
b
(M)
(t)

M
b
(2)
(t)
b
(1)
(t)
(2P)cos(
t
+
1
)
(2P)cos(
c
t +
2
)
tr
tr
tr
s
2
(t)
s
M
(t)
a
(i)
(t)
cos(
c
t)
n(t)
r(t)
Z
(i) b(i)(t)
u pht
A-CDMA:
k
bt k
QS-CDMA:
k
Z
0
S-CDMA:
k
=0
CT 2
Cc ni dung tip theo ca bi bo ny c sp xp nh sau: trong phn 2, nh ngha cc
khi nim chui mi nh trc giao suy rng, v xp x trc giao suy rng, c trnh by km
theo v d minh ha. Phn 3 gii thiu cc nh l mi v gii hn bin ca chui. Phng thc
thit k chui trc giao suy rng nh phn da trn cp chui b c cp trong phn 4. Phn
5 trnh by m hnh h thng QS-CDMA s dng chui trc giao suy rng v tnh ton BER
trong h thng .
II. NH NGHA CHUI TRC GIAO, TRC GIAO SUY RNG, XP X TRC
GIAO V XP X TRC GIAO SUY RNG
Xt mt tp hp chui } a {
) r (
n
gm M chui, mi chui c di l N, r = 1, 2, , M; n =
0, 1, , (N-1). Tp chui ny c gi l trc giao, hay trc giao suy rng khi tha mn cc
tnh cht tng quan tun hon tng ng di y:
( )

'

+
, s r , 0 for , 0
, s r , 0 for , N
a a
1 N
0 n
) s (
n
) r (
n s , r

(1)
( )

'

<

+
, Z 0 for , 0
, s r , 0 for , 0
, s r , 0 for , N
a a
0
1 N
0 n
) s (
n
) r (
n s , r

(2)
, (n + ) c tnh theo modulo N. Cc chui trn c k hiu tng ng l G(N, M)
v GO(N, M, Z
0
). D thy, GO(N, M, 0) =

G(N, M). Khi r = s cc hm trn y c gi l hm
t tng quan ca chui r (hoc s), khi r s gi l hm tng quan cho ca chui r v s.
T cng thc 1, c th nhn thy, vi cc chui trc giao thng thng, gi tr tng quan
gia cc chui th r v th s ca tp chui bng 0 ch ti thi im tr thi gian bng 0.
cc thi im khc, ni chung, gi tr ny khc 0, v d nh trng hp ca chui Walsh. y l
nguyn nhn lm tng nh hng ca giao thoa a ng.
Trong cng thc 2, gi tr Z
0
biu din rng ca min trc giao. Hin nhin, vi mt
chui c di xc nh, gi tr ny cng ln cng tt. Khi Z
0
= 0, chui GO tr thnh chui
trc giao thng thng.
tng kch thc cu tp chui nhng vn m bo mc giao thoa gia cc thu bao
thp, chui xp x trc giao QO(N, M, ) c nh ngha nh di y:
( )

'

+
, s r , 0 for ,
, s r , 0 for , N
a a
1 N
0 n
) s (
n
) r (
n s , r

(3)
CT 2
trong cng thc 3, gi tr rt nh khi so vi N.
T , chui xp x trc giao suy rng, GQO(N, M, , L
0
) c nh ngha nh sau:
( )

'

<

+
, L 0 for ,
, s r , 0 for ,
, s r , 0 for , N
a a
0
1 N
0 n
) s (
n
) r (
n s , r

(4)
y, L
0
c go i la min xp xi tr c giao suy rng. Ro rang rng, tp GQO, se tr thanh
tp QO khi L
0
= 0, tp GO khi = 0, va la tp trc giao khi ca L
0
= 0 va = 0.
Tng t, chui GQO khng tun hon (aperiodic GQO), c nh ngha nh sau:

'

<

+
, L 0 for ,
, s r , 0 for ,
, s r , 0 for , N
a a ) (
0
1 N
0 n
) s (
n
) r (
n s , r

(5)
Mi quan h gia hm tng quan tun hon,
s , r

, (hay cn gi l hm tng quan chn-

even correlation), hm tng quan l (odd correlation),
s , r

, vi hm tng quan khng tun

hon,
s , r

, c biu din bi cng thc:

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) N

N
s , r s , r s , r
s , r s , r s , r

+

(6)
Vi du 1: Gi s cho hai chui GO a
1
, v a
2
nh di y, cc hm t tng quan v tng
quan cho ca hai chui a
1
v a
2
c biu din trong hnh 2.
CT 2
Hnh 2. Cc hm t tng quan v tng quan cho ca hai chui GO a1 v a2
a
1
= [1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -1, 1, 1,
-1, 1, -1, -1]
a
2
= [1, 1, -1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1, 1, -1, 1, 1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1,
-1, -1, 1]
CT 2
III. CC NH L V GII HN CA CHUI GO/GQO
Phn di y gii thiu cc nh l v l thuyt gii hn mi trong vic thit k cc chui
GO/GQO tun hon v khng tun hon.
a. i vi chui tun hon
Mi quan h gia hm t tng quan
a
, tng quan cho
c
, N, M v L
0
c xc lp bi
bt ng thc:
( ) 1 L M
N
N
M
1
1
1 L
1
1
M
1
0
2
2
c
2
a
0
+

,
_

,
_

(7)
Trong trng hp L
0
= N - 1, bt ng thc (7) trn tr thnh gii hn bin Sarwate:
( )
1
N
1
N 1 M
1 N
2
c
2
a
2
+

(8)
Nu t
m
= max{
a
,
c
}, (8) tr thnh gii hn bin Welch ni ting:
( )
1 MN
N 1 M
2
2
m

(9)
T (9), c th nhn thy rng,
m
ch c th bng 0 khi v ch khi M = 1 v N 1. Vi
chui nh phn, ch c duy nht mt chui c di bng 4 tha mn
m
= 0, l chui
{a
n
} = (1110). Tuy nhin, t gii hn bin GO ca Tang-Fan
[5]
ch ra,
m
c th nhn gi tr 0
trong ton b min Z
0
tha mn.
1
M
N
Z
0

(10)
b. i vi chui khng tun hon
Gii hn bin Peng-Fan xc lp quan h gia hm t tng quan
a
, tng quan cho
c
, N,
M v L
0
nh sau:
( )( )
2 2 2
c
2
a
ML ML 2 MNL 3 N 3 MN 3 1 M 1 L 3 L 3 + + +
(11)
0 L L
0
.
Nu t
m
= max{
a
,
c
}, Tang-Fan ch ra rng:
( ) ( ) 1 N 2 1 M ML
1 N 2 M ML
0
0 2
m
+
+ +

(12)
CT 2
VI. PHNG PHP TO CHUI NH PHN GO
thit k cc chui GO nh phn c th da trn tp b trc giao ln nhau, cp chui b
hon ho hoc cp ma trn Hadamard, trong phn ny, chng ti s gii thiu mt phng thc
thit k l bn ci tin thit k chui GO u tin
[1]
. Phng thc thit k chui GO phi nh phn
(a mc, phc) c th tham kho ti liu
[2]
.
Xt ma trn F
(n)
gm M
n
hng, mi hng c xem l mt chui, mi chui c di N
n
,
khi ma trn F
(n+1)
c 2.M
n
chui vi di chui l 4.N
n
c xc nh nh di y
1
]
1

+
) n ( ) n ( ) n ( ) n (
) n ( ) n ( ) n ( ) n (
) 1 n (
F F F ) F (
F ) F ( F F
F
(13)
, F
(n)
F
(n)
l ma trn c phn t th ij ca n c to thnh bng cch ghp xu chui
hai phn t th ij ca ma trn F
(n)
th nht v F
(n)
th hai.
Cu trc ca chui GO da trn mt ma trn khi to F
(0)
c cha mt cp chui b
(complementary sequence mate):
1 m
2 x 2
m m
m m
) 0 (
22
) 0 (
21
) 0 (
12
) 0 (
11 ) 0 (
X Y
Y X
F F
F F
F
+
1
]
1

1
]
1

(14)
,
m
Y v -Y
m
tng ng l cc chui nghch o v chui b ca chui Y
m
. Hai chui
X
m
v Y
m
c di N
m
= 2
m
, c xc nh bng php quy di y:
[X
0
, Y
0
] = [1, 1]
[X
m
, Y
m
] = [X
m-1
Y
m-1
, (-X
m-1
)Y
m-1
]
Ma trn F
(n+1)
lc ny cha tp chui GO(2
2n+m+1
, 2
n+1
, 2
n+m-1
).
V d 2: Chn m = 2, n = 1, t phng php trn y to ra chui GO(32, 4, 4) nh sau:
a
1
(1)
= {
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
}
a
1
(2)
= {
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
}
a
1
(3)
= {
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
}
a
1
(4)
= {
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
}
, cc phn t +, - ca chui biu din cc bt 1, -1.
Hm t tng quan
1
ca chui a
1
(1)
v tng quan cho ca chui a
1
(1)
vi cc chui a
1
(m)
cn li c k hiu l
1,m
c gi tr c th nh sau:
1
[32, 0, 0, 0, 0, -4, 0, -4, 0, -12, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, -12, 0,
-4, 0, -4, 0, 0, 0, 0]
CT 2
1,2

[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -4, 8, -12, 0, 4, -8, -4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, -8, -4, 0,
12, 8, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0]
1,3

[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, -12, 0, -4, 0, -4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 32, 0, 0, 0, 0, -4, 0, -4, 0,
-12, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0]
1,4

[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, -8, -4, 0, 12, 8, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -4, 8, -12, 0, 4, -8, -4, 0, 0, 0, 0]
V. NG DNG CHUI GO TRONG H THNG QS-CDMA
Trong thc t, i vi mt knh fading a ng, rt kh t c vn ng b gia
cc thu bao khc nhau, bi phi duy tr vic ng b thi gian chnh xc. Thm na, gi
c thuc tnh trc giao hon ho gia cc m tri u thu cng l mt thch thc ln. Trong
cc h thng CDMA truyn thng s dng cc chui Walsh-Hadamard hoc OVSF, cng vi
chui m, Gold/Kasami, , do kh khn trong vic ng b thi gian v mc tng quan cho
xung quanh gc thi gian ln, gy nn nh hng gn-xa, iu khin cng sut nhanh (fast
power control) thng thng c p dng gi mc tn hiu nhn c u thu ca trm
gc ng u. Mt khc, trong knh hng thun (forward channel), cng sut ca tt c cc tn
hiu phi gi mc ng u. Do cng sut truyn dn ca mt thu bao giao thoa vi thu bao
khc v thm ch vi bn thn n, nn nu mt trong s cc thu bao trong h thng n
phng tng cng sut ca n, th tt c cc thu bao cn li cng phi tng cng sut ng thi.
Vic phn tch v so snh c tnh ca cc tp chui tri GO, Walsh-Hadamard, Gold,
trong cc trng hp c iu khin cng sut hon ho v khng hon ho c trnh by
trong [4], cho thy u im ca chui GO so vi cc chui cn li.
H thng QS-CDMA, thng gi thit rng mi thu bao c tr truyn dn c lp tha
mn
c 0 max
'
k
T Z , ,
'
k
l tr ca tn hiu th k, T
c
l chu k chip, v Z
0
l min
trc giao c xc lp trc. Trong trng hp c nh hng ca truyn dn a ng, iu
kin di y phi c m bo:
{ }
c 0 max
"
k
'
k
T Z , max
(15)

'
k
l tr do truy nhp xp x ng b, v
"
k

l tr do truyn dn a ng, v
d nh tn hiu QS-CDMA nhn c trong mt knh 2 ng hnh 3.
CT 2
Hnh 3. Tn hiu QS-CDMA nhn c trong mt knh 2 ng
Nh vy, trong vic thit k h thng QS-CDMA, gim bt hoc loi b giao thoa a
truy nhp hoc giao thoa a ng, cn phi thit k mt tp chui tri c min trc giao Z
0
tha mn (9).
a. M hnh h thng QS-CDMA
Xt m hnh h thng QS-CDMA nh trong hnh 1, gm c K thu bao. Tn hiu u vo
b
k
(t) ca thu bao k l chui xung ch nht c rng T
b
, bin n v, c tri bi chui
a
k
(t) c rng xung T
c
vi chu k N = (T
b
/T
c
). Tn hiu b
k
(t) c th biu din di dng:
( )

l
b T l , k k
lT t p b ) t ( b
b

{ } 1 , 1 b
l , k
+
.
Lung tn hiu sau c iu ch BPSK, P l cng sut cng sut tn hiu,
c
tn
s trung tm,
k
biu din pha ca sng mang, tr
[ ]
max k
, 0
Tn hiu nhn c u thu l:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+ +
K
1 k
k c k k k k
) t cos( . t b . t a P 2 t n t r
(16)
trong :
k c k k
v n(t) l tp m AWGN vi mt ph hai pha l N
0
/2.
u ra b tng quan u thu i vi thu bao i c xc nh bi:

,
_

+ +


K
i k , 1 k
i , k o , i b i
I b T
2
P
Z

(17)

' max{, }<

max
= Z
0
T
c
Frame
0
Frame
1
ng th nht
ng th hai
s
b
(t)
s
a
(t)
s
b
(t)
s
a
(t)
CT 2
vi l bin ngu nhin Gausian trung bnh 0, phng sai (2E
b
/N
0
)
-1
, E
b
= PT
b
l nng
lng/bit, b
i,0
l thnh phn tn hiu mong mun,

K
i k , 1 k
i , k
I
l giao thoa a truy nhp.
[ ]
ki ki i , k 0 , k ki i , k 1 , k
b
i , k
cos ) ( R b ) ( R b
T
1
I +

(18)
,
ki
v
ki
biu din tr pha v thi gian gia thu bao i vi thu bao k. Vi 0 lT
c

(l+1)T
c
T
b
hai hm tng quan R
k,i
( ) v
) ( R

i , k

c dng:
R
k,i
=
k,i
(l-N)T
c
+[
k,i
(l-N+1)-
k,i
(l-N)]( -lT
c
)
[ ] ) lT ( ) l ( ) 1 l ( T ) l ( ) ( R

c i , k i , k c i , k i , k
+ +

k,i
l hm tng quan khng tun hon gia chui a
i
v a
k
c xc nh bi cng thc (5).
b. Xc nh BER bng phng php xp x Gaussian trong h thng QS-CDMA
Chng ta c th xc nh t l li bit h thng bng phng php xp x Gaussian [3]. Xc
xut li bit ca thu bao th i c th c xp x ha bi
1
1
]
1

,
_

2 / 1
K
i k , 1 k
2
i , k
b
0
e
) I ( E
E 2
N
Q P

(19)
Phng sai ca
i , k
I
c xc nh bi:
( ) [ ]
) V U (
N Z 12
1
d ) ( p . ) ( R

) ( R
T 2
1
I E
2
0
ki ki ki
2
i , k ki
2
i , k
2
2
2
b
2
i , k
ki
max
max
+
+

(20)
U, V c xc nh nh sau:
( )
( )] ) 1 l (

) l (

2 ) 1 l ( ) l ( 2 ) 1 l (

3 ) 1 l ( 3 ) l (

) l (
Z 4
1
) 1 l (

) l (

) 1 l ( ) l ( ) 1 l (

) 1 l ( ) l (

) l (
Z
l
1 U
i , k i , k i , k i , k
2
i , k
2
i , k
2
i , k
2
i , k
0
1 Z
0 l
i , k i , k i , k i , k
2
i , k
2
i , k
2
i , k
2
i , k
0
0
+ + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + +

,
_

( )
( )] ) 1 l (

) l (

2 ) 1 l ( ) l ( 2 ) 1 l (

) 1 l ( ) l (

3 ) l ( 3
Z 4
1
) 1 l (

) l (

) 1 l ( ) l ( ) 1 l (

) 1 l ( ) l (

) l (
Z
l l N
1 V
i , k i , k i , k i , k
2
i , k
2
i , k
2
i , k
2
i , k
0
1 N
Z N l
i , k i , k i , k i , k
2
i , k
2
i , k
2
i , k
2
i , k
0
0
+ + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + +

,
_

CT 2

k,i
v
i , k

ln lt l cc hm tng quan cho chn v l ca hai chui a

i
v a
k.
C th nhn thy t cng thc trn, hiu nng ca h thng QS-CDMA thc s ph thuc
vo cc hm tng quan ca cc chui tri. , cc chui ng dng c mong i c c hm
tng quan chn v l xung quanh gc thi gian mc thp.
VI. KT LUN
Bi bo ny gii thiu cc khi nim v phng php thit k cc chui tri mi GO/GQO
- trc giao suy rng/xp x trc giao suy rng c ng dng trong h thng QS-CDMA. Cc
chui tri trn cng c th c ng dng trong cc h thng CDMA a sng mang (MC-
CDMA) hoc LAS-CDMA, Trn thc t, vic thit k cc chui tri ny vn ang tip din,
nhm to ra cc chui tri ti u, t ti gii hn bin l thuyt.
Ti liu tham kho
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zone, IEE Electronics Letters, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 777-779, 1999.
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sequences, IEE Electronics Letters, vol. 42, no. 13, pp. 748-750, June 22, 2006.
[3]. M.B.Pursley. Performance evalution for phase coded spread spectrum multiple access
communications-part I: system analysis, IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 795-
799, 1977.
[4]. A.S.R.Kuramoto, T.Abro, and P.J.E.Jeszensky. Spreading sequences comparison for QS-CDMA
systems, ISSSTA 2004, Sydney, Australia, 30 Aug. 2 Sep. 2004, pp. 350-354.
[5]. X.H.Tang, P. Z. Fan, and S. Matsufuji. Lower bounds on correlation of spreading sequence set with
low or zero correlation zone, IEE Electronics Letters, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 551-552, 2000