IU KHIN TC TURBINE GI BNG CCH S DNG NG C BC XOAY CNH

CONTROLLING THE SPEED OF WIND TURBINE BY USING SPEED CHANGEABLE ENGINE (STEP ENGINE) TO REVOLVE THE WINGS
NGUYN VN YN i hc Nng PHM PHONG Hc vin cao hc kho 2004-2007

TM TT Nhc im ca ng c gi l khi tc gi thay i, tc quay ca turbine cng thay i theo. C th gi cho tc quay ca turbine n nh bng cch xoay cnh turbine, thay i din tch b mt hng gi ca cnh. Bi bo gii thiu kt qu nghin cu thit k, ch to m hnh iu khin tc quay ca turbine gi bng cch s dng ng c bc xoay cnh. ABSTRACT A weakness of the wind engine is that when the wind speed changes, the revolving speed of the engine also changes. Rotating speed of turbine can be stablized by rotating the wings of the turbine, changing the surface area of the wings facing the wind. The paper presents the research results of designing, and manufacturing a model of controlling revolving speed of wind turbine by using step engine to revolve the wings.

1. T VN
Loi ngi bit s dng nng lng gi t rt lu, nhng mc hn ch. Ngy nay cc nc vng n i v hn i quan tm v c nhng thnh qu tt, c bit trong vic sn xut ra cc my pht in gi cng sut ln, ha vo h thng in quc gia. My pht in gi cng sut ln i hi phi c h thng iu tc tt, m bo s vng quay ca trc turbine nm trong gii hn quy nh. Hin nay, thng dng phng php xoay cnh turbine, iu chnh din tch b mt hng gi ca cnh turbine n nh tc . Vi my pht in gi cng sut nh, vic xoay cnh thng hay dng phng php ly tm ca khi lng quay. Khi tc gi thay i s lm tc quay ca turbine thay i, lc ly tm ca vt quay cng thay i. Nu gi ln, vn tc gi tng, lc ly tm tng ln, tc dng ln c cu xoay cnh turbine lm gim din tch b mt hng gi, dn n hn ch mc tng tc quay ca turbine. Khi gi du i, vn tc gi gim xung, cnh turbine t xoay dn v v tr ban u, duy tr tc quay ca turbine trong phm vi cho php. Kt cu my s dng lc ly tm xoay cnh turbinetng i n gin, nhng c nhc im l p ng chm, chnh xc iu chnh thp, khong bin thin tc quay ca turbine qu ln. Qua nghin cu ng c bc, c th s dng n xoay cnh turbine cho my pht in gi. Nguyn l lm vic ca h thng xoay cnh nh sau: t cho trc turbine gi mt gii hn tc cho php; khi tc gi ln hn quy nh, trc turbine s quay nhanh hn, b phn cm bin nhn c tn hiu, chuyn n b iu khin, b iu khin so snh vi tc quay quy nh, pht tn hiu n ng c bc, ng c xoay cnh turbine mt gc gim b mt hng gi; khi tc gi gim, ng c s xoay cnh quay tr li. Bng cch ny, tc

quay ca trc turbine c iu chnh kp thi, khong dao ng ca tc quay tng i nh.

2. C S L THUYT
Vic bin i nng lng gi tun theo nhng nguyn l c bn v kh nng s dng gi v kh nng ti u ca cc turbine. t turbine gi trong dng chy ca khng kh, khi khng kh n gn turbine b li, p sut dng chy tng ln v vn tc gim, n khi dng chy chm vo mt turbine trao cho turbine nng lng. Dng chy pha sau turbine b nhiu xoy, gy bi chuyn ng ca turbine v s tc ng vi cc dng khng kh xung quanh. V nguyn tc, dng chy phi c duy tr. Do , nng lng turbine thu nhn c b hn ch. Trong trng hp ton b nng lng gi c turbine thu nhn, th vn tc gi ng sau turbine s bng khng. Mun cho dng chy c cn bng gia khi lng v vn tc, nng lng chy qua turbine phi b mt mt. i vi h ti u, s phn trm cc i ca nng lng gi c th thu nhn c tnh theo cng thc do Carl Betz a ra nm 1927 :
Pmax V03 = 0,593 Ar 2

Trong : P l mt nng lng Ar l din tch qut ca cnh turbine V0 l vn tc gi ban u - Mt nng lng trn mt n v th tch dng chy khng kh. S 0,593 c gi l gii hn Betz hoc h s Betz. Bng phng php phn tch n gin v ng lng i vi ng c gi trc ngang tm c h s cng sut cc i ca n l 16/27 tc l 59,3%. iu ny c Betz chng minh (1927). Hin nhin y l trng hp s cnh v hn (tr lc bng khng) l iu kin ca mt ng c gi l tng. Trong thc t c 3 nhn t lm gim nh h s cng sut cc i: (1) Pha sau turbine gi tn ti dng xoy (2) S cnh ca turbine gi l c hn (3) Cd/Cl khng bng 0 Cl l h s nng, Cd l h s cn.
1 V 2 . A 2 D 1 Cd = V 2 . A 2 Cl = L

- mt khng kh (kg/m3) V - vn tc dng khng kh (gi) khng b nhiu lon A - Din tch hnh chiu ca cnh (din tch hng gi) m2. L - Lc nng. D - Lc cn. trong :

Nh vy, khi thay i din tch b mt hng gi ca cnh turbine, th hiu sut s dng nng lng gi ca turbine thay i, tc l thay i lc tc dng ln cnh lm quay turne. Khi

gi tng tc , nng lng gi tng ln, nhng cng sut trn trc turbine hu nh khng tng ln. H thng thit b khai thc nng lng gi rt khc nhau v kch thc, hnh dng v dng nng lng cui cng nhn c. Ni chung h thng thit b khai thc nng lng gi c cc phn: B gp sc gi, chuyn ng s cp, thit b sn sinh nng lng cui cng. H thng my pht in gi, dng nng lng cui cng l in nng; b gp gi l turbine gi; chuyn ng s cp l chuyn ng quay trn ca trc turbine; thit b sn sinh in nng l my pht in. my pht in hot ng tt, c th ho c vo li in quc gia, chuyn ng s cp - chuyn ng quay trn ca trc turbine phi c tc quay hp l v t thay i. Hin nay trong cc h thng t ng thng s dng ng c bc thc hin cc chuyn ng ri rc. ng c bc lm vic c l nh c b chuyn mch in t, a cc tn hiu iu khin vo cc cun dy stato, theo th t v tn s nht nh. Tng s gc quay ca rto tng ng vi s ln chuyn mch, chiu quay v tc quay ca rto ph thuc vo th t chuyn i v tn s chuyn i. ng c bc thc cht l ng c ng b nhng khng quay lin tc m lm vic ch quay ri rc, c kh nng c nh rto nhng v tr cn thit. Nh vy c th s dng ng c bc thc hin xoay cnh turbine i mt gc nh, tng ng vi tn hiu iu khin c truyn n ng c.

3. THIT K V CH TO M HNH IU KHIN TC QUAY CA TURBINE

kim nghim li c s l thuyt nu trn, chng ti tin hnh thit k, ch to m hnh iu khin tc quay ca trc turbine gi bng cch s dng ng c bc xoay cnh. M hnh th nghim c trnh by trn Hnh 1.
Hin th tc

iu tc Cm bin tc

Qut

380 V B BT g c

Chuyn i

So snh

Chun

iu khin . kh

Hnh 1. M hnh th nghim iu khin tc quay ca turbine bng s dng ng c bc xoay cnh

- to nn gi c tc lm quay turbine, chng ti dng mt qut cng nghip c cng sut 2,2 kW, c th thay i v cp tc quay t 50 2000 v/ph. Tc quay ca qut c thay i bng my bin tn, c cng sut 2,2 kW, phm vi thay i tn s t 0 n 75 Hz. - Cnh turbine c ch to tng cnh ri theo tnh ton thit k. S dng 3 cnh, lp vo 3 trc xoay c. - Trc mang cnh turbine c lp vo mm nh hai palier c lp bi. Trn trc mang cnh turbine lp bnh vt, n khp vi trc vt. Trc vt lp trc tip trn trc ca ng c bc. - ng c bc c lp mt sau ca mm g cnh turbine, quay cng vi turbine. - Lp mm g cnh turbine vo trc quay chnh - trc turbine. - Trn trc quay chnh c lp 5 vnh trt truyn ng in cho cc ng c bc. Cui trc quay chnh c lp bnh rng ln truyn ng cho my pht in. - My pht in nhn c nng t trc turbine, qua cp bnh rng tng tc. My pht in c tc quay 1000 2000 vng/pht. - B hin th tc cho bit tc quay ca trc turbine. - Cm bin tc nhn bit s thay i tc ca trc turbine, truyn tn hiu v b chuyn i; tn hiu c a qua b so snh; sau khi so snh vi tc chun, b so snh pht tn hiu chuyn qua b iu khin; b iu khin tc ng ln ng c bc xoay cnh turbine. Ba ng c bc v b truyn trc vt bnh vt c chn cng loi, m bo gc xoay ca ba cnh l nh nhau.

4. TIN HNH CC TH NGHIM

- iu chnh bin tn, tc quay ca qut thay i v cp t 50 2200 v/ph, ng vi vn tc gi thi n cnh turbine t 0m/s n 11m/s, tc l 39,6 km/h. - Th nghim th nht, khng s dng h thng iu chnh tc quay ca turbine: + Tng dn tc quay ca qut gi, khi qut quay khong 1000 v/ph, th turbine bt u quay. Tng tc quay ca qut, tc quay ca turbine cng tng theo. + Khi qut quay n tc 2200 v/ph, th tc quay ca turbine t 950 v/ph, nu khng lp my pht in. + Nu c lp my pht in v c ph ti, th tc quay ti a ca turbine l 400 v/ph. + Gim dn tc quay ca qut, tc quay ca trc turbine cng gim. Khi gim tc quay ca qut xung di 1000 v/ph, th trc turbine quay chm dn, sau dng li. - Th nghim th hai, c s dng h thng iu chnh tc quay ca trc turbine: + ch khng ti (khng ko my pht in), ci t phn t ng iu chnh c tc quay ca trc turbine l 300 v/ph; iu chnh bin tn thay i tc quay ca qut gi; theo di ng h hin th tc v ghi s liu tc quay ca trc turbine. Sau nhiu ln th nghim, chng ti ghi c tc quay ca trc turbine dao ng trong khong t 260 v/ph n 340 v/ph. + ch c ti (ko my pht in, c ph ti), ci t phn t ng iu chnh c tc quay ca trc turbine l 280 v/ph; iu chnh bin tn thay i tc quay

ca qut gi; theo di ng h hin th tc v ghi s liu tc quay ca trc turbine. Sau nhiu ln th nghim, chng ti ghi c tc quay quay ca trc turbine dao ng trong khong t 250 v/ph n 310 v/ph.

5. KT QU V BN LUN
Sau khi tm hiu k l thuyt v nng lng gi, v thit k ch to my pht in gi v kh nng lm vic ca ng c bc, chng ti tnh ton thit k c my pht in gi s dng ng c bc iu chnh tc quay ca trc turbine. c c s thc t, trc khi ch to my pht in gi, chng ti thit k, ch to mt m hnh th nghim. l mt my pht in gi s dng ng c bc iu chnh tc quay ca trc turbine thu nh, t trong phng th nghim. Gi c to bi mt qut cng nghip c cng sut ln v c th thay i tc quay ca qut. M hnh th nghim hot ng n nh, thc hin c nhng th nghim cn thit do chng ti t ra. Qua s liu th nghim, h thng hot ng theo ng d kin ca ti, cho thy nhng nh hng ban u l ng n, ng c bc c th xoay c cnh iu chnh tc quay ca trc turbine trong my pht in gi. iu khng nh rng: Vic s dng ng c bc iu chnh tc quay ca trc turbine trong my pht in gi l hp l, c th p dng ch to cc my pht in gi dng trong thc t. Hin ti, theo s liu th nghim ghi c, tc quay ca trc turbine cn dao ng trong mt khong tng i ln, khi khng c ti l 40 v/ph, khi c ti l 30 v/ph. Vi khong thay i tc ca trc turbine nh th, cng chp nhn c trong my pht in gi. Song chng ti c th ci tin kt cu, nng cao chnh xc ch to ca h thng nhn v truyn tn hiu iu khin ng c bc, tip tc thu nh khong dao ng tc quay ca trc turbine.

6. KT LUN
Bi bo trnh by kt qu nghin cu thit k, ch to m hnh my pht in gi, v cc kt qu th nghim trn m hnh. Cc kt qu trn khng nh rng: S dng ng c bc xoay cnh turbine, n nh tc quay ca trc turbine l hp l. n nh tc quay ca trc turbine s tt hn so vi dng lc ly tm. Kt cu ca my khng phc tp lm, c th t ch to, lp rp ti Nng. Vi kt qu ny cho php chng ta thit k, ch to cc my pht in gi s dng nhng vng c ti nguyn gi, gim vic nhp khu thit b t nc ngoi. Xa hn na, chng ta c th ch to cc my pht in gi c cng sut ln, ho vo li in quc gia, cung cp in nng cho sn xut v tiu dng.

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] [2] K thut, H Ni. [3] [4] [5] Erich Hau Springer (2005), Wind turbine. Springer (1997), Wind Energy. Lysen E.H. (1987), Phong nng khi lun. Thn Ngc Hon (2005), My in, Nxb Xy dng, H Ni. Nguyn Vn May (2005), Bm, qut, my nn, Nxb Khoa hc v