Fig.

17-1

Chng 9

Sinh tng hp Protein

Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Bi Tn Anh Khoa Khoa Hc T Nhin

Nhng nguyn l c bn ca phin m v gii m Phin m l qu trnh tng hp ARN t khun mu ca ADN. Phin m tng hp ra ARN thng tin mARN Gii m l qu trnh tng hp chui polypeptid t thng tin cha trong mARN Ribosome l ni din ra s gii m t bo s hch, mARN do phin m to ra c th thc hin ngay chc nng gii m t bo chn hch, s phin m din ra trong nhn, gii m xy ra trong t bo cht. Do phn t mARN do phin m to ra phi c bin i to thnh phn t chc nng. Sau khi c bin i, mARN mi i qua mng nhn vo t bo cht thc hin chc nng gii m
Bi Tn Anh Khoa Khoa Hc T Nhin

Bi Tn Anh Khoa Khoa Hc T Nhin

Fig. 17-3a-1

Mi quan h gia hai qu trnh phin m v gii m l ni dung ca hc thuyt trung tm (central dogma): DNA RNA protein

PHIN M

ADN mARN

(a) TB Vi khun

Bi Tn Anh Khoa Khoa Hc T Nhin

Fig. 17-3a-2

Fig. 17-3b-1

Mng nhn

PHIN M PHIN M ADN

ADN

Tin mARN mARN Ribosome

GiI M Polypeptide

(a) TB Vi khun

(b) TB chn hch

Mng nhn

Mng nhn

PHIN M

ADN

PHIN M

ADN

BIN I ARN mARN

Tin mARN

BIN I ARN mARN

Tin mARN

GII M

Ribosome Polypeptide

(b) TB chn hch

(b) TB chn hch

S phin m Phin m l bc u tin trong s biu hin ca gen

Cc thnh phn tham gia ADN khun Enzyme: ARN polymerase xc tc s tho xon, tch hai mch n ca ADN v b sung cc ARN nucleotides Nguyn liu: NTP ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP

Bi Tn Anh Khoa Khoa Hc T Nhin

Bi Tn Anh Khoa Khoa Hc T Nhin

Fig. 17-7a-1
5 3

Promoter

n v phin m 3 5

ADN

Trn ADN ca vi khun, vng trnh t m ARN polymerase c th gn vo c gi l vng khi ng (promoter); vng c cha tn hiu kt thc phin m c gi l vng kt thc (terminator) on ADN c phin m thnh mARN c gi l n v phin m (transcription unit)

RNA polymerase

Bi Tn Anh Khoa Khoa Hc T Nhin

Fig. 17-7a-2
5 3

Promoter

n v phin m 3 5

Fig. 17-7a-3
5 3

Promoter

n v phin m 3 5

DNA
1

DNA
1

RNA polymerase M u

RNA polymerase M u

5 3 ARN ADN tho xon Si khun ca ADN

3 5

5 3 ARN ADN tho xon

2

3 5 Si khun ca ADN

Ko di

ADN xon li 5 3 5 ARN 3 3 5

Promoter 5 3 RNA polymerase

n v phin m 3 5

Fig. 17-7b

Ko di
DNA
1

M u

ARN polymerase
3 5

nucleotide

5 3 ARN ADN tho xon

2

Si khun ca ADN Ko di

3 end

ADN xon li 5 3 5 ARN

3

5
3 3 5

Kt thc 3 5

Chiu tng hp Mch khun ARN c tng hp

5 3 5 3 ARN c tng hp

C ch phin m Phin m gm ba giai on:

M u (Initiation) Ko di (Elongation) Kt thc (Termination)

Giai on m u
Cc yu t phin m (transcription factor) iu ha s gn ARN polymerase vo vng khi ng, khi u cho s phin m. Sau khi yu t phin m v ARN polymerase gn vo vng khi ng s hp nht li thnh phc h khi u phin m (transcription initiation complex) t bo chn hch, mt trnh t gi l hp TATA ca vng khi ng c vai tr ch yu trong vic thnh lp phc h ny

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 17-8

Promoter
5 3

TB chn hch, promoter c hp TATA

3 5

Giai on ko di Khi ARN polymerase di chuyn dc theo ADN, n s tho xon hai mch mt on t 10 to 20 bases cng lc t bo chn hch, phin m c tin hnh vi tc khong 40 nucleotides / giy Mt gen c th c phin m ng thi bi nhiu ARN polymerases

Hp TATA M m u Mch khun

2

Yu t phin m
5 3
3

Cc yu t phin m phi gn vo ADN trc khi ARN polymerase c th gn vo

3 5

Cc yu t phin m cng vi ARN polymerase gn vo vng khi ng to thnh phc h khi u phin m Cc yu t phin m
3 5

ARN polymerase II

5 3

ARN Phc h khi u phin m

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Giai on kt thc t bo s hch v t bo chn hch, c ch kt thc khng ging nhau vi khun, ARN polymerase ngng phin m khi dch chuyn n cui trnh t ca vng kt thc t bo chn hch, ARN polymerase tip tc phin m sau khi mARN s cp tch ra t chui ARN ang c pht trin

Bin i ca ARN sau phin m TB chn hch Cc enzymes trong nhn ca t bo chn hch s bin i tin mARN trc khi chng c a vo t bo cht Trong qu trnh ny, c hai u ca bn phin m s cp u c bin i. Sau mt s phn bn trong ca phn t ny b ct b, cc phn cn li c ni vi nhau to thnh phn t ARN chc nng

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

S bin i hai u tn cng ca ARN Mi u tn cng ca tin mARN c bin i theo mt cch ring:
u 5 c gn thm mt m 7-methyl guanosine u 3 gn thm 100 200 Adenine gi l ui poly A

S bin i hai u tn cng ca ARN Nhng bin i ny c nhiu vai tr:

H tr s chuyn mARN t trong nhn ra TBC Bo v mARN khi tc dng ca cc enzyme thy phn Gip ribosome gn c vo u 5 ca mARN khi gii m

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 17-9

S ct & ni ca ARN TB chn hch, phn ln gen v bn phin m t gen c cc on khng m ha nm chen gia cc on m ha
on m ha protein 5

Tn hiu poly A ca vng kt thc 3

AAUAAA AAAAAA

P P P

5 M

5 UTR M m u M kt thc

3 UTR

ui Poly-A

Nhng on khng m ha c gi l cc introns

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

S ct & ni ca ARN Nhng vng m ha c gi l cc exons, s c gii m thnh trnh t cc acid amin Cc intron ca phn t tin ARN s b ct v di di, cc exon c ni li thnh mARN chc nng c trnh t m ha lin tc

Fig. 17-10

5 Exon Intron

Exon

Intron

Exon

3
ui poly A

Tin mARN 5 M 1 30 31 Vng m ha mARN 5 M 1 5 UTR 104 105 146 Ct, di di intron, ni cc exon

ui poly A

146 3 UTR

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 17-11-1

Bn phin m s cp 5 Exon 1 Intron Exon 2 Cc protein khc snRNPs

Trong mt s trng hp, s ct ni ca ARN c tin hnh bi cc spliceosomes Spliceosomes bao gm mt s loi proteins v cc small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) c th nhn bit v tr ct

Protein snRNA

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 17-11-2

Bn phin m s cp 5 Exon 1 Intron Exon 2 Cc protein khc snRNPs Spliceosome

Fig. 17-11-3

Bn phin m s cp 5 Exon 1 Intron Exon 2 Cc protein khc snRNPs Spliceosome

Protein snRNA

Protein snRNA

Cc thnh phn ca spliceosome 5 mRNA Exon 1 Exon 2

Intron b ct b

S gii m
Thng tin di truyn nm trong gen di dng m b ba: 3 nucleotide k tip nhau trn mch khun ca gen m ha cho mt acid amin trong phn t protein. Cac b ba trong mARN c gi l cc codon, s c c theo chiu 5 3

Fig. 17-4

DNA

Gene 2 Gene 1 Gene 3

Si khun ADN

PHIN M

mARN Codon GII M Protein Amino acid

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Cc c im ca m di truyn M di truyn l m b ba, khng ph ln nhau M di truyn l m suy thoi: trong 64 b ba, c 61 b ba m ha cho 20 acid amin; 3 b ba kt thc khng m ha cho acid Cc b ba khc nhau c th m ha cho cng mt acid amin. M di truyn c tnh c hiu: mi b ba ch m ha cho mt acid amin. M di truyn c tnh ph bin: cc loi khc nhau u c chung m di truyn
Bi Tn Anh Khoa Khoa Hc T Nhin

Fig. 17-5

Base II

Cc thnh phn tham gia gii m ARN vn chuyn (tARN)

Fig. 17-13

Base I (u 5)

Polypeptide

Acid amin tARN Ribosome

Mi phn t ARN vn chuyn c:

Mt u tn cng v tr gn acid amin tng ng Mt u mang b ba i m (anticodon); b ba i m ny s bt cp b sung vi codon trn mARN
5 mARN
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tRNA Anticodon

Codons

Cu trc v chc nng ca ARN vn chuyn Mi tARN l mt phn t ARN c mt mch A n gm khong 80 nucleotides C C Mch n ca tARN c th t xon li (do cc base t b sung) to thnh cu trc bc 2 c hnh l ch ba (cloverleaf)

Fig. 17-14a

3 V tr gn acid amin 5

Lin kt hydro

Anticodon (a) Cu trc bc II ca tARN

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Base III (u 3)

Fig. 17-14b

5 3

V tr gn acid amin

S gii m chnh xc cn hai bc:

(1) s gn chnh xc mt acid amin vo tARN tng ng, c tin hnh nh enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (2) s bt cp chnh xc gia anticodon ca tARN v codon ca mARN

Lin kt hydro

3 Anticodon (b) Cu trc bc III ca tARN

5 Anticodon

(c) K hiu ca tARN

Tnh khng c hiu base th ba ca codon c gi l tnh linh ng (wobble) cho php mt s tARN gn vo nhiu hn 1 codon
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S bt cp m-i m

Ribosomes Ribosomes h tr s bt cp c hiu gia anticodon ca tARN vi codon ca mARN trong s tng hp protein Hai bn n v (ln v nh) ca ribosome u c cu thnh t cc protein v ribosomal RNA (rARN)

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 17-16b

V tr P (peptidyl) V tr E (exit) E P A V tr gn mARN

C ch gii m
V tr A (aminoacyl) Bn n v ln Bn n v nh

Gii m gm ba giai on:

M u Ko di

polypeptide

Kt thc

C ba giai on u cn cc s h tr ca cc protein gi l yu t
mRNA 5 E tRNA 3 Codons

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Giai on m u C s kt hp ca mARN, mt tARN c gn acid amin m u (Met)v hai bn n v ca ribosome to thnh phc h m u

Giai on m u 1. Bn n v nh ca ribosome gn vi mARN v Met tARN 2. Bn n v nh di chuyn dc theo mARN n khi gp m m u (AUG) 3. Mt proteins gi l yu t m u (IF = initiation factor) mang bn n v ln n gn vo phc h m u

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 17-17

Giai on ko di
Bn n v ln ca ribosome 3 U A C 5 5 A U G 3 P

Trong giai on ny, cc acid amin ln lt c gn vo acid amin trc Mi acid amin c gn thm vo nh c s h tr ca cc protein gi l yu t ko di (EF = elongation factor)

tARN mARN 5 Start codon V tr gn mARN

GTP GDP E 3 Bn n v nh ca ribosome 5 A 3

Phc h m u gii m

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Giai on ko di Giai on ny gm 3 bc lp i lp li S nhn dng codon S thnh lp lin kt peptide S chuyn v (translocation) nn c gi l chu k gii m

Fig. 17-18-1

E mRNA 5
P A site site

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

10

Fig. 17-18-2

Fig. 17-18-3

E mRNA 5
P A site site

E mRNA 5
P A site site

GTP

GTP

GDP

GDP

E P A

E P A

E P A

Fig. 17-18-4
Amino end of polypeptide

Giai on kt thc
E 3
P A site site
GTP

mRNA 5

Phin m s kt thc khi mt stop codon trong mARN i vo v tr A ca ribosome Mt protein gi l yu t phng thch (RF = release factor) i vo v tr A lm gn thm mt phn t nc thay v mt acid amin
P A

GDP

E P A

GDP
GTP

Phn ng ny lm phng thch chui polypeptide v hai bn n v ca ribosome tch nhau ra

E P A
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Fig. 17-19-1

Fig. 17-19-2

Release factor

Release factor

polypeptide

3 5 Stop codon (UAG, UAA, or UGA) 5

3 5 Stop codon (UAG, UAA, or UGA)

3 2 GTP 2 GDP

11

Fig. 17-19-3

Polyribosomes Thng thng mt mARN c gn cng mt lc vi nhiu ribosomes, to thnh mt polyribosome (cn gi l polysome) Polyribosome cho php mt t bo nhanh chng to ra nhiu chui polypeptide ging nhau

Release factor

polypeptide

3 5 5 Stop codon (UAG, UAA, or UGA)

5 3 2 GTP 2 GDP

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Fig. 17-20

polypeptide

Thng thng chui polypeptid va c gii m cha th thc hin chc nng
5 3

(a)

Sau khi c tng hp, chui polypeptide cn phi c bin i: acid amin m u, mt s on ca chui polypeptid b ct b, protein bin i cu hnh... Protein hon chnh c chuyn n nhng v tr cn thit thc hin chc nng
0.1 m
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Ribosomes mARN

(b)

12