CU HI N TP MN C KT CU

01.Th no l mt h bt bin hnh, bin hnh v bin hnh tc thi? Cch ni 2,3
ming cng thnh h BBH?
02.Tnh cht chu lc ca h tnh nh
03.nh ngha ng nh hng? Trnh by cch v .a.h phn lc v ni lc ca
dm n gin trn hai gi khng c u tha?
04.Thit lp cng thc xc nh gi tr cc i lng nghin cu ng vi cc dng
khc nhau ca ti trng( h lc tp trung, lc phn b)?
05.Thit lp cng thc xc nh gi tr cc i lng nghin cu ng vi cc dng
khc nhau ca ti trng( h lc tp trung, m men tp trung)?
06.Th no l bin dng v chuyn v? Cc dng bin dng v chuyn v trong bi
ton phng? Cch k hiu chuyn v?
07. Pht biu v chng minh nh l Castigliano
08.nh ngha cng kh d.? Nu biu thc cng kh d ca ngoi lc, cng kh d
ca ni lc (c gii thch cc k hiu). Thit lp dng gii tch ca nguyn l cng kh d p
dng cho h n hi (Cng thc biu th s cn bng gia cng kh d ca cc ngoi lc vi
cng kh d ca cc ni lc)?
09.Thit lp cng thc tng qut tnh chuyn v trong h thanh n hi tuyn tnh(cng
thc Maxell-Mohr)
10.Pht biu v chng minh cch tnh cc tch phn theo cch nhn biu (Nhn
biu vrxaghin)
11.Thit lp cng thc tnh cng ca ni lc.
12.nh ngha h siu tnh? Trnh by tnh cht v nu cng thc xc nh bc siu
tnh.
13.H c bn ca phng php lc l g? Vit h phng trnh chnh tc ca phng
php lc? Cch tnh cc h s v s hng t do trong phng trnh theo theo cng thc
chuyn v?
14.Trnh by cc phng php tm ni lc v chuyn v trong h siu tnh?


01.Th no l mt h bt bin hnh, bin hnh v bin hnh tc thi? Cch ni 2,3 ming
cng thnh h BBH?
a) H bt bin hnh, bin hnh v bin hnh tc thi(1)
H bt bin hnh: l h m khi chu ti trng vn gi nguyn c dng hnh hc ban u,
nu ta xem bin dng n hi vt th l khng ng k hoc xem cu kin ca h l tuyt
i cng.







H bin hnh: l h khi chu tc dng ti trng th s thay i hnh dng hu hn mc d ta
vn xem cc cu kin ca h l tuyt i cng.








Trng hp c bit h bin hnh c kh nng chu c ti trng m khng bin dng nu
ti trng tc dng lm cho h trng thi cn bng( dy treo).
P
P

H bt bin hnh tc thi: l h khi chu tc dng ca ti trng th s thay i hnh dng
hnh hc v cng b( nu ta b qua cc v cng b bc cao v s thay i kch thc hnh
hc) mc d ta vn xem cc cu kin ca h l tuyt i cng.
b) Cch ni 2,3 ming cng thnh h bt bin hnh.
Cch ni hai ming cng(1)
+ iu kin cn: xem mt ming cng c nh. ni ming cng cn li vo ming cng c
nh cn phi kh ba bc t do ca n, ngha l cn s dng t hp cc lin kt:
Ba lin kt thanh
Mt lin kt thanh v mt lin kt khp.
Mt lin kt hn
+ iu kin :
Nu s dng ba thanh: ba thanh khng c ng quy hoc song song.
Nu s dng mt lin kt thanh v mt lin kt khp: th khp trn khng c nm trn
trc thanh.
Nu s dng lin kt hn: th lin kt hn l iu kin .
Cch ni ba ming cng(1)
+ iu kin cn: xem mt ming cng l c nh. ni hai ming cng cn li vo ming
cng c nh cn phi kh su bc t do, ngha l cn s dng t hp cc lin kt.
Ba lin kt khp
Hai lin kt hn
Mt lin kt thanh, mt lin kt khp v mt lin kt hn
v.v
+ iu kin : nu ni ln lt cc ming cng vi nhau: tr v bi ton ni hai ming
cng.
Nu cc ming cng ni ng thi vi nhau (nu loi b mt ming cng bt k, h cn li
bin hnh) lc ny h cn s dng ba lin kt khp (thc hoc gi to) tng h v yu cu
cc khp ny khng nm trn ng thng.

Hnh: 1.1 Tam gic khp bt bin hnh.
Cc thanh AB, BC, AC tuyt i i cng, do qua ba
im trn ch xc nh c mt tm gic v vy n l
h bt bin hnh.
Hnh: 1.2 Tam gic khp bt bin hnh.
Cc thanh AB, BC, AC tuyt i i cng,
C
B
A

D
C
B
A

02.Tnh cht chu lc ca h tnh nh
a) H n gin(1)
Da vo phng ca phn lc khi h chu ti trng thng ng chia ra thnh h dm v
h vm.
H dm: l h bt bin hnh c cu to t mt ming cng ni vi t bi mt lin kt
gi c nh, mt gi di ng hoc ni t bng mt lin kt ngm.

Khung tnh nh n gin: khi ming cng l cc thanh gy khc

Dn tnh nh n gin: ming cng l cc thanh thng c ni vi nhau bi cc khp
hai u thanh.

H dm di tc dng ca lc thng ng th phn lc lun c phng thng ng
(khng tn ti phn lc theo phng ngang)
tnh ton dn n gin ta tha nhn cc gi thit sau:
+ Gi thit 1: mt ca dn phi nm cc giao im ca cc trc thanh v l cc khp l
tng( quay t do khng ma st)

+ Gi thit 2: Khi lng ca cc thanh trong dn l nh khng ng k so vi ti trng tc
dng ln dn.
+ Gi thit 3: Ti trng ch tc dng ti cc mt dn.
Nu h tha mn ba gi thit trn th cc thanh trong dn ch tn ti lc ko nn m khng
tn ti mmen un v lc ct.
b)H vm(0.5)
c cu to t hai ming cng c ni vi nhau bi mt lin kt khp v ni vi t bi
hai gi c nh.

Di tc dng ca ti trng thng ng th s xut hin phn lc theo phng ngang.
c)H ghp(0.5)
l h gm nhiu h n gin ni vi nhau bng nhiu lin kt khp v lin kt thanh v ni
vi t l cc lin kt ta sao cho h bt bin hnh v lin kt.

H ph: BC, DE, EF; H chnh: AB, CD
H ph: l mt h bin hnh nu ta b i cc dm ln cn, h chnh l h bt bin hnh nu
ta b i cc dm ln cn.
Ngoi lc tc dng kn h ph gy ra ni lc trong h ph v truyn p lc xung h chnh
gy ra ni lc trong h chnh.
c) H lin hp(0.5)
H lin hp tnh nh l h bt bin hnh c cu to t nhiu h (dm n gin, vm, dn,
dm, dy cp hoc xch ) ni vi nhau bng s lin kt va cng tham gia chu lc.
He lien hiep
He vom

c) H c h thng truyn lc(0.5)
H trong ti trng khng tc dng ln kt cu chu lc chnh m truyn p lc qua
mt h thng dm gi l h thng truyn lc.








































03.nh ngha ng nh hng? Trnh by cch v .a.h phn lc v ni lc ca dm n
gin trn hai gi khng c u tha?
a)nh ngha ng nh hng(1)
ng nh hng S l th biu din quy lut bin thin ca i lng nghin cu S xut
hin ti v tr trn cng trnh (chng hn l phn lc lin kt, momen un, lc ct, lc dc ti
mt tit din trn cng trnh) theo v tr ca ti trng tp trung bng i lng khng th
nguyn c phng v chiu khng i di ng trn cng trnh.
b)V ng nh hng ca phn lc gi
ta.(1)
Xc nh gc ta A, im t lc P
cch A mt khong z.
Xc nh gi tr phn lc
l
z
l
z l P
V
z l P l V M
A
A B
=

=
= =

1
) (
0 ) ( .

Ti 1 0 = =
A
V z
0 = =
A
V l z
l
z
l
Pz
V
Pz l V M
B
B A
= =
= =

0 .

c)V ng nh hng
k
M v
k
Q (1)
ng nh hng
k
M (0.5)
1 = P chy bn tri k ( a z s s 0 ). Xt cn
bng dm phi.
) ( ) ( a l
l
z
a l V M
B k
= =
Ti 0 0 = =
k
M z

l
a l a
M a z
k
) (
= =
1 = P chy bn phi k ( l z a s s ). Xt cn
bng dm tri.
a
l
z l
a V M
A k
) (
= =
Ti a
l
a l
M a z
k
) (
= =
0 = =
k
M l z
ng nh hng
k
Q (0.5)
1 = P chy bn tri k ( a z s s 0 ). Xt cn
bng dm phi.
l
z
V Q
V Q Y
B k
B k
= =
= + =

0

Ti 0 0 = =
k
Q z

l
a
Q a z
k

= =
1 = P chy bn phi k ( l z a s s ). Xt cn bng dm tri.
l
z l
V Q
Q V Y
A k
k A

= =
= =

0

Ti
l
a l
Q a z
k

= =
0 = =
k
Q l z



04.Thit lp cng thc xc nh gi tr cc i lng nghin cu ng vi cc dng khc nhau
ca ti trng( h lc tp trung, lc phn b)?
a)nh hng ca ti trng tp trung(1.5)
Xt mt s ti trng tp trung
1
P ,
2
P ,
n
P cng phng tc dng ti mt s v tr xc nh trn
cng trnh. Xc nh nh hng ca n ti i lng nghin cu S c ng nh hng
bit.
Theo nh ngha ng nh hng tung bt k l
gi tr S khi 1 = P t ti gy ra. Gi tr ca i
lng nghin cu S (khi
i
P P = t ti i )
i i
y P S . =

C nhiu lc tp trung
1
P ,
2
P ,,
n
P

n n i i
y P y P y P y P S . . ... . .
2 2 1 1
+ + + + =

=
=
n
i
i i
y P S
1
.
Du lc
i
P ly theo chiu ca lc 1 = P v ng nh hng.
b)nh hng ca ti trng phn b(1.5)
Cng trnh chu ti trng phn b bt k.
Xc nh nh hng ca ti trng phn b c ng
nh hng bit.
Xt nh hng ca mt phn t ti trng trn chiu di
dz.
y z q dz dS ). ( . =
nh hng ca tt c cc lc phn b trn chiu di
cng trnh (l)
ydz z q S
b
a
. ) (
}
=
Trng hp
z
q = hng s
}
=
b
a
ydz q S hay
b
a
qw S =
Gi tr ca i lng nghin cu S do ti trng phn b u gy ra bng tch cng ti
trng vi din tch phn ng nh hng nm bn di on ti trng.
Du ca lc q c xem l dng nu ti trng phn b hng theo chiu lc 1 = P dng
v ng nh hng.
Din tch ca phn ng nh hng c ly theo du ng nh hng.
Nu ng nh hng nm bn di ti trng phn b gm nhiu on khc nhau th:
b
a
w = i s cc din tch thnh phn.





















05.Thit lp cng thc xc nh gi tr cc i lng nghin cu ng vi cc dng khc nhau
ca ti trng( h lc tp trung, m men tp trung)?
a)nh hng ca ti trng tp trung(1.5)
Xt mt s ti trng tp trung
1
P ,
2
P ,
n
P cng phng tc dng ti mt s v tr xc nh
trn cng trnh. Xc nh nh hng ca n ti i lng nghin cu S c ng nh
hng bit.
Theo nh ngha ng nh hng tung bt
k l gi tr S khi 1 = P t ti gy ra. Gi tr ca
i lng nghin cu S (khi
i
P P = t ti i )
i i
y P S . =
C nhiu lc tp trung
1
P ,
2
P ,,
n
P

n n i i
y P y P y P y P S . . ... . .
2 2 1 1
+ + + + =

=
=
n
i
i i
y P S
1
.
Du lc
i
P ly theo chiu ca lc 1 = P v ng nh hng.
b)nh hng ca mmen tp trung.(1.5)
Cng trnh c momen tp trung M, i lng nghin cu S c ng nh hng bit.
Xc nh nh hng ca momen n i lng nghin
cu S.
Thay th M tp trung bng mt ngu lc gm hai lc P
t cch nhau z A vi z A 0, v c
z
M
P
A
=
nh hng ca hai lc P gy ra i vi S:
z z z
y P y P S . .
) (
=
A +

nh hng ca M gy ra i vi S
) (
) ( . ) ( .
lim
) ( )] ( . ) ( . [ lim
'
0
0
z My
z
z y P z z y P
M S
M S z y P z z y P
z
z
=
A
A +
=
= A +
A
A

Vy nh hng ca momen tp trung i vi i lng nghin cu S bng gi tr momen tp
trung nhn vi o hm ng nh hng hay nhn vi tg ca gc hp gia tip tuyn ca
ng nh hng ti im dt momen vi phng ng chun.
M dng khi quay thun chiu kim ng h.
o tg dng khi ng nh hng ng bin v ngc li.
























06.Th no l bin dng v chuyn v? Cc dng bin dng v chuyn v trong bi ton
phng? Cch k hiu chuyn v?
a)Bin dng v cc dng bin dng trong bi ton phng(1)
Bin dng: l s thay i hnh dng
ca cng trnh di tc dng ca cc
nguyn nhn bn ngoi nh: ti trng,
s thay i nhit .
Trong bi ton phng, bin dng ca
mi phn t thanh c chiu di c
phn tch thnh ba thnh phn:
Bin dng xoay ds gia hai tit din
hai u phn t. l bin dng xoay
t i
Bin dng dc trc ds c gia hai tit
din hai u phn t. c l bin dng
dc trc t i
Bin dng trt ds gia hai tit din
hai u phn t l bin dng trt t i
b)Chuyn v v cc dng chuyn v trong bi ton phng(1)
Khi h bin dng hu ht cc phn t s c v tr mi. S thay i v tr gi l chuyn v. Nh
vy c th ni chuyn v l h qu ca bin dng
Tong bi ton phng, chuyn v tit din c ba thnh phn:
Chuyn v thng theo phng x:
k k
x x x = A
'

Chuyn v thng theo phng x:
k k
y y y = A
'

Chuyn v gc:
k k
o o o = A
'

k k
y x , v o l ta ban u ca tit din.
' '
,
k k
y x v
'
o l ta ca tit din sau khi bin dng.
c) Cch k hiu chuyn v(1)
K hiu chung cho cc chuyn v thng cng nh chuyn v gc bng A c mang theo hai ch
s: ch s th nht ch v tr, phng ca chuyn v, cn ch s th hai ch nguyn nhn gy
ra chuyn v
m
k
A chuyn v tng ng vi v tr v phng k do nguyn nhn m gy ra.
Khi nguyn nhn gy ra chuyn v bng n v th k hiu bng o v gi l chuyn v n v,
ngha l:
km
o chuyn v tng ng vi v tr v phng k do nguyn nhn m bng mt n v gy ra.

07. Pht biu v chng minh nh l Castigliano
a)Pht biu(1)
o hm ring ca th nng bin dng U theo mt trong cc ngoi lc
k
P no bng
chuyn v c v tr v phng tng ng vi lc
k
P
k
k
P
U
c
c
= A

b)Chng minh(2)
Xt h chu mt s lc tp
trung ... , ,
1 n k
P P P
Di tc dng ca cc lc
n k
P P P , ,
1

cc im t lc n k l , , b vng
xung l
n k
y y y , ,
1
, ton dm c v tr
theo ng cong I. Gi s cn tm
vng
k
y .
Ta chuyn dm t v tr I sang v tr ln cn II. Mun vy c th dng nhiu cch: thm ti
trng mi hoc tng cng ti trng c. Gi s thm mt lc
k
dP v cng b chuyn dm
t v tr I sang v tr II.
Khi chuyn dm t v tr I sang v tr II, cc lc
n k
P P P , ,
1
u h thp xung, sinh cng dT v
th nng bin dng ca dm tng ln dU , vi
dT dU = (7.1)
V U l hm s ca cc lc ... , ,
1 n k
P P P v dU l bin thin th nng do ring lc
k
P bin
i mt lng v cng b gy ra, nn dU chnh l vi phn ring phn ca U khi
k
P thay i,
tc l:
k
k
dP
P
U
dU
c
c
= (7.2)
Mt khc ta tnh bin thin dT ca cng ngoi lc. Nu gi
1
T v
2
T l gi tr ca cng
ca cc ngoi lc khi dm v tr I v II, ta c:
2 1
T T dT = (7.3)
Theo cng thc cng ca cc ngoi lc:

n n k k
y P y P y P T
2
1
2
1
2
1
1 1 1
+ + = (7.4)
Cng tng cng ca cc lc khi dm di chuyn t v tr ban du n v tr II l:
k k n n k k k k
y dP y P y P y P dy dP T + + + + =
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1 1 2
(7.5)
Thay (7.5) v (7.4) vo (7.3)c:
k k k k
y dP dy dP T T dT + = =
2
1
1 2
(7.6)
B qua i lng v cng b bc hai, ta c:
k k
y dP dT = (7.7)
Thay(7.2)vo (7.7) vo (7.1), ta c:
k
k
k k
dP
P
U
y dP
c
c
= (7.8)
hay
k
k
P
U
y
c
c
=
Vy chuyn v c v tr v phng tng ng vi lc
k
P bng o hm ring ca th nng
theo lc .

08.nh ngha cng kh d.? Nu biu thc cng kh d ca ngoi lc, cng kh d ca ni
lc (c gii thch cc k hiu). Thit lp dng gii tch ca nguyn l cng kh d p dng cho
h n hi (Cng thc biu th s cn bng gia cng kh d ca cc ngoi lc vi cng kh
d ca cc ni lc)?
a)nh ngha(0.5)
Cng kh d l cng sinh ra bi cc lc trn nhng chuyn v v bin dng v cng b do
mt nguyn nhn bt k no gy ra.
b)Biu thc cng kh d ca ngoi lc(0.5)
km ik
i
km
P T A E = (8.1)
Cng kh d ca cc ngoi lc trng thi k trn nhng chuyn v kh d trng thi m bng
tng tch s gia cc ngoi lc tc dng trng thi k vi nhng chuyn v tng ng
trng thi m.
c)Biu thc cng kh d ca ni lc (1)
(

E + E + E + E + E =
} } } } }
ds t N ds t t
h
a
M ds
GA
Q Q
ds
EA
N N
ds
EI
M M
A
cm k m m k
m k m k m k
km
o v ) (
1 2
*
(8.2)
m m m
Q N M , , : ni lc trong phn t.
k k k
Q N M , , : ngoi lc i vi phn t.
E : mun n hi khi ko hoc nn ca vt liu.
I : mmen qun tnh trung tm ca tit din thanh.
G : mun n hi khi trt.
v : h s iu chnh, k n s phn b khng u ca ng sut tip.
A: din tch ton b tit din thanh.
o : h s dn n v nhit ca vt liu.
h : chiu cao ca tit din.
m m
t t
2 1
, : l s htay i nhit th trn v th di ca thanh.
cm
t : bin thin nhit trc thanh.
d) Thit lp dng gii tch ca nguyn l cng kh d p dng cho h n hi(1)
Theo nguyn l cng kh d ta c:
0
*
= +
km km
A T (8.3)
Thay (8.1) v (8.2) vo (8.3) ta c:
} } } } }
E + E + E + E + E = A E ds t N ds t t
h
a
M ds
GA
Q Q
ds
EA
N N
ds
EI
M M
P
cm k m m k
m k m k m k
km ik
i
o v ) (
1 2
























09.Thit lp cng thc tng qut tnh chuyn v trong h thanh n hi tuyn tnh(cng thc
Maxell-Mohr)
Xt h thanh
bt k ng
thi chu tc
dng ca cc
nguyn nhn
sau: ti trng
m
P , chuyn
v cng bc
m
Z ti cc
lin kt ta, s thay i nhit
m m
t t
2 1
, . Gi trng thi ny ca h l trng thi thc m. H
b bin dng theo theo ng nt t nh trn hnh v.(1)
Xc nh chuyn v ti tit din k no trn h. Ti tit din k c th c chuyn v thng
c phn tch thnh hai thnh phn theo hai phng bt k v chuyn v xoay, c k
hiu chung l
km
A . Gii s cn tm chuyn v theo phng y y
thc hin yu cu trn ta phi tng tng to ra h trn cho mt trng thi kh d
(cn gi l trng thi gi to) k trong lc
k
P sao cho lc ny sinh cng kh d trn
chuyn v
km
A cn tm, ngha l:
Nu chuyn v cn tm l thnh phn chuyn v thng ti mt tit din no theo phng Y
th trng thi kh d k ta cn t lc
k
P di dng mt lc tp trung ti tit din , c
chiu chn ty theo phng Y.
Nu chuyn v cn tm l chuyn v xoay ti mt tit din no th trng thi kh d k ta
cn t lc
k
P di dng mt mmen tp trung ti tit din , c chiu chn ty .
p dng cng thc cng kh d ca ngoi lc v ni lc trng thi k trn nhng chuyn v
v bin dng kh d trng thi m ta c:
} } } } }
E + E + E + E + E = E + A ds t N ds t t
h
a
M ds
GA
Q Q
ds
EA
N N
ds
EI
M M
Z R P
cm k m m k
m k m k m k
jk jk
i
km k
o v ) (
1 2
(1)
Chia c hai v ca biu thc ny cho
k
P ng thi k hiu
k
k
k
P
M
M = ;
k
k
k
P
N
N = ;
k
k
k
P
Q
Q = ;
k
k
jk
P
R
R =
trong :
k k k
Q N M , , : ni lc do 1 =
k
P gy ra trong h trng thi k
jk
R : phn lc lin kt th j do lc 1 =
k
P gy ra trng thi k
Ta c cng thc tng qut ca chuyn v trong h n hi tuyn tnh:
} } } } }
E + E + E + E + E + E = A ds t N ds t t
h
a
M ds
GA
Q Q
ds
EA
N N
ds
EI
M M
Z R P
cm
k
m m
k
m k m
k
m
k
jk
jk
i
km k
o v ) (
1 2
(1)










10.Pht biu v chng minh cch tnh cc tch phn theo cch nhn biu (Nhn biu
vrxaghin)
a)Pht biu(1)
Trong nhng trng hp khi h gm cc thanh thng v mt trong hai hm s l hng s
hoc bc nht, gi s ) (s l hng s b nht v ) (s u c bc bt k, ta c th tnh tch phn
T c dng:
}
u =
2
1
) ( ). (
s
s
ds s s T (10.1)
, bng cch ly din tch
u
O ca biu c bc bt k nhn vi tung

y ca biu l
hng s hoc bc nht ly ti honh tng ng vi trng tm ca din tch
u
O :

y ds s s T
s
s
. ) ( ). (
2
1
u
O = u =
}

b)Chng minh(2)
Gi s trong trong khong (
2 1
, s s ) hm ) (s
v ) (s u c dng nh trn hnh v.
Ko di ng thng ) (s ti khi ct
ng chun ti U v gi o l gc nghing
ca ng thng ) (s vi ng chun. t
hnh v ta c:
o tg s s s ) ( ) (
0
=
O = u d ds s) ( din tch phn t ca biu
) (s u
Thay vo (10.1) ta c:
O = u =
} }
d tg s s ds s s T
s
s
s
s
. ) ( ) ( ). (
2
1
0
2
1
o
V o tg khng i trong khong (
2 1
, s s ), nn O =
}
d s s tg T
s
s
. ) (
2
1
0
o
Tch phn trong v phi ca biu thc chnh l mmen tnh
U
S ca din tch trong khong
(
2 1
, s s ) ly i vi trc U. Trc U i qua im U v vung gc vi ng chun. Mt khc,
mmen tnh
U
S bng din tch nhn vi khong cch t trng tm ca din tch n trc U.
Do :
u
O = = O
}
) ( . ) (
0
2
1
0
s s S d s s
c U
s
s
, nn
u
O = ) (
0
s s tg T
c
o
T hnh v ta c:

o y s s tg
c
= ) (
0

Vy

y ds s s T
s
s
. ) ( ). (
2
1
u
O = u =
}



















11.Thit lp cng thc tnh cng ca ni lc.(Ch xt n mmen v lc dc)
tnh cng ca ni lc trong ton h, trc tin tnh cng ca ni lc trong phn t gi l
cng phn t.
Tch khi h mt phn t thanh di ds v tnh cng phn t dA ca cc ni lc trong phn t.
Khi tch phn t, ta cn thay th tc dng ca cc phn t b loi b bng cc lc Q N M , ,
t ti tit din bn tri, cc lc dQ Q dN N dM M + + + , , t ti tit din bn phi v cc lc
tc dng ln phn t. Nu xt ton b thanh th cc lc ny
l ni lc, nhng sau khi tch phn t th cc lc tr
thnh ngoi lc vi phn t. S dng cng thc cng
ca ngoi lc xc nh cng phn t dT , sau p dng
nguyn l bo ton nng lng xc nh cng phn t
ca ni lc dT dA =
*

Trc khi tnh cng dT ta cn nhn xt:
Chiu di ds ca phn t rt nh nn bin thin ca cc
lc dQ dN dM , , v ti trng qds cng rt nh nn c th b
qua khi tnh cng dT .
Xem cc lc Q N M , , sing cng trn nhng bin dng tng
ng c lp vi nhau nn c th tnh ring r ri cng cc
kt qu li.
Tnh cng
M
dT ca mmen M (1)
Theo cng thc cng ca ngoi lc:
ds M
ds
M
ds
M dT
M


2
1
2 2 2
1
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
trong ds l gc hp gia hai tit din ca phn t khi
chu mmen un M.
Nu gi l bn knh cong ca phn t b un t hnh v,
ta thy
ds ds

1
= hay

1
= (11.1)
Mt khc
EI
M
=

1
(11.2)
E : mun n hi khi ko hoc nn ca vt liu.
I : mmen qun tnh trung tm ca tit din thanh.
T (11.1) v (11.2) ta c
EI
M
=
Vy

EI
ds M
dT
M
2
2
=
Tnh cng
N
dT ca lc dc N (1)
Theo cng thc cng ca ngoi lc:
ds N
ds
N
ds
N dT
N
c
c c
2
1
2 2 2
1
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
ds c l dn ca phn t do lc dc.
Theo nh lut Hooke khi ko hoc nn:
ds
EA
N
ds = c
A l tit din ca thanh.
Vy
EA
ds N
dT
N
2
=
Tnh cng
Q
dT ca lc ct Q (1)
Di tc dng ca lc ct, cc tit din
trt vi nhau mt gc
tb

Theo cng thc cng ca ngoi lc:


ds Q
ds
Q
ds
Q dT
tb tb tb Q

2
1
2 2 2
1
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
p dng nh lut Hooke khi bin dng trt:
A
Q
G G
tb
tb
v
t

1
= =
G : mun n hi khi trt.
v : h s iu chnh, k n s phn b khng u ca ng sut tip.
Vy
GA
ds Q
dT
Q
2
2
v =
Cng cc kt qu ta c cng cng i vi phn t thanh thng:
GA
ds Q
EA
ds N
EI
ds M
dT
2 2
2 2 2
v + + =
Cng phn t ca ni lc:
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = =
GA
ds Q
EA
ds N
EI
ds M
dT dA
2 2
2 2 2
*
v
c cng tng cng ca ni lc trong ton h ta cn ly tch phn ca
*
dA dc theo chiu
di ca tng thanh trong h.
|
|
.
|

\
|
E + E + E = =
} } } }
GA
ds Q
EA
ds N
EI
ds M
dA A
2 2
2 2 2
* *
v






































12.Thit lp cng thc tnh cng ca ni lc.(Ch xt n mmen v lc ct).
4.2.3 CNG CA NI LC - TH NNG CA H THANH.
Cng ca ni lc (A*): l cng ca cc ni lc sinh ra trn nhng bin dng n hi ca h.
Tch ra khi h mt phn t thanh c chiu di ds (H.4.7.a). Lc tc dng ln phn t gm:
Ngoi lc: q(z) c quy v thnh lc tp trung q(z).ds
Ni lc: u tri l (M, Q, N); u phi l (M + dM, Q + dQ, N + dN).
Gi thit chiu dng ca chng nh trn hnh v.











* Cc nhn xt:
Do xt cn bng ring cho phn t nn c th xem M, Q, N, M + dM, Q + dQ, N + dN l cc
ngoi lc. V th, c th s dng biu thc cng ca ngoi lc xc nh, sau suy ra cng ca ni
lc theo mi quan h: A* = -T
V ch phn tch cho mt phn t thanh nn cng c gi l cng phn t. Khi ta thay
A* = dA*, T = dT. Suy ra dA* = -dT.
Phn t ds c chiu di l rt b nn cho php b qua cc i lng v cng b q(z).ds, dM, dQ,
dN khi tnh cng (H.4.7.b).
Cc lc M, Q, N sinh cng trn nhng bin dng c lp nn cho php tnh cng ring r do
tng thnh phn ri cng kt qu li vi nhau.
dT = dT
M
+ dT
N
+ dT
Q

Tnh cng dT
M
ca mmen M. theo cng thc , ta c
ds M
ds
M
ds
M

2
1
2 2 2
1
dT
M
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
trong ds l gc hp gia hai tit din ca phn t khi chu mmen un M
Nu gi l bn knh cong ca phn t b un th t hnh , ta thy
ds ds

1
= hay

1
= (a)
Mt khc khi nghin cu s un thun ty ca cc thanh trong sc bn vt liu ta bit
EI
M
=

1
(b)
E mun n hi khi ko hoc nn ca vt liu
I mmen qun tnh chnh trung tm ca tit din thanh
So snh (a) vi (b), ta c
EI
M
=
Vy
EI
ds M
2
dT
2
M
=
Tnh cng ca lc dc T. theo cng thc , ta c
ds N
ds
N
ds
N c
c c
2
1
2 2 2
1
dT
N
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
trong ds c l dn ca phn t do lc dc.
Theo nh lut Hooke khi ko hoc nn: ds
EA
N
ds = c
Vi A din tch ca tit din thanh.
Vy
EA
ds N
2
dT
2
N
=
Tnh cng dT
Q
ca lc ct Q
Di tc dng ca lc ct, cc tit din trt vi nhau mt gc
tb
, theo cng thc

Hnh 4.7.a Hnh 4.7.b
ds Q
ds
Q
ds
Q
tb tb tb

2
1
2 2 2
1
dT
Q
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
xc nh
tb
p dng nh lut Hooke khi bin dng trt
A
Q
G G
tb
tb
v
t

1
= =
Trong : G mun n hi khi trt
v l h s iu chnh, k n s phn b khng u ca ng sut tip. H s ny ph
thuc vo hnh dng ca tit din.
Vy
GA
ds Q
2
dT
2
Q
v =
Cng cc kt qu trong cng thc ta c cng tng cng i vi phn t thanh thng:
GA
ds Q
EA
ds N
EI
ds M
2 2 2
dT
2 2 2
v + + =
Cng phn t ca ni lc:
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = =
GA
ds Q
EA
ds N
EI
ds M
2 2 2
dT dA
2 2 2
*
v
c cng tng cng ca ni lc trong ton h ta cn ly tch phn ca
*
dA dc theo chiu di ca
tng thanh trong h.
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = =

}

} }
GA
ds Q
EA
ds N
EI
ds M
2 2 2
dA A
2 2 2
* *
v
Sau khi xc nh cng
*
A ta c cng thc cho th nng n hi ca h thanh biu th theo cc ni lc.

}
+ + =
GA
ds Q
EA
ds N
EI
ds M
U
2 2 2
2 2 2
v
13.H c bn ca phng php lc l g? Vit h phng trnh chnh tc ca phng php
lc? Cch tnh cc h s v s hng t do trong phng trnh theo theo cng thc chuyn
v?
H c bn ca phng php lc(0.5)
H c bn ca phng php lc phi l h bt bin hnh suy ra t h siu tnh cho bng
cch loi b tt c hay mt s lin kt tha.
H phng trnh chnh tc ca phng php lc(0.5)
0 ... ...
... .......... ..........
0 ... ...
... .......... ..........
0 ... ...
0 ... ...
2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 22 1 21
1 1 1 1 1 2 12 1 11
= A + A + A + + + + + +
= A + A + A + + + + + +
= A + A + A + + + + + +
= A + A + A + + + + + +
nZ nt nP n nn k nk n n
kZ kt kP n kn k kk k k
Z t P n n k k
Z t P n n k k
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o

kZ kt kP
A A A , , chuyn v tng ng vi v tr v phng ca lc
k
X do ring ti trng, thay i
nhit , chuyn v gi ta gy ra trong h c bn.
km
o : l chuyn v tng ng vi v tr v phng ca lc
k
X do ring lc 1 =
m
X gy ra trong
h c bn.
Cch tnh cc h s theo cng thc chuyn v:
H s chnh v h s ph(1)
H s ph:
j
jm
jk
i
m k
m k m k
km
c
Z
R ds
GA
Q Q
ds
EA
N N
ds
EI
M M
E + E + E + E =
} } }
v o
H s chnh:
j
jk
jk
i
k k
k k k k
kk
c
Z
R ds
GA
Q Q
ds
EA
N N
ds
EI
M M
E + E + E + E =
} } }
v o
jk
k
k k R Q N M , , , : cc biu thc gii tch ca mmen un, lc dc, v phn lc ti gi n hi
th j do ring lc khng th nguyn 1 =
k
X gy ra trong h c bn.
jm
m
m m R Q N M , , , : cng l cc i lng trn nhng do ring lc khng th nguyn 1 =
m
X
gy ra trong h c bn
j
c : h s n hi ti gi n hi th j.
Cc s hng t do(1)
Ti trng:
j
o
jP
jk
i
o
P k
o
P
k
o
P
k
kP
c
R
R ds
GA
Q Q
ds
EA
N N
ds
EI
M M
E + E + E + E = A
} } }
v
trong
o
jP
o
P
o
P
o
P
R Q N M , , , : biu thc gi tch ca mmen un, lc dc, lc ct, v phn lc ti
gi n hi th j do ring ti trng gy ra trong h c bn.
Thay i nhit :
} }
E + = A ds t N ds t t
h
a
M
cm
k
m m
k
kt
o ) (
1 2

Chuyn v gi ta:
j
jk
i
kz
Z R E = A
trong
j
Z : chuyn v cng bc cho bit ti lin kt th j ca h siu tnh.
jk R : phn lc lin kt j do lc 1 =
k
X gy ra trong h c bn tnh nh.


14.Trnh by cc phng php tm ni lc v chuyn vi trong h siu tnh?
a)Cch tnh trc tip (1)
Sau khi gii phng trnh chnh tc tm cc n
k
X , ta xem cc lc ny nh ngoi lc tc
dng ln h c bn vi gi tr va tm c. Lc ny, c th thay vic tnh ni lc v bin
dng trn h siu tnh bng cch tnh ni lc v bin dng trn h c bn chu cc nguyn
nhn bn ngoi v cc lc
k
X . V h c bn thng l h tnh nh nn c th s dng cc
phng php bit xc nh i lng cn tm.
b)Cch p dng nguyn l cng tc dng.(1)
Gi s cn tnh i lng S ti mt v tr bt k ca h. i lng S c th l phn lc,
mmen un, lc dc, lc ct, chuyn v ti mt tit din no .
p dng nguyn l cng tc dng
o
Z
o
t
o
P X X X Z t P X X X
S S S S S S S S
n n
+ + + + + + = = ...
2 1 2 1
) , , , ,..., , (

Trong
o
Z
o
t
o
P X X X
S S S S S S
n
, , , ,..., ,
2 1
l gi tr ca i lng S ln lt do ring tng nguyn
nhn Z t P X X X
n
, , , ,..., ,
2 1
gy ra trong h c bn.
Nu gi k S l gi tr ca i lng S do ring lc 1 =
k
X gy ra trong h c bn ta c:
k
k
X
X S S
k
=
Ni lc v chuyn v trong h siu tnh:
o
Z
o
t
o
P n
n S S S X S X S X S S + + + + + + = ...
2
2
1
1
Trong trng hp cn tm biu ni lc hay chuyn v
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
o
Z
o
t
o
P n
n S S S X S X S X S S + + + + + + = ...
2
2
1
1
Trong :
( ) k S : biu ca i lng S do ring lc 1 =
k
X gy ra trong h c bn.
( ) ( ) ( )
o
Z
o
t
o
P
S S S , , : biu ca i lng S do ring ti trng, ring s thay i nhit v ring
chuyn v gi ta gy ra trong h c bn.
c)Cch v biu lc ct v lc dc theo biu mmen un.(1)
Biu lc ct
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
l
q M M
l
Q
l
q M M
l
Q
m
n
t p p
m
n
t p t
e
e
e
e
=
+ =
1
1

trong :
p p t t
M Q M Q , , , : ln lt l lc ct, mmen un ti u tri v u phi ca thanh
( )
n
q e : hp lc ca ti trng phn b hay din tch biu ti trng phn b
n
q trn thanh.
v ln lt l t s khong cch t hp lc
q
e n du tri v u phi thanh so vi
chiu di theo phng ngang l ca thanh.
q
e : hp lc ca mmen phn b hay din tch biu mmen phn b m trn thanh
Biu lc dc
) (
t
t p
q N N e + =
) (
t
q e : hp lc ca ti trng phn b hay din tch biu ti trng phn b
t
q trn thanh.