Xdm-holv Xholv F ]Zns _lphN\amWv Xdmholv F Ad_n i_vZw. hn{ian, Bizmkw A\p`hn FsmsbmWv CXns `mjmw.

dafm cm{Xnbnse {]tXyI \nkvImcw FmWv kmtXnIambn Xdmholns\ \nhNnsSpXv. Xs temI {]ikvX Ad_n \nLp A apPnZn ^mZ eqbokv aAveq^v Xdmholv F ]Zns Aw hniZoIcnp ]dbpp: Xholv F ]Zns _lp hN\amWv Xdmholv. Akzven \ncp]m[nI CcpcoXnp t]cmWnXv. dafm cmhpIfnse dIvApIv tijap Hcp Xcw Ccpn\v ]noSv Xdmholv Fv t]cv shsp. P\ AXp hgn hn{ianpXn\memWnXv. ]ns Hmtcm \mev dIvApIpw Xholv Fv t]cv shp. dafm\nse cm{XnIfnse Ccp]Xv dIvApIpw Xdmholv Fv ]dbmdpv(apPnZv :286).(1) dafm\nse Cim \nkvmcn\v tijap {]tXyI \nkvImcn\v Xdmholv Fp t]cp \Im\p ImcWw Camw JkvXzm\n(d) ]dbpp:Xholns _lp hN\amWv Xdmholv. dmlns(hn{iaw) H {]mhiys kqNnnp ]ZamWnXv. Akzven Ccp coXnp t]cmWnXv. dafm\nse cm{XnIfnse PamAtmsSbp \nkvmcn\v Xdmholv Fv t]cv shsp. ImcWw AhcmWv(kzlm_nI) Hmtcm cv dIvApInSbnepw hn{ianp ssienbn BZyambn Xdmholns ta kwLSnXv(CjmZp mcn: 424/3). (2) CtX Bibw Camw AkvJem\n(d) ^Xvlp _mcn:2/25 hyamnbnpv. Xdmholv: Dhw, idB cm{Xnbnse ZoLt\c \nkvmcw \_n(k)bpw kzlm_pw lnPvdp apt \ne\nn t]mncpp. ]noSv lnPvdv tijw Bcm[\IfpsS AdnbnpI abnepXnt\m IqSpX hnp hp. kqdp apkn Hv apX \mev hsc-bp BbpIfnse cm{Xn \nkvImc Dchv \ne\ns Xs \_n(k) lnPvd dmw hjw iAv_m\nse Ahkm\ Znhkw dafm\nse
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\n_ t\mnt\msSmw Xdmholv F Hcp ]pXnb \nkvImcs Ipdnv hnfw_csSppIbpmbn. kam\p ^mcnkn(d)hn \nv \nthZ\w sNbvX lZokn \nv CXv hmbnmw. kam\p ^mcnkn(d) ]dp: iAvv_m\nse Ahkm\ Znhkw \_n(k) RtfmSv Cs\ {]kwKnp: Hm P\sf, ]pWyapXpw almbXpamb Hcp amkanXm \nv BKXambncnpp. Bbncw amksm t{ijvSXbp Hcp cmhpXn. AXnse t\mns\ Amlp \n_ampIbpw AXnse cm{Xn\nkvIm-cs kp-m-p-Ibpw sNbvXncn-pp(kzlolv C_v\p Jpsska:191/ 3).(3) Cu lZoknse PAe F hmv Hcp ]pXnb Bcm[\bpsS idBens\ Ipdnppv. dafm \n_amm D]tbmKn AtX coXnbmWv Hcp {]tXyI \nkvmcw idBm\pw ChnsS D]tbmKnXv. abnepw lnPvd cp hsc aZo\bnepw shv hnXvdv, XlpZv Fo \nkvmc ]Xnhmnbpcp kzlm_nt\mSv dafm\nse cm{Xn \nkvmcw Amlp kpmn Fv Xncp-\_n hnfw_cw sNbvXXv Hcp ]pXnb \nkvmcns \nba \nmWs hyamppv. Xdmholv F Hcp {]tXyI \nkvmcanspw hnXvdv, XlpZv, Jnbmapss FnhbpsS ]cn[nbnemWv AXv hcpspamWv Ctm ]phmZnI hmZnmdpXv. DrX lZokpssS \nch[n lZokpI ]pXnb \nkvmcs Ipdnv B coXnbn kqNnnppv. A_p lpssd-d(-d)-bn \nv \nth-Z\w: \_n(-k) ]dp: hnizmktmsSbpw Iqen {]Xonpw Bscnepw dafm\n \nv \nkvcnm Ah\v apIgn Fm ]m]fpw s]mdpsSpw(_p-Jm-cn, apkvenw). A_p lpssd-d(-d)-bn \nv \nth-Z\w: \_n(-k) ]dp: \nbw, Amlp da-fm\nse t\mv \n_--am-p-Ibpw AXnse \nkvImcs kp-m-p-Ibpw sNbvXp(-Zmdp JpXzv\n). Xplv^p AlvhZn:2021/4 Cu lZokv D-cn-p-p-v. CXns \nth-ZI hniz-kvXcm-sWv ^Xmhm kp_vIn:158/1 ]d-bp-p-v. 2

\_n(-k) ]dp: t\mv \n_-am-nb amk-amWv da-fm. \n-bw, Rm AXnse \nkvIm-cs apkvenwIv kp-m-pIbpw sNbvXp(-kz-lolp C_v\p Jpsska:335/3). \fvdv _v\p ssi_m(-d) ]dp: A_p ke-av _v\p A_vZp dlvam(-d)-hn-t\m-Sv Rm tNmZn-tm ]nXm-hns\ D-cnv Atlw ]dp: \_n(-k) ]dp: \n-bw, Amlp \n-fpsS ta AXnse t\mv \n_-am-p-Ibpw AXnse \nkvImcw kp-mp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Bsc-nepw hnizm-ktm-tSbpw Iqen Imwnpw da-fm t\mv t\mm apI-gn ]m]- s]mdp-s-Spw(-ap-k^v:392/2). C_v\p Xoan Cu lZokv CJvXn-fmD ndm-Xzp apkvXJoan Dcnppv.(5) dafm\n Hcp {]tXyI \nkvmcapsv Ccw lZokpI XosSppp. Cu lZokpIfnse Jnbmap dafm FmsWv Camw \hhn(d) ]dbpp: Jnbmap dafm Fm Xdmholv BWv. AXv kpmsWv ]nXm GtIm]nnpv. Xdmholv F {]tXyI \nkvmcapsv apkvenwI HSw GtIm]n ImcyamWv (ilv apkvenw:259/1). (6) a_vkzqXzns Imhv ]dbpp: Xdmholv iBsXmsWXn apkvenw DbpsS CPvamAv(GtIm]\w) Dv. Alvep Jn_ve(apkvenwI)bn s] Bcpw AXns\ \ntj[nnn. Fm dhm^nfpI AXns\ \ntj[nnpv .Camw kpbqYn(d) Xs ^Xmh1561 CXv Dcnppv.(9) ssiJv A_vZp JmZ _KvZmZn(d) ]dbpp: Xdmholv \nkvmcw Da(d) ]pXpXmbn DmnbXmsWv dm^nfnmfn s] \nfmw hmZnppv (A ^Jp ss_\ ^ndJv:148).(7) \_n(k)bpsS hnXvdv, XlpZv Fnhsb kw_nv [mcmfw lZokpI hnpv. am{Xa, Cmew hscbp Fm ^nJvlvlZokvJpB ]nXcpw Xdmholv, hnXvdv, XlpZv Fnhv {]tXyIw Aymb \IpIbpw AhbpsS kabw, dIAv, AJvAIvaev coXnI Fnhsbms IrXyambn shtsd N sNpIbpw sNbvXnpv. apIme ]nXmcnsemcmfpw
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aptmp shm ip hamWv Xdmholv Hcp {]tXyI \nkvmcas A`n{]mbsav CXn \npw {KlnmhpXmWv. Xdmholv \_n(k)bpsS Imev lnPvd cv iAv_m\nse Ahkm\ ZnhkamWv dafm t\mpw Xdmholpw iBssXv \mw Ip. Fm BZy cp ]pIfn \_n(k) kzlm_n\v PamAmbn Xdmholv \nkvcntm Ctbm FXv hya. \_n(k) kzlm_n\v PamAmbn Xdmholv \nkvIcn Ncn{X {]knamb cmhpI Ahkm\ ]nse 23, 25, 27 Fo HnShn cm{XnIfmsWv A_q ZmhqZv(d) Dcnp lZokn \nv {Klnmw. A_q Zdv(d) ]dbpp: R \_n(k)bpsS IqsS dafm t\mv t\mp. dafm\n \nv Ggv Znhkw _mnbmhpXv hsc \_n(k) Rv Camambn \nkvcnn. Ggv Znhkw _mnbmbtm(23mw cmhv) \_n(k) Rv Camambn cm{XnbpsS aqnsemv Ignbpw hsc \nkvcnp. Bdp Znhkw tijnsh(24cmhv) \_n(k) Rv Camambn \nkvcnmXcnpIbpw Ap Znhkw _mn \ns(25cmhv) cm{XnbpsS ]IpXn ]nnSpw hsc Rv \_n(k) Camambn \nkvcnpIbpw sNbvXp. Atm Rm tNmZnp: Cu cm{Xn\nkvmcw Av Rv kpmn Xncpsn . \_n(k) ]dp: Camw \nkvcnv Ignbpw hsc Hcm AtltmsSmw \nkvcnm Hcp cm{Xn apgph \nkvcn Iqen Ah\v e`npw . Atlw ]dp: \mep cmhpI tijns(26cmhv) \_n(k) Rv Camambn \nn. Fm aqv cmhpI tijns(27cmhv) \_n(k) Xs hopImscbpw `mcyamscbpw kP\sfbpw Hcpanp IqpIbpw R ^emlv \jvSsSpsav `bpw hsc Camambn \nkvcnpIbpw sNbvXp . Atlw(Ppss_(d)) ]dp: Rm tNmZnp: FmWv ^emlv? Atlw ]dp: Amgw. ]ns dafm\nse _mn Znhkfnsempw \_n(k) Rv Camambn \nkvcnnn (kp\\p A_o ZmhqZv:195/1).(11)
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\_n(k) \nkvcn cmhpI 23, 25, 27 FnhbmsWpw Xs `mcyamcpssS B_mehrw P\tfbpw hnfnv Iqn \_n(k) \nkvcn Ahkm\ cm{Xn(27)bnse \nkvImcw Amgw \jvSsSpsav `bpw hsc(kp_vlntbmSSp kabw hsc) \opshpw Cu lZokv hyampp. C{Xbpw kpZoLamb kabn \_n(k)bpw kzlm_pw \nkvcnXv shdpw ]Xns\mv dIAmsWv ]dbpXn AkmwKXyapv. \_n(k) PohnXImev Cu aqv cm{XnIsfmgnv asmcp cm{Xnbnepw kzlm_n\v Camambn \nkvcnXmbn ImWpnsnepw \_n(k) km[mcW \nkvcnmdv, ]nbn Xs {]tXyIw sXmdmnb Hcp apdnbn ]mbbn Ccpmbncpsv Xmsg ]dbp lZokpI hyampp: 1. Bbni(d)bn \nv \nthZ\w: P\ ]nbn dafm\n ]e kwLfmbnmWv \nkvcnncpXv. Atcw \_n(k) FtmSv Hcp ]mb Dmm Intm Rm\XpmnsmSppIbpw \_n(k) AXn \nkvIcnpIbpw sNbvXp(kp\\p A_o ZmhqZv:50/ 2).(12) 2. sskZv _v\p km_nv(d)hn \nv \nthZ\w: \_n(k) dafm\n ]mb sImv (Fs `mh\ {]Imcw) Hcp apdnbpmn. \_n(k) cm{Xnbn AXn \nkvcnp. Xs kzlm_nse Hcp hn`mKw XtmSv XpSv \nkvcnpXmbn \_n(k) Adntm \_n(k) Ccpv \nkvcnm XpSn. XpSv Ahcntev sNv \_n(k) ]dp: \nfpsS {]h\ Rm Adnnpv. Hm P\sf \n hon shv \nkvcnpI. \nbw, \n_ \nkvmcsamgnv HcmfpsS t{ijvSamb \nkvmcw kzw hon \nkvcnpXmWv (_pJmcn).(13) 3. Bbni(d) \nv \nthZ\w: ]Ien hncnpIbpw cm{Xnbn sIn dqapmpIbpw sNp Hcp ]mb \_n(k)v Dmbncpp. \_n(k)bntev P\ HgpIn hv \_n(k)bpsS ]pdsI \nkvcnpambncpp (_pJmcn).(14) \_n(k)v XfpsS BbpjvImev HXv dafm\pI
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e`nsnepw \_n(k) \nkvcn Xdmholns dIvApIfpsS Fw k\Zv kzlolmb lZokpIfn \npw hya. Xdm-holv \_n-Ncy Xs Xdmholv \_n(k)bpsS Ncy XsbmsWmWv {]_eamb A`n{]mbw. ^Xmhm BewKocnbn CXp ImWmw: Xdmholv \_n(k)bpsS kpmWv. Da(d)sXmsWv A`n{]mbapsnepw Akzlvlv BZytXp Xs (^-Xmh Bew-Ko-cn:122/1).(15) kmm C_v\p Xoan Xs CXp ]dbpp: Xdmholv \nkvmcw idC _nZvA. \_n(k)bpsS hmv, {]hrn Fnh sImv Xs CXp kpmWv. ImcWw \_n(k) ]dnpv: \nbw Amlp \nv dafm t\mv \n_ampIbpw Jnbmap dafm\ns\ Rm kpmpIbpw sNbvXp (CJvXn-fmD ndmXzn apkvXJow:275).(16) ta kqNnX lZokpIfpssS \_n(k) Inpw {]hnpw ImWnp X Xdmholns\ Ipdnp {]_eamb lZokpI Xdmholv \_n(k)bpsS kpv XsbmsWv kmysSppp. kwibw ]ecpw Xdm-holv Da(d)hns NcybmsWv ]dnptm? C_v\p Pukn(d) ]dbpp: Atl(D-a(-d))amWv BZy-ambn da-fm-\nse \nkvImcw Ncy-bm-n-bXv. P\-sf AXns ta BZy-ambn Hcp-anv Iqn-bXpw \mSp-Ifn-tev AsX-gpXn Adn-bn-Xpw Atlw Xs (XmcoJv Da:58).(17) C_v\p kAvZv(d) ]dbpp: da-fm-\nse \nkvImcw BZy-ambn Ncy-bm-n-bXv At-l(-Da(-d))amWv. AXns ta P\sf BZy-ambn Hcp-anp Iqn-bXpw \mSp-Ifn-tev AsX-gpXn Adn-bn-Xpw At-lam-Wv (Xz-_JmXv:281/3). akvDu-Zn(-d) ]d-bpp: ]Xn-\memw hjw(ln-Pvd) da-fm-\n Xdm-holv \nkvIcn-m Da(-d) I]n-p (ap-dqPp l_v: 328/2).(13) Cu D-cWnI Xdmholv Da(d)hns kpmsWt ]dbpXv? Chsbs\ t\cs ]dXnt\mSv tNphmbnm\mIpw?
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adp-]Sn D]cn kqNnX hmZn\v Ch sXfnhv ]nSnmdp lZokv Xmsg \Ipp: kIcn _v\p abw JpkmCu(d) ]dbpp: A_q Dama(d) ]dbpXmbn Rm tIp: dafm t\mv Amlp \nv \n_amn. AXnse \nkvImcw(Xdmholv) \n_amnbnn Xm\pw. \nbw, Cu \nkvImcw \n ]pXpXmbn DmnbXmWv. AXn\m \n AXns\ Dt]nmsX \ne\npI (D-cWn: ^Xmh kpbqYn:349/1).(20) Cu lZoknse ssiD C_vXZAvXpaqlp(\n- ]pXp-Xmbn - Dm-n-bXv) F hmNIamWv Xdmholv Da(d)hns hIbmsWv tXmnnpXv. FmenXnv Xdmholv F Hcp {]tXyI \nkvmctam AXns PamAtm Da(d)hns hIbmsW Aw IntXn. \_n(k)bpsS aqv Znhks Hcp henb PamAn\v tijw \_n(k)bpsS Imepw A_q_(d)hns Imepw lnPvd14 hsc Hbpw sXbpambn Xdmholv \nkvIcn kzlm_ns\, Da(d) Xs `cWImev HutZymKnIambn Xs cmP yv Hcp henb PamAmbn Xdm- h o- l ns ta kwLSnnpIbmWpmbXv. Cs\ HutZymKnIambn Hcp henb cmjv{S tI{oIrX PamAv BZyambn \Sn hcpnbXv Da(d) BsWmWv Cu lZokpw kwibw P\n-n-p-, C_v\p Pukn(d) ASaphcpsS A`n{]mbfpw kqNnnpXv. AXpsImmWv AtX C_v\p Pukn(d) Xs ]d-Xv: Xdmholv \nkvmcn\v BZyambn P\sf HcpanpIqnbXv Da(d) BWv (kzn^p kz^vh: 105/1).(21) Da(d)hns {]h\sf Ipdnp tNmZntm Camw A_q l\o^(d) ]dXpw ChnsS tNphmbnmw. Atlw ]d-bpp: Xdmholv apAZmb kpmWv. Da(d) AXns\ ]pXpXmbn DmnbtXm Xs `mKp \nv ]pdsSphntXm A. \_n(k)bn \np Adnhpw ASnm\hpw Atlns ] DmbXn\memWv Atlw AXv InXv. Da(d) AXns\ Ncybmbn \Sn hcppIbpw D_v _v\p IAv_v(d)hns t\XrXzn
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P\sf kwLSnnv PamAmbn \nkvIcnpIbpamWpmbXv. Dkvam(d), Aen(d), C_v\p akvDuZv(d), Amkv(d), C_v\p Amkv(d), Xzl(d), kpss_(d), apBZv(d), D_v(d) XpSn aplmPndpIfpw AkzmdpIfpamb \nc-h[n kzlm_v Av Dmbnpw Bcpw Da(d)hns\ FXnnn. am{Xhpa, AtltmSv tbmNnv AXns\ klmbnpIbpw AXp \Snemm BhiysSpIbpamWv sNbvXv (CXvlm^p kmZm-n ap-Jo: 417/3). (22) PamApw \_nNcy Xs Camw _pJmcn(d), Camw apkvenw(d) XpSnbhscmw \_n(k)bpsS hn{ipXamb aqv cmhpIfnse Xdmholv PamAns lZokv dntmv sNbvXXn\m PamAv \_nNcybmsWv hyamWv. AXp sImmWv C_v\p Xoan t]mepw ]dXv: Xdmholv PamAv _nZvA. dafm\nse BZy ]pIfn ctm aqtm cm{XnIfnepw Ahkm\ ]n ]e {]mhiyhpw \_n(k) Xdmholv PamAmbn \nkvcnXn\m AXv icoAn kpv XsbmWv. \_n(k)bpsS Imev P\ Xdmholv PamAmbn \nkvcnpIbpw \_n(k) AXv AwKoIcnpIbpw sNbvXnpv. \_n(k)bpsS AwKoImcw \_nNcy XsbmWtm (CJvXn-fmD kzndmn apkvXJow: 275).(23) \_n(k)bpsS AwKoImchpw Xdmholns PamAns\ ncoIcnppv. A_q ZmhqZv(d) Xs kp\\n Dcnp lZokv ImWpI: A_q lpssdd(d)bn \nv \nthZ\w: Atlw ]dp: \_n(k) Hcn ]pdndnbtm P\ ]nbpsS Hcp `mKv \nkvIcnpIbmbncpp. \_n(k) tNmZnp: BcmWnh? JpB HmXm Adnbm P\ D_n(d)s ]nn \nkvIcnpXbmsWv ]dbstm \_n(k) ]dp: Ah icn sNbvXp. Ah sNbvXXv F{X Daw (kp\\p A_o ZmhqZv: 195/1).(24) Npcpn, \_n(k)bpsS {]hn, hmv, AwKoImcw FnhsImsms Xdmholpw AXns PamApw
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ncsXmWv. Da(d)hns Imev HutZymKnIambn Hcp henb PamAmbn kzmlm_ns\ apgph Hcp Caman\p Iogn kwLSnnpIbmWpmbXv. AmsX Xdmhotlm Xdmholv PamAtm Da(d)hns hIbmsWv hmZnpXv \ymba. AXpsImmWv HuPkp akmenInse \nAvaXn _nZvAXp - lmZnln F Da(d)hns hmns\ HuP- k p akm- e nIv hniZoIcnpp: henb PamAmbn Hcp Camans Iogn P\sf Xdmholv \nkvmcn\mbn BZyambn AWn\ncnbXv Da(d) BsWv Btlns Cu hmv hyamppv (HuPkp akmenIv:391/1).(25) \_n(k)bpsS h^mm\cw aXn \nv ]pdp t]mbhsc(apv) A_q_(d)hn\v ASnatn hXn\m Atln\v Ccw \_nNcyI ]p\Pohnnm Ahkcw InmsX t]mbn. ]noSv Da(d)hn\v AXn\p Ahkc \In Amlp A\p{KlnpIbmbncpp. Camw kp_vIn(d) CXv hyampp: Da(d)hn\v Amlp A\p{Klnp \Inb HmWnXv(Xdmholv \nkvmcw Hcp henb PamAmbn kwLSnnXv). s]mXpsh A_q_(d) \ Imcyfntev IqSpX DfcphcmsWnepw Atln\v Amlp CXp sImp t_m[\w \Inbn. samn Hmtcmcp-p-ap {]tXyI t{ijvSXI ap-hp-m-hWsa-n (^Xmh kp_vIn:158/1).(26) - aqv cm{XnIv tijw PamAmbn \nkvcnm \_n(k) hnkXnnpw Da(d)hns Imev ]nsss\ CXv hym]Iambn PamAmbn \ne\nn t]mp F kwin\p adp]Sn ^Xvlp aplnan ]dbpp: \_n(k) Hcp Camans Iogn PamAns\ hntcm[npshnepw AXv(Xdmholv) \nfpsS ta \n_ampsav Rm `bsXmsX \nfntev Cdn hcpXn \nss XSnn F XfpsS hmneqsS hntcm[nXns ImcWhpw hyamIppv. AXn\m B XSw \onbm PamAv ]XnhmWsav CXv Adnbnppv (^Xvlp aplnw:318/2).(27)
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Xdmholv Da(d)hns hItbm? Xdmholv Da(d)hns _nZvAmsWv sXfnbnm Dcns asmcp lZokv C-XmWv: A_vZpdlvam\p _v\p A_vZn JmcnC(d)hn \nv \nthZ\w: Atlw ]dp: dafm\nse Hcp cm{Xn Da(d)hns IqsS Rm ]nbntev ]pdsp. Atm P\ hyXykvX hn`mKfmbn kzambpw sNdp kwLv Camambpw \nkvIcnpIbmbncpp. CXv I Da(d) ]dp: Chsc Hscm Camans Iogn kwLSnnm AXp \mhpw Fv F\nv tXmpp. ]noSv As\ sNm Xocpam\npIbpw D_v _v\p IAv_v(d)hns t\XrXzn Ahsc Da(d) kwLSnnpIbpw sNbvXp. asmcp cm{Xn Da(d)hns IqsS Rm ]pdtm P\ AhcpsS Camans Iogn \nkvcnpIbmbncpp. Da(d) ]dp: CXv F{X \ _nZvAv. \nkvIcnmsX Ddp(cm-{Xn-bpsS Ah-km-\n \nkvIcn-p-) hn`mKamWv (cm-{Xn-bsS BZy-n)\nkvcnp hn`mKsm Da. P\ cm{XnbpsS BZy `mKmbncpp \nkvcnncpXv (kzlolp _pJmcn: InXm_p kzempdmholv).(28) Cu lZoknse \nAvaXn _nZvAXp lmZnln F hmNIw Xdmhotlm Xdmholv PamAtm ]pXnb _nZvAmsWv tZymXnnpn. ImcWw, Cu lZokns BZy `mKv Xs \_n(k)bpsS Imew apXte kzlm_v Ccw Hcp \nkvmcw sNdp kwLfmbn \nkvcnncppshXn\p aXnbmb sXfnhpv. AXp sImpXs CXv kmtXnImnep _nZvA. C_v\p Xoan ]dbpp: CXv `mj]camb \maIcWamWv. kmtXnIa. ImcWw, `mjmn _nZvAv FXv apamXrIbnmsX BZyambn kw`hnpXns\ms ]dbmhpXmWv. Fm iCmb sXfnhpI sXfnbnmsXms iCmb _nZvAmWv (CJvXnfmD kzndmXzp apkvXJow: 276).(29) C_v\p lP(d) ]dbpp: Xdmholv kw_nv Da(d) ]d _nZvAv ap amXrIbnm
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`mjmnep _nZvAmWv (^Xmhm lZokn: 200).(30) ssiJv A_vZp iJmhn(d) ]dbpp: Jnbmap dafm _nZvA. ImcWw, F\nv tijap A_q_(d), Da(d) Fn-hsc ]n]m \_n(-k)-]dnpv. am{X-hp-a Da (d)DssSbp apgph kzlm_pw AXnt GtIm]nXn\m _nZvAv F t]cv \opIbpw AXv CPvamAv BhpIbpw sNbvXp (^Xvlp ap_vZn:165/2).(31) C\n CXv ]nImepmb _nZvAmsWv shm Xs _nZvAv lk\bpsS KWnte CXns\ KWnm\mhq. Camw kpbqYn(d) Camw im^nCu(d)bpsS A`n{]mbw DcnpXv ImWpI: a\mJn_p im^nCubn Camw ss_lJn(d), im^nCu(d) ]dXmbn Cs\ Dcnpp: ]pXnbXmbn Dmnb Imcy cp hn[amWv. JpB, kpv, Ak FnhtbmSv FXncmbn ]pXpXmbn Dmp ImcyfmWv AXnsemv. CXmWv hgn]ng _nZvAv. Chnbn Hnt\mSpw FXncmhmsX Dmp \ ImcyfmWv cmatXv. AXv A[nt]Icam _nZvAmWv (^Xmhm kpbqYn:192/1).(32) Xdmholv: dIApI \nbnpXnse EPpXzw ss{IkvXh ]ptcmlnX\mb ^mZ eqbnkv aAveq^v Xs hniz {]kn Ad_n UnWdn apPnZn dafm\nse cm{XnIfnse Ccp]Xp dIvApIpw Xdmholv Fv t]cpsv hyamptm Xdmholns BtKmf hoWw Ccp]Xv dIvAp XsbmsWv t_m[ysSppv. Xdmholv F Hcp {]tXyI \nkvmcs \ntj[nv A`n\h dhm^nfpIfmbn ISp h tIcfnse hncensemhp ]phmZnI am{XamWv temI apkvenwIfn CXn\v A]hmZambnpq. inbm t]mepw Xdmholv Ccp]XmsWv ]dbppv. Ftm \nkvcnWsaXnte Ahv A`n{]mbmcapq. inbmfpsS ^nJvln {Kamb InXm_p coAv 1/65- aKvcn_n\v tijw Fpw, Cimv tijw ]{pw Xdm-holv \nkvcnWsap ImWmw. {]_ehpw `qcn]m`n{]mbhpamb Xdmholv
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Ccp]XmsWXns\ Fm Anepw ]nmpXmWv {]amW. aZvl_ns CamapIfpw ap Iimkv{X ]nXcpsamw Xdmholv Ccp]Xp dIAmsWv ]dbptm apJnZmb Hcp km[mcW hnizmknv Xdmholv Ccp]XmsWv XosSpm\pw A{]Imcw \nkvcnm\pw AXp Xs aXnbmbXmWv. sXfnhpIfpsS IWniXbpw {]amWfpsS kzoImcyXbpw t_m[ystS/t_m[ysSpt Cu Hcp ZpKXn aZvl_v AwKoIcntv ]dbp ]p\mibmcpsS DZbtmsSbmWnhnsS kwPmXambXv. CkvemanI icoAns aqe {]amWfn apJyamb CPvamAv, kpv, kzlm_vXm_nAvXm_nDm_nAvke^v FnhcpsS \Sv coXn Fo aqp {]amWfpw AXn\p sXfnhp \Ipp. 1. CPvamAv \_n(k)bpsS Xdmholv \nkvImcns dIvApIfpsS Fw kzw \nebn kzlolmb lZokpIfn \npw hyambnn. Fn ]ns AhbpsS Fw a\nemm kzlm_ns Imev AXp kw_nbmbn h CPvamDw Dmbnptm Fv ]cntim[ntXmWv. {]amW ]cXptm Acw Hcp CPvamCs km[yX XosSpw. aqv hnt[s\ Cu CPvamAv cq]sSmw. 1. R C{]Imcw sNmdpmbncpp t]mtem hmpI kzlm_nI ]dbpI. R C{]Imcw sNmdpmbncpp, Ah(kzlm_v) C{]Imcw sNmdpmbncpp XpSnb kzlm_nbpsS hmv CPvamC\v [mcmfamsWv Camw kp_vIn(d) PwD PhmanC ]dbpp: P\ {]hnp t]mncpp F kzlm_nbpsS hmv sXfnhn\v ]psamWv `qcn]m`n{]mbw (PwD PhmanAv:173/2). (33) CXn\m CPvamAv cq]sSpsav PwD PhmanCs imcnlv Camw aln(d)bpw lminbIfmb lminbp _m\n:173/2 ssiJv _m\n(d)bpw lminbp AXzm:207/2
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ssiJv AXzmd(d)pw hyamppv. Fm GsXnepw Hcp kzlm_n Xdmholns dIApIfpsS hnjbn Cs\ ]dnptm Fv ]cntim[nptm \_n(k)bpsS IqsS lp hZmC ]sSp kmC_v _v\p bkoZv(d) F {]K kzlm_nhcys \mev hyXykvX {]kvXmh\I ImWmhpXmWv. 1 kmC_v _v\p bkoZn(d) \nv \nthZ\w: Ah(kzlm_v) Da(d)hns Imev dafm\n Ccp]Xv dIvAv \nkvcnncpp. \qtdmfw BbpIfp kqdpI Ah HmXpambncpp. Dkvam(d)hns Imev \nw iambXn\m hSnIfpsS ta Ah Nmcn \nmdpmbncpp (kp\\p ss_lJn:496/2).(34) \_n(k)bpsS IqsS lp hZmC ]sSp kmC_v _v\p bkoZv(d) F kzlm_nbpsS Cu {]Jym]\w CPvamC\v F{Xtbm aXnbmb sXfnhmWv. kwibw Cu lZokns k\Zn A_q A_vZpmln _v\p ^pPsshln Ass\hcn F dmhn(\nthZI) fCu^v BsWv Btcm]Ww Dtm? AXn\v sXfnhv ]nSnmdpXv Xplv^p AlvhZnbpsS Cu DcWnbmWv: Camw \hhn(d)bpw apw Cu lZokns k\Zns\ kzlolmnpv. Fm Rm ]dbpp: CXns k\Zn A_p A_vZpmln _v\p ^pPsshln Ass\hcn Fbmfpv. Atls Ipdnv Hcp hnhchpw F\nv Ism\mbn. Cu Akdn(lZokv)s {]_eX hmZnph Ctlw hnizkvX\pw sXfnhn\v sImph\msWpw ncoIcnWw. Fm, Atlw {]apJ lZokv ]nX\msW ss\ahnbpsS {]kXmh\ Atlw hnizkvX\msWv hcppn (Xplv^p Alv hZnap_mdIv ^qcn75/2).(35) \nhm-cWw ilp apl_v(4/32), Jpemk Fnhbn Camw \hhn(d)bpw at\Iw ]qIme ]nXmcpw(Xzlpkvco_n C_v\p CdmJn(d)bpw akzm_oln Camw kpbqYn(d)bpw t]mtemh) Cu
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lZokns\ {]_eamnpsv(kzlolmn) Atlw Xs ]dbpXn\m Cu {Kns cNbnXmhv ap_mdIv ^qcnbpsS A`n{]mbn\v Hcp ]cnKW\bpw \Im\mhn. ImcWw, \hhn(d)bpsS \mebev t]mepw Fm Ctlw Alvte lZokpImc\pw Xdmholv Ccp]XmsW kXyn\p t\sc ISp B[p\nI ]nX\pamWv. Camw \hhn(d)sb t]mtem A{KKWycpw AXn kqamepfpamb ]nX Ctlw hnizkvX\msWv t_m[ysXns ASnm\n am{XamWv Cu lZokns\ {]_esSpnbsX hnebncp XnIpw \ymbamWv. {]kn lZokv ]nX ss\ahnbpsS, Atlw {]apJ lZokv ]nX\msW {]kvXmhw Cu dmhn(\nthZI) hnizkvX\msWv XosSppns ap_mdIv ]qcnbpsS hmZw ip hamWv. ImcWw A_q A_vZp _v\p ^pPsshln Fh Xs Imes lZokv ]nXcn {]apJ\msWv ss\ahn ]dbptm Ctlw hnizkvX\msWv AwKoIcntnhcpw. Am ]w Atlns kaImenIcmb ]nXcpw hnizkvXcs A_w ]d- t bn hcpw. CXn\p ]pdsa, apPmlnZv hoWtfmSv FXncmhp lZokpIsf hfsmSnpXn {]mhnWyw t\Snb \mkndpo A_m\n Cu lZokns\ Ipdnv lZokns k\Zv kzlolmsWmWv AXns fmlndv FmWv ]dnpXv. Npcpn cmw im^nCu F t]cn {]kn\mb Camw \hhn(d) AwKoIcn Cu lZokv kzlolmtWm F cmw BtemN\v Am-\mWv. am{X-hp-a, Cu lZokns\ {]_esSpp asmcp lZokv Camw ss_lJn(d) aAvcn^bnepw Camw amenIv(d) aphXzbnepw(40) Dcnppv. kmC_v _v\p bkoZv(d) \nv \nthZ\w: Da(d)hns Imev R Ccp]Xv dIvApw hnXvdpw \nkvcnmdpmbncpp (ap-h--Av:40).(36) kwibw Cu lZokns k\Zn A_q Dkvam _kzcn(d)bpspw Atlw aPvlq(hnhcw e`nsSmh) BsWpw AXn\m
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CXv sXfnhn\v sImnspw kwibnmw. Xmsgbp Xplv^p AlvhZnbpsS Xs JnI XsbmWv Cu kwibn\v sXfnhmbn DcnsSpXv: A_q Dkvam _kzcn Cu lZokns k\Znepv. Bkmdpp\\ns XAveoJn ss\ahn(d) ]dbpp: Ct-ls Ipdnv ]d Hcm-sfbpw Rm Fn-n-n-.Rm ]d-bpp: Bgnep \ncoWw \Snbnpw Rm Atlns hnhc Fnn. Cu lZokv {]_eamsWv Bscnepw hmZnppshn sXfnhn\v kzoImcyamb coXnbn Ch cv t]cpw hnizkvXcmsWv sXfnbnm Abm _my\mWv (Xplv^vp AlvhZn:75/2).(37) \nhmcWw Camw \hhn(d) Xs Jpemkzbn Cu lZokv kw_nbmbn ]dbpp: CXns k\Zv kzlolmWv (t\m:anJm-v2175). CXp t]mse Xs Camw kp_vIn(d) Xs ilp anlmPnepw(t\m: ^Xmhm kpbqYzn35/1) Cu lZokns\ {]_eamppv. Camw \hhn(d), Camw kp_vIn(d) Fo {]K Cu lZokns\ {]_ampXn\m apv sImSp hniZoIcWw ChnsSbpw ]d-bm-hp--Xm-Wv. am{Xhpa aPvlqemsWv Atcm]Whnt[bcmb A_q Dkvam _kzcn(d) FhcpsS t]cv Awdp _v\p Bkznw FmsWpw blvb _v\p apCu(d), aplZv _v\p kAvZv(d) XpSnbh Atls hnizkvX\mnbnpspw Camw _pJmcn(d), AlvaZv _v\p l(d) XpSnb {]apJ Atln \nv lZokv kzoIcnnpspw XmcoJp _KvZmZns hcnI kmysSppp(t\m:XmcoJv _KvZmZv 197/12). ap_mdIv ]qcnbpsS At\zjWw Atlw AhImisSpw t]mse Bgnsenbnnsv Npcpw. Cu lZokns\ ]nmp ap cp k\ZpI IqSn ImWm Ignbpw. 1 Ah(kzlm_v) Da(d), Dkvam(d), Aen(d) FnhcpsS Imev Ccp]Xv dIAv \nkvIcnmdpmbncppshv ss_lJn(d) kzlolmb k\tZmsSmw dntmv sNbvXnpv (kp\\p ss_lJn415)(38)
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2 A_vZp dkmJv(d) Xs apkz^v 261/4 Dcnpp: kmC_v _v\p bkoZn \nv \nthZ\w: Da(d)hns Imev ^Pvdnt\mSSp kabw R \nkvmcn \nv aSmdpmbncpp. Ccp]naqv dIvAmbncpp Da(d)hns Imes \nkvImcw. C_v\p A_vZn _dv(d) lmcnkn \nv Cu lZokns Ahkm\ `mKw DcnpIbpw {]_eampIbpw sNbvXnpv.(39) Npcpn kmC_v _v\p bkoZn(d)s ta kqNnX lZokpIfnse Ipm \Jqap ^o ka\n Da(-d) XpSnb _lp-hN\ {]tbmK--sfmw Xdmholv Ccp]Xv dIvAmsWXn kzlm_ns CPvamDsv hyampp. 2kzlm_ns \Sns\ Ipdnv Xm_nAv ]dbpI Hcp hnjbn kzlm_ns {]h\fpsS s]mXpkz`mhs Ipdnv ]nmemcmb Xm_nDI ]dm B hnjbn kzlm_ns CPvamCs\ AXp hcpnopw. Camw dm^nCu(d) ilp apkv\Zn Cu Imcyw ]dbpXmbn Camw kpbqYzn(d) Xs ^Xmhm:184/2 Dcnppv. Da(d)hns\ ImWm bkoZp _v\p dqam(d) F Xm_nCs {]kvXmh\bmWv CnjbIambn \mw ImWpXv. bkoZp _v\p dqam\n(d) \nv \nthZ\w: Da(d)hns Imev P\ dafm\n Ccp]naqv dIvAv \nkvcnmdpmbncpp (ap-hAv:40, kp\\p ss_lJn:496/2).(40) bkoZv _v\p dqams\(-d) Ipdnv ]n-X ]d-bp-Xp ImWpI: 1bkoZp _v\p dqam(d) aZo\mc\mbn KWnsSpp. Atln \nv CkvlmJv(d) Fh lZokv Dcnnpv (Camw _pJmcn(d)XmcoJp I_o331/4). 2 aZo\mc\mb bkoZp _v\p dqam(d) hnizkvX(knJv) BWv (Camw kJm\n(d) ilp aphXzAv239/1). kwibw bkoZp _v\p dqam(d) Da(d)hns\ ImWmXn\m Cu lZokv apkemsWv Camw \hhn(d) ilp apl_n(33/4) ]dbppv.
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apkemb Cu lZokv sImv Fs\ sXfnhv ]nSnpw? \nhmcWw Cu lZokv Zp_eamsWnepw CXp sXfnhn\p ]pXmWv. ImcWw Camw ss_lJn(d) ]dbpp: kzlm_nbpsS hmv sImtm `qcn] ]nXcpsS ^Xvh sImtm apkeamb lZokn\v in e`nm AXp kzoIcnsSpw (anlmPp hpkzqen Cem Can Dkzq235/2). am{Xhpa Camw im^nCu(d) cnkmebn apkemb lZokpI sXfnhmsWv ]dXns\ C_v\p Iko(d) hniZoIcnpp: Xm_nCu {]apJcpsS apkemb lZokpI asmcp hnt[\ apkembnsnepw hcpItbm `qcn`mK ]nXcpsS hmp sImv in knnpItbm sNbvXm Ah sXfnhmsWmWv cnkmebnse im^nCu(d)hns hmn \npw XosSpXv (CJvXn-km-dp Deqan lZo-kv15).(41) 3 kzlm_ns CPvamDsv ]nXam hyampI \mev aZvl_ns CamapIfpw AhcpsS ]nKmanIfmb ap Iaimkv{X]nXcpw Xdmholv Ccp]XmsWXn\v kzlm_ns CPvamDsv hyamppv. C_v\p lP(d) Xplv^ 240/2 Xdholv Ccp]Xv dIvAmsWv ]dbpp: Da(d)hns Imev Ah AXns ta tbmPnXv t]mse.(42) ilp _m ^fven Atlw kzlm_v AXns ta CPvamBbn Fp Xs ]dbppv. \mev aZvl_pIfnsebpw {]mamWnIamb Hpan {Kfpw Xdmholv Ccp]XmsWXn\v kzlm_ns CPvamCs\bmWv hnhcnpXv. Acnep Nne {Kfpw AhbpsS cNbnXmsfbpw aZvl_ns ASnm\n Xmsg sImSppp: im^nCu aZvl_v Camw C_v\p lP sslXan(d): Xplv^241/2, ^Xvlp PhmZv163/1, ilp _m^fvev, alPp Jhow427/2, A CwZmZv103/1 Camw JkvXzm\n(d): CjmZpmcn426/3 Camw XJvbpo AnaivJn(d): In^mbp AJvbm88/1 inlm_v Jbq_n(d): lminbp Pem217/1
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aplZv _v\p Aem(d): Zeoep ^menlo670/3 kCuZp _v\p aplZv(d): _pivd Icow103/1 l\^o aZvl_v ssiJv l Ademen(d): admJn ^emlv82 C_v\p B_nZo(d): anlp JmenJv66/2 knoJv lk Jm(d): Hu\p _mcn370/4 _Zvdpo A sF\n(d): ilp Ikv119/1 leo aZvl_v ssiJv C_v\p Jpma(d): apKv\n834/1 ssiJv A_qXzmln(d): lhmin A_qXzmln167/2. amenIn aZvl_v A lm^nfv C_v\p Dss_Zv Anwbm\n(d): apkdp Peoen I_o Aem apJvXkzcn Jeo258/1 ssiJv aplZv AlZv(d): Apddpao198 Chsc AwKoIcntXns? Ccw ^pJlmCs\ km[mcWm(CPvXnlmZn\v AlXbnmh) XJveoZv sN \n_amsWv hnip JpB\pw Xncp lZokpw ]qIme ]nXcpw Htc kzcn hniIe\w sNppv. JpB AhcpsS ASp kam[m\nstbm `bnstbm hm Fnbm AhcXp ]dp ]cpw. B hm Ah dkqentepw Ahcn \nv Imcyt_m[aphcntepw Xncnncpsn Ahcn \nv AXns kqamh Ip]nSnm Ignbph AXp a\nempambncpp. Amlphns ImcpWyhpw A\p{Klhpw \nv e`nncpnsn \nfn Npcpw t]scmgnv aphscmw ]nimNns\ ]n]pambncpp(\nkmAv:83).(43) kXyhnizmknIsf, \n Amlphns\bpw Ahs dkqens\bpw \nfn \np A[nImcmscbpw A\pkcnpI. C\n h hnjbnepw \nnSbn h A`n{]mb hyXymkhpw Dfhmbm AXv
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Amlphntepw dkqentepw aSpI \n Amlphnepw Ay\mfnepw hnizknphcmbnpsn. AXmWv Dahpw Ghpw \ Ay^ew \IpXpw(\nkmAv:59).(44) hymJymXm ]dbpp; C_v\p Pco(d) ]dbpp: \nfn \np A[nImcm Fm Zo\ohnm\hpw _pnbpaph FmWv (X^vkodp C_v\p Pco:115/5). Camw dmkn(d) ]dbpp: Cu Bbv ]e Imcyfpw Adnbnppv. HmatXv, lpIvapIfn(hn[nIfn) hyambn AdnbnsSmXpw Fm CkvXn_mXzv(Is-p-) sImv Adnbphbpapv. cmatXv: CkvXn_mXzv sXfnhmWv. aqmatXv: hn[nIfn ]nXsc XJveoZv sN \n_amWv (dmkn200/10). `cWImfpsSbpw kpmamcpsSbpw {]h\ ]nXcpsS ^XvhIfpsS ta ASnm\sSpnbXmWv. kXyn Deam `cWImfpsS `cWImfmWv(DadmD DadmAv). AXn\m \nfn \np Imcym FXv AhcpsS ta NpaemWv \Xv (dmkn146/10). CXn\p ]pdsa, C_v\p Amkv(d), Pm_n(d) Fnhcpw Cu hmNIn\v ]nX, ^pJlmAv Fsms Aw ]dXmbn C_v\p Pco(d), C_v\p apZn(d) lmInw(d), C_v\p A_o lmXw(d) XpSnbh Dcnppv. (t\m.Zpddp akqkpbqYn(d)575/2) lZokv \_n(k) ]dp: Zo Fm KpWImwbmWv. R tNmZnp: Bv? . \_n(k) {]XnhNnp: Bmlp, Ahs InXm_v, Ahs dkq, apkvenwIfpsS CamapI, s]mXp apkvenwI Fnhmw (_pJmcn13/1, apkvenw54/1).(45) CXns\ hniZoIcnv Camw \hhn(d) ]dbpp: JXzm_n(d) ]dp: aX ]nXcmb CamapIsf CXv DsImnnpv. AhtcmSp KpWImw Fm Ah dntmv sNbvXXns\ AwKoIcnepw hn[nIfn Ahsc XJveoZv sNepw Ahcn \ `mhnpIbpw
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sNemWv (ilp apkvenw: 54/1). Camw XnapZn(d), A_qZmhqZv(d) Fnh dntmv sNbvX lZokn \_n(k) apBZv _v\p P_en(d)s\ ba\ntev Abptm CPvZnlmZv sNm BiohmZw \IpXmbn ImWmw. ba\nI apBZns\(d) XJveoZv sNtXpspw \_n(k)bpsS Imev Xs XJveoZv Dmbncpspw CXn \nv kphyamWv. ]nX C_v\p lP(d) ]dbpp: Bann\v(CPvXnlmZn\v A\l) aZvl_ns hmZw XstSXmWv. am{Xhpa, ]cnKW\obamb Hcp aZvl_v XJveoZv sN \n_hpamWv (Xplv^:330/3). Camw Kmen(d) ]dbpp: Bann\v Hcp ap^vXnsb ]npSc \n_amWv. CXv \n_amsWv CPvamAv Adnbnppv (apkvXkzv^m:387/2). Camw kp_vIn(d) ]dbpp: CPvZnlmZns m\w Fnm Bann\pw Amhpw apPvXlnZns \nnX aZvl_v kzoIcn \n_amWv (PwD PhmanAv:400/2). Camw ilvdkvXm\n(d) ]dbpp: Bann\v apPvXlnZns\ XJveoZv sN \n_amWv (A aneep hnl:206). CXn \npw ]nXsc AwKoIcntXns Kuchw IqSpX {KmlyamWv. AXn\m Xdmholv Ccp]Xv dIAmsWXn\v sXfnhmbn Ah CPvamCs\ ]dm CPvXnlmZns Xcnv t]mepw AhImisSm\nm \apsms AXwKoIcnpIbmsX ap aman. Xdmholv Ccp]XmsWpw AXn\v kzlm_ns CPvamAv sXfnhmsWpw ]dpX ]nXmcpsS hmns\ AwKoIcntXn\v ]Icw CnjbIambn h lZokpIsf Ipdnv Cs\ \o ]T\ \St _m[yX \apn. ]nXsc \nnv JpB\pw lZokpw kzw \nebn hyJym\nm Nne DXv]XnjvWp aptmv hXn\memWv Cnjbnepw \apv Cs\ hniZoIcnp ]dtbnhXv. Fm \mev aZvl_nepw Xdmhnlv Ccp]Xv
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dIvAmsWXn kzlm_ns CPvamDsv DrX {K kqNnnptmgpw \qX\hmZnI ameno aZvl_pw leo aZvl_pw takqNnnXnt\mSv A]hmZamsWv Btcm]nmdpv. AXns ImcyImcW \apv N sNmw: ameno aZvl_n apnbmdv dIvApItfm? Camw amenIv(d) Xs Hcp Juev {]Imcw Xdmholv 36 dIvAmsWv ]dXns\ ameno aZvl_nse Xdmholv 36 dIvAmsWv ]qmn IqnhmbnmhpX. ameno aZvl_pImc\mb ssiJv AlvaZv \jqJn(d) ]dbpXv ImWpI: AXv(Xdmholv) Cim \nkvmcn\v tijw Ccp]Xv dIAmWv (Ahmdp mXznAx212). Camw kp_vIn(d) ]dbpp: AXmWv(Ccp]XmsWXv) amenIn aZvl_n aivlq (alep AZv_p audqZv518/7). amenIn ]nX ssiJv aplZv AlaZv(d) ]dbpp: temIsamppw \psS Imev Ccp]naqnsta \nkvImcw \ne\np (Apddpao198). am{Xa, \mev aZvl_pIsf Ipdnp ]dbp {Kfpw CXv ]dbpXv ImWpI: dfm\n P\ \nkvcnpXns apJvXmdmb dIvApIfpsS hnjbn ]nX A`n{]mb `ncmWv. hnXvdv IqSmsX Ccp]Xv dIvAmsWmWv Camw amenIv(d)(Xs cmsemc`n{]mbn), A_q l\o^(d), Camw im^n(d), AlvaZv(d), ZmhqZv(d) Fnh sXcsSpXv. amenIv(d) apnbmdp dIvAns\ \Xmbn Ipshp C_v\p Jmknw(d) Btln \nv Dcnppv (_nZmbp apPvXlnZv203/1). Camw Pkocn(d) ]dbpp: Xdmholv Ccp]Xp dIAmsWv amenIv aZvl_pIm ]dbpp (A ^nJvlp Aem aZmln_p A_Ax342/1). CXn \npw Camw amenIv(d)hn\v cv A`n{]mbapsnepw aivlqdpw aZvl_n ]cnKW\\obhpambXv Ccp]Xv dIAv XsbmsWv hyamhppv. apnbmdp dIAns\ Camw amenIv(d) CjvSsSpIbpw \mbnImWpIbpw sNbvXpshpam{Xw. CXn\p ImcWw IqSn a\nemptm CXv IqSpX
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t_m[ysSpw. Benap aZo\ F A]c\man {]kn\mb Camw amenIv(d), Xs A[nI hn[nIfnepw aZo\mcpsS {]h\sf ]n]mdpXv t]mse Xdmholnepw aZo\mcpsS \Sns\ CjvSsSpIbmWpmbXv. aZo\m apnbmdv dIvAv \nkvIcnXv Xdmholv F \nespw aZo\mtcmSv InS]nSnm\mbncpspw Camw \hhn(d) ]dbpXv ImWpI: aZo\mcpsS \Sn\v \psS Akzlm_v ImcWw hniZoIcnp: Amw Xholnsmgnv(Hcp Xolv=\mev dIvAv) Fm XholpInSbnepw am Xzhm^v sNpIbpw cp dIAv \nkvIcnpIbpw sNbvXncpp. Atm aZo\m AhtcmSv Xpeycmhm {ianpIbpw Htcm Xzhm^ns m\pw \mep dIvApIsf \nbnpIbpw sNbvXp. ^en Ah ]Xn\mdv dIvApI A[nIcnnpIbpw aqv hnXvdv \nkvIcnpIbpw sNbvXp. As\ samw apsmXv(Xdmholv=36, hnXvdv=3)dIvApIfmbn (ilp apl_v:33/4).(46) Fm aZo\mcmhv Cs\ sNm ]n FmWv \psS aZvl_n hoWw. Camw \hhn(d) XpScpp: iman, _bm Fo {KfpsS Im ]dbpp: \psS Akzvlm_v ]dp: aZo\m apmdv dIAv Xdmholv \nkvIcnpXv t]mse sN Ahcmhv A\phZ\oba. ImcWw, \_n(k)bpsS lnPvd, \_n(k)sb adhv sNbvXXv Fo alXz aZo\mv kzamWv. Jmfn A_p Xzn_v(d) XAveoan ]dbpp: aZo\mcmhv amtcmSv acnepw InS]nSnepw A\phZ\obasv Camw im^nCu(d) ]dnpv (ilp apl_v:33/4). kwibw amenIv(d) \nv h Hcp dntmn Xdmholv ]Xns\mv dIAmsWv Camw kpbqYn(d)bpsS lmhn en ^XmhmbpsS Xmsg sImSp D-cWnbn ImWpphtm?. \psS Akzvlm_n s] Pukn(d) ]dbpp: amenIv(d) ]dbpp:
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Da(d) P\sf kwLSnnXmWv F\nv Ghpw CjvSapXv. AXv ]Xns\mmWv. \_n(k)bpsS \nkvImchpamWXv. AtltmSv tNmZnp: hnXvtdmSv IqsS ]Xns\mmtWm? . Atlw ]dp: AsX, ]XnaqmWv A\ptbmP yw . Atlw XpSp: Cu A[nI \nkvImcw FhnsS \np hpshv F\ndnbn (lmhn en ^Xmhm350/1).(47) \nhm-cWw cp coXnbn CXn\p adp]Sn ]dbmw: 1. Cu DcWn hfsc apJXznAv(k\Zv apdn-Xv) BWv. ImcWw, Camw amenIv(d) acWsXv ln179emWv. Camw amenIv(d)hn \nv CXv dntmv sNbvX Puknbmhs ln238 P\n A_q_ ss\km]qcn(d)bpsS injyKWn s] BfmWv. AXn\m Camw amenIv(d)sbpw PuknbpsSbpw CSv Hcp]mSv t] hnv t]mbnpv. AXvsImv CXv sXfnhn\v sImn. 2. Camw amenIv(d) Xs aphXzAv40 Ccp-]n-aqv dIvAns lZokv bkoZv _v\p dqam\n(d) \nv Dcnppv. am{Xhpa, amcpsS Ccp]Xv dIvAv Xdmholnt\mSpw Xzhm^nt\mSpw Xzhm^ns cv dIvAnt\mSpw Xpeyamhm aZo\m apnbmdv \nkvIcnXns\ Camw amenIv(d) \mbn Ipshv \mw apv hniZoIcnpIbpw sNbvXp. Atm ]Xns\mns\m A[nIap dIvAv FhnsS \nv hpshv F\ndnbnsv Atlw ]dbm\nSbn. Npcpn amenIv aZvl_nepw Xdmholv Ccp]Xv XsbmWv. aZo\mcpsS apnbmdp dIAv Benap aZo\bmb Camw amenIv(d) CjvSsncpp. aZo\mcmsWn amtcmSv Xpeycmhm thnbmWv apnbmdp dIvAv \nkvIcnXv. aZo\mcmhv CXv A\phZ\obaspw \mw Ip. lw_en aZvl_nepw Ccp]Xv Xs AlvaZv _v\p lw_en(d)s DcWn Dbnmn lw_en aZvl_n \nnX dIAv \nkvIcnWsanv ]phmZnI hmZnmdpv. CkvlmJv _v\p akq(d) \nv \nthZ\w sNsSp
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kw`hamWnXnv B[mcw. Atlw ]dbpp: Jnbmap dafm\n F{X dIAmWv \nkvcntsXv Rm AlvaZv _v\p lw_en(d)t\mSv tNmZntm Atlw ]dp: \m]tXmfw A`n{]mb AXnepv. AsXmcp kpv(XXzpAv) am{XamWv (Jnbmapss92). Camw AlvaZv _v\p lw_(d) Cu A`n{]mbn \nv aSnsbXv hyamWv. ImcWw lw_en aZvl_nse {]mamWnI ^nJvlv {Kamb apJv\nbn ]dbpp: A_q A_vZp(AlvaZv _v\p lw_(d))bpsS ASp {]_eambXv(apJvXm) Ccp]Xv dIAv XsbmWv (apKv\nC_v\p Jpma634/1). lw_en aZvl_vImc\mb A_p heoZv(d) ]dbpp: Camw amenIv(d)(Hc`n{]mb {]Imcw),A_q l\o^(d), im^nCu(d), AlvaZv(d), ZmhqZv(d) Fnhscmw Ccp]Xv dIAns\bmWv sXcsSpXv (_nZmbp apPvXlnZv:179/1). lw_en aZvl_vImc\mb ssiJv akqdv _v\p bqkp^v(d) dufp apdAv11/2-epw CXv hyamppv. Xdmholv Ccp]Xv dIAmsWXn\v kzlm_ns CPvamDsv {]mamWnIambn aqv coXnbn \mw sXfnbnp. CXn\p ]pdsa Nne _unI sXfnhpI IqSnbpv. 1 Da(d) Ccp]Xns ta P\sf kwLSnntm Hscm kzlm_nbpw FXncv \npItbm hntcm[w ]dbpItbm sNbvXnn. 2 ]noSv h Dkvam(d), Aen(d) Fnhcpw HutZymKnIambn AhcpsS Jnem^n CXp Xs \ne\nn. 3 Xm_nDI, Xm_nDm_nDI, CkvemanI `cWIqSfnse `cWm[n] XpSnbhcmcpw Xs CXns\Xnsc {]hnn. adnv Ccp]Xv dIAv Xs \ne\nn. CPvamAv s]mfnm ]mSptm? CPamAv s]mfn ldmamsWv ]nXm ]dnpv. Camw kp_vIn(d) ]dbpp: CPvamAv s]mfn ldmamWv (PwD PhmanAv:197/2). lminbp AXzm, lminbp _m\n Fhbn CXns\ hymJym\npXv JpB\n hyambn XmoXv hXn\m CXv hIpfn s]XmWv FmWv. C_v\p Xoan 24 Xs ]dbpp: kzlm_nsbpw Xm_nCsbpw hgnbn \npw hymJym\fn \npw AXnt\mSv FXncmhpXntev hyXnNenm

Ah AXns Ipmc\pw ap_vXZnDw BIpXmWv. ImcWw JpB\nImibfpw hymJym\fpw AhcmWv IqSpX Adnbph. \_n(k)sb \ntbmKn kXys AhcmWv IqSpX DsImXpw (CXvJm178/2- kpbqYn(d) CXv Dcnpp.) 2. kpv k\Zv kzlolmb lZokpIfn \nv \_n(k) F{X dIAv Xdmholv \nkvIcnpshXv hyasnepw, lZokv imkv{Xnse ASnm\ XXzfpsS ASnm\n kzlolns KWn s]Spmhp(k\Zv fCu^v BsWnepw) Hcp lZokn \_n(k) Ccp]Xp dIAv Xdmholv \nkvIcnXmbn hnpv. C_v\p Amkv(d)\nv \nthZ\w: \_n(k) dafm\n Ccp]Xv dIApw hnXvdpw \nkvIcnmdpmbncpp (kp\\p ss_lJn:496/2, apkz^v _v\p A_o ssi_:394/2).(47) Xdmholv Ccp]XmsWXn\v \_nNcybpw sXfnhmsWv kqNnnm Cu lZokv Camw dm^nCu(d) \InbXv ImWpI: ]v kemtamSp IqSn Ccp]Xv dIAmWv Xdmholv \nkvImcw. A_q l\o^(d), AlvaZv(d) Fnhscms CXmWv ]dbpXv. ImcWw, \_n(k) P\v Ccp]Xv dIAv Camambn \nkvIcnsv dntmv sNbvXnpv (ilp I_o: 264/4).(48) kwibw Cu lZokns k\Zn C_vdmlow _v\p Dkvam(A_q ssi_) Fbm fCu^msWv, C_v\p kAZv(d), JXzo_p _KvZmZn(d), C_v\p lP(d) XpSnbh ]dnptm? Atm CsXs\ sXfnhn\p ]pw? \nhmcWw Cu kwin\p aqv coXnIfn hniZoIcWw \ImhpXmWv. hniZoIcWw-1 Cu lZokns\ A\zamp kzlm_ns CPvamAv Cu lZokns fpAv^ns\(_elo\X) A{]kamn. l\^o ]nX C_v\p B_nZo(d) ]dbpp: Cu lZokns _elo\Xv t\csbp CPvamAv in ]Ip Fp ]dbmhpXmWv (anlp JmenJv:66/2). Cap Dkzq {]Imcw CPvamC\v Hcp 25 apkvX\Zv(ASnm\w) \n_amWv. Camw kp_vIn(d) PwD PhmanAv:195/2- CXv ]dbppv. AXn\m Cu hnjbn

kzlm_ns CPvamCs apkvX\Zv HpIn Cu lZotkm Asn atsXn ASnm\tam Bbncnpw. Cu lZokmWv apkvX\sZv knm Cu lZokv fCu^v Asv XoSpmw. Am]w CPvamAv icnbsv AwKoIcntnhcpw. hniZoIcWw2 kzlm_pw Xm_nDIfpw Ct hscbp ]nXmcpw Xdmholv Ccp]Xv BsWv AwKoIcn nXnv CtX Bibap Cu lZokv {]_eamWv. Fmepw Xdmholv Ccp]Xv Xs temIapkvewI \nkvIcnv t]mXn\m AhcpsS \Sv Cu lZokns fpAv^ns\ h n ^ e a m p p . anivImns ilmb XAveoJp _olv:405/2- Cs\ ImWmw: lZokv ]nXm fCu^mnb C_v\p Amkns lZokv FsbSp {]_eamWv. ImcWw Camw kpbqYn(d) XZvco_n Cs\ ]dbpp: kzlolmb k\Znsnepw P\ AXwKoIcnppsn(AX\pkcnv {]hnppshn) lZokv kzlolmsWv hn[nmhpXmsWv ]e ]nXcpw ]dnpv. IS shw Xzlq-dm-Wv(A _ldp lph-Xz-lqdp amDlp) F lZokns\ lZokv ]nXcmcpw Xs kzlolmpnsnepw Camw _pJmcn(d) AXns\ kzlolmppv. XnapZn(d) DcnXns\ ]nSnv C_v\p A_vZn _dv(d) CkvXnZvImdn ]dbpp: ]nX Cu lZokns\(lZokv DsIm Bibs) AwKoIcnXn\m CXv kzlolmWv (XAveoJp z_olvssiJv CZvcokv Imehn(d)105/2). Fs Dv sXns ta Hcp-anp Iqn F lZokns\ kzlolmm Camw Kmen(d)bpw Cu coXn ]dnpv. C_v\p Iko(d) CJvXnkzmdp Deqan lZoknepw C_v\p lmPn_v(d) apXl Aaenepw CXv hyamppv. CmcWm XAveoJp z_oln XpScpp: kcnXmcmb almmcpsS AwKoImcw sImv lZokpI kzlolmIppshn Jpe^mAv, kzlm_v, Xm_nDI ap apPvXlnZpICamapI FnhcpsS
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AwKoImcn\v ]m{Xo`hn Cu lZokv Fs\ kzlolmImXcnpw?!. kXyhnizmknI \mbn IXv Amlphns ASpepw \Xv Xs(XAveoJp z_olv: 105/2). hniZoIcWw3 Xdmholns Ccp]Xv dIAv ^fmCep AAvamen(AaepIfpsS t{ijvSXI) s]Sp ImcyamWtm. AXn\m ^fmCep AAvamen fCu^mb lZokpI sXfnhn\v tbmKyamWv. Cnjbn ]nXmcpsS CPvamDsv Camw \hhn(d) ]dbppv. Camw dwen(d) Xs ^Xmhm:383/4- en ]dbpp: ^fmCenepw AXv t]mtemhbnepw fCu^mb lZokv sImv {]hnmsaXn lZokv ]nXm CPvamAv BsWv Camw \hhn(d) Xs ]e {Kfnepw Dcnnpv. 3 kzlm_v, Xm_nAv, ]nmem FnhcpsS \Sv coXn Xdmholv Ccp]XmsWXn\v kzlm_ns CPvamDsv \mw a\nemnsbnepw Ahcpw AhcpsS ]nImemcpw PohnXn \ne\nnt]mXv Ccp]Xv Xsbmbncptm Fv \nconmhpXmWv. Xdmholv Ccp]Xv Xsbmbncpsv AhcpsS \Sv coXnbn \nv A\mbmkw t_m[ysSpw. Da(d) kwLSnnXv Ccp]Xv Xs Da(d) HutZymKnI coXnbn henb PamAmbn Xdmholv \nkvImcw kwLSnnXv Ccp]Xv dIAv Xsbmbncpsv {]amW hyampp. CXv hyamp cv lZokpI ImWpI; 1 lk\n(d) \nv \nthZ\w: Da(d) P\sf D_v _v\p IAv_v(d)hns Iogn kwLSnnp. D_v(d) Ahv Ccp]Xv dIAv \nkvIcnmdpmbncpp (kp\\v A_o ZmhqZv202/1).(49) 2 blvb _v\p kCuZn(d) \nv \nthZ\w: Da(d) HcmtfmSv Ccp]Xv dIAv P\v Camambn \nkvIcnm Inp (apkz^v C_v\p A_o ssi_392/2).(50) cmas lZoknse \nthZI blvb _v\p kCuZv(d) Da(d)hns\ ImWmXn\m CXv apkemsWpw AXn\m
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sXfnhn\v ]nspw Btcm]Wapv. Fm apkemb lZokpI Nne ImcWfm sXfnhn\v ]psav apv \mw hniZoIcnnptm. ]e {]mhiyw Xs \S]SnI\pkcnv JpB AhXcn, Cuam\ns a\tmbmbncpp Da(d) sImph Cu \S]Sn FpsImpw A\p[mh\w sNstSXv XsbmWv. Xdm-holv Ccp-]Xv dI-Am-sW-Xn\v sXfn-hmbn Camw C_v\p Jpma(d) Xs apKv\n834/1- {]kvXpX lZokv \In-bXv, Da(-d) kwL-Sn-n-Xv Ccp-]Xv Xs-bm-bn-cp-pshXn\v Dt]m-_eI-am-Wv. kzlm-_v, Xm_n-Av Fn-hcpsS \Sv Da(-d) Ccp-]Xv dIvAmbn kwL-Sn-n-Xns\ Hcp kzlm-_n-bpw FXnmsX \ne-\nn t]mcp-Ibpw AXn-eh CPvam-Av Bhp-Ibpw sNbvXp-shv \mw hni-Zo-Icn-p-htm. am{X-hp-a, ]noSp h aqv Jeo-^amcpw CtX \S-]Sn ssIsIm-p-shv Camw ss_l-Jn(-d) \nthZ\w sNbvX lZo-kn \npw hy-amhpp. Aen(-d) C{]-Imcw sNbvXXns\ Camw ss_l-Jn(-d) Xs asm-cp lZo-kn D-cn-pp: A_p A_vZp dlvam kan-(d)bn \nv \nth-Z\w: Aen(-d) Jmcn-DIsf hnfn-p-Ibpw P\-v Ccp-]Xv dI-Av \nkvIcn-m Ah-cn \nv Hcmsf \nb-an-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ahv hnXvdv \nkvIcn-n-cp- Xv Aen(-d) Bbn-cp-p (kp-\\p ss_lJn:496/2).(51) anlmPp pn _-hn224/4 C_v\p Xoan CXv D-cn-p-p-v. lmZp _v\p ipsF_v F-h CXns k\-Zn-ep-Xn-\m Cu lZokv fCu-^m-Wv. Fnepw CXns\ ]nm-p-, A_p lkv\mC(-d) \npw Camw ss_l-Jn(d)bpw C_v\p A_o ssi_(d)bpw \nth-Z\w sNbvX asmcp lZokv ImWmw: A_p lkv\m-C(-d) \nv \nth-Z\w: da-fm-\n P\-v Ccp-]Xv \nkvIcn-m Aen(-d) HcmtfmSv In-p.(-kp-\\p ss_lJn: 497/2, apk-^v _v\p A_o ssi_:392/2).(52) kzlm-_ns Imes CtX XpS Xm_n-Av ImeL-nepw ImWm-hp-Xm-Wv. C_v\p A_o apsse-I(-d), iXo _v\p iIvev(d), lmcnkv la-Zm-\n(-d), AXzm-Av(d), A_p _pJvXcn(-d), 28

kCuZv _v\p AkvZn(-d), kpsshZv _v\p A^ve(-d), Aenp _v\p d_o-Av(d) XpS-nb Xm_n-DI Xdm-holv Ccp-]Xv Xs-bmWv \nkvIcnp t]m-Xv. C_v\p A_o apsse-I(-d): C_v\p Da(-d) hn \nv \nth-Z\w: da-fm-\n Rv Cam-ambn C_v\p A_o apsse-I(-d) Ccp-]Xv dIvAv \nkvIcn-m-dp-m-bn-cp-p(-ap-k^v _v\p A_o ssi_:393/ 2). C_v\p A_o apsse-I(-d) ap-tXmfw kzlm-_ns\ In-p-v. A_p lmXw(-d), A_p kcvA(-d) Fn-h Atlw hniz-kvX\m-sWv ]d-n-p-v (-Jp-em-kp Zvlo_v:76/2). iXo _v\p iIvev(d): A_vZp-mln _v\p ssJkn(-d) \nv \nthZ\w: da-fm-\n iXo _v\p iIvev(d) Ccp-]Xv dIvApw hnXvdpw \nkvIcn-m-dp-m-bn-cp-p(ap k^v _v\p A_o ssi_:392/2, kp\\p ss_lJn:496/2). iXo - _v\p iIvev(d) Aen(-d), A_vZp-(-d), l^vk(-d) Fn-hcn \nv lZokp-I dntmv sNbvXp. ]nXmhv kzlm-_n-bm-bn-cp-p. cnhm-bv sNbvX lZo-kp-I Ipd-sh-nepw hniz-kvX\m-Wv. ankvA_v _v\p kpss_(-d)s Imev Iq^-bn h^m-m-bn(Xz-_Jmp _v\p kAZv:181/6). AXzm-Av _v\p A_o d_m-lv(d): At-ln \nv Xs \nthZ\w: hnXvtdmSv IqsS Ccp-]Xv dIvAv \nkvIcn-p-Xmbn Rm Fn-p(-Jn-bm-ap-ss:91). hniz-kvX, [mcmfw lZo-kp-I cnhmbv sNbvXh, a-bnse ap^vXn-Ifnse Ah-km\ hmv Fo \neI-fn Ctlw {]k-\m-Wv. A_q l\o-^(-d) ]dp: AXzm-Cs\Im t{ijvS\mb Hcmsf Rm In-n-. C_v\p Am-kv(d)-hnt\mSv akvAe tNmZnp h a-m-tcmSv Atlw ]dp: Hm, amsc, \nn-Sbn AXzm-Av Dm-bn-cns \n F\nv Nppw XSnv IqSpp?(Jpem-kp lo-_vJkvdPn230/2). -- - lmcnkv la-Zm-\n(-d): At-ln \nv \nth-Z\w: da-fm cmhpI-fn P\-v Cam-ambn Ccp-]Xv dI-Apw aqv dIvAv hnXvdpw Atlw \nkvIcn-m-dp-m-bn-cp-p(-C_v\p A_o ssi_). kpsshZv _v\p A^ve(-d): A_p Jkzo-_n \nv \nth-Z\w:
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kpsshZv _v\p A^ve(-d) da-fm-\n P\-v Camw \np-Ibpw Av Xo-lmbn Ccp]vXv dIvAv \nkvIcn-p-Ibpw sNbvXncp-p(-kp-\\p ss_lJn:496/2). Ctlw {]apJ Xm_n-Av BsWv lm^nfv _v\p lP AkvJem-\n(-d) Xs XJvco_v:341/1 ]d-bpp. A_p _pJvXcn(-d): d_o-C(-d) \nv \nth-Z\w: aqv dIvAv hnXvdpw Av Xho-lpw A_p _pJvXcn(-d) \nkvIcn-m-dp-mbn-cp-p(-ap-k^v _v\p A_o ssi_:393/2). A_p _pJvXcn(-d) t{ij-Scmb Xm_nC {]ap-Jcm-Wv. C_v\p apCu(-d), A_p k-A(-d) Fn- h At- l s hniz- k vX- \ mInpv(Jpemkp Zvlo_v:388/1). Aenp _v\p d_o-A(-d): kCuZv _v\p Dss_-Zv(d) \nv \nthZ\w: P\-v Cam-ambn Av Xho-lpw aqv hnXvdpw Aenp _v\p d_oA(d) \nkvIcn-m-dp-m-bn-cp-p(-ap-k^v _v\p A_o ssi_). Ctlw hniz-kvX\m-sWv Iiv^p AkvXm-76- ]dbp-p. kCuZv _v\p Ppss_(-d): Ckvam-Cu _v\p A_n aen-In(d) \nv \nth-Z\w: kCuZv _v\p Ppss_(-d) da-fm-\n Rv Cam-am-hm-dp-v. kZm cp Jndm-Av coXn-bn HmXmdp At-lw, cm{Xn-bn C_v\p akvDu-Zv(d)-hns Jndm-Av ssien-bn-emWv HmXmdp-Xv. Ap Xho-lp-I Atlw \nkvIcn-m-dp-v. Ah-km\ ]m-bm Bdp Xho-lp-I Atlw \nkvIcn-pw(-ap-k^v - A_vZn dkmJv:266/4). hJm(-d)-bn \nv \nth-Z\w: \nv Camambn \nkvIcn-m-dp kCuZv _v\p Ppss_(-d) Ccp-]Xv cm{Xn-Ifn Bdp Xho-lp-I(24 dI-Av) \nkvIcn-m-dp-v. Ahkm\ - - ]n kZm CAvXnIm^v Ccn-m-dp Atlw Rv Ggp Xhol-p-I \nkvIcn-m-dp-v(-ap-k^v _v\p A_o ssi_:394/2). kwibw: kCuZv _v\p Ppss_(-d) Ah-km\ ]n Bdp Xholpw(24 dI-Av) Ggp Xho-lpw(28 dI-Av) \nkvIcn-m-dpsv cnhm-bp-Ifn ImWp-p-htm?. \nhm-cWw: A[nI Xho-lp-I hXvdm-Im-\n-Sbp-v. lm^nfv C_v\p 30

lP AkvJem\n(d) ]d-bpp: Ccp-]Xv dIvAn-s\-m A[n-Icn dIvAp-Ifnse A`n-{]mb hyXym-kw, hnXvdn-ep A`n-{]mb - hyXym-kn-tev aS-p-Xm-Wv(-^Xvlp _mcn:220/4). Camw Xpap-Zn(-d) ]d-bpp: Da(-d), Aen(-d) Ds-sS-bp A\pN-cm-cn \nv \nth-Z\w sNbvX Ccp-]Xv dIvAmWv `qcn-] - ]n-Xcp-sSbpw A`n-{]m-bw. kp^vbm\p ucn(-d), C_v\p ap_m-dIv(d), Camw im^n-Cu(-d) Fn-hpw Cu A`n-{]mbw Xs-bm-Wv. Camw im^nCu(d) ]d-bpp: Ccp-]Xv dI-Av \nkvIcn-p-Xm-bnmWv \psS \mSmb a-bn \mw I-Xv(-Pm-anD papZn:99/1). C_v\p A_vZp _dv(d) ]d-bpp: CXv(Ccp]Xv dI-Am- sW-Xv) Xs-bmWv `qcn-`mK ]n-Xcp-sSbpw A`n-{]m-bw. Iq-^m, Camw im^n-Cu(-d), as-t\Iw I-mkv{X ]n-X CXp Xs A`n{]m-bs-p. kzlm-_ns FXnn-msX D_v _v\p IAv_v(d) \nv {]_-eam-bXpw CXp Xs(-DcWn-Dw-Zp Jmcn-Av:127/11). - - - - hlvlm_n \ne-]mSv: Imem-cfnse Imev amw - - Xdm-holv Ccp-]Xm-sW temIapkvenw Imgvm-Sn-t\mSpw \Sn-t\mSpw `n-amb hoWw tIc-fnse hlvlm-_n-Iv am{X-amWp-sXv ]d-m sXm-hn-. 1930-hsc tIcf apkvenwIv Xdmholv Ccp]Xv dIvAm-sW GI kzcw-am-Wp-m-bXv. ]noSv hnL- S\ hmZ-hp-ambn hlvlm-_nkw ISphcn-Ibpw CXn-\Iw Ah \mev hyXykvX A`n-{]m-b kzoI-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1-Ccp-]Xv dIvAv: tIcf hlm_n {]m-\ns m]I t\Xm-fn {]ap-Jcmb C. sI auehn, Sn. sI aue-hn, Fw. kn. kn. A_vZpd-m auehn Fn-h IqSn cNn-Xpw hlm_n a{Zkm kne-_n Dm-bncp- - X p- a mb InXm- _ p A ^o Aa- e n- mv(Hmw ]Xnv:1923,amv 13-\v) F ]pkvXIn ]d-bpp: Xdm-holv CXv - Cim \nkvIm-cn\p tij-am-Wv. ]t, dafm\n am{Xta Dq. CXv Ccp-]Xv dIvAv Dv. Fm Cu cv dIvAnepw kemw ho hmPn-_m-Wv(t]: 28, 29). 1929- ]pd-n-dnb CXns \memw ]Xnnepw C{]-Imcw Xs D-m-bn-cp-p.
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X-dm-holv Ccp-]Xv dIvAm-sWv kmy-s-Sp-p Ah-cpsS - {]kn-o-IcWfn h teJ\ `mK- ImWpI: Ccp-]Xv dIvA- - - m-bn-mWv Chn-Sfn am{X-a, an apkvenw cmP y-fnepw Xdm- holv \nkvImcw \n-lnv hcm-dv. AXv ]v kem-tamSp IqSn \nln-Wsa \n_-\bp-v(A apinZv: ]p:2 t]:394). Da _v\p - - JXzm-_n(-d)hns Imev Ccp-]Xv \nkvIcn-p-cppshv nc-sXv sImv Xdm-holv Ccp-]Xv \nkvIcn- dkq(-k)bpsS kpn\v FXn-csv kzem-lm-_v a\-n-em-n-bn-cp-p(sI. Fw. auehn.-A apinZv: 1354,iAv_m). 1923- {]kn-o-Icn InXm-_p A ^n Aa-en-m-n sXp-I Nqn-m-Wn-m \n]qw kzoI-cn-p-sav {K-Im hmKvZm\w sNbvXnpw 1929- AXns \memw ]Xnv ]p\:{]kno-Icn-tmgpw Hcp amhpw \ntZ-in-s-n-cp-n-. CXn-\n-Sbn-ep - Ap hj-fn Bpw Xs Xdm-holv Fm-sWv ]pXnb shfn-]m-Sp-m-bn-. ]noSv tIcf \Zvhp apPm-ln-Zo F ]pXnb kwL-S\ P-sa-Sp-tm Ipn-au-ehn-am X-fpsS m]I t\Xmsf ]nn ]pXnb Bibw sImp-hcn-Ibpw 1962- A-Sn Aaen-m-ns ]pXnb ]Xn-n Ah Cs\ t`X-KXn sNp-Ibpw sNbvXp: Xdm-holv: da-fm-\nse cm{Xn \nkvIm-cam-Wv. CXns kabw hnXvdns kabw Xs-bm-Wv. Fm cv dIvAnepw kemw hoWw. ]pWy-am-sbmcp amk-nse al-mb Hcp kpv \nkvImcs Ipdnv ]d-bsh, a{Zkm kne-_nse ]mTy-hn-jbam-bnp IqSn - dI-Ap-IfpsS Fw ]d-bmsX ka-ambn Xe-bq-cn-bXv apPmlnZv apPvXln-Zp-IfpsS ]nSp-p-tISv hy-amp-p-v. 2 Fv dIvAv: Ccp-]Xn \nv t\sc Fn-te-mWv Ah Ifw amn-hn-n-bXv. A apinZv: ]pkvXIw:3, ew:11- Xdm-holv Fv dIvAv am{Xam-sWpw AXn IqSp-X \nkvIcn- A\p-hZ\o-baspw hy-- -ambn tcJ-s-Sp-n-p-v. Fv dIvAv Xdm-holpw aqv dIvAv hnXvdpw Fm-bn-cpp Am-ev Ah-cpsS hmZw. Fw. kn. kn A_vZpdlvam auehnbpsS kvamcI {K-n sI. Fw auehn Fgp32

Xpp: Xdm-holv Ft ]msSm-p-sh-m-bn-cpp AlvaZv aue-hn-bpsS hm-Zw.- A-_vZpdlvam auehn CXn-s\-Xn-cm-bn-cp-p. Cm-bpsS A`n{]m-btmSv tbmNnm Xc-an-s-pw Atlw FtmSv ]d-n-cpp. Cu A`n-{]mb `nX cp t]pw acnpw hsc Dm-bn-cp-psh-m-bn-cpp Fs Adn-hv(1964- {]kn-o-IIcn Fw. kn. kn - kvamcI {Kw). 3-]Xn-s\mv dIvAv: Fn \nv amdn ]Xn-s\mv dIvAs hmZ-hp-am-bmWv ]noSv - Ah cwKv h-Xv. Cu ASp-Imew hsc Xdm-holv ]Xn-s\m-msWv i-ambn Ah {]N-cn-n-p. 1962-se Aa-en-m-ns \memw ]Xn-n Xdm-holv dIvAv {]Zn-]m-Zn-n-cp-n-s-nepw AXv ]Xn-s\mm-bn-cpp Ah ]dp \S-n-cp-Xv. 4-Hcp dIvAv: da-fm-\n Hcp {]tXyI \nkvIm-cta Cs-pw ap amk-fnse hnXvdp- am-{Xta da-fm-\n \nkvIcn-t-Xp-q-shpw As\ \nkvIcn-p-tm AXn\v Xdm-holv Fv t]cv hnfn-p-Xn hntcm[-hp-an-spap hnNn-{X-amb ]pXnb P]-\fmWv Ah-cn-tm - shp-]p-ep-Xv. apPm-lnZv bph-P\ kwL-S\bmb sF. Fkv. Fw - ]pd-s-Sp-hn {]kvXm-h\bnse Hcp `mKw C-s\-bmWv: da-fm-\n - am{X-ambn Hcp {]tXyI \nkvImcw ]Tn-n-n-n-. ap Ime-fn-ep cm{Xn \nkvImcw da-fm-\nepw XpS-cp-IbmWv sNbvXXv. lZo-kp-Ifn Xdm-holv F t]cv ImWm km[y-a(N-{nI: 21-11-02). 2002- {]kno-Icn Xdm-holv: ]pXnb hnhm-Zfpw hkvXp-XIfpw F ]pkvXI-n ]d-bpp: cm{Xn Hv Ddn-bXn\v tij-amWv Jnbm-ap-ss \n-ln-p-s-sX-n AXv Xl-p-Zm-bn. Ah-km\w H-bmbn \nkvIcn-p-Xn-\m hnXvdpambn. ]nIm-ev hn{iaw F Aap Xdm-holv F t]cpw h-p. Cu hmZw hlm-_n-In-Sbn thcq-p--tX-bp-q. CXv {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-bm hnXvdns Htm aqtm Bbn-cnpw Ah ]Xn-hmpI. Ccp-]Xv dIvAv: FXnhm-Zn-\p sXfnhpw hni-Zo-IcWhpw - Xdm-holv Ccp-]sX-sv hmZn-p-h {][m-\ambpw sXfnhv ]nSn33

mdv \mev lZo-kp-Ifm-Wv. lZo-kp-Ifp-sS bYm Ahpw AXns t\cmb hnh-bpw a\-n-em-p-Xnse hogvbmWv Ahsc AXn\p t{]cn-n-p-Xv. ]p-\m-im sXfnhv ]nSn-p \mev lZo-kp-Ifpw AXns hni-Zo-IcWfpw NphsS \Ipp: - - sXfn-hv1: Bbni(d)-bpsS lZokv A_p ke-a(-d)-bn \nv \nth-Z\w: Atlw Bbn-i(-d)-tbmSv tNmZnp: da-fm-\n Xncp-Zq-XcpsS \nkvImcw Fn-s\-bm-bn-cpp?. Ah ]dp: da-fm-\nepw ap amk-fnepw ]Xn-s\m-v dIvAnt\-m \_n(-k) A[n-Icn-n-m-dn-. \_n(-k) \mev dI-Av \nkvIcn-pw. AXns `wKnbpw ssZLyhpw \o tNmZn-cp-Xv. ]nsbpw \mev \nkvIn-cn-pw. AXns `wKnbpw ssZLyhpw \o tNmZn-cp-Xv. ]ns aqv \nkvIcn-pw. Rm Atm tNmZnpw: hnXvdm-p-Xnv apv dkqte Av Dd-p-IbmtWm?. \_n(-k) {]Xn-hNnp: Fs cp Ip-I Dd-p-p-sh-nepw Fs lrZbw Dd-p-n- (_p-Jmcn:251/4).(-53) _pJm-cn-bpsS Cu lZo-knse da-fm-\nepw ap amk-fnepw ]Xns\m-n-t\-m \_n(-k) A[n-Icn-n-m-dn-s(am Im\ bkoZp ^o da-fm\ h em ^o ssJcnln Aem ClvZm Aivd dIvA....) Bbn-i(-d)bpsS adp-]Sn-bmWv Xdm-holv Fsv ]d-bp-h sXfnhv ]nSn-p-Xv. hni-Zo-IcWw 1 Cu lZokv da-fm\n am{X-ap Hcp \nkvIm-cs Ipdn-sv am Im\ bkoZp ^o da-fm\ hem ^o ssJcnln F Bbn-i(-d) _ohnbpsS hmn \nv Xs a\-n-em-m-hp-Xm-Wv. Imc-Ww, d-afm\n am{Xw {]tXy-Iamb \nkvIms Ipdn-mWv ]cm-ai-sa-n h em ^o ssJcn-ln(-d-a-fm-\-m amk--fn-epw) Fv tNv ]dtbXnm-bn-cp-p. ssI^ Im-\v kzemp dkq-ep-m-ln(-k) ^o da-fm\(d-afm-\nse \_n(-k)-bpsS \nkvImcw Fn-s\-bm-bn-cp-p) FmWv Xm_n-Bb A_q kea(d) tNmZn-p-s-sX-nepw da-fm-\nepw ap amk-fnepw \nkvIcn-m-dp Hcp kpv \nkvImcw da-fm\n hn-n-m-dptm FmWv tNmZy-Im-hns Dt-iy-sav
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Bbn-i(-d)-bpsS adp-]Sn-bn \nv hy-amWv. 2- \-psS Akzvlm_v Cu lZo-knse \nkvIm-cs hnXvdmbn ]cn-KWn-n-cn-pp. Camw JkvXz-m-\n(-d) ]d-bpp: Cu Aym-bn hcp Bbn-i(-d)-bpsS am Im\ bkoZp ^o da-fm\ hem ^o ssJcnln F hmns\ \psS Akzvlm_v hnXvdns ta Npa-n-bn-cnpp(-CimZp mcn: 426/3).(-54) Camw dwen(-d) Jmb-p _bm:79 CXv ]d-bp-p-v. hnXvdv \nkvIm-camWv lZo-knse {]Xn-]mZy hnj-bsav dIvns F-n \nv {Kln-m-hp-XmWv. hnXvdv IqSn-bm ]Xn-s\mpw Ipd-m Hp-am-Wv. da-fm-\nepw CXv XssY-h. hnXvdv \nkvIm-camWv CXnse {]Xn]mZy hnj-bsa-Xn-\m hn{ip-X\mb I-imkv{X ]nX Camw C_v\p lP(-d) Xplv^225/2 hnXvdns ]c-am-h[n dIvAp-Iv sXfn-hmbn Cu lZo-kmWv D-cn-Xv.(-55) Akv\ aXzm-en-_v202/1epw C{]-Imcw ImWm-hp-Xm-Wv. Cu lZoknse {]Xn-]mZy hnjbw hnXvdm-sWv C_v\p Xoan Xs aPvaqD ^Xm-h Ip_vd112/23- ]d-bp-p-v.(-56) 3 cm{Xn \nkvIm-cns dIvAp-Isf kw_-nv h Bbn-i(-d)bpsS CXps-sS-bp lZo-kp-I/cnhm-bp-I sshcp-y-am-bXn\m Cu lZokv apfvXz-d_v BsWv A[nI ]n-Xcpw A`n{]mbsn-p-v. ^Xvlp _mcn-293/2 Cs\ ImWmw: Camw JpXzp-_n(-d) ]d-bpp: Bbn-i(-d)-bpsS cnhm-bp-I ]n-Xm-cne-[nI t]pw kwibw P\n-n-n-p-v. AXn-\m Bbn-i(d)bpsS lZo-kns\ CfvXzn-dm-_n-tev tNpI hsc Ah sNbvXp.(-57) 4- Camw amen-Iv(d) Cu lZokv sImp hXv _m_p hnXvdn-emWv. _m_p Jnbmap da-fm-\n sImp hXv Da(-d)-hns Imev \nkvIcn Ccp-]Xns lZo-kp-am-Wv. Camw amen-Iv(d)-hn-eq-sS-bmsX Cu lZokv Camw _pJm-cn(d)pw Camw apkvenan(d)\pw e`n-n-n-. Camw _pJm-cn(-d) Xs kzlo-ln aqv e-fn(l-Zokv \-dp-I: 1147, 2013, 3569) Cu lZokv D-cn-tm Xs ssiJp-am-cmbn ]d-Xv bYm-{Iaw A_vZp-mln _v\p bqkp-^v(d), Ckvam-Cu(-d), A_vZpmln _v\p akvea(-d) Fn-hscbmsW-nepw ssiJns ssiJmbn
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Camw amen-Iv(d)hns\ XsbmWv ]d-n-p-Xv. AXp t]me-s Camw apkvenw(-d) Xs ssiJmbn blvb _v\p blvb(d)sbbmWv ]d-s-sX-nepw ssiJns ssiJmbn Camw amen-Iv(d)hns\ XsbmWv ]d-Xv. AXn-\m Camw _pJm-cn(-d)-bp-sSbpw Camw apkven(d)-an-sbpw ssiJns ssiJmb Camw amen-Iv(d) Cu lZo-kv _m_p hnXvdn \In-bXv IqSp-X kzoIm-cy-am-Wv. Fm ]e ]phmZn-Ifpw Camw _pJm-cn(-d) Cu lZo-kns\ InXm_p kzemp dm-ho-lnse _m_p ^fven a Jma da-fm\ F X-av Iogn sImp-hXns\, {]kvXpX lZo-knse {]Xn- hmZy hnjbw Xdm-holv Xsbm-Wv nco-Icn-m Nqn-m-Wnm-dp-v. Xdm-holn\v tij-ap hnXvdv ]Xn-s\m-n-t\-m A[n-Icnn-m-dn F Hcp hnZqc _amWv Cu XPp-av ]nn-sev {Klnm, Camw _pJmcn(d) Xpa/X_vho_v kzoI-cn s]mXp coXn a\-n-em-n-bm aXn-bm-hpw. am{X-a, Camw _pJm-cn(-d) Xs Cu lZo-kv InXm_p l-p-Znse _m_p Jnbm-an-_n-n(-k) ^o dafm\ h ssJcnln F _m_nepw InXm-_p a\m-Jn-_n _m_p Im\_n-p(-k) X\map Abv\plp hem b\map J_plp F _m_nepw sImv hn-p-v. Camw apkven(-d)-am-sW-n InXm_p kzem-p apkm-^n-co-\n _m_p kzem-p-ss h AZZn dIB-Xn-_n-n(-k) ^o ss h A hnXvd dIvAp hd-Iv- Ap kzep kzlo-lp F _m_nepw sImv hn-pv. 5 Cu lZo-knse bpkzo A_-A F hmv hnXvdn-s\-bmWv Xdm-holns\-b kqNn-n-p-Xv. ImcWw hnXvdv t]mse Xdm-holv \m-embn \nkvIcn-m ]mSn-. 6 AX-\map J_ve A XqXnd FXv BZyw \nkvIcn-Xv Xdm-holmWv tZymXn-n-p-n HuP-kp- akmen-In CXns Aw hni-Zo-Icn-pp: _mPn(-d)-]dbpp: ChnsS c- Inmw: Cim \nkvIcn DSs\ hnXvdn\p apmbn Dd-m-dp-spw ]n-oSv cm{Xn \nkvIcn\pw hnXvdn\pw FWo-Im-dp-s-p-amWv AXn-sem-v. - \_n(-k) \mev dIvAv \nkvIcnv Dd-n-bXmbn Bbn-im(-d) hnNm- 36

cn-p-shpw km[yX In-m-hp-Xm-Wv (-Hu-Pkp akm-enIv:417).(58) 7- da-fm-\n \_n(-k)-bpsS \nkvImcw Fs\-bm-bn-cpp F tNmZy-n\v Xl-p-Zns ka-bv \_n(-k)-bpsS \nkvImcw Fs\-bm-bn-cp-p-shv Aw In-mw. A ahm-ln_p Zpn--bnse CXn\v Dt]m_-eI-amb hni-Zo-IcWw ImWpI: da-fm\n \_n(-k)-bpsS \n-kvImcw Fs\-bm-bn-cppsh tNm-Zy-n\w Cimv tijw \_n(k) \nkvcn-m-dp-ff Xdm-ho-ln\v ]pdsa Xl-p-Zns ka-bv da-fm cmhp-Ifn \_n(-k)-bpsS \nkvmcw F-s\-bm-bn-cp-p-sh-mWv (-A alm-hn-ep-pn: 168).(59) tNm-Zy-Imhv \_n(-k)-bpsS cm{Xn \nkvm-cs Ipdnv hmZnsh da-fm F ]Zw sImphXn-\m \_n(-k)-bpsS XlpZv \nkvmcw da-fm-\n ap amk-tf-m A[n-Icn-m-dp-smWv At-lns [mc-Wsbv BC-i(-d) `mhnpbpw {]kvXpX adp-]Sn-bn-eqsS alXn B[m-cW Xncp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Pman-D hkm-C Jmcn(-d) ]d-bp-p: Xl-p-Zns ka-bp cm{Xn-Isf Ipdn-mWv Atlw al-Xn-tbmSv tNmZn-Xv. AXn-\m Cimv tijap Xdm-holv A[n-Iam-hp-Xv CXn-t\mSv FXncm-hp-n- (HuPkp aXnIv 417).(60) am{X-a, A_vZp-m-lv _v\p e_oZv(d) F-h A_q ke-a(d)bn \nv Xs (BC-im(-d)-bpsS lZo-knse tNmZy-Im-hmWv A_q kea(d)) tI Hcp lZokv C_v\p Jpsska (d) Xs kzloln C-cn-p-p-v.(61) 8 ssiJv _mPqcn(d) id-lp am-Cen ]d-bp-Xv t]mse - BCim _ohn-(d)bpsS lZo-knse ]Xn-s\mv dIvAns\ km[m-c- W- Zn-hkfn-ep \_n(-k)-bpsS hnXvdmbn ]cn-KWn-Ww. - - km-[m-cW KXn-bn 11 dIvAv hnXvdv \nkvIcn-m-dp \_n(k) ap amk-tf-m henb al-Xz-ap da-fm-\n 3 dI-vAv am{Xta \nkvcn-m-dp-q-shv BCi _ohn-(d)bpsS {]kvXpX lZokv Xdm-ho-lns\ pdn-sv ]d-bp-hv ]d-tbn hcpw. {]mhmN-Isc kw_-n-Stmfw AXv Am-\mWv. _Zvep aPvlq-Zn ]dbpp: Xdm-ho-ln-t\mSv Hcp \nepw Cu l-Zokn\v _- 37

an. Xdm-holv Fm-sWXn\v Cu l-Zokv sXfnhv ]nSn hnh-ctSm-Wv (_Zvep aPvlq-Zv: 2/290)(62) 9 Da(-d)-hns Imev Pohn-n-cp BCim(d) \_n(-k)- \nkvcn-Xv ]Xn-s\mv dIvAm-sWv Dd-n-pbpw D-a(d)hns hI 12 - A[n-I-cn-np-I-bp-am-sWv hmZn--pIbpw sNbvXn-cn-s-n Da(d)hns {]h-\s FXn-pItbm hnain-p-Itbm sNpam-bn-cpp. Ncn{Xnse-hn-sSbpw As\ ImWp-n. 10 Cu lZo-knse {]Xn-]mZy hnjbw Xdm-holv Xs-sb ]phmZn-IfpsS hmZw AwKo-Icn-m Xs Xdm-holv Ccp-]XmsW-Xnt\mSv Cu lZokv FXn-cm-IpIbn. ImcWw ChnsS BCi _ohn(d) ]d ]Xn-s\m-n-t\m A[n-Icnn-m-dn FXv _ohnbpsS Ass Adn-hns ASn-m-\n-em-sWv sh-m-hp-XmWv. C_vdm-lo-ap _mPqcn(d) AXv ]d-bp-pv.(63,64) ]nbnse Hcp {]tXI dqan shm-bn-cp-p \_n(k) Xdm-holv \nkvcn-s-sX-Xn-\m hon-epff BC-i _o-hn(d)v AXns dIvA-p-IfpsS Fhpw coXnbpw hy-ambn Adn-bWsa-n. am{X- a, \_n(-k)bpsS Xdm-holv PamA-n ]s-Sp C_v\p Amkv (d) \_n(-k) Ccp-]XmWv \nkvcn-s-sXv ]d-bp-pv.(65) \_n(-k) \nv aq{X-sam-gn-nn F BCim _ohn(d)-bpsS lZokpw \_n(-k) Hcn- \nv aq{X-sam-gn-Xmbn lpssZ^(d)bn \nv \nth-Z\w sN-s lZokpw PwAv sNbvXv ]n-Xam ]dXv cv t]cpw Xs Adnhv shv ]d-p-sh-m-Wv. {]mam-Wn-Ihpw _un-Ihp-amb Ccw hni-Zo-IcWfn \nv - - BCi _ohn-(d)bpsS {]kvXpX lZokv Xdm-holns\ kw_-n-sv kpXcmw hy-amIpp-v. Fm, Cu l-Zo-knse Fv sImv Xdmholpw aqv sImv hnXvdp-amWv D-t-iy-sav hcp-n-Xom DXv]XnjvWp- sXfnhv ]nSn-m-dpXv Pm_n(d)hns cv lZo-kp-IfmWv. Ah-bpsS kzoI-cyX ]cn-tim-[nmw: sXfnhv :2 Pm_n(d)hns Hmw lZokv C_v\p Jpsska(d) Xs kzlo-ln D-cn-p-p: Pm_n(d)hn \nv \nth-Z\w: Atlw ]dp: Rv Cam-ambn
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da-fm-\n \_n(-k) Fv dIvApw hnXvdpw \nkvIcn-p. ]nt Znhkw \_n(-k)bpsS BK-a\w {]Xo-nv R ]n-bn Hcpanv IqSnsbnepw {]`m-XamIpw hsc \_n(-k) R-fn-tev Cdn hn. {]`m-Xn R \_n(-k)bpsS ASp- sNv tNmZnp: dkqse, Av hv Rv Cam-ambn \nkvIcn-p-sav R {]Xonncpp? Atm \_n(-k) ]dp: \nf-psS ta \n_-am-ens\ Rm shdpp (kzlo-lp _v\n Jpsska: 2/138).(66) hni-Zn-IWw-- 1 Cuk _v\p Pmcn F-hcn-eq-sS- am-{Xta Cu l-Zokv dntmv sN-s-n-pq. At-lns hniz-kvXXbn ^nJvlvlZokv ]n- Xcpw \pJvJm-Zp lZokpw(l-Zokv \ncq-]I) `nm-`n-{]m-bm-cmWv. hyXykvX {K-fn Ctls Ipdnv ]d-bp-pv. Ahbn - \npw C_v\p apCu\pw(-d) ap--hcpw At-ls _e-lo\\mpshpw(Pplv) C_v\p lnm-\pw(-d) ap-hcpw Atls hniz-kvX\m-p-p-sh-pw(-XAvZo) a\-n-emmw. Pplpw - XAvZoepw Pplpw Dm-bm Ppln\v {]mapJyw In-Wsa-mWv - Camw kp_vIn(-d), C_v\p lmPn_v(d) XpSnbh ]d-bp-Xv.(6772) CXn-s\mw ]pdsa hniz-kvX\m-p-hs\(aAn) At]-nv _e-lo-\am-h\mWv(Pm-cn-lv) ]pXnb Hcp Adn-hns\ nco-Icn-p- - -h(ap-kv_n-Xv) F-Xn- \m apkv_nXn-s\ am\n-t-sXv lZokns ASn-m\ XXzfn s]mXp \nb-aamWv . CsXmw ]cn-KWn-p-tm Cuk _v\p Pmcn F \nth-ZI CCu^v BsWpw AXn\m Cu l-Zokv sXfn-hn\v sImn-spw hy-am-hp-p. kwibw:1 P-p-ln s\ XAvZoen s\m apn-Wsan Pp-dlns Imc-W- hni-Zo-I-cn-t--Xm-sWpw Am ]w AXv kzoImcyaspw Camw \h-hn(-d) Xs ilp apkven-ans apJ-hpc-bn (t]-Pv16) C_v\p kzem-ln(d)s\ D-cnv ]d-bp-p-v. C_v\p apCu\pw(d) \km-C(d)bpw Cuk _v\p Pm-cn-sb Imcy ImcW klnXw _e-lo-\am-Xn-\m \h-hn(-d)s Cu ]cm-ai-ns - shfn-n Ah-cpsS A`n-{]mbw Fs\ ]cn-KWn-m Ignbpw? 39

\nhm-cWw: C_v\p apCu(d), \kmCu(d) Fn-h Ppdlns ImcWw hyam-n-bn-n-s-nepw Kl-\amb ]T-\n\v tij-amWv Ah- As\ ]d-Xv. AXn-\m AXv Im-cWw hy-am-n-bXns m\-mWv C_v\p Iko(-d) CXv ]d-bp-pv. Imcy-Im-cW hni-Zo-Icn-msX - Cn-jbhp-ambn Cu CamapI ]d-Xv kzoIm-cy-amWv. \oXn, t\cmb - \Sv, ]cnN-bm\w, KpW-Imw Fo khn-ti-jXI D-tXm- sSmw Ahv Cu hnj-bn AKm-[m-\hp-ap-Xn-\m-em-WnXv (-CJvXn-kmdp Deq-an lZokv29).(73) kwi-bw: 2 Cuk_v\p Pmcnb D Cu lZo-kns\ Ipdnv Camw Zl-_n(-d). aokm\p CAvXnZm 3/311- Ckv\m-Zplp hkvXzp (-k\Zv CS-camWv) Fv ]dXv Cu lZo-kns _e-lo-\Xsb FXnpIbt Fv tXmmw. \nhm-cWw: Zl-_n-(d)bpsS Cu hmv ]cn-KW\o-basv Camw kp_vIn(d) - - hy-amn ]d-bp-p. Atlw (Z-l_n) \psS ssiJpw Kpcp-hp-amsW-nepw kXy-amWv ]nXpScm IqSpX Ah-Im-isXv(Xz-_Imv:191/1).(74) Npcp-n Cuk_v\p Pmcn Cu lZokns k\Zn-ep-Xn-\m lZokv fCu^pw(_e-lo-\Xbp-Xv) sXfn-hnv tbmKy- hp-a. hni-Zo-IcWw-2 - \_n(k) ]n-bn Pam-Ambn Xdm-holv \nkvIcn-Xv aqv Znh-kam-bn-cp-p-shv _pJmcn(d), apnw(d) Fn-hcpsS {]_-eamb lZo-kpI kmy-s-Sp-p-p-v. \mem-as Znh-kw \_n(k) ]n-bn-tev hn-spw Ah-bn \nv hy-am-Wv. Fm Pm_n(d)hns Cu lZokv Hcp Znhkw \_n(k) Pam-Ambn \nkvIcnp-shpw cmw Znhkw ]n-bn-tev ]pd-s-n-spw ]d-bp-p. _pJmcn(d), apnw(d) t]mtem {]K`-cpsS lZo-kn-t\mSv FXn-cmbn Hcp lZokv hm AXv imZv(\nb-am-\p-krXa-m-Xv) BsWpw AXn-\m sXfn-hnv tbmKy-as-pw lZokv \nZm\ imkv{Xw kan-p-p-v. kwi-bw-1 Pm_n(d)hns Cu lZokv ]d-Xns tijw Camw aln(d) 40

id-lp aln Ae anlm-Pn ]d-bpp: Pm_n(d) aqm-asbpw \mem-asbpw cm{Xn-Ifn am{X-am-bn-cnpw ]s-Sp-n-cnpI (a-ln:217/1).(75) Camw al-n(d)-bpsS Cu hmv ]nSnv _pJmcn(d), apnw(d) XpS-n-bhcpsS lZo-kn-t\mSv CXv sshcp-y-aspw AXn- \m CXv sXfn-hnv ]n-bXm-sWpw hmZn-p-Iq-tS? \nhm-cWw: Camw al-n(d) Hcp km[yX A\p-am-\n-pI am{X-am-Wn-hnsS sNp-Xv. Cu km[yX AwKo-Icn-p-h Pm_n(d) h Ah-km-\s - cm{Xn-bn 8 dIvAv _mn-bp-fftm-gmWv(12 Ignv) Atlw h- - sX km[y-Xbpw AwKo-Icn-tn hcpw. Cu Hcp km[yX ap\nnbmWv aln(d)bpsS hmns\ Jbq_n hni-Zo-Icn-p-Xv: Pm_n (d) aqmw-as cm{Xn-bmWv ]n-bn hXv Fm Fv dIvAv am{Xw _mn-bm-hp Ah-kcn hp Fm-Wv. Cns\ shp- tm ss_l-Jn-bpsS cnhm-bns\(20 dIvAm-sWv ]d-bp-Xv) - F-n sshcp-y-am-bn-cp-Xn-\m _e-lo-\am-t-Xn- (-lm-inb-p Jbq_n: 217/1).(76) hni-Zo-IcWw-3 - Ccp-]Xv dIvAmWv Xdo-holv Fv hy-am-p lZo-knt\mSv Cu l-Zokv FXn-cm-hp-n-. ImcWw Xdm-holv Ccp-]Xm-sW-nepw AXn-t\-m Npcp- A\p-hZ\o-bam-sWv hni-Zo-Icn-emWv - - Cu l-Zokns Dt-iy-sav hymJy-\n-m-hp-Xm-Wv. Ccp-]Xn-s\-m Ipdv \nkvIcn- A\p-hZ\o-bam-sW-Xn ]n-Xtem-Iv GI -- kzc-am-Wp-Xv. C_v\p-lP (d) ]d-bp-p: hnXvdns dIvAm- - Xv \nkvIcn-m hnXvdv F-\n-ev Xs {]Xn-^ew e`n-p-samWv fmln Xdm-ho-ln \nv A]w sImv hmepw CXv t]mse - Xs-bm-Wv (Xplv^:225/2).(77) CXnse hIZm a AXm _n_Avfn-dm-holv FXns\ hni-Zo-Icnv ihm\n ]d-bp-p: -Xp-S- - nse Npcp-ens\ Dt-in-mepw icn Fns ta Npcp-p-Xv t]mse Xdm-ho-ln \nv A]w \nkvIcn-m Xdm-holv F \nev Xs {]Xn-^ew e`n-p-XmWv. CXv Nne kvYefn \S-p-Xp-am- - Wv (-ihm\n 225/2).(78)
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hni-Zo-IcWw: 4 Cu lZo-knse Fv, Xdm-holv Fv shp-Ibm-sW-n Xs _mn \_n(-k)bpw kzlm-_pw hon shv \nkvcn-m-dp-mbn-cp-p-shv IcpXmw. CXns\ _e-s-Sp-p D-cWn-I Xmsg sImSp-p-p: \_n(-k) hon \nv hcp-Xn\p aptm tijtam hon shv _mn ]Xn- h mbn \nkvI- c nm km[y- X - b p- v (- l m- i nbpnlmb:2/121).(79) Ah(kz-lm-v) hon shv _mn \nkvIcn-n-cpp. tX\o-bptSXp t]mtem Hcp aqf Ah-cn \npw tIm-am-bn-cp-p (A ^nJvlp Aem a-Zm-ln-_n A_A: 1/341).(80) \_n(-k) Ah-cn-tev ]pd-s-Sp-Xn\p apv GXm\pw dIvAp- I X\npw ]noSv Ah-tcm-sSmw Fv dIvApw hnXvdpw Pam-Ambpw \nkvIcn-m km[y-Xbpv (^-Xvlp aplnw: 3/319).(81) Cu aqv D-cWn-Ifp-tS-bpw- kw-{Klw ihm-\n(-d) ]d-bpp: ]n-bn-tev hcp-Xn\v aptm tijtam _mn dIvAp-I - hon shv \_n(-k) \nkvIcn-m-dp-m-bn-cp-p-sh km[yX I]nmw. \_n(-k) kzlm-_n\v Cam-ambn Fv dIvAmWv \nkvIcn-msdnepw _mn hon shv ]qn-bm-m-dp-m-bn-cpp. kzlm-_pw C{]-Imcw sNm-dp-m-bn-cp-p. tX\o-bpsS aqf t]mse Hcp aqf Ah-cn \nv {imhy-am-Im-dp-s-XmWv CXn\v sXfnhv. \_n(-k) Ahv 20 dI-vApw ]n-bn Cam-ambn ]qoI-cn-p \n-kvIcn-n-cp-p. Ah-tcmSv \_n(-k) Aenhv ImWn-Xn-\m-emWn-Xv (ihm\n: 2/240).(82) Cu hn-iZo-IcWs Xz-_vdm-\n(-d)-bpsS lZokv ]np-Wp-pv. - - A-\kv(d)hn \nv \nth-Z\w: \_n(-k) da-fm-\nse cm{Xn-Ifn - \nkvcn-m-dp-m-bn-cpp. Hcn- Hcp Iq h-tm \_n(-k) \nkvImcw eLq-Icnv hontev t]mhp-Ibpw ]noSv hv e-Lq-Icnv \nkvIcn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. {]`mXamb-tm Ah(kz-lm-_v) tNZnp: dkqse, Cse cm{Xn AbpsS ]nn R \nkvI- - cnm \n-t Av hon hp t]mbn sImn-cptm? \-_n(42

k) {]Xn-hNnp: \n ImcWambmWv Rm\Xv sNbvXXv (Xz-_vdm\n). Cu lZo-kns \nth-ZIscmw kzlo-lmb lZokns \nthI-cmsWv aPvaD khm-CZv:173/3 ]d-bp-pv.(83) hni-Zn-IcWw: 5 Cu lZo-kn ]cm-ain-s \nkvImcw hnXvdm-Im-\n-Sbpv. ImcWw, \n-fpsS ta hnXdv \n_--am-n-ens\ Rm shdpp F lZokv `mKw Cu hni-Zo-IcWs ]nm-pp. am{X- a, Pm_n(d)-hns Cu lZo-kns\ C_v\p Jpsska(d) Xs kzloln _m_p ZnIvcn Zeo-en _n A hnXvd ssek _n ^fn F _m_n-\p Iogn sImp-hXpw CXns\ in-s-Sp-p-p. kwibw Pm_n(-d)-hns kam\n dIvAn h hnXvd F hmv - hnXvdp IqSmsX 8 dIvAv th-sd-bp-s-t Adn-bp-Xv? A-Xzv^ns Dtiyhpw AXp Xsbt? adp-]Sn Cu l- Z okv iI- e - nse A- X zv- ^ v shtsd cv \nkvmcfps-v tZymXn-n-p-n. As\ cv hyXykvX \nkvIm-cfmWv ChnsS Dt-iy-sa-n \_n(-k) ^fm- `-bsbSens\ - hnXvdn am{Xw {]tXy-Iam-nbXn \ymb-an-m-Xm-Ipw. ImcWw, \_n(k) hnXvdv \n_- - a mIp- s av `bs]Sm\p Imc- W - a mb \nXyam(apZmha-v) FXv tijn-p Fv dIvAnepaptm? - AXn-\m, Fv dIvAv hnXvdn s]Xv XsbmWv. ^e-n Cu AXzv^v tZzXn-n-Ip- Aw CXmWv: \_n(-k) H kem-an - - hnXvdv apgp-h \nkvcn-p-Ib sNbvXXv. BZyw Cc-bmbpw Ahkm\w H-bmbpambn-cpp hnXvdv \nkvcn-n-cp-Xv. C-cn-ep Hcp AXzv^v kp\\p A_o Zmhq-Zv:1/193- ImWmw.(84) sXfnhv aqv: Pm_n(d)hns cmw lZokv Pm_n(d)hn \nv \nth-Z\w: Atlw ]dp: D_vp _v\p IAv_v(d) dkq-ens AS-p hv ]dp: dkpse, Cse cm{Xn(da-fm- cmhn) Hcp kw`-hap-mbn. \_n(-k) tNmZnp: D_v FmWXv? D_-v(d) ]dp: Ipdv kv{XoI hon hv ]dp: - 43

Rv Jp-B HmXm\-dn-bn .AXv sImv Xmv ]nnembn R \nkvcnmw. Rm- A-hsc sImv Fv dI-vApw hnXvdpw \nkvcnp. \_n(-k) Hpw {]Xn-Icn-m-Xn-\m CsXmcp au\m\-phm-Zambn.(85) Cu lZokv apl-Zv _v\p \kzv(d) Jnbm-ap-ss 90epw sslkan(d) aPvaD hm-CZv:74/2epw D-cn-p-pv. hni-Zo-IcWw: 1 Cu l-Zokv fCu^mWv. ImcWw, Cu l-Zokv D-cn-s Fm k\-Znepw Cuk _v\p Pmcn F-bm-fpv. Atlw -hn-iz-k-vX BtWm Atbm F-Xn lZokv ]n-X-mnS-bn A`n-{]mbm-cap-v apv kqNn-n-p-htm? Cu lZokv Dcn-n-p-Xv - - BsI \mev k\-ZpIfnemWv. AXn cv k\-Zp-I C_v\p lnm(d) Xs kzlo-ln Dcn-ppv. Hmw k\-Zv: A_q bAve(-d) A_vZp AAvem(d) bAvJq_p Jn(-d) Cuk _v\p Pmcn-(-d) Pm_ndp _v\p A_vZn-mlv(d). cmw k\Zv: AlvaZv _v\p Aen(-d) A_vZp AAvem(-d) bAvJq_p Jn(-d) Cuk _v\p Pmcn-(-d) Pm_ndp _v\p A_vZn- mlv (d). -ap-l--Zv _n\p \kzdv(d) Jnbmap da-fm-\n:90 aqmw k\Zv \Ippv. aqmw k\Zv: apl-Zv _v\p laoZv dmkn(-d) bAvJq_v _v\p A_vZn-m-lv(-d) Cukm _v\p Pmcn-(-d) Pm_n(-d). Cu aqv k\- Z p- I fpw ]cn- t im- [ n- p- t m CXnsemw kXyk\msW-Xn ]n-Xmv A`n-{]m-b--c-ap Cuk _v\ Pmcn F-bm-fpv. am{X-hp-a, bAv-Jq_v _v\p A_vZn Aiv-A-cn -AJn F-bm-fpw Cu k\-Zp-I-fn-epv. Camw ZmdJpXzp\n(d) Ctlw fCu^msWv ]d-bp-pv (t\m. aokm-\p CAvXn-ZmCamw Zl-_n(d)-:452/4). A_vZpm-ln _v\p AlvaZv(d) F-h Dcn \memw k\-Zns\ \m^n-Av \qdp-o sslkan(d) F-h aP-vaD khm-CZv:74/2- hopw D-cn-Xn-\v tijw Atlw ]d-bp-p: Cu k\-Zn Am- 44

X-\mb Hcm-fpv. Ccw k\-Zp-I sXfn-hn\v ]n-sv Camw C_v\p kp_vIn(d) PwD Phm-an-Av 250/2 ]d-bppv. CXn-s\mw ]pdsa, Cu lZo-knse {][m\ _nphmb D_v _v\p JAv_v(d) Xs Da(d)-hns Imev Camambn Ccp-]Xv dIvAv \nkvIcn-n-cppshv ]d-bp kp-\\p A_o ZmhqZnse(209/1) lZokn-t\mSv Pm_n(d)hns takqNnX lZokv FXn-cm-Ippapv. hni-Zo-IcWw:2 Cap Dzq-ense s]mXp-\n-baamWv Ipd Fw hn - Fs \ntj-[n-p-n-(C AJ em b^n AIvkd) F \nb-aw. CXv {]Imcw Cu lZo-knse Fv dIvAv Xdm-holv Ccp-]Xv dIvAm-WXns\ Xnf-bp-n. - - hni-Zo-IcWw:3 \_n(k) ]n-bn shv Pam-Ambn FmWv \nkvIcnssX _nZ-CI ]d-bp kw`hw D_-p _v\p IAv_n(d)s Cu kw-`n\v tij-am-sW-n Cu kw-`hnse \nkvIm-cw Xdm-holv - BIm CS-bn-. ImcWw, Xdm-ho-lns XpSw \_n(-k)bpsS ]-nbnse hnJymXamb Pam-Am-sWv DwZ-p Jmcn-Av 267/5epw Akv\ aXzm-en_v 1/200-epw ]d-bppv. C\n D_-v(d) Cu kw-`hw AXn\v tij-am-sWv shp-Ibm-sWn \_n(-k)-bn \nv Fv nspshv ]-dbm-\m-In. ImcWw \_n(-k)bn \nv Fv t\cs nc-s-Xm-sW-n ]noSv D_-v(d) F-ns\ Ipdnv \_n(k)tbmSv ]cm-Xn-Sp-Xn\v A-an-m-XmIpw. Pm_n(d)s Hmw lZo-knse(c-mw sXfnhv) Amw hnj-Zo-IcWw ChnsSbpw ]d-bm-hp-XmWv. Npcp-n, FXnhmZ-m D-bn-p aqv sXfn-hp-Ifpw \_n(-k) Xdm-holv Ccp-]Xv \nkvIcn-n F-Xn\v sXfn-hm-Ip-n-. Hm-as sXfn-hmb Bbn-i(-d)-bpsS lZo-knse {]Xn-]mZy hnjbw Xdm-ho-lsv \mw nco-Icnp. cpw aqpw sXfn-hp-Ifmb Pm_n(d)hns lZo-kp-Iv fpAv^pw \mw hni-Zo-Icn km[y-XIfpw DXv sImv sXfnhv ]nSn-m Ahbpw tbmKy-asv hy-ambn. ^e-n, kzlo-lmb Hcp lZokpw \_n(-k) F{X dIvAv Xdm-holv \kvI45

cn-p-shv hy-am-p-n-. Fnepw, Da(-d)-hns Imev apgp-h kzlm-_m-fpw Ccp-]Xns ta CPvam-Av BbXv Xdm-holv Ccp-]Xm-sW-Xn\v F{Xtbm aXn-bmb sXfn-hm-Wv. Fm, Cu CPvam-Cs\ Nne lZokpI Zp_-eam-p-p-shv FXnIn-I hmZn-pp. Acw lZokpIfpw Ah-bpsS hni-ZoI-cWfpw \apv ]cn-tim[n-mw. sXfnhv \mev: kmC_v_v\p bko-Zn(d)s lZokv kmC_v _v\p bko-Zn(d) \nv \nth-Z\w: Atlw ]dp: P\-v Cam-ambn ]Xn-s\mv dIvAv \nkvIcn-m D_v _v\p I-Av_v(d), Xao-ap-mcn(d) Fn-htcmSv Da(d) I]np (ap-AXz-Av:40).(86) hni-Zo-IcWw Hv: ClvZm h Civdq\m(21) F-Xns m\v ClvZm Aid(11) Fp ]d-Xv amen-n(-d)s ssiJmb apl-Zv _v\p bqkp^v Fn-hcpsS Dulnp]dbemsWmWv(hlvav) ]n-Xm hne-bn-cp-p-Xv. - C_v\p A_vZn _dv(d) ]d-bp-p: amenv(d) Am-hscm- smbpw Cu lZokn Ccp-]n Hv FmWv Dcn-Xv. AXmWv {]_e-am-bXpw. amen-v(d) Hgnv thsd-bm-cpw ]Xn-s\mv Fv ]d-Xmbn Rm Adn-bn. BZy-sams ]Xn-s\m-m-bn-cp-s-nepw ]noSv \nw eLq-Icn-p-Ibpw Ccp-]sm-n-tev am-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp F km[yX Ds-nepw FsbSp- apXq-ap-Xv amenv(d)s ]Xn-s\mv Fv hmv [mc-Wm-]niImsWmWv. Camw kJm\n(d) ilp aph-XzAv:- 239/1-epw ssiJv apl-Zv kIcn Akzn-o-Jn(-d) HuPkp akm-en-Iv:394/1-epw CXv D-cn-p-pv. C_v\p A_vZn _dv(d) Camw amen-ns(d) [mcW ]ni-Imbn-mWv CXns\ I-sX-nepw amen-Iv(-d)hns ssiJmb aplZv_v\p bqkp-^v(d) Fn-hcpsS [mcWm ]ni-Ihm-\m-Wv IpSp-X km[y-X-sbv ssiJv kI-cnm An-oJn(d) HuP-lp akm-enn(1/394) ]d-bp-pv. Cu [mcWm ]niIv h hgn tXSp-tm CXv al-Zv_v\p bqkp-^n(d) \nv Xs-bm-sWv t_m[y-sSpw. ImcWw kmC_v _v\p bko-Zn(d)s Cu lZokv kmC-_n(d) \nv aqv t]cm-Wv dntmv sNp-Xv. BZys cp t]cmb lmcnkv _v\p A_vZp dlvam(d),b-koZv _v\p Jkzo-^(-d) Fn-h dntmv sNbvX cnhm-b-p-I-fn bYm-{Iaw 23, 20 Fo dIv-A-p-Ifp
46

\nkvIm-cs Ipdn-mWv {]Xn-]m-Zn-p--Xv. Cu cnhm-b-p-I-fn lmcnkv(d) F-nhcpsS cnhm-bv A_vZp dkmv(d) Xs apkz-^nepw(4-261) bkoZv_v\p Jkzo-^(-d)bpsS cnhm-bv Camw ss_lJn Xs kp\\nepw(2-496) Camw AkvJ-em-\n(-d) ^Xvlp _mcn(4-219)epw D-cn-p-pv. Fm Cu lZo-kns aqm-as \nth-ZI\mb apl-Zv _v\p bqkp^v (d)(am-enIv(d)s ssiJv) F- nh-cn \nv Bdpt] CXv dntmv sNbvX-tm hyXy-kvX-amb aqv dIv-A-p-I-fpsS Fs Ipdn-mWv Ah {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-sXv ImWmw. t_mIvkv tNpI Cu Bdp cnhm-b-p-I-fnse Ah-km-\s aqp cnhm-b-pI-fn-em-Wv dIvAp-IfpsS Fw ]Xn-aqv, ]Xn-s\mv F-ns\ - hn-p--Xv. \mem-as \nth-Z-I apl-Zv CkvlmJv F-bm I-\m-sWv lZokv ]n-X-m ]d-bp-p-v.(87) A_vZp Akokv F \nth-Z-Is\ Hcp {]mhiyw 21 -Fpw asmcp {]hmiyw 11 Fpw dntmv sNbvXn-p-v. am{X-a-, Atls fCu^v, Hm in Ipd-h, CS-nsS sXp-]p-h Fsm-s-bmWv ]WvUn-X-m hnti-jn-n-p--Xv.(8891)- AXn\m Cu cnhm-bXpI sXfn-hn\v ]n-. Npcp-n, Da(d) D_-n(d)-t\mSpw Xao-ap-m-cn(-d)-tbmSpw ]Xn-s\mv \nkvI-cn-m In-pshv ]d-bp kmC_v _v\p bko-Zn(-d)s Cu lZo-kv, At-ln \nv aqv t]cv \nth-Z\w sNbvXnpw apl-Zv _v\p bqkp^v(d) F-h am{X-amWv 11, 13 Fo dIvAp-I D-cn-n-p- q. am{X-hp-a, apl-Zv _v\p bqkp^v(d) F-h-cn \nv Bdp t] CtX lZokv D-cn-tm AXn aqp t]cpw 21 Fv XsbmWv dntmv sNbvX-Xv. AXn-\m Da(-d) ]Xn-s\mv Inp FXv At-lns [mcW ]ni-Imt\ hgn-bp-q. A-s\-bmWv ]W-Un-X-m ]dv sh--Xpw. Cu lZoknse {]Xn]mZy ]pcpj\mb D_v _v\p IA_v(d)
47

Xs Da(-d)hns Imev P\-v Cam-ambn Ccp-]Xv dIvAv \nkvI-cn-n-cppshXv nc-s Imcy-amWv. apv kqNn-n ss_l-Jn-bpsS lZo-kn kmC_v _v\p bko-Zv(d) kzlm-_v Da(d) hns Imev 20 dIv-Av \nkvI-cn-n-cp-p-sh {]kvXmhw CXns\ in- s - S p- p- v. Camw AkvJ- e m- \ n(- d )- Xs AJokzp l_o(4-265) ]d-bp-p: Da(-d) P\-sf D_vv _v\p IA-_v(d)s ta Hcn-anp IqpIbpw Ahv Cam-ambn dafm-\n Atlw Ccp-]Xv dIv-Av \nkvI-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cpp(A-Jzokv 265-4).(92) AXv sImmWv C_v\p A_vZn _dv(d) AXv ]d-bp-Xv: CXv(C-cp-]-Xv) D_v _v\p IA-_n \nv Hscm kzlm-_n-bp-sSbpw FXnn-msX kzlo-lm-bXv. CXv DwZ-p Jmcn-Av:127/11-epw eman-D--dmcn:87/2epw ilp ilp kJm\n Aem ahm-ln_v420/7-epw ]d-bp-p-v. kmm C_v\p ssXan Xs ]d-bp-p: da-fm-\n P\v Cam-ambn D_v _v\p IAv_v(d) Ccp-]Xpw aqv dIvAv hnXvdpw \nkvIcn-m-dp-m-bn-cp-p-sh-Xv nc-s-n-p-v. `qcn-`mKw ]n- X mcpw AXn- \ m CXv kp- mbn Ip. aplmPnAkm-dp-In-Sbn Hcm-fp-sSbpw FXnn-m-sX-bm-bn-cpp Ccp-]Xv \nkvI-cn--Xv(a-Pvaq-D ^Xvh:112-/23).(93) Da(-d)s Imev D_v _v\p IAv_v(d) Ccp-]Xv Xs-bmWv \nkvIcn-sXv hlm-_nkns t\Xmhv apl-Zv _v\p A_vZp - hlvlm_v Xs apJvXkz-dp Ckzm-^v106mw t]Pn ]d-bppv. -D-_v _v\p IA-_v(-d) t\XrXzw \In-bXv Ccp-]Xv dIv-A-p \nkvIm-cn-\mbncpp-shv t_m[y-s-Sp-Xn-\m At-ltmSv ]Xn-s\mv \nkvIcn-m Da(d) I]n-p-sh {]kvXpX lZoknse ]Xn-s\mv Camw amen-Iv(-d)-hns DkvXm-Zmb apl-Zv _v\p bqkp-^n-(d)stbm Hc-`n-{]m-bn Camw amen-Iv(d)-hn-stbm [mcW ]ni-Im-sW-v ]d-bmw. hni-Zo-IcWw-2 - ]n-bn D_-n(d)-s\bpw Xao-ap-m-cn(d)-sbbpw Cam-ambn \nban-p-shpw Ah Hmtcm-cp-cpw ]Xn-s\mv dI-Av hoXw Cam48

ambn \nkvI-cn-m-\mWv Da(-d) In-s-sXpw Cu lZo-kn\v Aw shmw. CXp {]mImcw Hcm ]v dIv-Av Cam-ambn \nkvI-cn-m cm-a ]Xn-s\mv dIvAv AXn\v tijw Camambn Xs \nkvI-cnpw. ^e-n Hcp jn^vv coXn--bmWv Apm-bn-cp--Xv. Cu hni-Zo-I-c-Ws ]np-W-p \nc-h[n D-cWn-Ifp-v. - HuP-kp akm-en-In ImWmw: ascp \ymbn-IcWhpw ChnsS - km[y-am-Wv. AYhm Ccp-]-n-sbmv dIv-A-m-W cnhm-bv D_pw(d) Xao-aZmcn(d)bpw \nkvIcn-Xns BsI-p-Isb ]cn-K- Wn-m-Wpw ]Xn-s\m-ns cnhm-bv Hmtcmcp--cpw- kz--am-bn \nkvI-cn--Xns\ ]cn-K-W-m-sWpw ]dbmw. Htcm-cp--cpw -]v hoXhpw Hcm hnXvdpw \nkvI-cn-Im-cp-m-bn-cpp. Cu A-ym-bnse ap cnhm-b-p-I-tfmSv Atm CXv FXn-cm-hp-n-(HuPkp akm-enIv:394/1).(94) asmcp D-cWn Cs\ hmbnmw: ]pcpjmv- D_v _\p IAv_v(d), Xaoap-mcn(d) Fo cp Cam-apIsf Da(d) \n-bn-n-cp-psh-Xv {]am-Wfn h-XmWv. Hcp - cm{Xn-bn Xs cp t]cpw Dugw t\mn Hma Ah-km-\n-npnSv cm-a XpS-p coXnbn Camw \nn-cpp. Da-(-d) Ch-tcmSv ]Xn-s\mv dIv-Av \nkvI-cn-m In-p-sh kmC_v _v\p bko-Zn(d)s cnhm-bv C{]-Im-amWv(A-dm-holv AIvkdp an A^n Bw:28-19).(95) Cu hn-iZo-IcWs _es-Sp Hcp lZokv apl-Zv _\p kAZv(- d) D-cn-p-pv: D-a _v\p A_vZp Akn(d) Fn-hcn \nv \nth-Z\w: D_v _v\p IA_pw(d) Xao-a-Zm-cn(d)bpw \_n(-k)bpsS m\v ]pcp-jmv- C-am-ambn \nkvIcn-m-dp-m-bn-cpp(Xz_Jmv:26/5).(96) hni-Zo-IcWw-3 - P\-v Ffp-am-Im thn BZyw Fpw ]noSv Lw L- ambn Ccp-]Xv hsc \nkvI-cn-m Inp Fsmcp hni-Zo-I-cWhpw lZo-kn\v \Imw. Da(-d) Cs\ sNbvXXv \_n(-k)-sN-XXn-t\mSv ASn ]n]-pI F \ne-mWv. ImcWw \_n(-k) Pam49

A-mbn \nkvIcn aqv HnS-hn cm{Xn-Ifn(lnPvd:2mw hjw da-fm-\nse 23, 25, 27) BZys cm{Xn-bn cm{Xn-bpsS aqn-semv Ign-bp-Xv hsc Fv dIv-Av \nkvI-cn-spw(Cu-k_v\p Pmcn-bn \nv C_v\p Dssk-a(d)bpw apw dntmv sNbvX, apv hni-Zo-I-cn Pm_n(-d)-l-Zo-kn ]d-bp-Xv t]mse ) cmw cm{Xnbn cm{Xn-bpsS A `mKw Ign-bp-Xv hsc hnXvdp-I-fpssS ]Xn-aqv dIv-Av \nkvI-cn-spw(apl-Zv _v\p \kz(d), aplZv_v\p bqkp^v(d) Fn-hcpsS cnhm-bn-ep-Xv t]mse) aqmw cm{Xn-bn Amgw \jvSs-Sp-sav kzlm-_v `b-s-Sp kabw hsc hnXvdpssS Ccp-]-n-aqv dIv-Av \nkvI-cn-spw(A_p ssi-_-bn \nv ss_l-Jnbpw apw dntm sNbvX lZo-knep-Xv t]mse) \mw ImWpp. {]kvXpX aqv cm{Xn-I-fn \_n(k) Pam-A-mbn \nkvI-cn ka-b-n Gpd-n Dsv kp\\v A_q-Z-hqZv2/50-se A_q-Zdn(d)s lZokv hy-amppv. \_n(-k) aqv cm{Xn-I-fn A]m]w hn-n-Xv t]mse Da(-d)hpw C{]-Imcw sNbvXp Fv thWw a\-n-em-m. BZy cm{Xn Fv dIvAn-sbpw(Camw amenv(d)s Cu l-Zo-kn-ep- Xv t]mse) cmw cm{Xn hnXvdpssS ]Xn-aqv dIv-A-nsbpw(ap-lZv _v\p \kzvdv F-h Jnbm-ap-ss-en apl-Zv_v\p bqkp-^n \nv dntmv sNbvX lZo-kn-ep-Xv t]mse ) aqmw cm{Xn Ccp-]-smv As-n Ccp-]-n-aqv dIv-A-n-sbpw ta (A-_Zp dkmJv Xs apkz-^n lmcnkv_v\p A_vZp dlv am Fn-hcn-eqsS dntmv sNbvX lZo-kn-ep-Xv t]mse) Da(-d) P\-sf Hcp-anv Iqn Fv shmw Cuhn-iZo-Icn\v Dt]m_- - e-I-amb D-c-Wn-I D.v BZy cm{Xn-bn cm{Xn-bpsS aqn-semv hsc Fv dIvApw aqmw cm{Xn-bn cm{Xn Xocm-dm-hp hsc Ccp-]Xv dIv-Apw \_n(-k) kzlm-_-n\v Pam-A-mbn A]m]w hn-nv \nkvI-cn-Xv t]mse Da(-d)hpw Fn \nv Ccp-]Xv hsc hnnncpp(A-AveoJp-z_olv2/105).(97) Ah-km-\-ambn ]n-bn Ccp-]Xv dIv-Ans ta Da(-d)
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P\-sf Hcp-anv Iqn-bXv Xdm-holv Ccp-]Xv dIv-A-m-sWv hy-am-p-pv. tij-m-cmb Jeo-^-am Bcpw- Xs AXns\ FXnmsX kzlm-_v H-Sw AXv AwKo-Icnp. Fs Ncybpw kmKn-Ifmb Jpe-^m-Cs Ncybpw \n AW-pI sImv ISnv ]nSn-Wsav \_n(-k)-]dn-p-tm(-A^nJvlp Ae - - a-Zmln-_n A_A1/341).(98) Xdm-holv CXp-]Xm-WXn-t\mSv ta kqNnX cnhm-bv(D_- v(-d), Xao-ap-mcn(d) Fn-h-tcmSv Da(-d) ]Xn-s\mv Inp Fv ]d-bp cnhm-bv) FXn-cm-hp-n. ImcWw BZy-sams Imcyw A-s\-bm-Wp-m-bsX-nepw ]noSv Ccp-]Xns ta nc-s-SpI-bp-mbn Da(-d), Dkvam(-d), Aen(-d) Fn-h-cpsS Imev Ccp]Xv dIvAm-bn-cp-p Ah \nkvIcn-n-cp-sXv {]`-eamb k\- tZmsS ss_lJn dntmv sNbvXn-pv(i-dlp aph-Xz-Av40).(99) Cu hni-Zo-IcWn \npw \_(-k)bpsSbpw Da(-d)-sbpw - - Imev BZy L-n Ccp-]-Xn Ipd dIv-A-p-I \nkvIcn-s-nepw Ah-km\w Ccp-]Xv dIvAv \ne-\nn tmp Fv a\-n-em-mw. kem-ap-In-S-bnse kzmemv Xdm-holns kem-ap-In-Sbn hn{i-amw(C-kvXn-dm-lv) sNmt ]e ZnIvdp-Ifpw kzem-Xp-Ifpw {]m-\Ifpw lZo-kntem atm h-Xmbn Adn-hn-. Fm Camw C_v\p lP(d) ]d-bpp: Cu -ev(X-dm-ho-lns kem-ap-InS-bn) {]tXyIw kzemv kw_-nv lZo-kntem \psS Akzvlm_ns hmp-Ifntem \mw Hpw In-n-. Cu ev {]tXy-Iw kpmsW Dt-iytmsS kzemv sNmp-I-bm-sW-n AXv XS-b-s-tS _nZv-Am-Wv. Fm Cu Dt-iy-an-msX, hnim-em-Sn-m-\n Ftmgpw kzmemv kp-m-sW-Xv t]mtem Dt-itmsS kzmemv sNmp-I-bm-sW-ne(X-S-b-s-tS _nZv-A--). Cu ev {]tXyIw kp-m-sW--dn-bn-p--Xn A]-cy-]vX-am-sW-nepw Cu{]-tXy-I-Xsb in-s-Sp-p-Xv lZo-kp-I-fn hn-pv. C_v\p akv-DuZv(d) \nv kzlo-lmbn hXv CXn-Sp-p. CXv
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t]mtem-h kzw A`n-{]m-b{-Imcw ]d-bm-hX. Bcp-adn-bmsX - A cm{Xn-bn Bsc-nepw \nkvI-cn-m-\p-t-inv hpfp FSp-pI-bpw XpSv Am-lp-hns\ ]pI-gvp-Ibpw hmgvp-Ibpw \_n(k)-bpsS ta kzemv sNmp-Ibpw sNbvXm Ah-\n-tev Amlp Nncnv sImv ]dbpw: Rm\-msX Bcpw ImWmsX \nkvIcn-p Fs Zmk-\n-tev \n t\mq(^-Xm-h Ip_vd ^nJvln--1/186).(100) Xdm-ho-lns kem-ap-In-S-bn {]tXyIambnp--Xm-sW hnizm-k-an-msX kzmem-p-Ifpw ZnIvdp-Ifpw sNmp-Xn\v hntcm-[-an-sv C_v\p-l-P(d)s ^Xvhbn \npw a\n-emmw. #############

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