FOURIER

FOURIER

x (t ) = A1 cos (1t + 1 ) + A2 cos (2t + 2 ) + ... + AN cos ( N t + N )

t

Ai 0,

i >0, i 0, i = 1,2,..., N

Ai Ai cos (i t + i )
i Ai cos (i t + i )
i Ai cos (i t + i )

A1 , A2 ,..., AN

1 , 2 ,..., N

1 , 2 ,..., N

x (t )

= 3

x (t ) = A1 cos t + A2 cos 4t + + A3 cos 8t +

3
2
1 = 1,
1 = 0
2 = 4,
3 = 8,

3 =
2
2 =

 MATLAB .m file:
% Example 4.1
% gives example of the frequency representation of
% a system
t = 0:20/400:20;
w1 = 1; w2 = 4; w3 = 8;
A1 = input('Input the amplitude A1 for w1 = 1: ');
A2 = input('Input the amplitude A2 for w2 = 4: ');
A3 = input('Input the amplitude A3 for w3 = 8: ');
x = A1*cos(w1*t)+A2*cos(w2*t+pi/3)+A3*cos(w3*t+pi/2);
clf
subplot(211),plot(t,x)
title('Example 4.1')
ylabel('x(t)')
xlabel('Time (sec)')
subplot(212),stem([w1 w2 w3],[A1 A2 A3])
v = [0 10 0 1.5*max([A1,A2,A3])];
axis(v);
ylabel('An')
xlabel('Frequency (rad/sec)')
axis;
subplot(111)
% see the m-file fig4_4.m to get the phase plot
:
A1 = .5

A2 = 1

A3 = 0

x (t ) = 0.5cos t + cos 4t +

 A1 = 1

A2 = .5

A3 = 0

x (t ) = cos t + .5cos 4t +

 A1 = 1

A2 = 1

A3 = 0

x (t ) = cos t + cos 4t +

 A1 = .5

A2 = 1

A3 = .5

x (t ) = .5cos t + cos 4t + + .5cos 8t +

3
2

 A1 = 1

A2 = .5

A3 = .5

x (t ) = cos t + .5cos 4t + + .5cos 8t +

3
2

A1 = 1

A2 = 1

A3 = 1

x (t ) = cos t + cos 4t + + cos 8t +

3
2

x (t ) = A1 cos t + A2 cos 4t + + A3 cos 8t +

3
2

x (t ) = A1 cos (1t + 1 ) + A2 cos (2t + 2 ) + ... + AN cos ( N t + N )

t

Ak

/ x (t )

k = 1, 2,..., N

/ x (t )
k

k = 1, 2,..., N

x (t ) = A1 cos (1t + 1 ) + A2 cos (2t + 2 ) + ... + AN cos ( N t + N )

t

Ak e (

j k t +k )

Ak e (

j k t +k )

= Ak cos (k t + k ) + jAk sin (k t + k )

Ak cos (k t + k )
j t +
Ak cos (k t + k ) = Re Ak e ( k k )

x (t ) = A1 cos (1t + 1 ) + A2 cos (2t + 2 ) + ... + AN cos ( N t + N )

t

j t +
x (t ) = Re Ak e ( k k )

k =1
j(k t +k )

Ak e
1

Ak e

s = a + bj , s = a bj a =

s+s
2

j(k t +k )

N
Ak j(k t +k ) Ak j(k t +k )
j(k t +k )

=
+ e
x (t ) = Re Ak e
2 e

2
k =1
k =1
A
ck = k e jk ,
k = 1, 2,..., N
(A)
2
N

Ak jk
e ,
2

k = 1, 2,..., N

(B)

x (t ) = ck e jk t + c k e jk t
k =1

j t
x (t ) = ck e jk t + c k e ( k )

k =1

x (t ) = ck e

j k t

k =1

x (t ) = ck e
k =1

+ ck e (

j k )t

k =1

j k t

ce
k

j k t

k = N

x (t ) =

ce
k

jk t

k = N
k 0

(1)

x (t ) = A1 cos (1t + 1 ) + A2 cos (2t + 2 ) + ... + AN cos ( N t + N )

t

ck =

Ak jk Ak
e = [cosk + j sin k ],
2
2

k = 1, 2,..., N

Ak jk Ak
e = [cosk j sin k ],
2
2

k = 1, 2,..., N

.
ck \

sin k = 0

x (t ) =

k =n

ce
k

jk t

k = N
k 0

ck = ck = Ak

k = 1, 2,...

k = 0
k .

k = k

k = 0
k .

x (t ) = cos t + 0.5cos 4t + + cos 8t +

3
2
() ()

0.5 j 3
c2 =
e = 0.2560D ,
2

1
c1 = = 0.5,
2
1
c1 = = 0.5,
2

1 j 2
c3 = e = 0.590D
2

0.5 j 3
c2 =
e = 0.25 60D ,
2

1 j 2
c3 = e = 0.5 90D
2

ck
.5
.25

-8

-6

-4

-2

-1

k
90

-8

-6

-4

-2

-1

1
-90