*

1)

()

Seok-Man Yoon. 2005. Some Considerations on the Localistic Hypothesis. Language and
Linguistics 36, 71-89. This paper discusses, from a critical point of view, the
localistic hypothesis' which constitutes one of the primary pillars of cognitive
linguistics. The localistic hypothesis grants a linguistic and cognitive
primordiality to spatial expressions. But a pure spatial 'localism' cannot be
maintained. Despite an irrefutable evidence that numerous originally spatial
expressions are used for non-spatial semantic domains, e.g. time and notion', this
paper concludes that it is imprudent to affirm that our mental world is primarily
based on a spatial model. Through an analysis of Korean, French and English
paraphrastic sentences, some doubts are also expressed on the spatial character of
certain 'image schemas' which are regarded as the foundation of 'conceptual
metaphor'.
Keywords: Localism, Localistic Hypothesis, Cognition, Metaphor, Conceptualization, Schema
: , , , , , ,

1.
(localistic hypothesis)
( ) ()

.
Lakoff & Johnson(1980 : 59-60)
.

* 2003 .

72 36

Consider the following examples:

Harry is in the kitchen.
Harry is in the Elks.
Harry is in love.
The sentences refer to three different domains of experience: spatial,
social, and emotional. None of these has experiential priority over
others; they are all equally basic kinds of experience.
But with respect to conceptual structuring there is a difference.
The concept IN of the first sentence emerges directly from spatial
experience in a clearly delineated fashion. It is not an instance of
a metaphorical concept. The other two sentences, however, are
instances of metaphorical concepts (...)"( ).

. 13-14
Maximus Planude(1260-1330)
.

( ) ( )
.1) (:
)
(primarity)
. , ,
, ,
, (state) (change of state)
,
.2)
,
. 3)
1) Cf: Lyon (1980 : 338).
2) Cf. Ibid ; (2001 : 47).
3) R.W. Langacker Space Grammar .

 73

.

.
.
,

, , ,

.

2.

.

2.1
2.1.1.
. ,

. ()

.
, 60
as, during, except,

like, owing to, save, since 6 .4) ,

.


4) Cf. Groussier (1997 : 222).

74 36

.5) , <>, <>, <>, <>, <>, <>

. , <>, <>, <>, <>, <>

.6) , <> 15
,
<> ,
.7) , <->

( : ) , , ,
<> .8)
2.1.2.
,
,
.

,

. ,
r ere
before , 14
during 6
. , save except
.
, pendant durant
5) Cf. (1982 : 64-80) ; (1980) ; (1985) ; (2001 : 5760); (2003 : 53-76) ; (2004 : 65-70).
6) (2003)
.
7) , ibid.
8) Cf. (2004 : 66).

 75

. <>
<>, <>
9) .

2.2

Piaget
MIller & Johnson-Laird .
Piaget(1948) 0-18
(sensorimotor activity)
.10)
Johnson-Laird(1996) .
Indeed, it may be that human inference in general is founded
on the ability to construct spatial, or quasi-spatial models, which
also appears to play a significant part in syllogistic reasoning and
reasoning with multiple quantifiers.

, Spelke(1994) 3
.



. .

2.3

9) / ; / .
10) Piaget & Inhelder (1948) ; cf. Groussier (1997 : 226).

76 36

. , (linguistic
level)
(level of mental representation)
.

3.
3.1
3.1.1.
? ,
? ,
.

.
.
, , ,
.11)

G. Guillaume12)
.13)
3.1.2. , Guillaume Pottier
11) Cf. (1982 : 65).
12) 20
(psychomcanique) .
13) Guillaume (1948-1949 : 234) : Le temps n'est pas reprsentable partir
de lui-,mme, ,mais seulement en termes d'espace... Le temps dont
l'esprit humain a l'exprience est destin trouver, dans l'esprit
humain mme, une reprsentation spatialise, la seule possible.

 77

Guillaume .14)
Pottier
. (rversible)
, (irrversible)
. Pottier (to)
. <Where are you?>
<When are you?> (cf. 1992 : 73).
Pottier
, (le Temps universel)
. ,
.
.
(le temps spatialis)
.15)
Pottier (JE) , ("Je
suis victime du temps") .16)

() ()
. Pottier
(rel) (irel)
(indicatif) (subjonctif) .

14) Il est curieux que cette suprmatie de l'espace est soutenue par Gustave
Guillaume (...) (Pottier 2000 : 18).
15) Pottier (1993 : 199).
16) ,
(spatialisation) ,
Pottier .

78 36

3.1.3. , Descls & al. (1996 : 74 sq.)

.
, ,
(primitives toplogiques)
(localisme spatial) / (localisme
cognitif) .17)
3.1.4. ,

2.2.
.
.
Piaget ,
18-2 . 11-18


. , (change
of state) .
?
.
.18)

17) Nous proposons une reformulation plus abstraite de ce que nous appelons
un localisme cognitif en (...) refusant de rduire les catgories grammaticales les plus fondamentales (prdication et cas ) des reprsentations purement spatiales (...), puisque chaque mouvement peru consomme
du temps (...) ; cf. Descls (1993).
18) ' ' ?
?

 79

3.2.
3.2.1.
. 2.1.
.

( )
.
<> 15 <>(() + ())
. <>
. <>, <>, <>
? <>
<> , <>, <>, <>,
<>, <>, <>, <> ?
pendant durant .
, en l'espace de .
espace .
.19)
J'ai dmnag deux fois pendant(durant) un an.
J'ai dmnag deux fois en l'espace d'un an.

,

.
, Rousseau(1993 : 159-160)
(conjonction, disjonction, implication )

19) .
< ...> /vs/ < ...>

80 36

. 4 .

4 (relation
dissymtrique) (implication)
, Rousseau
.
- : -que/o + -bi > (c)ubi (= ) >
- : -quo/o + -m > quom > cum (= )
-
: -quo/o + -d > quod (= - )
-

: -quo/o + -i > qu ( )

Rousseau ,
,
1962 Pottier
() .20)

20) Cf. Pottier (1962 : 127) ; (2000 : 18).

 81

Pottier
.
.
3.2.2. , : G. Lakoff (image
schema) ? (1997 : 140 sq.)


(preconceptual) .
, (2004 : 7)
(image schema)
. ,
(MOVEMENT)
, (CONTAINER), (SCALE)
.21)
3.2.2.1. .
1) He went to school.
2a) His face went red.
2b) Il a rougi / Il est devenu rouge.
2c) .

1) .
. , 2a) Lakoff

. go
.
, 2a) 2b) 2c)
21) Johnson(1987)
,
(...) ( ).

82 36

. 1) 2a)
? .
(change of state) .
, 2a), 2b), 2c) ,
?
.
()
. .
< 1>

?

.
.
(topology)
. 1) - 2c) .
(localisation)
(property) .

. (2001 : 149) .
.
< >
.
. .
. .
. .

 83

, , ,

.

. , , <
( )>
.
.
3.2.2.2. , .
3a) The milk went bad.
3b) .
3c) .
3d) .

3a) 3b)
.
(2004 : ix) .
.
,

.
,
,
( ).

3a) - 3d) (= )
3a) 3b) . , 3c) 3d)
.
, Svend stergrd(1997 : 10-11) 3a)
.

84 36

< 2>

stergrd < 2> < 3>

.
< 3>

stergrd go
He got sick
(any gradient-like dynamic situation) .22)
, 3a) - 3d) 3a) 3b) . 3c)
3d) .
.
< 2> < 3> < > < 1>
. 3c) 3d)
. . 3a) - 3d)
.
(perception) (representation)
. 3a) - 3d)
go (bad) ()
.
3.2.2.3 (SCALE) :
.
22) Schema (6) (= 2) will also apply if we say 'he got sick' as Talmy
has remarked in Talmy(1988). (...) The schemas presented here are therefore
not intrinsically connected to the verb go, but they reflect schemas for
any gradient-like dynamic situation, which can be often represented by
this verb.

 85

4a) () .
4b) les prix montent.
4c) () .
4d) la vie devient (de plus en plus) chre.
4e) la vie ne cesse de devenir chre.

4a)
4b)
.
< 4>23)

, 4a), 4b) (paraphrase) 4c), 4d),

4e) . 4c)-4e)
4a), 4b) .
< 4> .
.
5a) ( )
5b) la colre monte ( )
5c) la colre s'intensifie ( )
5d) la colre s'accrot ( )

5a) 5b) 5c) 5d)

. .
.
23) 90
. (2004: 173-174) .

86 36

4.

.


.
.
(physical space) ,
(spatial
localism) (cognitive localism)
.
(conceptualization) .

Langacker(1987:56) , 1) <

() > 2) < >

. , 1) <>

.
, 1)
() .
1) 2)
.

. ,

G. Lakoff ,

 87

2) ?
, ,
.
, (cf. Descls 1993 ; Descls
et al. 1996 ; Rousseau, 1993)

(cognitive space)24) . ,
, , ,
,
.

(1980) . 16-1, 41-54.

(1999) : .
(2000) : .
(1982) : .
(2001) : .
(2004) : .
(1980) . 12, 111-126.
(1997) : .
(1985) . 188, , 117-145.
Bronckart, Jean-Paul (1977) Thories du langage. Une introduction

critique. Bruxelles: Pierre Mardaga.

Camprubi, Michel (1999) Questions de linguistique romane contrastive.
Toulouse: Presses Universitaires du Mirail.
Descls (1993) "Interactions entre langage, perception et action." Faits

de langues 1, 123-127.
Descls, Jean-Pierre et al. (1996) "Logique et dynamique de la cognition."
24) .

88 36

Intellectica 1996/2, 219-301.

De Mulder, Walter & Anne Vanderheyden (2001) "Histoire de contre
et la smantique prototypique." Langue franaise, 130, 108-125.
Fuchs, Catherine (2004, dir.) La linguistique cognitive. Paris: Ed.
Ophrys.
Groussier, Marie-Line (1997) "Prpositions et primarit du spatial."

Faits de langue 9, 221-234.

Guillaume, Gusatve (1948-1949) Leons de linguistique de G. Guillaume,

Srie C, Les Presses de l'Univserit de Laval, (dition 1973/

1982).
Johnson, Mark (1987) The Body in the Mind. Chicago: The University
of Chicago Press ( , 2000, :
).
Lakoff, George & Mark Johnson (1980) Metaphors We Live By. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Lyons, John (1980) Smantique gnrale. Paris: Larousse.
stergrd, Svend (1997) "Image Schemas in Language." Papers from the

colloquium L'image dans le langage et dans les non-langages,

Urbino, Italie (published by the Center for Semiotic Research,
University of Aarhus (http://www.hum.au.dk/semiotics/docs/
epub/urb97/SOE/Oestergaard....).
Melis, Ludo (2003) La prposition en franais. Ophrys.
Piaget, Jean. & Barbel Inhelder (1948) La reprsentation de l'espace

chez l'enfant, Paris, PUF; The Child's Conception of

Space.
Pottier, Bernard (1962) Systmatique des lments de relation. Etude

de morphosyntaxe structurale romane. Paris: Klincksieck.

Pottier, Bernard (1993) Smantique gnrale. Paris: PUF.
Pottier, Bernard (2000) Reprsentations mentales et catgorisations

linguistiques. Louvain-Paris: Editions Peeters.

Rousseau, Andr (1993) Sur quelques conceptualisations de l'espace,

 89

Faits de langues 1, 151-162.

Spelke, E. (1994) "Initial knowledge: six suggestions." Cognition, 50,
431-445.

[130-791] 270
E-mail: smyoon@hufs.ac.kr

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: 2005 9 16