DC Choppers

DC Choppers
1
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Introduction
Chopper is a static device. A variable dc voltage is obtained from a constant dc voltage source. Also known as dc-to-dc converter. Widely used for motor control. Also used in regenerative braking. Thyristor converter offers greater efficiency, faster response, lower maintenance, smaller size and smooth control.
2
Choppers are of Two Types

y Step-down choppers. y Step-up choppers. y In step down chopper output voltage is less than input voltage. y In step up chopper output voltage is more than input voltage.
3
Principle Of Step-down Chopper

Chopper i0 +
V0

4
A step-down chopper with resistive load. The thyristor in the circuit acts as a switch. When thyristor is ON, supply voltage appears across the load When thyristor is OFF, the voltage across the load will be zero.
5
v0 V Vdc t tON i0 V/R Idc t T

6
tOFF
Vdc ! Average value of output or load voltage. I dc ! Average value of output or load current. tON ! Time interval for which SCR conducts. tOFF ! Time interval for which SCR is OFF. T ! tON tOFF ! Period of switching or chopping period. 1 f ! ! Freq. of chopper switching or chopping freq. T
7
Average Output Voltage tON Vdc ! V tON tOFF tON Vdc ! V ! V .d T tON but t ! d ! duty cycle
8
Average Output Current Vdc I dc ! R V tON V I dc ! ! d R T R RMS value of output voltage 1 VO ! T

tON
v dt
2 o 0
9
But during tON , vo ! V Therefore RMS output voltage 1 VO ! T

tON
V dt
2 0
tON V .V VO ! tON ! T T VO ! d .V
10
Output power PO ! VO I O VO IO ! But R @ Output power V PO ! R 2 dV PO ! R

11
2 O
Effective input resistance of chopper V Ri ! I dc R Ri ! d The output voltage can be varied by varying the duty cycle.
12
Methods Of Control
The output dc voltage can be varied by the following methods. Pulse width modulation control or constant frequency operation. Variable frequency control.
13
Pulse Width Modulation

tON is varied keeping chopping frequency f & chopping period T constant. Output voltage is varied by varying the ON time tON
14
V0 V tON tOFF t T V0 V
t tON tOFF
15
Variable Frequency Control

Chopping frequency f is varied keeping either tON or tOFF constant. To obtain full output voltage range, frequency has to be varied over a wide range. This method produces harmonics in the output and for large tOFF load current may become discontinuous
16
v0 V
tON T v0 V tON T
tOFF t
tOFF t
17
Step-down Chopper With R-L Load

Chopper i0 R V FWD E
18
V0
When chopper is ON, supply is connected across load. Current flows from supply to load. When chopper is OFF, load current continues to flow in the same direction through FWD due to energy stored in inductor L.
19
Load current can be continuous or discontinuous depending on the values of L and duty cycle d For a continuous current operation, load current varies between two limits Imax and Imin When current becomes equal to Imax the chopper is turned-off and it is turned-on when current reduces to Imin.
20
v0 V tON i0 Imax Imin i0 T tOFF
Output voltage
t Output current Continuous current t Output current Discontinuous current t

21
Expressions For Load Current iO For Continuous Current Operation When Chopper Is ON (0 e t e tON)
22
i0 R V E L
V0
23
diO E V ! iO R L dt Taking Laplace Transform V E ! RI O S L S .I O S iO 0 S S At t ! 0, initial current iO 0 ! I min V E I min I O S ! R R LS S S L L

24
Taking Inverse Laplace Transform V E iO t ! 1 e R I min e This expression is valid for 0 e t e tON ,
R t L R t L
i.e., during the period chopper is ON. At the instant the chopper is turned off, load current is iO tON ! I max
25
When Chopper is OFF

i0 R L E
26
When Chopper is OFF 0 e t e tOFF diO E 0 ! RiO L dt Talking Laplace transform E 0 ! RI O S L SI O S iO 0 S Redefining time origin we have at t ! 0,

initial current iO 0
! I
max
27
I max E @ I O S ! R R S LS S L L Taking Inverse Laplace Transform iO t ! I max e

R t L
E 1 e R
R t L

28
The expression is valid for 0 e t e tOFF , i.e., during the period chopper is OFF At the instant the chopper is turned ON or at the end of the off period, the load current is iO tOFF ! I min
29
To Find I max & I min From equation

R R t t V E L L iO t ! 1 e I min e R t ! tON ! dT , iO t ! I max
At @
I max
V E ! 1 e R
dRT L
I min e
dRT L
30
From equation iO t ! I max e At

R t L
E 1 e R
R t L
t ! tOFF ! T tON , iO t ! I min t ! tOFF ! 1 d T

31
1 d RT E L @ 1 e L I min ! I max e R Substituting for I min in equation

1 d RT
I max we get, I max
dRT dRT V E 1 e L I min e L ! R
dRT V 1 e L ! RT R 1 e L
E R
32
Substituting for I max in equation I min ! I max e we get, dRT V e L 1 E I min ! RT R R L e 1 I max I min is known as the steady state ripple.
33
1 d RT
L
1 d RT E 1 e L R
Therefore peak-to-peak ripple current (I ! I max I min Average output voltage Vdc ! d .V Average output current I max I min I dcapprox ! 2
34
Assuming load current varies linearly from I min to I max instantaneous load current is given by iO ! I min
(I .t
dT I max I min iO ! I min dT
for 0 e t e tON dT t
35
RMS value of load current 1 I ORMS ! dT 1 I ORMS ! dT 1 I ORMS ! dT

dT
i dt
2 0 0
dT
I max I min t dt I min dT

2 2 I max I min 2 2 I min I max I min t I min dt t dT dT
dT
36
RMS value of output current 2 I max I min I I I I ORMS ! I min min max min 3 RMS chopper current
2 1 2
I CH
1 ! T 1 ! T
dT
i dt
2 0 0
dT
I CH
I max I min I min dT t dt 0

37
I CH
2 I max I min I I I ! d I min min max min 3

2
1 2
I CH ! d I ORMS Effective input resistance is V Ri ! IS

38
Where I S ! Average source current I S ! dI dc @ V Ri ! dI dc

39
Principle Of Step-up Chopper

I + L
L O A D
D +
V Chopper
VO

40
Step-up chopper is used to obtain a load voltage higher than the input voltage V. The values of L and C are chosen depending upon the requirement of output voltage and current. When the chopper is ON, the inductor L is connected across the supply. The inductor current I rises and the inductor stores energy during the ON time of the chopper, tON.
41
When the chopper is off, the inductor current I is forced to flow through the diode D and load for a period, tOFF. The current tends to decrease resulting in reversing the polarity of induced EMF in L. Therefore voltage across load is given by
dI VO ! V L i.e., VO " V dt
42
A large capacitor C connected across the load, will provide a continuous output voltage . Diode D prevents any current flow from capacitor to the source. Step up choppers are used for regenerative braking of dc motors.
43
Expression For Output Voltage

Assume the average inductor current to be I during ON and OFF time of Chopper. When Chopper is ON Voltage across inductor L ! V Therefore energy stored in inductor = V .I .tON Where tON ! ON period of chopper.
44
When Chopper is OFF (energy is supplied by inductor to load) Voltage across L ! VO V Energy supplied by inductor L ! VO V ItOFF where tOFF ! OFF period of Chopper. Neglecting losses, energy stored in inductor L = energy supplied by inductor L
45
@ VItON ! VO V ItOFF VO ! V ?tON tOFF A tOFF
T VO ! V T tON Where T = Chopping period or period of switching.

46
T ! tON tOFF 1 VO ! V tON 1 T 1 @ VO ! V 1 d tON ! duty cyle Where d ! T

47
For variation of duty cycle ' d ' in the range of 0 d 1 the output voltage VO will vary in the range V VO g
48
Performance Parameters
The thyristor requires a certain minimum time to turn ON and turn OFF. Duty cycle d can be varied only between a min. & max. value, limiting the min. and max. value of the output voltage. Ripple in the load current depends inversely on the chopping frequency, f. To reduce the load ripple current, frequency should be as high as possible.
49
Problem
A Chopper circuit is operating on TRC at a frequency of 2 kHz on a 460 V supply. If the load voltage is 350 volts, calculate the conduction period of the thyristor in each cycle.
50
V ! 460 V, Vdc = 350 V, Chopping period
f = 2 kHz
1 T! f 1 ! 0.5 m sec T! 3 2 v 10 tON Vdc ! V T

51
Output voltage
Conduction period of thyristor T v Vdc tON ! V 3 0.5 v 10 v 350 tON ! 460 tON ! 0.38 msec
52
Problem
Input to the step up chopper is 200 V. The output required is 600 V. If the conducting time of thyristor is 200 Qsec. Compute Chopping frequency, If the pulse width is halved for constant frequency of operation, find the new output voltage.
53
V ! 200 V , tON ! 200Q s, Vdc ! 600V T Vdc ! V T tON T 600 ! 200 6 T 200 v10 Solving for T T ! 300 Q s
54
Chopping frequency 1 f ! T 1 f ! ! 3.33KHz 6 300 v10 Pulse width is halved @ tON 200 v10 ! 2
6
! 100 Q s
55
Frequency is constant @ f ! 3.33KHz 1 T ! ! 300 Q s f T @ Output voltage = V T tON 300 v 106 ! 200 ! 300 Volts 6 300 100 10
56
Problem
A dc chopper has a resistive load of 20; and input voltage VS = 220V. When chopper is ON, its voltage drop is 1.5 volts and chopping frequency is 10 kHz. If the duty cycle is 80%, determine the average output voltage and the chopper on time.
57
VS ! 220V , R ! 20;, f ! 10 kHz tON ! 0.80 d! T Vch = Voltage drop across chopper = 1.5 volts Average output voltage tON Vdc ! VS Vch T Vdc ! 0.80 220 1.5 ! 174.8 Volts
58
Chopper ON time, Chopping period,
tON ! dT 1 T! f
1 ! 0.1v103 secs ! 100 secs T! 3 10 v 10 Chopper ON time, tON ! dT tON ! 0.80 v 0.1v10
3
3
tON ! 0.08 v10 ! 80 secs

59
Problem
In a dc chopper, the average load current is 30 Amps, chopping frequency is 250 Hz, supply voltage is 110 volts. Calculate the ON and OFF periods of the chopper if the load resistance is 2 ohms.
60
I dc ! 30 Amps, f ! 250 Hz , V ! 110 V , R ! 2; 1 1 Chopping period, T ! ! ! 4 v103 ! 4 msecs f 250 Vdc & Vdc ! dV I dc ! R dV @ I dc ! R I dc R 30 v 2 ! ! 0.545 d! 110 V
61
Chopper ON period, tON ! dT ! 0.545 v 4 v10 ! 2.18 msecs Chopper OFF period, tOFF ! T tON tOFF ! 4 v10 2.18 v10
3 3 3 3
tOFF ! 1.82 v10 ! 1.82 msec

62
A dc chopper in figure has a resistive load of R = 10; and input voltage of V = 200 V. When chopper is ON, its voltage drop is 2 V and the chopping frequency is 1 kHz. If the duty cycle is 60%, determine Average output voltage RMS value of output voltage Effective input resistance of chopper Chopper efficiency.
63
Chopper
i0
R v0
V ! 200 V , R ! 10;, Chopper voltage drop Vch ! 2V d ! 0.60, f ! 1 kHz.

64
Average output voltage Vdc ! d V Vch Vdc ! 0.60 ?200 2A ! 118.8 Volts RMS value of output voltage VO ! d V Vch VO ! 0.6 200 2 ! 153.37 Volts
65
Effective input resistance of chopper is V V Ri ! ! I S I dc Vdc 118.8 ! ! 11.88 Amps I dc ! R 10 V V 200 ! ! 16.83; Ri ! ! I S I dc 11.88 Output power is 1 PO ! T
dT
v 1 dt ! R T
2 0
dT
V Vch
R
dt
66
d V Vch PO ! R PO ! Input power, 1 Pi ! T 1 PO ! T

dT
0.6 ?200 2A 10
! 2352.24 watts
Vi
0 dT
dt dt
67
V V Vch R
R 0.6 v 200 ?200 2A PO ! ! 2376 watts 10 Chopper efficiency, PO L ! v100 Pi 2352.24 L! v100 ! 99% 2376
68
PO !
dV V Vch
Problem
A chopper is supplying an inductive load with a free-wheeling diode. The load inductance is 5 H and resistance is 10;.. The input voltage to the chopper is 200 volts and the chopper is operating at a frequency of 1000 Hz. If the ON/OFF time ratio is 2:3. Calculate Maximum and minimum values of load current in one cycle of chopper operation. Average load current
69
L ! 5 H , R ! 10;, f ! 1000 Hz, V ! 200 V , tON : tOFF ! 2 : 3 Chopping period, 1 1 ! 1 msecs T! ! f 1000 tON 2 ! tOFF 3 tON 2 ! tOFF 3
70
T ! tON tOFF 2 T ! tOFF tOFF 3 5 T ! tOFF 3 tOFF 3 ! T 5
3 3 T ! v1v10 ! 0.6 msec 5

71
tON ! T tOFF tON ! 1 0.6 v 10 ! 0.4 msec Duty cycle, tON 0.4 v 10 d! ! ! 0.4 3 T 1v 10 Maximum value of load current is given by I max
dRT V 1 e L ! RT R 1 e L 3 3
E R
72
Since there is no voltage source in the load circuit, E = 0 @ I max

dRT V 1 e L ! RT R 1 e L

73
I max
200 1 e ! 10v1v103 10 1 e 5
0.4v10v1v103 5
I max I max is given by I min
1 e ! 20 2v103 1 e ! 8.0047A
0.8v103
Minimum value of load current with E = 0 V e 1 ! RT R e L 1

dRT L
74
1 200 e I min ! ! 7.995 A 3 10 10v1v10 e 5 1 Average load current

0.4v10v1v103 5
I max I min I dc ! 2 8.0047 7.995 }8 A I dc ! 2

75
Problem
A chopper feeding on RL load is shown in figure, with V = 200 V, R = 5;, L = 5 mH, f = 1 kHz, d = 0.5 and E = 0 V. Calculate Maximum and minimum values of load current. Average value of load current. RMS load current. Effective input resistance as seen by source. RMS chopper current.
76
V = 200 V, R = 5; , L = 5 mH, f = 1kHz, d = 0.5, E = 0 Chopping period is 1 1 T! ! ! 1v103 secs f 1v 103 Chopper
i0 R FWD E L
v0
77
Maximum value of load current is given by I max V 1 e ! RT R 1 e L

dRT L
E R
I max
I max
200 1 e ! 3 0 5v1v10 5 1 e 5v103 1 e0.5 ! 40 ! 24.9 A 1 1 e

0.5v5v1v103 5v103
78
Minimum value of load current is given by I min dRT L V e 1 E ! RT R R L e 1 0.5v5v1v103 3 1 200 e 5v10 ! 5v1v103 0 5 e 5v103 1 e0.5 1 ! 40 1 ! 15.1 A e 1
79
I min
I min
Average value of load current is I1 I 2 I dc ! 2 for linear variation of currents 24.9 15.1 I dc ! @ ! 20 A 2 RMS load current is given by 2 I max I min I I I I ORMS ! I min min max min 3 80
2
1 2
24.9 15.1 15.1 24.9 15.1 I ORMS ! 15.12 3

2
1 2
96.04 I ORMS ! 228.01 147.98 ! 20.2 A 3 RMS chopper current is given by I ch ! d I ORMS ! 0.5 v 20.2 ! 14.28 A
81
1 2
Effective input resistance is V Ri ! IS I S = Average source current I S ! dI dc I S ! 0.5 v 20 ! 10 A Therefore effective input resistance is V 200 Ri ! ! ! 20; IS 10
82
Classification Of Choppers
Choppers are classified as
Class A Chopper Class B Chopper Class C Chopper Class D Chopper Class E Chopper
83
Class A Chopper
i0 Chopper V FWD
L O A D
v0
v0 V
i0
84
When chopper is ON, supply voltage V is connected across the load. When chopper is OFF, vO = 0 and the load current continues to flow in the same direction through the FWD. The average values of output voltage and current are always positive. Class A Chopper is a first quadrant chopper .
85
Class A Chopper is a step-down chopper in which power always flows form source to load. It is used to control the speed of dc motor. The output current equations obtained in step down chopper with R-L load can be used to study the performance of Class A Chopper.
86
ig
Thyristor gate pulse t
i0
Output current CH ON t
v0
FWD Conducts Output voltage
tON
t T
87
Class B Chopper
D i0 R V Chopper E L v0 i0
88
v0
When chopper is ON, E drives a current through L and R in a direction opposite to that shown in figure. During the ON period of the chopper, the inductance L stores energy. When Chopper is OFF, diode D conducts, and part of the energy stored in inductor L is returned to the supply.
89
Average output voltage is positive. Average output current is negative. Therefore Class B Chopper operates in second quadrant. In this chopper, power flows from load to source. Class B Chopper is used for regenerative braking of dc motor. Class B Chopper is a step-up chopper.
90
ig
Thyristor gate pulse t
i0
tOFF T
tON t Output current
Imax Imin v0
D conducts Chopper conducts
Output voltage
t
91
Expression for Output Current
92
During the interval diode 'D' conducts voltage equation is given by LdiO V! RiO E dt For the initial condition i.e., iO t ! I min at t ! 0 The solution of the above equation is obtained along similar lines as in step-down chopper with R-L load
93
R R t t V E @ iO t ! 1 e L I min e L 0 t R iO t ! I max At t ! tOFF R R tOFF tOFF V E I max ! 1 e L I min e L R During the interval chopper is ON voltage equation is given by
tOFF
LdiO 0! RiO E dt
94
Redefining the time origin, at t ! 0 iO t ! I max The solution for the stated initial condition is iO t ! I max e At t ! tON @ I min ! I max e
R tON L R t L
E 1 e R
iO t ! I min
R t L R tON L
0 t
tON
E 1 e R

95
Class C Chopper
CH1 D1 i0 V CH2 Chopper E
96
+ R
v0
D2
L v0 i0
Class C Chopper is a combination of Class A and Class B Choppers. For first quadrant operation, CH1 is ON or D2 conducts. For second quadrant operation, CH2 is ON or D1 conducts. When CH1 is ON, the load current is positive. The output voltage is equal to V & the load receives power from the source. When CH1 is turned OFF, energy stored in inductance L forces current to flow through the diode D2 and the output voltage is zero.
97
Current continues to flow in positive direction. When CH2 is triggered, the voltage E forces current to flow in opposite direction through L and CH2 . The output voltage is zero. On turning OFF CH2 , the energy stored in the inductance drives current through diode D1 and the supply Output voltage is V, the input current becomes negative and power flows from load to source.
98
Average output voltage is positive Average output current can take both positive and negative values. Choppers CH1 & CH2 should not be turned ON simultaneously as it would result in short circuiting the supply. Class C Chopper can be used both for dc motor control and regenerative braking of dc motor. Class C Chopper can be used as a step-up or step-down chopper.
99
ig1
Gate pulse of CH1 t
ig2
Gate pulse of CH2 t
i0 Output current t
D1 CH1 ON D2 CH2 ON D1 CH1 ON D2 CH2 ON
V0
Output voltage
t
100
Class D Chopper
v0 CH1 R i0 V + D1 v0 L E CH2 i0 D2
101
Class D is a two quadrant chopper. When both CH1 and CH2 are triggered simultaneously, the output voltage vO = V and output current flows through the load. When CH1 and CH2 are turned OFF, the load current continues to flow in the same direction through load, D1 and D2 , due to the energy stored in the inductor L. Output voltage vO = - V .
102
Average load voltage is positive if chopper ON time is more than the OFF time Average output voltage becomes negative if tON < tOFF . Hence the direction of load current is always positive but load voltage can be positive or negative.
103
ig1
Gate pulse of CH1 t
ig2
Gate pulse of CH2 t
i0 Output current
v0 V
CH1,CH2 ON
t D1,D2 Conducting Output voltage Average v0
t
104
ig1
Gate pulse of CH1 t
ig2
Gate pulse of CH2 t
i0 Output current CH1 CH2 D1, D2 v0 V Average v0

t Output voltage
t
105
Class E Chopper
CH1 D1 i0 + CH2 D2 R L CH3 E CH4 D4 D3
v0
106
Four Quadrant Operation

v0 CH2 - D4 Conducts D1 - D4 Conducts CH1 - CH4 ON CH4 - D2 Conducts i0 CH3 - CH2 ON CH2 - D4 Conducts
D2 - D3 Conducts CH4 - D2 Conducts

107
Class E is a four quadrant chopper When CH1 and CH4 are triggered, output current iO flows in positive direction through CH1 and CH4, and with output voltage vO = V. This gives the first quadrant operation. When both CH1 and CH4 are OFF, the energy stored in the inductor L drives iO through D2 and D3 in the same direction, but output voltage vO = -V.
108
Therefore the chopper operates in the fourth quadrant.

When CH2 and CH3 are triggered, the load current iO flows in opposite direction & output voltage vO = -V. Since both iO and vO are negative, the chopper operates in third quadrant.
109
When both CH2 and CH3 are OFF, the load current iO continues to flow in the same direction D1 and D4 and the output voltage vO = V. Therefore the chopper operates in second quadrant as vO is positive but iO is negative.
110
Effect Of Source & Load Inductance

The source inductance should be as small as possible to limit the transient voltage. Also source inductance may cause commutation problem for the chopper. Usually an input filter is used to overcome the problem of source inductance.
111
The load ripple current is inversely proportional to load inductance and chopping frequency. Peak load current depends on load inductance. To limit the load ripple current, a smoothing inductor is connected in series with the load.
112
Problem
For the first quadrant chopper shown in figure, express the following variables as functions of V, R and duty cycle d in case load is resistive. Average output voltage and current Output current at the instant of commutation Average and RMS free wheeling diode current. RMS value of output voltage RMS and average thyristor currents.
113
i0 Chopper V FWD
+
L O A D
v0

114
tON Average output voltage, Vdc ! V ! dV T Vdc dV Average output current, I dc ! ! R R The thyristor is commutated at the instant t ! tON V @ output current at the instant of commutation is R since V is the output voltage at that instant.
115
Free wheeling diode (FWD) will never conduct in a resistive load. @ Average & RMS free wheeling diode currents are zero. 1 VORMS ! T But
tON
v dt
2 0
vO ! V during tON
116
1 VORMS ! T
tON
V
0
dt
tON VORMS ! V T
2
VORMS ! dV tON Where duty cycle, d ! T

117
RMS value of thyristor current = RMS value of load current VORMS ! R dV ! R Average value of thyristor current = Average value of load current dV ! R
118
Impulse Commutated Chopper

Impulse commutated choppers are widely used in high power circuits where load fluctuation is not large. This chopper is also known as Parallel capacitor turn-off chopper Voltage commutated chopper Classical chopper.
119
LS + a +
T1
iT1 IL + L O A D
_C b
iC VS
T2
FWD
vO
D1
_
120
To start the circuit, capacitor C is initially charged with polarity (with plate a positive) by triggering the thyristor T2. Capacitor C gets charged through VS, C, T2 and load. As the charging current decays to zero thyristor T2 will be turned-off. With capacitor charged with plate a positive the circuit is ready for operation. Assume that the load current remains constant during the commutation process.
121
For convenience the chopper operation is divided into five modes.

Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-3 Mode-4 Mode-5
122
Mode-1 Operation
LS + VC VS L D1 + T1 IL iC L O A D
_C
_
123
Thyristor T1 is fired at t = 0. The supply voltage comes across the load. Load current IL flows through T1 and load. At the same time capacitor discharges through T1, D1, L1, & C and the capacitor reverses its voltage. This reverse voltage on capacitor is held constant by diode D1.
124
Capacitor Discharge Current C sin [ t iC t ! V L 1 [! Where LC & Capacitor Voltage VC t ! V cos [ t

125
Mode-2 Operation
IL + VS LS VC
_
C + T2
IL L O A D
_
126
Thyristor T2 is now fired to commutate thyristor T1. When T2 is ON capacitor voltage reverse biases T1 and turns if off. The capacitor discharges through the load from V to 0. Discharge time is known as circuit turn-off time.
127
Circuit turn-off time is given by VC v C tC ! IL Where I L is load current. t C depends on load current, it must be designed for the worst case condition which occur at the maximum value of load current and minimum value of capacitor voltage.
128
Capacitor recharges back to the supply voltage (with plate a positive). This time is called the recharging time and is given by VS v C td ! IL The total time required for the capacitor to discharge and recharge is called the commutation time and it is given by tr ! tC td
129
At the end of Mode-2 capacitor has recharged to VS and the free wheeling diode starts conducting.
130
Mode-3 Operation
IL + VS FWD LS VS + IL T2 L O A D
_C
_
131
FWD starts conducting and the load current decays. The energy stored in source inductance LS is transferred to capacitor. Hence capacitor charges to a voltage higher than supply voltage, T2 naturally turns off.
132
The instantaneous capacitor voltage is VC t ! VS I L Where [S ! 1 LS C

133
LS sin [ S t C
Mode-4 Operation
LS + VC VS L + IL D1 FWD
134
_C
L O A D
Capacitor has been overcharged i.e. its voltage is above supply voltage. Capacitor starts discharging in reverse direction. Hence capacitor current becomes negative. The capacitor discharges through LS, VS, FWD, D1 and L. When this current reduces to zero D1 will stop conducting and the capacitor voltage will be same as the supply voltage
135
Mode-5 Operation
IL FWD L O A D
Both thyristors are off and the load current flows through the FWD. This mode will end once thyristor T1 is fired.
136
ic 0 Ip iT1 IL 0 Ip
Capacitor Current IL t
Current through T1 t
137
vT1 Vc 0 vo Vs+Vc Vs vc Vc Capacitor Voltage -Vc Voltage across T1 t
Output Voltage t
tc
td
138
Disadvantages
A starting circuit is required and the starting circuit should be such that it triggers thyristor T2 first. Load voltage jumps to almost twice the supply voltage when the commutation is initiated. The discharging and charging time of commutation capacitor are dependent on the load current and this limits high frequency operation, especially at low load current.
139
Chopper cannot be tested without connecting load. Thyristor T1 has to carry load current as well as resonant current resulting in increasing its peak current rating.
140

DC Choppers

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DC Choppers

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DC Choppers

Choppers are of Two Types

Principle Of Step-down Chopper

v0 V Vdc t tON i0 V/R Idc t T

Average Output Current Vdc I dc ! R V tON V I dc ! ! d R T R RMS value of output voltage 1 VO ! T

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

But during tON , vo ! V Therefore RMS output voltage 1 VO ! T

Output power PO ! VO I O VO IO ! But R @ Output power V PO ! R 2 dV PO ! R

Pulse Width Modulation

Variable Frequency Control

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Step-down Chopper With R-L Load

v0 V tON i0 Imax Imin i0 T tOFF

t Output current Continuous current t Output current Discontinuous current t

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

diO E V ! iO R  L dt Taking Laplace Transform V E  ! RI O S  L S .I O S  iO 0  S S  At t ! 0, initial current iO 0 ! I min V E I min  I O S ! R R LS S  S  L L

When Chopper is OFF

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

I max E @ I O S !  R R S LS S  L L Taking Inverse Laplace Transform iO t ! I max e

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

To Find I max & I min From equation

From equation iO t ! I max e At

t ! tOFF ! T  tON , iO t ! I min t ! tOFF ! 1  d T

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

1 d RT  E L @  1  e L I min ! I max e R Substituting for I min in equation

I max we get, I max

dRT dRT   V E 1  e L  I min e L ! R

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

dT I max  I min iO ! I min  dT

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

RMS value of load current 1 I O RMS ! dT 1 I O RMS ! dT 1 I O RMS ! dT

I max  I min t dt I min  dT

I max  I min I min  dT t dt 0

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

2 I max  I min  I I  I ! d I min  min max min 3

I CH ! d I O RMS Effective input resistance is V Ri ! IS

Where I S ! Average source current I S ! dI dc @ V Ri ! dI dc

Principle Of Step-up Chopper

Expression For Output Voltage

@ VItON ! VO  V ItOFF VO ! V ?tON  tOFF A tOFF

T VO ! V T  tON Where T = Chopping period or period of switching.

T ! tON  tOFF 1 VO ! V tON 1 T 1 @ VO ! V 1 d tON ! duty cyle Where d ! T

V ! 460 V, Vdc = 350 V, Chopping period

1 T! f 1 ! 0.5 m sec T! 3 2 v 10 tON Vdc ! V T

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Chopper ON time, Chopping period,

tON ! 0.08 v10 ! 80 secs

tOFF ! 1.82 v10 ! 1.82 msec

V ! 200 V , R ! 10;, Chopper voltage drop Vch ! 2V d ! 0.60, f ! 1 kHz.

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

d V  Vch PO ! R PO ! Input power, 1 Pi ! T 1 PO ! T

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

T ! tON  tOFF 2 T ! tOFF  tOFF 3 5 T ! tOFF 3 tOFF 3 ! T 5

3 3 T ! v1v10 ! 0.6 msec 5

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Since there is no voltage source in the load circuit, E = 0 @ I max

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

I max I max is given by I min

Minimum value of load current with E = 0 V e  1 ! RT R e L 1

 1 200 e I min ! ! 7.995 A 3 10 10v1v10 e 5 1 Average load current

I max  I min I dc ! 2 8.0047  7.995 }8 A I dc ! 2

Maximum value of load current is given by I max V 1  e ! RT  R 1 e L

200 1  e ! 3 0 5v1v10 5  1  e 5v103 1  e0.5 ! 40 ! 24.9 A 1 1 e

diO E V ! iO R L dt Taking Laplace Transform V E ! RI O S L S .I O S iO 0 S S At t ! 0, initial current iO 0 ! I min V E I min I O S ! R R LS S S L L

I max E @ I O S ! R R S LS S L L Taking Inverse Laplace Transform iO t ! I max e

t ! tOFF ! T tON , iO t ! I min t ! tOFF ! 1 d T

1 d RT E L @ 1 e L I min ! I max e R Substituting for I min in equation

dRT dRT V E 1 e L I min e L ! R

dT I max I min iO ! I min dT

RMS value of load current 1 I ORMS ! dT 1 I ORMS ! dT 1 I ORMS ! dT

I max I min t dt I min dT

I max I min I min dT t dt 0

2 I max I min I I I ! d I min min max min 3

I CH ! d I ORMS Effective input resistance is V Ri ! IS

@ VItON ! VO V ItOFF VO ! V ?tON tOFF A tOFF

T VO ! V T tON Where T = Chopping period or period of switching.

T ! tON tOFF 1 VO ! V tON 1 T 1 @ VO ! V 1 d tON ! duty cyle Where d ! T

1 T! f 1 ! 0.5 m sec T! 3 2 v 10 tON Vdc ! V T

d V Vch PO ! R PO ! Input power, 1 Pi ! T 1 PO ! T

T ! tON tOFF 2 T ! tOFF tOFF 3 5 T ! tOFF 3 tOFF 3 ! T 5

3 3 T ! v1v10 ! 0.6 msec 5

Minimum value of load current with E = 0 V e 1 ! RT R e L 1

1 200 e I min ! ! 7.995 A 3 10 10v1v10 e 5 1 Average load current

I max I min I dc ! 2 8.0047 7.995 }8 A I dc ! 2

Maximum value of load current is given by I max V 1 e ! RT R 1 e L

200 1 e ! 3 0 5v1v10 5 1 e 5v103 1 e0.5 ! 40 ! 24.9 A 1 1 e

24.9 15.1 15.1 24.9 15.1 I ORMS ! 15.12 3

VORMS ! dV tON Where duty cycle, d ! T

The instantaneous capacitor voltage is VC t ! VS I L Where [S ! 1 LS C