TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 1(30).

2009

NGOI GIAO TY SN NHNG T TNG C SC V BI HC LCH S

DIPLOMACY IN THE TAY SON DYNASTY SPECIAL CONCEPTS AND HISTORICAL LESSONS Trn Ngc nh

Trng i hc Kinh t, i hc Nng

TM TT Trong lch s dn tc, vng triu Ty Sn khng ch gn lin vi nhng v cng hin hch trong khng chi n chng xm lc m cn li nhng trang s ngoi giao v vang v c sc. Thnh qu ngoi giao to ln ca vng triu Ty Sn i vi nh Thanh Trung Quc khng th tch ri t tng ngoi giao li lc ca Ng Th Nhm. l t tng ngoi giao ch ng, da trn sc mnh chnh ngha v thc lc ca dn tc, va kin quyt va mm do, linh hot, khn kho ng thi bit gi th din nc ln ca Thanh triu. T tng ngoi giao c sc thi Ty Sn cn li nhiu bi hc lch s qu gi cho hu th. ABSTRACT In the history of our nation, the Tay Son dynasty was not only closely connected with brilliant feats of arm in anti-resistant war but also bequeathed a glorious and brilliant pages in diplomatic field. Considerable diplomatic achievements of the Tay Son dynasty to the Thanh Imperial dynasty of China could not be apart from brilliant diplomatic concept of Ngo Thi Nham. That was an active diplomatic concept which relied on the principles of justice and real strength of the nation and that was a determined, flexible and clever strategy and the strategy to keep the face of a more powerful country. Future generations inherit a lot of valuable historical lessons from the special diplomatic concept of the Tay Son dynasty.

1. t vn Th k XVIII trong lch s Vit Nam c mnh danh l th k nng dn khi ngha. Tht vy, bo tp ca khi ngha nng dn, m nh cao l phong tro nng dn Ty Sn, lin tip lm rung chuyn v cui cng lt nho cc tp on phong kin phn ng L - Trnh - Nguyn. Khi ngha Ty Sn thng li v vng triu Ty Sn c thnh lp. Trong lch s my ngn nm dng nc v gi nc ca dn tc ta, vng triu Ty Sn ca Quang Trung Nguyn Hu l mt trong nhng trang s v vang, oai hng nh Lch s khng ch ghi nhn nhng chin cng vang di trn mt t. trn chng ngoi xm ca phong tro Ty Sn m cn ghi li nhng trang s ngoi giao ho hng, chi li ca triu Ty Sn trong bang giao vi triu Mn Thanh phng Bc. Tm hiu v i su nghin cu thnh qu lch s cng nhng t tng ngoi giao c sc ca vng triu Ty Sn qua Bang giao ho thoi ca Ng Th Nhm s gip chng ta khng ch hiu thm v mt trong nhng tran g s ng t ho nht ca dn tc m cn thu nhn c nhiu bi hc lch s qu gi.
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2. Bi cnh lch s ca ngoi giao thi Ty Sn Nh chng ta bit , trong qu trnh lnh o khi ngha, ln lt tiu dit cc tp on phong kin thng tr li thi, cc th lnh phong tro nng dn Ty Sn cng ng thi tng bc phong kin ho. iu ny l d hiu v c tnh tt yu lch s, v giai cp nng dn vn khng i biu cho mt phng thc sn xut c lp nn khng th c h t tng chnh tr ring. Sau khi Nguyn Hu tin qun ra Bc tr v, Nguyn Nhc phong cho Nguyn Hu lm Bc Bnh Vng cai qun vng t t o Hi Vn tr ra Ngh An, phong cho Nguy L lm ng nh Vng coi vng t Gia nh, cn Nhc lm n Trung ng Hong cai qun khu vc t Qung Nam n nam Trung b. Chnh quyn ca ng nh Vng Nguyn L Gia nh, trn thc t, ch tn ti c khong mt nm (1786-1787), nn khng c g ni. Chnh quyn ca Thi c Nguyn Nhc nhanh chng thoi ho v suy yu, bn thn Nguyn Nhc, sau nhng ng gp quan trng vo nhng thng li bui u ca phong tro, sm thoi ch, i vo cu an hng lc. Trong ba anh em Ty Sn, ch c vng triu ca Nguyn Hu tn ti vng chc nht, c nhng ng gp quan trng nht vo s pht trin ca x hi Vit Nam na cui th k XVIII. Ngc dng lch s, khi L Chiu Thng chy sang cu cu nh Thanh, v thng 12-1788, gn 30 vn qun Thanh do Tn S Ngh ch huy hng h ko qun sang xm lc nc ta, th qun Ty Sn, theo ch trng ca Ng Th Nhm, khng nh, khng gi Thng Long m tm thi rt lui chin lc v gi Tam ip bo ton lc lng, ng thi cp bo v Ph Xun cho ch tng Nguyn Hu. Ngay sau khi nhn c tin cp bo ca Ng Vn S, Nguyn Hu lin ln ngi hong , ly nin hiu l Quang Trung yn k phn trc v gi ly lng ngi ri h lnh tin qun ra Bc tiu dit gic Thanh. Trit li dng nhng s h ca ch trong dp tt Nguyn n, di s ch o ca thin ti qun s Quang Trung, qun Ty Sn m cuc tn cng thn tc nh v bo theo nhiu hng khin cho qun Thanh ht sc bt ng, tr tay khng kp. Ngy mng 5 Tt (30-1-1789), cc cnh qun Ty Sn d mnh tin vo ng Thng Long. V l, ch tro n g 5 ngy m, qun dn ta d s ch huy ca Quang y i Trung qut sch gn 30 vn qun Thanh v b l bn nc ra khi b ci, nh du mt chin cng oanh lit vo bc nht trong lch s chng ngoi xm ca dn tc ta. Thng li i ph qun Thanh c ngha lch s v cng to ln. Thng li v i khng ch gii phng t nc, gi vng nn c lp ca T quc, m cn mt ln na, p tan hon ton cung vng xm lc ca cc ch phong kin phng Bc. Sau khi qut sch gn 30 vn qun Thanh ra khi b ci, Quang Trung tp trung sc vo vic cng c ni tr, vi hoi bo ln l xy dng nc ta thnh mt nc giu mnh. V kinh t cng thng nghip, Quang Trung ch trng y mnh pht trin v m rng thng thng vi nc ngoi. V mt ti chnh, Quang Trung cho thi hnh mt ch thu kho n gin hn theo tinh thn bt thu, thng dn v trn c s bi b nhiu th thu phc tp trc . Bi vy, sn xut tiu th cng nghip, thng
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nghip phc hi rt nhanh chng, nhiu ni cnh tng ch ph ng c, hng by y p, mi cho i li ti tp xut hin tr li. Khng ch coi trng vic pht trin kinh t, Quang Trung cn thi hnh nh ng chnh sch mang tnh ci cch v vn ho, gio dc c ngha tin b. l ch trng dng ch Nm v m rng trng hc n tn thn x. Ch Nm tuy c xy dng trn c s ch Hn, nhng tr thnh mt th vn t dn tc, ghi li trung thnh ting ni ca dn tc. Ch trng ca Quang Trung l s dng ti liu hc tp bng ting m , thot ly hn s l thuc vo vn t nc ngoi nhm nu cao v bo tn vn ho dn tc, ng thi th hin ch c lp t ch rt ln ca ngi anh hng dn tc t Ty Sn. Nhng chnh sch v vn ho, gio dc ca Quang Trung phn nh hoi bo xy dng mt nn hc thut, gio dc dn tc, nng cao thc c lp t cng, to iu kin ti thit t nc theo phng hng mi. Nhng chnh sch tin b v nhiu mt ca triu Ty Sn di thi Quang Trung rt c th s dn dn to ra nhng tin , h m ch o s p ht trin ca x h i Vit Nam th eo h ng tin b lch s. ng nhin, nhng ch trng chnh sch ci cch theo hng tin b, th hin hoi bo ln lao ca Quang Trung v vng triu Ty Sn v vic kin to t nc hng cng ch c th thc hin c trong iu kin t nc ha bnh, m vn cp bch l gii quyt n tha mi bang giao vi triu nh nh Thanh, k th xm lc hng mnh nhng va thm bi nhc nh trn t i Vit. Vi thin ti chnh tr ca mnh, Quang Trung sm thy trc vn , khi ng chun b vo trn i ph qun Thanh: Ln ny ta ra, phng lc tin nh c tnh sn. Ch ng qua m ngy c th ui c ngi i Thanh. Nhng ngh chng l nc gp mi nc mnh, sau khi b thua mt trn, t ly lm thn m lo mu bo th. Nh th th vic binh ao khng bao gi dt, khng phi l phc cho dn, n no m lm nh vy. n lc y, ch c ngi kho li l mi dp ni vic binh ao, khng phi Ng Th Nhm th khng ai lm c. Ch mi nm na, cho ta c yn n m nui dng lc lng, by gi nc giu qun mnh, th ta c s g chng?(1). ng l trong triu nh nh Ty Sn lc by gi, Ng Th Nhm l mt vn ti li lc ca x Bc h v Quang Trung, vi con mt t inh tng, quyt nh giao cho ng c trch x l cng vic bang giao vi nh Thanh. Lch s ghi nhn, thng qua th t bang giao vi nh Thanh ( Bang giao ho thoi ca Ng Th Nhm), vng triu Ty Sn khng nh mnh m nn c lp v ch quyn dn tc. Nu cao tinh thn dn tc v ch quyn quc gia, cng vi ch bt khut, kin cng, quyt chin, quyt thng cc th lc xm lc l t tng ch o trong cc ng vn t ngoi giao ca nh Ty Sn qua ngn bt ti hoa Ng Th Nhm. 3. Thnh qu v nhng t tng ngoi giao c sc ca vng triu Ty Sn Sau khi Quang Trung ph qun Thanh, vua nh Thanh Cn Long ra lnh i ng binh chn tnh, tr tnh xm lc bo th, nhng khng th khng e ngi sc mnh ca nh Ty Sn. dp tt ngn la binh ao, nh Ty Sn, trc tin cn nu cao sc mnh chnh ngha, khng nh vic Quang Trung i ph qun Thanh l khng c g c ti vi thin triu. Bi Ty Sn khng ln sang bin gii phi ti vi thng
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quc, cho nn, nu nh Thanh ng binh xm lc ln na, th qun dn ta kin quyt chng li: Nu nh s tnh trc y cha gii t m thin triu khng cht c khoan dung c gy vic chin tranh, th l lm nc nh ny khng c ht lng cung knh th nc ln, ti cng nh phi nghe theo mnh tri m thi(2). t danh d quc gia ln hng u, sau chin thng oanh lit qut sch 29 vn qun Thanh, mc tiu ngoi giao ca Ty Sn l kin quyt u tranh vi nh Thanh khng ch cng nhn Ty Sn v mt ngoi giao m cn i hu b l cng ngi vng do thin tri u p t (bt u t th k XV) mi khi thay i triu i. Trong th gi Phc An Khang, Ng Th Nhm (vit thay Quang Trung) nu r: Nay vng i nhn, em ci l i cng ngi vng, th th quc trng nc ti c nc, bng mt cch rt minh bch li phi snh hng vi bn ngy Mc, m tm lng knh thun, s tri th nc ln khng c ch g?... Ci mong i nhn, noi theo mnh ln, min cho nc ti v vic c dng ngi vng, cn nh l tu cng phng vt, dm xin theo y nh l(3). V ri, trc thc lc cng nh sc mnh ngoi giao chnh ngha ca Ty Sn, Cn Long, v vua kiu dng ca nh Thanh, khng nhng phi quyt nh nh ch vic ng binh tr th, tip nhn s thn ca Vit Nam m cn buc phi ra lnh bi b l cng ngi vng, vi li ph rng, vic triu trc bt cng ngi vng l ng khinh b. Vi Bang giao ho thoi, qua ngn bt sc bn, va anh thp, kin quyt nu cao chnh ngha, va kho lo, mm mng, hp tnh hp l, Ng Th Nhm th hin xut sc thin ti chnh tr ca Quang Trung l kho l i l mi dp ni vic binh ao, khi m nh Thanh b ta nh thua, nhn th thn, bo th th kh(4). V qun s s mt ca Quang Trung, ng c xp vo hng nhn vt ng ngay sau Nguyn Tri trong lch s ngoi giao ca nc Vit, ng c lit vo nhng ngi vit th tho hch ti gii hn ht mt thi. Qua Bang giao ho thoi ca Ng Th Nhm, t tng ngoi giao li lc ca thi Ty Sn c hin hin rc r. C th khi qut t tng ngoi giao ca vng triu Ty Sn qua Bang giao ho thoi ca Ng Th Nhm nh sau: Th nht l t t ng ch ng tin cng ngoi giao. Sau chin thng i ph qun Thanh, t Trung Quc, thy Tn S Ngh thua trn tt c chy v, nhn tnh, dn chng u nhn nho s hi. T i Nam Q uan tr v bc, trai gi gi tr bng b dt du nhau chy trn, sut vi trm dm, lng ngt khng cn bng ngi(5). Thy r ch yu ca nh Thanh, nh Ty Sn ch ng m mt trn tn cng ngoi giao nhm chn ng m mu gy chin bo th ca nh Thanh. Pht huy thng li v mt qun s, nh Ty Sn ch trng: lin tc tin cng k ch v mt chnh tr bng v kh ngoi giao. Thay vua Quang Trung, Ng Th Nhm vit nhng vn th bang giao vi nh Thanh vi li l khi th cng rn (trong thi kin quyt bo v c lp ca dn tc), khi th mm do ( gi th din cho nh Thanh) nhm mc ch ging ho, ngn chn ngn la binh ao. Trong Bang giao h thoi, Ng Th Nh khng o m nh: Nam quc khng ln sang bin gii phi ti vi thng quc. S Ngh v c ti sc, mun ph tr ngi hn yu Bi th gy nn vic binh ao ri b thm hi v cnh bo: i! ng ng Thin triu so s thua c vi tiu di, tt mun cng c
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binh v tho lng tham. l iu tri vi c hiu sinh ca thng , chc thnh tm cng khng n th. Nhng vn nht vic binh c ko di mi khng thi, th n ch y khng c ly nc nh m th nc ln na(6). Th hai l t tng ngoi giao da trn c s chnh ngha v sc mnh qun s. Sau chin thng qun Thanh, trong bang giao vi nh Thanh, Ng Th Nhm lun lun ch trng tin cng ngoi giao trn c s khng nh s nghip chnh ngha ca triu Ty Sn v n tng thc lc qun s hng mnh ca t nc: Nay qun i ct n ch on kt mt lng, khng ct ch ng, binh lnh qu ch tinh nhu khng qu ch nhiu. K kho thng ch v cng mm do, ch khng phi mnh ln yu, ly ng hip t u. Mc ch ngoi giao chnh ngha da trn thc lc t nc ca vng triu Ty Sn l nhm buc nh Thanh phi p ng yu cu v mc ch ca ta l bi b chin tranh v phong vng (cng nhn v ngoi giao) cho Quang Trung Nguyn Hu. Nhn danh Quang Trung, Ng Th Nhm ch r hnh ng bn nc ca vua ti L Chiu Th ng v yu cu nh Thanh trao tr b l bn nc xt x: Cn nh m con Duy K gy nn him hn, ri b nc ngm trn, hoc gi li n t bin gii ca thng quc. Ti mong Tn i iu tra r tu ln ri a cho bn quc lnh v xt x cho h lng dn. Nh th mi l tr c tr tn gc(7). Sau khi Nguyn Hu c phong vng, Ng Th Nhm cn ch trng a vua Quang Trung gi sang Yn Kinh tri u cn vua Cn Long nh Thanh, mt chuyn i m dc ng ngi Thanh phi phc dch chuyn vn rt kh nhc. Trong ngoi ai cng bit l gi di, m khng ai dm ni(8). l mt chuyn bang giao cha tng c trong lch s nc nh m theo li Phan Huy ch, mt thnh vin trong phi on k li, th t trc n gi, ngi mnh i s Trung Quc cha c ln no l lng v v vang nh th. Th ba l t tng chin lc ngoi giao mang tnh ch ng. Qua Bang giao ho thoi, c th thy, trn c s phn tch tnh hnh thc t, Ng Th Nhm thay mt vua Quang Trung, ti n hnh mt ng li ngoi giao mang tnh ho n ton ch ng. Bi th, trong bang giao Vit - Thanh sau chin thng ca nh Ty Sn, ngi nm th ch ng l nh Ty Sn ch khng phi nh Thanh, cho d thc tm nh Thanh cng mun ging ho sau thm bi kinh hong, nhc nh ca Tn S Ngh. By gi, ngi nm gi binh quyn ca Qung Ty (Trung Quc) l Thang Hng Nghip nhiu ln bn tin cho nh Ty Sn l triu nh nh Thanh mun ging ha, nhng sng kin ging ha phi do pha Ty Sn xut trc, c nh vy th nh Thanh mi khi mt th din. Nm bt tnh th tin thoi lng nan ca dainh Thanh (gy chin bo th th s thua, chp nhn ging ho th s nhc) vi t tng chin ho quyn tay mnh, m ho mc thc ai cng mun(9), Ng Th Nhm ch ng tin cng ngoi giao trn t th ca ngi chin thng, va c th mnh li va c lc mnh. Vi nhng lp lun sc bn v anh thp, vi nhng li l kho lo, hp tnh, hp l, Ng Th Nhm gp phn ng k vo thng li ngoi giao ca triu i Ty Sn v ng vo hng ng nhng nh ngoi giao li lc trong lch s dn tc. Nhng thng li v ngoi giao ca triu i Ty Sn m ngy nay c li chng ta khng th khng cm thy t ho v thch th, lm ti sng v v vang thm lch
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s dn tc ta. Nhng thng li s d c c trc ht l nh thng li v i ca chin cng i ph qun Thanh vo thng ging nm K Du 1789. Nhng thng li cn bt ngun t ng li ngoi giao ng n, hp tnh, hp l ca vng triu Ty Sn vi nhng t tng ngoi giao c sc v li cho hu th nhng bi hc lch s qu gi. Nhng trang s ngoi giao ho hng ca thi Ty Sn khng ch lm chng ta hm nay ho, ngng m m cn lm chng ta cng yu thm t nc, t thm tin tng tng lai v tin tt p ca dn tc. 4. Kt lun Trn mt trn ngoi giao thi Ty Sn, Ng Th Nhm l ngi lnh n tin phong, ngi khi xng v ng thi l ngi thc hin nhng t tng ngoi giao li lc. K tha xut sc t tng cng tm ca Nguyn Tri, Ng Th Nhm gp cng ln lm nn nhng trang s bang giao v vang bc nht ca lch s dn tc thi k phong kin, ng thi li cho hu th nhiu t tng ngoi giao c o. Ngy nay, ln gi li nhng trang s v vang ca ngoi giao thi Ty Sn, chng ta khng ch cm thy trn y lng t ho dn tc m cn tm thy nhng bi hc lch s qu bu, c th vn dng trong quan h quc t thi i ton cu ha hin nay. ng li i ngoi c lp t ch, a phng ha, a dng hoa quan h quc t ca ng v nh nc ta trong thi k i mi hin nay l hon ton ng n. Vi ch trng ch ng v tch cc hi nhp quc t hin nay, vic k tha v vn dng sng to nhng t tng ngoi giao c sc v bi hc lch s qu bu ca vng triu Ty Sn thi i Quang Trung vn rt cn thit v b ch. TI LIU THAM KHO [1] Ng Gia vn phi (2001), Hong L nh thng ch , Dch : Nguyn c Vn t Kiu Thu Hoch, Nxb Vn hc, H Ni, tr.375. [2] Ng Th Nhm (2001), Tc Phm I, Ch bin: Mai Quc Lin, Trung tm nghin cu quc hc, Nxb Vn hc, tr.312. [3] Ng Th Nhm (2001), Tc Phm I, Ch bin: Mai Quc Lin, Trung tm nghin cu quc hc, Nxb Vn hc,tr.349. [4] Ng Gia vn phi (2001), Hong L nht thng ch, Dch: Nguyn c Vn - Kiu Thu Hoch, Nxb Vn hc, H Ni, tr.385. [5] Ng Gia vn phi (2001), Hong L nht thng ch, Dch: Nguyn c Vn - Kiu Thu Hoch, Nxb Vn hc, H Ni, tr.384. [6] Ng Th Nhm (2001), Tc Phm I, Ch bin: Mai Quc Lin, Trung tm nghin cu quc hc, Nxb Vn hc, tr.310. [7] Vn Tn (ch bin - 1974), Ng Th Nhm - Con ngi v s nghip, Ty Vn ho Thng tin H Ty xut bn, tr.71.
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[8] Ng Gia vn phi (2001), Hong L nht thng ch, Dch: Nguyn c Vn - Kiu Thu Hoch, Nxb Vn hc, H Ni, tr. 389 [9] Tuyn tp th vn Ng Th Nhm (1978), Quyn II, Ch bin: Cao Xun Huy Thch Can, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H Ni, tr. 131

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