Mc Lc

CHNG I. TNG QUAN V YU CU PHN MM V QUY TRNH ....................................... 5

1.1 1.2

Hy nu bn cht ca yu cu phn m m................................................................................... 5 Nu y u phn m m nhn t pha khch hng ...................................................... 5

1.3
1.4 1.5

Hy nu cc thi quen tt v thi quen khng tt trong cng ngh hc yu cu phn m m ......... 6 N N y y P Q 6 ....... 7

1.6
1.7 1.8

M t Quy trnh cng ngh hc yu cu phn m m (Requirement Engineering Process) ............ 8 N y y ............................................................................................10

CHNG II. PHT HIN, TNG HP V PHN TCH CC YU CU PHN MM..............11

1.9

N S Trnh by cc yu c x

..........11

1.10
1.11

......................................................12

nh nhim v v ph m vi ca phn m m ..................................13

1.12 Trnh by quy trnh thc hi ( b ), m v nh ng k thu x nh yu cu phn m m Phng vn (interview) ..................................................................................................14

1.13 Trnh by quy trnh thc hi ( b ), m v nh ng k thu x nh yu cu phn m m H i tho .......................................................................................................................15

1.14 Trnh by quy trnh thc hi ( b ), m v nh ng k thu x nh yu cu phn m m Brainstorming ..............................................................................................................16

1.15 Trnh by quy trnh thc hi ( b ), m v nh ng k thu x nh yu cu phn m m Storyboarding...............................................................................................................17

1.16 Trnh by quy trnh thc hi ( b ), m v nh ng k thu x nh yu cu phn m m p dng Usecase ..........................................................................................................17 1.17 Trnh by quy trnh thc hi ( b ), m v nh ng k thu x nh yu cu phn m m Prototyping ..................................................................................................................19 1.18 1.19 T 1.20 1.21

N N V ) T

y M ...................................................................................................................................20 y T TL (V W b ...............................................................................20

b y

b c (quy trnh) Phn tch cc yu cu phn m m ..............................................20

Nu cc k thu t p dng trong Phn tch cc yu cu phn m m .............................................23

1.22 T b y tiu ch

..........................................................23

1.23 y trong BTL ...........................................................................................................................................24 HNG III 1.24

1.25 1.26

C T CC YU CU PHN MM ..........................................................................25 c t cc yu cu phn m m ..................................................................25 c t yu cu phn m m .....................................................25

Nu cc yu cu c

Nu khi nim v thnh phn c Nu tn cc bi u mu c Trong cu trc c c hi Nu cc k thu t vi P

c t yu cu phn m m (theo IEEE v CMU) ................................26

1.27 R
1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31

c t yu cu phn m m (SRS) System Requirement v Software c t v tr no trong ti liu SRS. ..............28 c t yu cu phn m m ........................................................................28 y y y y y y y y y ........................31

.....................................................33 P ...............................................33 P ............................40 ............................41

1.32
1.33 1.34

N P

x x ( y ) y ............................................................................................................................................42

y 1.35 trong BTL ...........................................................................................................................................43

1.36 x y y trong BTL ...........................................................................................................................................50

CHNG IV. DUYT V KIM SOT CC YU CU PHN MM .........................................52

1.37

Phn bit cc khi nim Ki m th

u phn m m .....................................52

1.38 T i sao cn ki m th y u phn m m. Nu tn m t s m th yu cu phn m m thng dng m em bi t. ..........................................................................................53 1.39 y 1.40 1.41 1.42

N P N N V

x x y N x x ..........................................................................................................................54 y y y y y .................................................54 y ...................55

y y y .................................................................................................................................55 y y ......................56

1.43

1.44

...................56

1.45

y y TL.................................................................................................58

Kim ton: ...............................................................................................................................................58 S dng ng c s: .............................................................................................................................60 Thay i yu cu v cc vn v yu cu ngoi .....................................................................................61 b)S dng cc yu t bo tr cho Thay i v cc vn ......................................................................62 1.46 Ki m th (testing) yu cu phn m m ......................................................................................63

CHNG V. CC K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG YU CU PHN MM .................64

1.47

N P y y y N N y K thu t qu

t ca yu cu phn m m. .......................................................64

1.48
1.49 1.50 1.51 1.52

y V ......................................................................................................65 i yu cu phn m m............................................................................66 ng phn m m ..............................67

u phn m m theo cc thu c tnh ch y y u phn m

m bo cc yu cu phn m m .............68

u phn m m ..............................................................68 y y y ............................................69 ................................71

1.53
1.54

C UH I

N TP M N HOC IT446 PH N TCH CC YU CU PHN MM

CHNG I. TNG QUAN V YU CU PHN MM V QUY TRNH 1.1 C T : y (1993) : ( , ) b J (1994) : y b S S wy (1997): Y y I (1) y y y (2) y y , , b b b (3) V b (1) (2) D y y , y y x , x . IEEE. y .

1.2 Hy T S b

: y N

1.3 N T : I

y y

y y

y (1)

1.4 Hy T T : : L K

y y

y , y

: , T TBD( Tobe determined). T T D y b x y : y y y y

T N

1.5 N T :

.Q

H M K T y K D

chnh xc

 H M y y y
1.6 N

K b

.P

y (note) :

a)

b)

c)

d)

y : Phn lo i theo yu cu ch . - Cc yu cu ch nh ng ch n m m s thc hin. V d bn hay thu tn hiu. - Cc yu cu phi ch y rng bu c ca gii php thc hin. C th gi yu cu phi ch y u v tnh rng bu c v v ch ng phn m m. Phn lo i cc yu cu phn mm theo ngun gc t m t hay nhiu yu cu c c cc thu c tnh ni bt (emergent property), ho ch u ng ca phn mm b i din s dng (stake holder) ho c m t s ngun khc: emergent property: C m t s yu cu phn m m s c y y u khng th x nh cho m t thnh ph , m cn ty thu p cc thnh phn trong h thng. V d y u ca m t trung tm g n tho i (t ) ph thu c vo s k t h p ca h thng telephone, h th u kin khc. Cc emergent y c bit ph thu c vo ki n trc h thng. Phn lo i theo cc yu c t ra cho sn ph m ho c l trn tng tin trnh. Cc yu cu trn cc qu trnh pht tri n khc nhau s c th nh ng rng bu c b i la chn ca nh i ti tr (contractor), hoc l nh ng chu t ra. Phn lo n mm: T ng, cc yu c n l nh ng yu cu quan tr c xy dng da trn m t s y u t y nhi , mong mun, hoc tnh c hay khng bt bu c.

e) Phn theo ph m vi yu cu phn mm: Ph m vi yu cu phn m m ng ca yu cu ln phn m m v cc thnh phn ca phn m m. f) Phn lo d bi ng/ tnh nh (volatility/ stability): M t s yu cu phn m m s y i ca phn m m, v th m ch ngay c trong qu trnh pht tri n ca yu cu phn m m. Chng ta c th phn lo i cc yu cu bng cch thng k nh y i m yu cu c th pht sinh. N b T , , : Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledges 2004 39 202 y , b b x

1.7 M Q y Process) T : Q y Q y P y

(R

T ,P

P y

2 y , y

:P y

HNH 1-2 P -T P P y

P y

K y -Q y : y y ( MU S I 1995) Q y sau. X y (R b ) D y Q y y

Q y

HNH 1-3. Bin phn chia gia pht trin yu cu v qun l yu cu.

M M

y M y ,

: y y , ) K , y , ( y y b

Requrireme ( P b

T b 10

y 1 0) b

y ,b y y M M y

y ,x , y

y, :

R V y By 1.8 N T : V T
-

, y Q y

, T

b 1 1 b 1 1

y y

y N

y i s dng:

Cung cp yu cu cng vic(Business Requirement): th hin cc mc tiu yu cu m c cao ca t ch c hay khch hng v kh , m vi ng dng v gii h n ca phn m m; cung cp cc thng tin v tng nhim v c th m h s lm vic vi phn m m Yu cu ngi s dng (user requirement): th hin cc nhim v c th m NSD cn ph , c vi phn m m. T ng,tha th n v i pht tri n cc yu cu phn m m. - N i pht trin: Pht hin cc yu cu Phn tch cc yu cu c t cc yu cu Ki m th cc yu cu y : - N i s dng: c ng ti y : phn m i qu cao hoc ch t cod n qu trnh pht tri n

ng yu c ngh rt kh chp nh y PTV Cc yu cu phn m nh p nhng T a cc nh phn tch: lm l i yu cu phn m ng chi m khang 40% qu trnh xy d 70, 80% c tnh xy dng l i c th d n cc l i NSD ng yu cu qu ngn gn m khng miu t k chng l g N i pht trin:c ng ti y : Phn tch c cc v Hi u bi t v nhu cu s dng Hi c h thng Hi u ph m vi qun tr Tinh chnh cc tnh h thng

CHNG II. PHT HIN, TNG HP V PH N TCH CC YU CU PHN MM

1.9 N y y

T 1.

: x nh yu cu phn m m K t phng vn K t h i tho K t BrainStorming K t storyBoarding K t thu t Use Case K t Protopyting n gc yu cu phn m m y N y y , y x , x

2. Ngu S

b I V :

1997 , y (2) 2b 1 y y

y y y 1 1 b

1 ,1 (1) (2) (1)

1.10 T

S :

6 Phng vn

y T ch c h i tho

Brainstorming v Idea Reduction Storyboarding p dng cc Use-case Prototyping

i tng tham gia Loi yu cu Ni dung chun b nh gi phng php P Khch hng, T b H N b lin quan T b T , xc Brainstorming N b quan T y T b , b , G , T case chnh xc, l , M hnh Use case b b b , Storyboarding N , Use case K Prototyping N khch hng T ,

T , qu trnh b cng phu

T ,

chnh xc

1.11 T

T :

by

Trong pht T T

: y

P T w N

y , , b b y H y , y y , ( , y , , ,

, b T b N T , y

Ch ng th b gii h n b i th i gian (c ) y c nh), v th ph m vi kh thi chnh l hnh ch nh t mu trng.

N u hi i phi b c tnh ca h thng bng vi ti nguyn trn th i gian sn c th d n c ph m vi kh thi. T

1.12

ng trong cng nghip, cc d

T : by x y y ( b ), P

u l d
( w)

t ph m vi.

b :

y,

- N - T N -

N ? Khch hng l ai? N c khc nhau khng? T y T y T T P ( ) y b y y, : X

y?

- T

- G thng tin trong lc ny). - T

(K b

1.13
T

by x

( b ), H o

1. Quy trnh thc hin b H o Q b o b b o b o K (w ): b 2 w -up materials: T T b b y , , b ,b x , ,b , , b y b f ( y ): o b , x y o L o Ch c k x y ng s ng lng hay xy dng nhm v ng chc. L c c cc thnh vin trong nhm v ngoi nhm tn trng. v i mt vi nh ng thch th c trong h i tho. - L H y o o Brainstorming o S b y cc y 2. m

S ,f

,f

- H i tho yu cu c l l k thu t m nh m nh g i ra cc yu cu - N t p h p cc bn lin quan l i vi nhau trong th i gian ng p tru - Vic s dng m u khi n bn ngoi c kinh nghim trong qun l yu cu c th m bo s thnh cng ca h i tho. - Brainstorming l phn quan trng nht ca m t h i tho. 3. K thu t - P y b b N b y K

1.14
T -N , -T

by x

( b ), B

2 : : M :P ,

, ,

K thu t ny c nh ng l i ch chnh sau:

Khuy c mi thnh vin tham gia. Cho php cc thnh vin tranh lu n vi nhau v cc ki N u phi ho y c h i tho khng b Din ra nhanh chng. i php kh thi cho v . Khuy , y , nh:

xut. n.

Q y

K c php tranh ci, ph bnh gay gt. T do sng t , ng. ng cng tt Nghin c u t ng h p l ng hay.

1.15
T 3 :

by x

( b ), S yb

yb :G :L T :T

: b y , , yb N

: K S yb K yb u ny. , y S yb

1.16
T :

by x

( b ), d

U b U U -case.

UML U

, b ( ), Q U , ( )b ( U ) U b U UML M U , y X y U -case: U (X H ):V U b ,b b y M b b y , y - Tm ra cc tc nhn(Actor) v cc use-case o M , T , x , y N , U T , ( y b ) o M U y M U UML , N y b b b - M U -case U -case - K V :

1.17
T N b :

by x
y

( b ), P y
y S , b

b 1 y b

, V

y (M V )

, ,

y , y V y z , f (N R S fw 13 x y y , y T

) , ,

y ,

: M

x y y D y

w w y,

L b y b y , b

1.18 N .
T : ??????

. M

1.19 N W b
T :

V )

y d

.T .

BTL (V

N 1.20
T :

D liu v ki m sot lu ng (data and control Flows) Cc m hnh tr ng thi (state models) D v t s kin (Event tracing) T i dng (user interaction) ng (object models) Cc m hnh d liu (data models) M hnh ha use case M hnh ha nghip v M hnh ha d liu d M hnh ha use case M hnh ha nghip v M hnh ha d liu T by b ( y :

)P

Phn lo i cc yu cu phn m m:

C N C C

y y y

: :

, , , y, ,

, ,

M hnh ha khi nim:

. , b M

, ,

: y : , y

, b

M b

T Y K

b y

hng

-T , x I y y x 2000 y : u b T y -T

y y

- Ph b

, y

, y y

b , y

1.21
T :

1. M (P ) 2. 3. M y (F ) 4. y y (D ) 5. y y (G ) 6. ( y (f w )) 7. M ( ntity relationship models) 8. P (Obj -oriented analysis) 9. P (S y ) 10. (D f w D )

1.22
T :

by

. .

Mt thut ng khc c s dng cho ch ny l conflict resolution . iu quan tm ny gii quyt vn vi cc yu cu m s xung t xy ra gia hai yu cu ca cc bn lin quan cng cc tnh nng khng tng thch , gia cc yu cu v ngun lc hoc gia yu cu chc nng v yu cu phi chc nng. Trong tt c cc trng hp , n khng thn trng cho cc k s phn mm lm cc quyt nh n phng v do n cn thit tham kho t cc bn lin quan t c mt s ng thun trn s tha hip thch hp. S dng Use Cases h tr cc hot ng thit k v m ha, cc Use Case pht trin trong cc hot ng suy lun hn l xy dng y . Cc Use Cases thch hp nht khi h thng giu chc nng v phi h tr cc loi ngi dng khc nhau.

 Cc Use Case khng c hiu qu khi p dng n h thng vi mt vi hoc khng c giao din ngi dng ti thiu, ch yu l nhng yu cu phi chc nng v nhng hn ch khi thit k.
P thm

1.23 C d

EA BTL

.E

1. Xem xt c t ca yu cu phn mm S dng c a s Hierachy. Khi la chn 1 Requirement, ta s x c cc thng tin v : Quan h phn cp ca Requirement: cho bi t n l con ca cc Requirement no, cha ca cc Reqiurement no, quan h thu c lo i no (s h u hay k t t p) Quan h v t ca R : t b i cc Element no. N u Requirement c cc Requirement con, EA c th chi ti t vi t ca tng R

2. Phn tch s ph th c ca yu cu S dng ma tr n quan h (Relationship Matrix): thng qua c a s Relationship Matrix. Cho bi t quan h gi ng trong 2 package

3. Qu y i S dng c a s Audit View: ghi chp l Kch ho t Audit View: M c a s Audit View Chn Audit Settings Enable Auditing

c hin.

4. Lp bo co S dng menu Project | Documentation

L R

ng : thng tin v Requirement v cc ng. C nhi nh d bn khc nhau :R T x F , HTML, Bo co quan h t Bo co quan h ph thu c

c t

HNG III

YU U PHN MM

1.24

T G M y

Khng ph thuc vo cc yu cu c tm c ra hay xy dng nh th no Trong c t phi nu c c business requirement , phm vi ng dng , gii hn ca ng dng. Trong c t phi nu c y cc user requirement, s dng mu (template) ca cc trng hp s dng ca tng yu cu. Tha mn cc tiu thc nh gi mt c t: tnh nht qun, tnh thn thin, tnh d s dng.

1.25
T :

Khi nim: L hi u bi t h thng ca khch hng vo th m thi t k v pht tri n phn m m bo v c khch hng v s hi u bi t h thng,cc nhu c c khi nh th m.

- Khng ph thu c cc yu cu phn m , c xy dng no? Cui cng bao gi ch c t cc yu cu ny. 1 c t: tnh nht qun, tnh thn thin v tnh d s dng. - T c t yu cu phn m m ph c c yu c i, ph m vi ng dng, gii h n ca ng dng. - T c t ph y c cc yu c i s dng, s dng cc mu(template) c ng h p s dng ca tng yu cu Thnh phn : Ghi l i cc nguyn tc cng vic. K i s dng miu t cho chng ta m t ho y ch c thc hin trong nh u kin nh nh, do nh ng tc nhn nh nh..t 1 y c cng vic. c t cc yu cu phn mm theo mu. L c t ch thng, s tha thu n v ch , c t h thng.(SRS) Gn nhn cc yu cu phn m m. u nh c t. Mi lin quan gi c t vo giao di i s dng.

Comment [n1]: Cc yu cu i vi bn c t

1.26
T
G - - -H

N
:

IEEE CMU)

IEEE: Gii thiu M u

V b y c. ng d ki n v gp . Ph m vi sn ph m. Ti liu tham kho. M t chung m sn ph m Ch n ph m m user M ng v n hnh Thi t k v rng bu c Gi nh v ph thu c Yu cu v giao din ngoi Giao di i dng Giao din phn c ng Giao din phn m m Giao di T thng H th M t Kch cu/ th t ng. Yu cu ch Yu cu phi ch . Yu cu trnh din Yu cu an ton Yu cu bo m t Yu cu ch ng cc thnh phn phn m m Nguyn tc cng vic Ti li i s dng Cc yu cu khc Thu t ng M hnh phn tch D nh d ng

CMU:

1.27 T Software R SRS.

T :

(SRS) Sy

.T - Sy

( SRS ) : ):N : , b , x b - Software Requirement y b : , , y , y b b. Trong t SRS Sy R S fw Requirement: - Sy R y -S fw R SRS, b y , SRS

N y

y (y y , x y N

1.28
Tr li:

1. Gi ngn ng G , y

2. My tr ng thi h u h n

M y , FSMS T th nhau. y y , nh , y

(FSMS)

3. Cy quy

V x y

4. Bi V

ho

ng UML, b

SRS

5. M hnh thc th lin k t

RD 6. P

ng

1.29
T :

y : 11 Introduction (Gii thiu) Glossary (t n thu t ng ) U ( ng h p s dng) Design Overview (thi t k t ng quan) Sy Obj M ( ng h thng) Object Descriptions (m t ng) Obj b ( ng h p tc) Data Design (thi t k d liu) Dy M ( ng) Non-functional Requirements (yu cu phi ch ) Supplementary Documentation (ti liu b sung) 1. Introduction: cho ta bi t M : Cung cp m t m t v cc thi t k ca m t h th y cho php pht trin phn mm. Cung cp thng tin cn thit cung cp m t chi ti t cho cc phn m m v h th c xy dng Ph m vi: cho bi t ph m vi ca h thng Cc t vi t t , : u tr nn ngn g , c d c, d hi S tham kho T : c c ci nhn t ng quan v h thng cn xy dng 2. Glossary:cung cp cc thu t ng s dng n i b ca ti liu 3. Use Cases: x c nh ng ai s s dng h thng, tc nhn kch ho , i din v qun tr h thng 4. Design Overview: t t ng quan v thi t k , cho n vo m t ng cnh vi cc h th b i s dng ti li ng cho b thi t k v nhn thy m t bn tm tt c khi ti p tc thi t k cc chi ti t. 5. System Object Model : cho php m t cc h thng m t cch t ng th , cho thy cc nhm khc nhau ca cc phn vo cc h th ng 6. Object Descriptions: m t ng trong ti liu 7. Object Collaborations: m t mi quan h ng 8. Data Design: S thc th lin k t: cho bi t cc lin k t gi a cc i ng (1-1, 1-nhi u, nhi u-nhi u)

9. Dynamic Model: - S trnh t: cho thy m t ng quan v hnh th c trnh t di chuy n t d liu v m c m t ti liu - S chnh s a ti liu: cho thy m t ng quan v trn t di chuy n t m t ti liu ba i cho m t ti liu s i 10. Non-functional Requirements: cung cp cc yu cu thc hin (cc yu cu phi ch ) 11. Supplementary Documentation: c th l ti liu tham khm, c th l cng c c s d t o bi

1.30
T

y : x y

1.31 P
T

y 1 y , 1.M 2.M y 3.C y y

x b , : , , : y ,cy , y y

4.B 5.M 6.P 7.P

(B d )

1.M M b b b T Q y L

, 40-50, x y IF-ELSE-ENDIF b DO-WHIL : y y ,

FOR-NEXT

Hnh 28-1

2.M y T T

. , , 1 m

 T nin. Hnh 28-2

b b

(FSMS)

FSMS , 3. C y y N b Hnh 28-3 HOLIS.

y . x y

y y y

4.B

UML, y

: N y

5.M N y , ( RD) H 28-5 y RD

RD x

x ? T :

cho

M 6.M V b ,

RD OO . UML,

Trong hnh 28-6

7.B

V d

28-7.

(DFD) RD

RD

1.32 y
T

C .P
:

y y

b , ,

y y

 , , b , y : Rng bu c v hi : ng h n "h thng cn phc v lin tc t 5 gi n 9 gi ti.", "m t hng c trong ti thi u 7 Rng bu c v qu trnh pht tri n h thng: th i gian, ti nguyn, cht ng. V d: khi no h thng cn hon thnh (th i gian); t ng chi ph cho pht tri n h thng (ti nguyn); cn p dng cc tiu chu n no cho qu trnh pht tri n h th , n l d n v pht tri n h thng (ch ng). : L (Eliciting requirements): x y X x y (Analyzing requirements): x x y , , , y , y L y (Recording requirements): y , , (use case), y (user story), L y : b y y

T tm (focus group) (requirements workshops) T y T y (prototyping) T

1.33
T :

Ti y

Ch m t v ch , b c Khng m t v t Phi d y i (c cu trc) K x y chnh xc ngay Phi qua nhi b c xt duyt l i

y : (1) , (2) S , y (3) V , (4) T : , , , (5) T : Tnh r rng, chnh xc Tnh ph h p T y hon thin

1.34

P y

d y )

T : Cc tc nhn tham gia vo qu trnh xem xt v thng qua ( : -

y )

i din c i s dng (Product Champions): Thc hin qu trnh xc nh n cc yu c (R V ) vo ti li c t v cc yu cu thc t ca h thng, h s phi tr l i cu h T m t n m m y ? Cc xc nh n g m c: o Tnh chnh xc (Correct) o Tnh kh thi (feasible) o Tnh cn thi t (necessary) o ( z ) a cc yu cu.

Cc phn tch vin (Requirements Analysts): Thc hin qu trnh xc minh cc yu cu (Requirements Verif ) vo ti li c t v cc yu c i dng, h s phi tr l i cho cu h T xy dng phn m ? x minh g m: o Tnh ngn gn, sc tch (concise) o Kh y t (traceable) o K a (non-redundant) o T ch c tt (organized) o y n (conformant to standards) o Kh m ch ng (verifiable) Ngoi ra cn c cc thnh vin ca cng ty phn m m tham gia vo qua trnh thc hin pht tri n phn m m: L p trnh vin, cc nh ki m th

1.35 d

EA BTL

.E

T : M hnh ha use case M M Requirements Modeling T b y y , R b R T b x y y b ( R b EA trong Toolbox) S UML y UML y , , , T y b y y y b N y y (H 1) N b y (H 2) b T V P f

Hnh 1

Hnh 2

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- 4.3 Acceptance Test Techniques

The fault detection mechanism used influences the remainder of the fault tolerance activities (diagnosis, containment, masking, compensation, and recovery). The two common mechanisms for fault detection are acceptance tests and comparison.

- 4.3.1 Fault Detection

Acceptance tests are the more general fault detection mechanism in that they can be used even if the system is composed of a single (non-redundant) processor. The program or sub-program is executed and the result is subjected to a test. If the result passes the test, execution continues normally. A failed acceptance test is a symptom of a fault. An acceptance test is most effective if it is based on criteria that can be derived independently of the function being tested and can be calculated more simply that the function being tested (e.g., multiplication of a result by itself to verify the result of a square root function).

- 4.3.2 Fault Diagnosis

An acceptance test cannot generally be used to determine what has gone wrong. It can only tell that something has gone wrong.

- 4.3.3 Fault Containment

An acceptance test provides a barrier to the continued propagation of a fault. Further execution of the program being tested is not allowed until some form of retry successfully passes the acceptance test. If no alternatives pass the acceptance test, the subsystem fails, preferably silently. The silent failure of faulty components allows the rest of the system to continue in operation (where possible) without having to worry about erroneous output from the faulty component [Schlichting 83].

- 4.3.4 Fault Masking

An acceptance test successfully masks a bad value if a retry or alternate results in a new, correct result within the time limit set for declaring failure.

- 4.3.5 Fault Compensation

A program that fails an acceptance test can be replaced by an alternate, as described in the next section. If the alternate passes the acceptance test, its result may be used to compensate for the original result. Notice that the alternate program run during a retry may be a very simple one that just outputs a "safe" value to compensate for the faulty subsystem. A common approach in control systems is to "coast" the result by providing the value calculated from the last known good cycle.

- 4.3.6 Fault Repair

Acceptance tests are usually used in a construct known as a recovery block. A recovery block provides backward fault recovery by rolling program execution back to the state before the faulty function was executed. This repairs the faulty state and the result. When a result fails an acceptance test, the program can be executed again before leaving the recovery block. If the new result passes the acceptance test, it can be assumed that the fault originally detected was transient. If the software is suspect, an alternative can be executed in place of the original program fragment. If a single processor is used, the state of the processor must be reset to the beginning of the function in question. A mechanism called the recovery cache has been proposed to accomplish this [Anderson 76]. A

recovery cache records the state of the processor at the entrance to each recovery block. Although a recovery cache is best implemented in hardware, implementations to date have been limited to experimental software. Where multiple processors are available, the retry may take the form of starting the program on a backup processor and shutting down the failed processor. Recovery blocks can be cascaded so that multiple alternatives can be tried when an alternate result also fails the acceptance test. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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