.

- , 2007

(CRTs)
(LCDs)
(EP)
(OLEDs)

- , 2007



,
.

:
(, icon),
(, segments)
(,

pixels)

(elements).

- , 2007

 (I)
,
:
(CRTs, FEDs, PDs, OLEDs)
(LCDs, e-paper).

Field Emission Display

Plasma Display

- , 2007

 (II)
:
(passive matrix)
(active matrix).


' .
:

.
.
,



.

- , 2007

 (III)
Si ( )
(TFT). ,
.

pixel

pixels

O-TFT,

.
: .

- , 2007

 (CRT)
75 ,
(CRTs ).

CRT,
, .
,

(dots) , .
.

.

,
. ,
.

( , contrast)
. ,
,
. ,
, .
- , 2007

 (Liquid Crystall Displays, LCDs)

( ) ( ).


.
(LC)
. LCD,
.
.
(). '
, ,
.
LCD ,
.

:


' .

.
- , 2007

- LCDs

, .
.
, 90
.
.

.

.


( ON).

,
.
9

( OFF).
- , 2007

LCD

, ,
.

,
256
.

16,8 . (256
256
256 ).
.

1024768.
1024 768
3 , 2.359.296
.
- , 2007

 LCs
Surface Stabilised Ferroelectric LCDs (SSFLCDs)
,
.

.
, 1000
.
: .

Polymer-Dispersed LCDs (PDLCDs)

.
LC (

) ,
.
, .

.
- , 2007

- LCDs.

( laptop computers >5 $/) :
pixels

.
( 40)

LCD CRT

140

contrast
(backlighting), 90%

- , 2007

 (Electronic Paper)
, e-paper, ,
, .
0.3 mm .
e-paper;
A e-ink
(TiO2), "".
,
.
.
( 30 300 m)
.
( 100 m)
.

- , 2007

.
.

9 e-ink,
.
9
.

100.000 . ,
,
30 .
- , 2007

 (OLEDs)
,




;
' , .
(backlight) LCD (TFT
)
.

OLED;
9 !

-
- ,
.
- , 2007

 OLEDs
OLED
OLED
,
:
.
,
(
, ITO),
.
:
(HTL),
(EML)
(ETL).
OLEDs

:
SMOLEDs, .
PLEDs,
.

- , 2007



.
Alq3
(n-type)
(ETL)
()
TPD (diamine),
(HTL)
(b).

PVK


.

- , 2007

Spin-coating
Ink-jet

- , 2007

 OLED

OLED ()
()
V.

OLED.
- , 2007

( -).

()
.

- , 2007


(
) .
(exciton) .

,
.

(electroluminescence),

.

- , 2007

 (I)

(singlet exciton)
(triplet excitons)
(
)

() ()

- , 2007

 (II)

25%

75%

Singlet ()
spin

Triplet ()
spin

()

()

spin
- , 2007

OLEDs
( / )



.

( )


100%.

- , 2007

OLEDs Side-by-Side (SxS) OLEDs (R-G-B)

shadow mask
. .

:
.
- , 2007

SOLEDs: OLEDs (R-G-B)

SOLEDs
(TOLEDs).
(R-G-B) .

:
.
- , 2007

TOLEDs: OLEDs

OLEDs ,
() ().
80% OFF,
, , .
Top emitting OLEDs ,
TFT active matrix .

- , 2007

FOLEDs: OLEDs
,
PET
,
.

,


.

- , 2007

WHOLEDs: OLEDs

(host polymers)
,
(fluorescent probes)

(phosphorescent probes)
.
WHOLEDs . :
18 lm/W < 6.5 V
1000 cd/m2

WHOLEDs
(solid state lighting)
, ,
.

- , 2007

 OLEDs
,
.
, active-matrix passive-matrix (
). pixel
, , .

OLED ( )
.

- , 2007

 OLEDs: -
:

backlighting

: 106 Cd/m2
( 3V)

: (10. 000 )
- , 2007


(Solid State Lighting-SSL)

,
,
;

;

white OLEDs
!


OLED,
:



: 13 lm/W
25 lm/W WHITE
OLEDs
- , 2007

OLEDs

( !)
, .

- , 2007


(
1879 Thomas Edison)
95 % (
)
5% !!

OLED


OLEDs :
9
50 %
9 CO2
(180 .
2020)
9 (50
. / )
- , 2007

links

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_diode
http://www.audioholics.com/education/display-formatstechnology/organic-led-displays-oleds-the-next-trend
http://komar.cs.stthomas.edu/qm425/01s/Tollefsrud2.htm
http://www.universaldisplay.com/tech.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display
http://www.oled-info.com/oledForLighting

- , 2007

 !!!
!!!

- , 2007