Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region VI – Western Visayas
Division of Iloilo
DISTRICT OF PAVIA
NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CENTER
 Department of Education
Region VI - Western Visayas
Division of Iloilo
District of Pavia
PAVIA PILOT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CENTER

Grade & Section: THREE - SPECIAL SCIENCE CLASS (SSC)

Subject: BSHA 300
S.Y. : 200___ - 200___

BASIC
SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE APPLICATION 300

Weeks/Mo.: 2 ½
Hrs./Week: 5

DESCRIPTION
This subject deals with the study of the basic computer software application and
hardware fundamentals. It also deals with the proper identification, familiarization and basic
hands - on operation of Windows 98/Millennium/2000 Professional and XP Professional
operating systems and Microsoft Word Office 2000 application.

TRAINING METHODS:
Lecture, Demonstration, Laboratory Exercises, Practical Test, Written Test

GENERAL OBJECTIVES:

1. Follow house rules and regulations.

2. State the brief history of computer.
3. State the importance of a computer.
4. Familiarize computer’s hardware and software.
5. Practice the proper care of a computer.
6. Recognize popularly used Operating Systems.
7. Use MS word processing software.
8. Perform the basic MS word laboratory exercises.
 Learning Competencies

1st Grading Period

CHAPTER
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER AND HISTORY

1.1 Getting Acquainted with House Rules and Regulations

1.2 Familiarizing with Computer Terminologies/Acronyms
1.3 Tracing the History of Computer
1.4 Identifying the Father of Computing
1.5 Identifying the Early Computer Devices
1.6 Identifying a Computer
1.7 Defining Computer
1.8 Stating the Importance of a Computer
1.9 Identifying the Parts of the Computer
1.10 Describing the Elements of the Computer
1.11 Identifying the Input Process and Output Operation
1.12 Identifying and Describing Computer Hardware
1.13 Identifying and describing Software
1.14 Showing Example of Hardware and Software
1.15 Following Safety Precautions in Handling a Computer

2.0 HARDWARE UTILIZATION AND CARE

2.1 Practicing the Proper Care of a Computer

2.2 Discussing Computer Health Hazards
2.3 Demonstrating Proper Handling of Input Devices
2.3.1 Keyboard
2.4.1.1 Practice Drill # 1 – Draw the different parts of the keyboard
2.3.2 Mouse
2.4.2.1 Practice Drill # 2 – Navigating with the Mouse
2.4 Demonstrating Proper Handling of Output Devices
2.4.1 Printer
2.4.2 Floppy drive
2.4.3 CD ROM and DVD ROM Drives
2.5.3.1 Practice Drill # 3 – Loading, unloading the CD and opening the
data/file
2.4.4 Speaker System
2.4.5 Monitor

2nd Grading Period

3.0 INTRODUCTION TO MS DOS

3.1 Describing DOS

3.2 Identifying two Types of DOS commands
3.3 Recognizing Popularly used Operating System (OS)
3.4 Giving Examples of OS
 3.5 Practice Drill # 4 - Recognizing Root and Sub-directories
3.6 Practice Drill # 5 - Rebooting/Restarting the Computer
3.7 Identifying the Types of Computer Boot
3.7.1 Practice Drill # 6 – Starting the Computer using cold boot and hot boot
3.8 Practice Drill # 7 - Exiting/Quitting Software Properly
3.9 Shutting Down the Computer Properly
3.10 Working with Windows 98/ME/2000/XP
3.11 Familiarizing Movements Around the Screen
3.12.1 Practice Drill # 8 – Moving Around the Window Desktop
3.12 Identifying the Elements of Desktop
3.13 Using the Mouse
3.13.1.1 Practice Drill # 9 – Selecting Desktop Choices with the Mouse
3.13.1.2 Practice Drill # 10 – Open pop-up Menus with the Mouse
3.13.1.3 Practice Drill # 11 – Open icons by Double Clicking the Mouse
3.13.1.4 Practice Drill # 12- Move Desktop Objects by Dragging with
the Mouse
3.14 Practice Drill # 13 - Opening and Closing Menus
3.15 Identifying the Options in Dialog Boxes
3.16 Using a Dialog box Option
3.17 Managing Windows on your Desktop
3.17.1 Practice Drill # 15- Maximizing-Restoring, Minimizing-restoring a window
3.17.2 Practice Drill # 16- Resizing and Moving a Window

3rd Grading Period

Chapter IV
4.0 INTRODUCTION TO OFF THE SHELF EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE

4.1 Identifying Various Educational Software

4.2 Describing the Kinds and Types of Educational Software
4.3 Opening Educational Software
4.4 Exiting Educational Software

Chapter V
5.0 INTRODUCTION TO WORD PROCESSING

5.1 Identifying the Parts of the Keyboard

5.2 Using the Home Keys of the Keyboard According to Touch Typing Rules
5.2.1 Typing Lessons
5.2.2 Typing Activities
5.3 Practice Drill # 17- Identifying the Features of Word Processing
5.4 Familiarizing with Function Keys
5.5 Practice Drill # 18 - Identifying the Elements of the Word Screen
5.6 Describing the Features of Word Processing

4th Grading Period

5.7 Using Word Processing Software

5.8 Formats Character
 5.9.1 Exercise # 1
5.9 Saving a Document
5.10.1 Exercise # 2
5.10 Formatting Paragraph
5.11.2 Exercise 3
5.11 Formatting Columns and Pages
5.12.1 Exercise # 4
5.12 Using Spelling and Grammar
5.13.1 Exercise # 5
5.13 Creating Tables
5.14.1 Exercise # 6
5.14 Working with Pictures
5.15.1 Exercise # 7
5.15 Printing Documents
5.15.1.1 Exercise # 8
5.15.1.2 Exercise # 9
5.15.1.3 Exercise # 10
Chapter VI
6.0 A. INTRODUCTION TO DESKTOP PUBLISHING

5.16 Describing the Features of Desktop Publishing

5.17 Stating the Advantages of Desktop Publishing
5.18 Identifying What’s on the Screen
5.19 Applying the Commands in the Following Menus:
 File
 Edit
 Utilities
 Layout
 Type
 Elements
 Windows
 Help

B. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER AIDED INSTRUCTION (CAI) AND COMPUTER-

MANAGED INSTRUCTION (CMI)

7.1 Describing the features of CAI

7.2 Describing the features of CMI

REFERENCES:
1. M.A. Osorio and F.D. Osorio, Learning Basic Software I
2. Whizkidz Team, Computer Literacy Program-Worktext in Computer for
Grade III
3. N. A. Garcia, J. S. Salac, F. E. Jardiolin, J. Orlada and M. I. Tayag,
Essentials of Computers – Word Processing & Presentation Making
4. Microsoft Encarta Reference Library DVD 2005
Prepared by:

ELADIO J. JOVERO
Teacher

Checked:

PACIENCIA J. JOVERO
Principal II

Recommending Approval:

VILMA J. VILA
District Supervisor

APPROVED:

CORAZON A. ESPINO
ES – I Science & Health
 PAVIA PILOT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CENTER

INTRODUCTION

It is common knowledge that the most significant

technological development of 20th Century is coming of computer
technology. Often referred to as high technology or information
technology, electronic computers brought an information
revolution that would be equal if not surpass the Industrial
Revolution of the 19th Century. Indeed, the latest generation of
electronic computers has significantly optimized the capability of
man to organize, analyze, compute, and communicate, this
greatly accelerating technological progress and socio-economic
development.
This development in the computer industry has very
strong implication for education, particularly technology
education. It calls for the integration of computer education at all
levels of the educational system. It means the needs for
computer education to become a part of both general and
specialized education of the people.

COMPUTER TERMINOLOGIES

ACRONYMS:
1. A-to-D converter – Analog-to-digital converter.
2. AGP - ------------- Accelerated Graphics Port
3. ALU – ------------- Arithmetic Logic Unit.
4. ASA ------------- American Standards Association.
5. ASCII ------------ American Standard Code for Information
Exchange
6. AVI -------------- Audio Video Interleaved.
7. AVR – ------------ Automatic Voltage Regulator.
8. BASIC ------------- Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code
9. BIOS --------------- Basic Input/Output System.
10. CAD, CADD ------- Computer Assisted Design/Drafting.
11. CAE --------------- Computer Assisted Engineering.
12. CAI ---------------Computer Aided Instruction.
13. CAL -------------- Computer Augmented Learning.
14. CAM ------------- Computer Assisted Manufacturing.
15. CD --------- Compact Disc.
16. CD ROM ---- Compact Disk Read On Memory.
17. CGA -------- Color Graphics Adapter.
18. CIM -------- Computer Integrated Manufacturing.
19. COBOL ----- Common Business-Oriented Language.
20. CPU – ------------- Central Processing Unit.
21. DAS -------------- Digital Analysis System.
22. DAT ------------- Digital Audio Tape.
23. DRAM ------------ Dynamic Random Access Memory
24. DMA ------------ Direct Memory Access.
25. DOS ------------- Disk Operating System.
26. DTP -------------- Desk Top Publishing.
27. ECAD ------------ Electronic Computer Assisted
Drafting.
28. EDP -------------- Electronic Data Processing.
29. EGA ------------- Enhance Graphics Adapter.
30. E-MAIL --------- Electronic Mail.
31. EXE ------------ Extension
32. FAT ------------- File Allocation Table.
33. FAX -------------- Facsimile.
34. FIFO ------------- First In, First Out.
35. GIGO ------------ Garbage In, Garbage Out
36. INTERNET--------- International Networking
37. I/O ------------- Input/Output.
38. ISO ------------- International Standards Organization.
39. LAN ------------ Local Area Network.
 40. LCD ----------- Liquid Crystal Display.
41. MPEG ----------- Motion Picture Experts Group
42. OS – ------------- Operating System.
43. OLE -------------- Object Linking and Embedding
44. PC ------------- Personal Computer.
45. PCI ------------- Peripheral Component Interface
46. PCX ------------ PC Paintbrush
47. PIM ------------- Personal Information Manager
48. RISC ------------ Reduced Instruction-Set Computer
49. UPC ------------ Universal Product Code.
50. UPS – ------------- Uninterrupted Power Supply.
51. USB - ------------ Universal Serial Bus
52. VGA -------------- Versatile/Video Graphics Adapter
53. VHS --------------- Video Home System.
54. Virus -------------- a segment of code, which attaches itself
to other programs and spreads by reproducing on each disk
or network, which is accessed by, infected computer.
55. WORM ----------- Write Once, Read Many.

BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTER

Computer - an automatic device capable of carrying out

calculations according to a predetermined set of instructions.
- machine that performs tasks, such as
calculations or electronic communication, under the control of a
set of instructions called a program. Programs usually reside
within the computer and are retrieved and processed by the
computer’s electronics. The program results are stored or routed
to output devices, such as video display monitors or printers.
Computers perform a wide variety of activities reliably,
accurately, and quickly.
First developed in the early 1940's, their technological
development has been rapid. Computers have been taken over
routine commercial calculations and are used in scientific
research and technology design.
ABACUS – 4,000 years ago, the Chinese invested a
device to help them solve math problems. It was made called
Abacus. It was the first man-made computing device. It was
made of beads that moved back and forth on the rods. It could do
additional and subtraction. The Abacus has a very limited job.
But it did one important thing that computers do. It made math
problems easier for people to solve.
Aside from Abacus, our ancestors developed the
number system. This decimal system came into general use
in Europe until the present.

FATHER OF "COMPUTING"

Charles Babbage is often referred as the "Father of

Computing" because of his invention of the analytical engine,
a prototype of which was completed far after his death. The
Charles Babbage Foundation took his name to honor his
intellectual contributions and their relation to modern computers.

Charles Babbage Analytical Engine

Biographical Note on Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage was born in London on December 26,

1792 (N.B. Bromley actually got this wrong: his birth year is
regarded as 1791), the son of Benjamin Babbage, a London
banker. As a youth Babbage was his own instructor in algebra, of
which he was passionately fond, and was well read in the
continental mathematics of his day. Upon entering Trinity
College, Cambridge, in 1811, he found himself far in advance
of his tutors in mathematics. With Herschel, Peacock, and others,
Babbage founded the Analytical Society for promoting continental
mathematics and, reforming the mathematics of Newton then
taught at the university.
In his twenties Babbage worked as a mathematician,
principally in the calculus of functions. He was elected a Fellow of
the Royal Society, in 1816, and played a prominent part in the
foundation of the Astronomical Society (later Royal Astronomical
Society) in 1820. I t was about this time that Babbage first
acquired the interest in calculating machinery that became his
consuming passion for the remainder of his life.

A Brief History of Computers

Part of the reason your computer at work is called a PC

(personal computer) can be found in the general history of
computers. When computers started to show up on desks in more
and more offices, they were in limited places such as banks and
insurance companies. Bright green flickering screens provided
access to only the most vital customer information. You might
even remember having a computer like that on your desk, or on
your parents’ desk. But there was nothing personal about that
computer.
Companies put computing power into individual hands but
controlled and limited every conceivable interaction between
employees and computers. And let’s not forget that we’re talking
about 30 years ago. No technology was available to make desktop
computers anything more than a front end to a huge central
computer that was miles away.
When the first computers called personal computers came
on the scene in the late 1970s, the name really meant “not a
business computer.” Not only did businesses not see any use for
them, but they didn’t want anything to do with them and their
anarchy. Customizing the color of the screen and the sounds the
computer made was just silly. And writing your own programs to
make the computer do what you wanted it to do? “No, thank
you!”
It took some visionary people at three companies—IBM,
Microsoft, and Apple Computer—to see that a computer you or I
could really control—a truly personal computer—was exactly what
business had been waiting for. The sections that follow contain a
short timeline of the history of modern computing.
1940s
Some of the first automatic computers were built between 1939
and 1944 and were used as part of the code-breaking activities
during World War II. One of these computers was named ENIAC
(electronic numerical integrator and computer). ENIAC occupied
1000 square feet (about 93 square meters) of floor space,
weighed more than 60,000 pounds (27,000 kilograms), and
contained more than 18,000 vacuum tubes. Early computers such
as ENIAC used a variety of relays and mechanical switches to
perform various calculations. They had no memory function, so
they had to be reset by hand for each different program.

The Origin of “Debugging”

In the 1940s, computers tended to be housed in small buildings
with no air conditioning. In the evenings, the researchers would
open windows to cool the building and the computer. One evening
in the early 1940s, computer pioneer Grace Hopper spent quite a
bit of time locating and solving a problem that kept the computer
from running properly. A moth had been attracted to the heat and
lights of the computer and had flown in through the open window
and had become enmeshed between some of the moving
mechanical switches, causing errors. In fact, it became a regular
occurrence to get the bugs out of the computer each evening.
Some believe this is how the phrase “debugging” came into being
in the computer world.
1950s
The first transistors were patented in 1948. Transistors performed
the same function as vacuum tubes but were smaller and more
efficient. Transistors allowed computers to be smaller, use less
electricity, and generate less heat.
However, computers continued to use vacuum tubes until the late
1950s. In 1952, IBM’s Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator
was 25 by 40 feet in size and still used vacuum tubes. This
computer produced the moon position tables later used in 1969
by the Apollo flight to the moon.
In the late 1950s, IBM started producing its first transistorized
computer, the 7000 series. This type of computer was smaller and
faster than early versions but still huge by today’s standards.
1960s
The integrated circuit or silicon chip was invented in 1958 and
1959 by two independent researchers. A single chip could contain
the electronic circuitry of an entire computer, which created
another revolution in computer design. The 1960s brought
minicomputers, such as the DEC PDP 1 and the IBM System/360,
into more and more industries. In addition, research at the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in the
United States led to the creation of even smaller computers.
Computers no longer cost millions of U.S. dollars and no longer
required specialized environments.
1970s
In 1975, the Xerox Alto was the first prototype computer to
use a graphical user interface (GUI), by which symbols for
computer functions are provided instead of the user having to
type complete commands. This was also the first computer to use
a mouse as an input device. Even though this system was never
released to the public, it greatly influenced the development of
Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh operating systems.
The MITS Altair, the first computer to be called a personal
computer, also debuted in 1975. This was sold mainly as a kit
computer: a user had to assemble it before it could be used. The
computer used the Intel 8080 microprocessor chip, and even
though it came with limited input and output devices (there was
no keyboard or monitor), the computer was an immediate success
among hobbyists and computer enthusiasts.
Tandy Corporation (the parent company of Radio Shack)
introduced its first personal computer in 1977. It was a success
because it included a keyboard and a display (a CRT screen).
Working in a small garage, Steve Wozniak and Steven Jobs
designed and sold the Apple 1 computer to hobbyists. This
computer was successful enough for the founders of Apple
Computer to design the Apple II in 1977, which was a major
success. The Apple II offered expanded memory, disk-drive
programs, and color graphics.
 1980s
IBM released its first PC in 1981. This computer used
software called DOS (disk operating system) to control the
computer. While this computer did not use the latest and greatest
technology available, it was important because it proved that the
personal computer was more than a fad; it was going to be an
important part of every business.
In 1984, the Macintosh computer was introduced. This
computer had a GUI that made using the computer much easier
for the novice user. With the introduction of the LaserWriter
printer in 1985, Apple started a desktop publishing revolution.
The growth of the power of the personal computer continued
through the 1980s, until personal computers soon rivaled
minicomputers in speed and computational power.
1990s
Apple, IBM, Microsoft, and other companies continued to
produce and improve software that made computers easier to
use. In 1990, Microsoft released the Windows 3.0 operating
system, which marked a major change in how users worked with
their computers. It featured a GUI that was to become a favorite
of computer users.
2000s
It is now the early years of the new millennium, and
computers and Internet access are available to more people in the
world than ever before. Web services such as instant messaging
allow people all over the world to be able to have real-time
conversations with one another. Other web applications enable
people to conduct nearly all of their daily business and personal
tasks from their desktop. You can shop for and purchase just
about anything you want, you can read a newspaper or listen to
live radio broadcasts from scores of different countries, you can
manage all of your personal or business finances, or even plan
and book your next vacation—all from your computer. New
technologies such as the personal digital assistant (PDA) and the
tablet computer make it easy to take your computer with you and
have access to the Internet wherever you go. Satellite and cellular
telephone technology has improved so much that people in
remote areas can still place calls to friends, family, and colleagues
anywhere in the world.
 With more people on the Internet, more information is at
risk, and security has become an issue of even greater
importance Computer viruses can spread worldwide in just hours,
costing businesses and governments a great deal of time and
money in lost files and recovery efforts. Software and hardware
companies are coming up with new security software and patches
on a regular basis.

Future Developments in Computing

In 1965, Gordon Moore, a silicon chip researcher, predicted

that the power and speed of chips would effectively double every
2 years. He was fairly accurate; currently computers and chips are
doubling in their processing power every 18 months. And while
some scientists predict that computer technology will hit the
limits of conventional physics around 2010, research in quantum
physics and quantum computers may make processors smaller
and more powerful than anything previously conceived.
Computer components continue to become smaller, faster,
and cheaper. As this occurs, computers become more flexible and
are used in more and more functions. Common items, such as
televisions, telephones, and even ovens use chips to improve
their functionality. In the future, speech recognition, virtual reality,
and other possibilities will continue to expand the use of
computers.

ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMPUTERS

 Computers are usually classified according to their mode of
operation: analog, digital, or a combination of the two.
Analog Computers use some measurable quantity to represent
physically the calculation being carried out. They can
perform simulations, such as the outcome of a missile
launch or the effects of wind and rain on the flight of an
aircraft.

Digital Computers (such as the personal computer) contain 4

basic units: an input/out put device, an arithmetical
unit to perform basic math operations, a memory and a
control unit to interpret instructions and supervise
operations.

Applications of digital computers

• Forecasting
• Management
• Preparation

EARLY COMPUTING DEVICES

By nature, man keeps on thinking of better ways to do
things. One of the things man learned to do was to solve their
math problems. They started finding out means to make counting
easier.

1. The Abacus

About 4,000 years ago, the early Chinese invented a device

that could help people add and subtract large numbers.

They called it
ABACUS. It is made up of
beads that could move back
and forth on rods.
 Figure 1.1 The Abacus

2. The Pascaline

In 1600’s French mathematician

Blaise Pascal thought of a machine that
could add and subtract long columns of
numbers without making a mistake.
During that time, he was working as an
account for his father who was a judge.
Every time he made a mistake in counting
the money being paid to his father, he has
to start counting all over again. In 1641,
he invented a machine,
which he called
Pascaline, to make his
job easier. He finished
this in 1641.

Figure 1.2 The Pascaline

3. Leibnitz Calculator

Years later, a German mathematician named Gottfried

Leibnitz invented a calculator that could add, subtract, multiply,
and divide numbers. He called this
Leibnitz Calculator. It works
almost like the Pascaline, but it could
also find the square root of a
number.
 Figure 1.3 Gottfried Leibnitz

4. Jacquard’s Loom

In 1802, a man in France named Joseph-Marie Jacquard

started using punch cards in making patterns of clothe. He
invented an automatic weaving machine called JACQUARD’S
LOOM. It follows instructions from punch cards that are fed into
the loom to create patterns on cloth. We have learned from
Jacquard’s invention that instructions can be fed into the
machines just like telling the machine what to do.

Figure 1.4 Jacquard’s Loom

5. Analytical Engine

In 1883, an English mathematician

named Charles Babbage, came up with
the idea of making a machine that could do many jobs by itself.
He worked on a machine called “ANALYTICAL ENGINE” which
means “able to figure out something by itself”.

Lady Agusta Byron, at that time, was working on a list of

instructions for the machine to follow. It is now called the
computer program. She helped Charles Babbage to develop the
engine. To build the analytical engine
thousands of tiny parts had to be made
perfectly so it was never finished. Charles
Babbage became known as the “ Father of
Modern Computers” because of his great
idea.
Figure 1.5 Analytical Engine

6. Tabulating Machine

Census is the process of counting the

population in a certain country. During that
time, in the United States, there were no
available machines that could help the people
to gather data. The Bureau of Census took
eight (8) years to finish counting.

In 1887, an American statistician named Herman Hollerith

came up with a “TABULATING MACHINE”
that could do the recording, compiling, and
tabulating of data within weeks. The
tabulating machine also uses punch cards in
processing information.

Figure 1.7 Tabulating Machine

 BRIEF COMPUTER BASICS

A computer is basically a group of electronic devices

designed to process data according to a programmed instruction.
It works following the input process - out put system model.
The computer performs data processing operations automatically
such as recording, sorting, computing, classifying, summarizing,
storing, and communicating. A computer is dependent to man, it
cannot think, plan, evaluate or make decisions by itself.
The computer consists of the three major components,
namely: Input unit, Control unit and Output unit.

answer
solution
information
data

Characters

a. alphabet
numbers print
symbols magnetic tapes
cd / disk/thumb
Input Unit
information
drive
pictures
- is the component of the computer system that converts
source data into communication, the computer can
"understand" the process. It accepts, senses, reads or
feeds the data into the storage portion of the control-
processing unit.

Central Processing Unit

- (CPU) is the heart of the computer consisting of the three
major components, namely: (1) storage unit, (2) control
unit, (3) arithmetical/logic unit.
 The storage unit of the CPU is the file cabinet and memory
system of the computer. Sometimes called main or internal
storage, it receives and holds all computer programs that the
computer follows during the processing. Also, it holds the result
of processing until these results are released or printed as output.

Internal Memory

Read Only Memory (ROM)

This is a built-in memory that could not be
changed. It contains the permanent startup instructions for the
computer, and instructions that check the parts of the computer
to make sure everything is connected and working properly. ROM
chips are like a book, with its words already set on each page.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

This is a memory that has no fixed value.
Instructions or data can be temporarily stored in silicon RAM chips
that are mounted directly on the computers main circuit board or
in chips mounted on peripheral cards that into the computers
main circuit board. These RAM chips consist of up to a million
switches that are sensitive to changes in electronic current RAM
chips are like pieces of paper that can be written on, erased, and
used again.

The control unit of the CPU executes the stored programs.

It directs the computer to perform the processes required in the
program. It also takes care of inspecting the instructions and
accepting those that are in correct form and rejecting the
deviants. It also issues orders and guides the computer, direct
and coordinates the input and output units, transfer data to and
form storage, and control the arithmetic/logic unit.

The arithmetic/logic unit of the CPU carries out calculation

function such as adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing.
During processing, it monitors condition and changes the
sequence or made appropriate adjustments or actions when
necessary.

Output Unit

The output unit provides the end results of a computer job.

The output unit releases the answer, solution or information from
the storage unit in computer print, punched card, magnetic tape
or disks.

CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS

1. Microcomputers
- desktop- or notebook-size computing device that uses a
microprocessor as its central processing unit, or CPU (see
Computer). Microcomputers are also called personal
computers (PCs), home computers, small-business
computers, and micros. The smallest, most compact are
called laptops.

a. Personal
Computers
b. Lap – Top
Computers

c. Cash
Registers

2. Minicomputers
- mid-level computer built to perform complex
computations while dealing efficiently with a high level of
input and output from users connected via terminals.
Minicomputers also frequently connect to other
minicomputers on a network and distribute processing
among all the attached machines. Minicomputers are used
heavily in transaction-processing applications and as
interfaces between mainframe computer systems and wide
area networks.

2. Mainframes
-are large
computers, which
has the
combination of 2
or more Central
Processing Units.
- a high-level
computer
designed for the
most intensive
computational tasks. Mainframe computers are often
shared by multiple users connected to the computer via
terminals. The most powerful mainframes, called
supercomputers, perform highly complex and time-
consuming computations and are used heavily in both
pure and applied research by scientists, large businesses,
and the military.

INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE
AND HARDWARE

Software
 - It includes the input, control processing, and output units
of the computer.

- this includes the programs or instruction that direct the

hardware to perform data processing functions.

- is used to describe any program, application, routine, etc.

that is added to the computer to perform a particular
function. Software falls into a number of categories, such
as:

 Operating System
 Applications
 Utilities/Drivers
 Security System

Software is required to operate certain peripherals, that is, to

interpret commands so that the computer can communicate with
the device.
APPLICATIONS

-are the programs designed to perform those tasks that

make your computer truly useful. Applications packages fall
into a number of categories, such as:

 Desktop Publishing
 Word Processing
 Database Programs
 Spreadsheets
 Integrated Software
 Paint & Draw Programs
 Communications
 Multimedia Programs

TWO KINDS OF SOFTWARE

 1. System software - it directs and controls the
operation of the computer system. It essentially
programmed to activate the hardware to operate.
Examples: Windows 95, 98, 2000, Me, XP, Linux

2. Application software - directs the processing of

particular applications, such as "inventory control
system", "payroll system", etc.
Examples: MS Word, Power Point, Excel, Access,
Publisher, games, drivers, utilities, etc..

FUNCTIONS AND OPERATIONS OF HARDWARE

COMPUTER HARDWARE/PARTS:

1.) Monitor 11.) Digital Microphone

2.) Mouse 12.) Digital Camera
3.) AVR 13.) CD ROM Drive
4.) System Unit 14.) DVD ROM Drive
5.) Printer 15.) Headset
6.) UPS 16.) CD ROM Writer
7.) Keyboard 17.) DVD ROM Writer
8.) Scanner 18.) USB Thumb Drive/Flash
Disk
9.) Speaker System
 10.)MODEM
Hardware - refers to any tangible parts of the computer,
any physical components and phases installed.

Hardware Name Description

Display the data and

information.
1. Monitor Serves as the output unit of
the computer.

Serves as the heart and

brain of a computer.
Processes the
2. System Unit data and
information.

Similar to that
of a typewriter,
where you can enter
text and graphics.
3. Keyboard Serves as the input unit of
the computer.

Hardware Name Description

It is used to select objects

4. Mouse and buttons, serves as the
input unit of a computer.
 Prints the data and
information displayed on the
screen. Converts data and
information into a printed
5. Printer
form. Serves as the output
unit of a computer.

Functions like that of a

copier machine. It is used to
copy objects (extreme) to
5. Scanner the CPU of the computer,
serves as the input unit of
the computer.

Types of Scanner
This scanner relies on the
steadiness of a human
hand to accurately render
an image. This is generally
5.1 Hand-held scanner
less expensive because it
doesn’t require a
mechanism to move the
scan head or paper.
In this kind of scanner, the
page is stationary behind a
glass window while the
5.2 Flatbed scanner
head moves past the page;
similar to the way a copying
machine works.
In a sheet-fed scanner,
mechanical rollers move the
paper past the scan head. It
5.3 Sheet-fed scanner is captured more accurately
but is limited to scanning
single, ordinary- sized
sheets.
Hardware Name Description
 Maintains the supply
voltage to a specified
6. AVR - Automatic
power supply AC voltage to
Voltage Regulator
the computer.

Extends the power

7. UPS - Uninterrupted voltage from 1-15 minutes
Power Supply when power failure occurs.

A player/drive used for

8. CD ROM Drive - audio and video compact
Compact Disk Random disks.
On Memory

Produce audio
frequency or sound,
where music or
sound frequency is
8. Speaker System
being heard. Serves
as an output unit of
the computer.

Serves as the input and

9. MODEM- modulator output unit of the computer.
and a demodulator Processes International
networking.

Types of MODEM
Type of MODEM, which is
9.1 Internal MODEM connected inside the
computer motherboard.

Type of MODEM, which

9.2 External MODEM connected outside the
computer.
10. Digital Microphone Converts electrical energy
into a mechanical energy
that produce audio
frequency. It serves as the
 input unit of the computer.

Converts light into a video

frequency.
Serves as the input unit of
the computer for video
11. Digital Web Camera frequency.

Hardware Name Description

A combination of a
headphone and a digital
microphone. It serves as the
12. Headset input and out put unit of the
computer for audio
frequency.

Compact Disk Read Only

Memory Writer Drive. Able
13. CD ROM Writer to write video, data and
music to the CD write able
disk.

Digital Video Disk Read

Only Memory Drive. Able to
14. DVD ROM Drive
read video, data and music
to DVD disk.

Digital Video Disk Read

Only Memory Drive. Able to
15. DVD ROM Writer
write video, data and music
to DVD write able disk.

- storage device which uses

USB port. The memory
16. USB Thumb Drive
capacity ranges form 128
MB – 2 GB.
 Joysticks consist of a single
post fixed at the base like a
stick shift that can move in all
directions. The newest
controllers include vibration;
17. Joystick when something happens on-
screen, the controller vibrates
and you feel the jolts and
motions of the game you are
playing.

3.0 INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING

SYSTEM (OS)
INTRODUCTION

An Operating System is required to manage the computer

and enable it to communicate with peripherals such as monitor,
keyboard, mouse or printer; and to control the flow of commands
and data to and from programs or applications.

The predominant operating system in use today is MS-DOS,

or Microsoft-Disk Operating System, commonly referred to as
DOS. There are, in addition, other versions of DOS that generally
function with the same software applications as MS-DOS.

What is DOS?

DOS – is an acronym, which stands for Disk Operating

System. This from the different versions such as 2.0, 3.0, 4.0,
5.0, 6.0, 6.2 and 7.0. This system consumes only around 250 kb,
which is easily stored even in low density diskette. Most
computers during this time don’t have hard disk drive. The
manner of booting up the computer is by means of loading the
diskette to the disk drive. Although some company are using hard
disk drive.
 During the year where Windows 3.11 was introduced, most
computers uses hard disk because of the bigger capacity
programs which cannot be stored in an on both Low and High
density diskettes. Although this program (Windows 3.11) are
being run by DOS.

Due to the rapid change in science and technology, Windows

3.11 were upgraded to the latest versions (Windows 98, Windows
200) and application software’s were upgraded from 6.0 and the
latest 8.0 (one of the software’s package of Microsoft Office 97,
MSO 2000), which could not be run anymore by DOS program.

Two Types of DOS Commands

1. Internal DOS Commands – are those commands

that stored internally in computer’s memory. These
commands can be activated (access) after the
loading of DOS, or the DOS prompt (A>,C>) is
already displayed in the screen.

Examples of these commands are:

a. Time
b. Date
c. Ver (Version)
d. Del (Delete)
e. CLS (Clear Screen)
f. DIR (Directory)
g. CD (Change Directory)
h. MD (Make Directory)
i. RD (Remove Directory)
j. Ren (Rename)
k. Copy

2. External DOS Commands – are those commands

that are being stored in the diskette or hard disk
 drive. These commands can be activated (access)
only if the said programs are stored in the specific
path/directory of the diskette or hard disk drive.

Examples of these commands are:

a. Format
b. Unformat
c. Disk Copy
d. Xcopy
e. Undelete
f. Attrib
g. Fdisk
h. Compress

TO REBOOT/RESTART THE COMPUTER

If the computer does not responding quickly, a “THREE-
FINGER” approach is needed. This key command will
reboot/restart your computer by pressing the three keys
simultaneously 2-3 times or more. The following steps
are recommended:

1. Press the keys “CTRL + ALT + Delete” and press it 2-

3 times or more.
2. Another way is to do the same procedure by pressing
only once and using the mouse click “END TASK”
command.
3. The Operating System will automatically reload the
programs installed.
TO EXIT SOFTWARE PROPERLY
While on the program, save your work before closing it.
The following steps are recommended:

1. Click to “File Menu” then select “CLOSE”

command. Your document will close and the
blank program will remain.
 2. Click again to “File Menu” then select “EXIT”
command. The program will close and it will
go back to your desktop.
3. Click direct to “X” close button.

TO SHUT DOWN PROPERLY THE COMPUTER

While on your desktop, you should shut properly the
computer before it will be switch OFF. The following
steps are recommended:
1. At the bottom of your desktop, click “START” button.
2. Select “SHUT DOWN” command. A dialog box will
open, says, “What do you want your computer to
do?”
3. Click “SHUT DOWN” command.
4. Then click “OK” button. The computer will
automatically close.
5. Before switching it “OFF”, you must see the
instruction “IT IS NOW SAFE TO TURN OFF YOUR
COMPUTER”. Then switch “OFF” the CPU, monitor,
and the AVR, and unplug it.

PICTORIAL VIEW OF KEYBOARD AND KEY FUNCTIONS

Parts of the Keyboard:

Pictorial View Parts Description

This part has similar to a

typewriter that allows the
1. Alphanumeric user to encode letters,
Keypad numbers and punctuations.

2. Numeric Keypad - It is found at the right side

of the keyboard. It has a
set of keys numbered from
zero to nine (0-9) and
several mathematical keys
labeled (+, -, *, and /). The
keys are arranged with that
of a calculator. This can be
used in three ways: cursor
movement, editing and
calculating.
3. Cursor Keys
These are the keys with
arrows pointing up, down,
left and right, as well as
keys labeled PageUp,
PageDown, Home, End,
Insert and Delete. These
keys control the movement
of the cursor.

4. Function keys
They are found at the
upper part of the keyboard.
They perform special
functions on different
programs. They are
composed of the following
keys: ESC, F1 up to F12,
Print Screen, Scroll Lock
and Pause or Break.
5. Special Keys

5.1 Escape Key - This key is used to exit

programs quickly. It is one
of the Function Keys and
you will find it on the upper
left part of the keyboard.

5.2 Caps Lock Key - This key is a part of the

Alphanumeric Keys. When
you press this key, all the
letters that you typed will be
displayed in Uppercase
letters. You know that this
key is active if the Caps
Lock light is on.
5.3 Shift Key - When encoding letters,
they appear on the screen
in small letters (lowercase).
When you press a letter
while holding down SHIFT,
the key appears on the
screen as an uppercase
letter.
5.4 CTRL and ALT
Keys
- These keys are called
combination keys because
the only function when
combined with other keys.

5.5 Enter Key

- Pressing this key allows
the computer to execute the
command you have given.

5.6 Backspace Key

- Pressing this key will
erase the character on the
left side of the cursor one
by one.
 5.7 Status Lights - The status light can be
found at the upper right
corner of the keyboard. It
indicates whether the Num
Lock, Caps Lock or the
Scroll lock is activated or
not.

ACTIVITIES ON KEYBOARD

Draw the following parts of the Keyboard.

Activity # 1
NUMERIC KEYPAD
Steps:
1. Secure the needed materials.
2. Make borderlines on the top, bottom, left and right
margins.
3. Draw the Numeric Keypad of the keyboard.

Activity # 2
CURSOR KEYS
Steps:
1. Secure the needed materials.
2. Make borderlines on the top, bottom, left and right
margins.
3. Draw the Arrow Keys of the keyboard

Activity # 3
SPECIAL KEYS
Steps:
1. Secure the needed materials.
2. Make borderlines on the top, bottom, left and right
margins.
3. Draw the Special Keys of the keyboard
 Activity # 4
FUNCTION KEYS
Steps:
1. Secure the needed materials.
2. Make borderlines on the top, bottom, left and right
margins.
3. Draw the Function Keys of the keyboard

Activity # 5
ALPHANUMERIC KEYS
Steps:
1. Secure the needed materials.
2. Make borderlines on the top, bottom, left and right
margins.
3. Draw the Arrow Keys of the keyboard

Type of Disks/Storage Devices

1. Disk Pack (5.22 inch)

2. Floppy Disk
3. Micro Disk
4. Hard Disk
5. Flash Disk

Micro Disk/ Compact Disk

 Floppy Disk 1.44 Mb
3 1/2 inch disk

Hard Disk/Fixed Disk

Thumb Drive/Flash Disk

PRECAUTIONS AND STEPS IN TURNING ON

AND OFF A COMPUTER UNIT

EXERCISE #1

1. Plug the AVR power supply.

2. Switch On the power switch of the AVR.
3. Switch On the CPU power switch and monitor.
4. Wait for a few seconds for the computer to load the
programs.
5. Enter the password (if it has, if none no need).
6. Point the pointer to Start Menu and click once.
7. Point and select to Microsoft Word and click to open a
document.
8. Type your characters and save if necessary. If not, on the
dialog box click NO option.
9. After saving one file, always close the first file or minimize
it to open again another file or program.
10.Always close files after using the computer before going
to exit.
 11.Do not use second hand 31/2 floppy disk, it may possess
virus from other computer.
12. After using the computer, always Shut Down the
computer for safety measures.

Proper Care of Diskettes

1. Always keep diskettes in their cases when not in use.

2. Never touch the holes of the disks.
4. Don’t bend them.
5. Keep them away from magnets, liquids and dust.
6. Never remove disks from drive when the light is on.
7. Store them in room temperature.
8. Always scan diskettes to protect them from viruses.

APPLICATION OF COMPUTER IN EDUCATION

The most important applications of computer in

education are:

1. Computer - Assisted Instruction (CAI)

Using the program - instruction format, it has a

capability to interact with the student which is a very critical
factor in the learning process. The computer can store many
instructional modules and can provide a display feature that
makes learning interesting. The CAI is a very effective in
three types of lesson, namely: (1) drill-and -practice; (2)
tutorial; and (3) simulation.

2. Computer - Managed Instruction (CMI)

Another important application of computers in the

instructional process is to help evaluate the effectiveness of
CAI instruction. Thus, through, testing and recording
students performance, determining effective learning
process and providing feedback are made possible.

HOW TO HANDLE A MOUSE?

PARTS OF THE MOUSE

1. Left button – the primary used button
2. Right button – secondary used button. It is used
for short cut command.

Mouse Action
 1. Single click --- primary command. (Left and right button)
2. Double click --- short cut command. (Left button only)

Note: A pointer finger must operate left button.

A tall man finger must operate right button.

NAVIGATING A MOUSE

1. Practice handling a mouse by dragging it.

2. Practice handling a mouse by clicking the buttons left or
right button.
3. Making a circle going to the left or to the right.

EXERCISE # 2

Playing a Game. (Solitaire)

Steps:
1. Click Start menu, point programs and select
accessories where you can find the games.
2. Click Solitaire game. This serves as a practice on
how to handle a mouse, controlling directions,
navigating, and proper use of fingers in clicking
buttons either right or left button.
3. Master correct handling of a mouse before working
with windows.
 DESKTOP PUBLISHING

Desktop Publishing programs are designed to prepare

copy for space ads, flyers, publications, and the like. These
programs are extremely flexible in their provisions for laying out a
page, such as for headlines, placements of marginal heads,
creation of columns, etc. Most offer relative ease to flow through
a document; support a variety of text fonts, sizes and styles; and
may even permit the rotation of headlines or graphics. Graphics
can be imported, scaled, cropped, and, in some cases, edited
from within a document. The programs provide for the creation
of headers and footers such as running heads, graphics, or folios
that appear on every page.

Most desktop publishing features are focused on graphics,

however, and are not designed to set and edit text nearly as well
as word processing program which is why this book was prepared
using the latter. A high-end desktop publishing program can do
marvelous things, but our experience has been that we don’t
need most of them, and the difficulty in learning to use the
program seems to be in direct proportion to the price.

Programs used:

 Microsoft Office Publisher

 Print Artist 4.0
  MS WORD

Working with Windows 98/ME/2000 and XP

In this lesson, you’ll start become familiar with
Microsoft Windows 98/ME/2000/XP and you’ll be
introduced to the basic tools you need to manage
your work in Windows 98/ME/2000 and XP. This
includes understanding the different elements you
see on the screen and using the mouse to control
the computer.

When you look at the Widows 98 screen for the

first time, you see s few items displayed, such as
the My Computer Icon, Recycle Bin Icon in the
upper left corner. Another name for your Windows
98/ME/2000 and XP screen is the Desktop. (Note:
There are many different Windows 98/ME/2000/XP
screen or Desktop design that may look similar to
this one, especially the Icons:)

Wall Paper

Icon

Window
 Time & Date
Start Button

Taskbar
Windows XP Screen

Windows 98/ME/2000 and XP is a sophisticated

tool that can perform work on the computer. As
the user of this tool you can control the way it
operates. You specify the kind of work you want to
do, and you want it done, by choosing commands
from the menu. Windows 98/ME/2000 and XP
provides variety of menus you can choose and
perform different tasks. The most frequently used
menu is the START menu. When you have
particular tasks in mind that you want to
accomplish with your computer, you begin by
clicking the START button. This tells Windows
98/ME/2000 and XP to start working.

When you click the START button, the Start menu

presents a list of commands from which you can
choose. From here you choose a command that
indicates the direction you want to start doing
your work. This might be to run a program, open a
document, write an electronic mail, find files,
change the setting of the computer, play a game,
or any other activities.

A window is a rectangular, bordered element on

the screen. You can have multiple windows open
at the same time on your Desktop, with each
window running a different program or displaying
a different document.

The rectangular bar that runs horizontally across

the bottom of your screen is called the Taskbar.
That task bar includes the Start button, which is
the starting point for your work on the computer.
The taskbar also show the current time. When you
start working, you’ll see other items listed on the
task bar. These items show you the names of the
windows currently open on your Desktop.

The name pictures along the side of your screen

are icons. Icons graphically represent items you
use in your work or play in Windows 98/ME/2000
and XP. For example, the computer icon
represents all the programs, documents, and other
resources available to your computer system.
(Note: Icon comes in different design from ball cap
to computer, and some animal symbols or some
other sorts of graphical symbol.)

A menu is a list commands that appears on your

Desktop. For example, when you click the Start
button on the Desktop, the Start menu appears. A
command is an order you can give to the
computer. You choose a command to start an
activity, such as running a program, opening a
document, or closing a file. Menus organize
commands into categorized groups. For example,
commands that you use to start a program are on
the Programs menu. Commands that you use to
control files are on the File menu. The following
illustration shows the Start menu.