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Vahem-Andhashradhha Khandan
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: 31du ApL$V$pbf 2010

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Apr\L$ klepNL$[p
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(f)
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1.1. L$pfZ_u khp`qf[p
1.2. cpf[dp fi_prgTd_p Br[lpk
1.3. NyS>fp[dp fi_prgTd
1.4. fi_prgTd : epep A_ rhcph_p
1
3
11
12
15
18
20
(2) p, Ap A_ A^p
29
(3)
_r[L$[p A_ ^d
37
(4)
_pq[L$[p A_ ^d
(5)
gpc A_ ce Ap^pqf[ ^dQpf

5.1 Ar_$_u ApiL$p
49
57
59
(6)
L$dehpr^L$pf[ dp agjy L$]$pQ_

6.1. kpfp L$ Mfpb L$dp_p c]$
63
63
(7)
QdL$pf : R>[f`vX$u_p èpe

L$V$gpL$ gpL$re QdL$pqfL$ `yfyjp_p D]$plfZ
7.1$. Mfpmy bp`y
7.2. ûffi bQpfu bpbp
7.3. k]$pQpfu bpbp
7.4. fpV$u bpbp
71
83
83
84
84
86
7.5.
7.6.
7.7.
7.8.
(8)
Np]$X$uAp bpbp
Npmbpbp
dp[pgdp[p
ke kpBbpbp
87
87
88
89
hld : iyL$_-AìyL$_, iyc- Aiyc_p A^pZ

8.1 iyL$_-AìyL$_
8.1.1. pZuAp kp\ X$pegp
8.1.2. `nuAp kp\ X$pegp
8.1.3. d_yep kp\ X$pegp
8.1.4. q$epAp kp\ X$pegp
8.1.5. h[yAp kp\ X$pegp
8.2 iyc-Aiyc
8.2.1. hpf kp\ X$pegp
8.2.2. r[r\Ap kp\ X$pegp
8.2.3. QpOqX$ep kp\ X$pegp
8.2.4. dyl}[ kp\ X$pegp
8.2.5 _bfp A_ ApL$X$pAp kp\
X$pegp
8.2.6. h[yAp kp\ X$pegp
8.2.7. fNp kp\ X$pegp
8.2.8. TpX$-`p_ kp\ X$pegp
8.3 hld _ L$pY$u iL$hp_p L$pfZp
8.3.1. `lgp_p A_ych_ gu^
8.3.2. hX$ugp_p A_yL$fZ_ gu^
8.3.3. hX$ugp_ _pfpS> L$fhp_u
gpQpfu L$ cufy[p_ gu^
vi
91
92
92
91
92
93
93
94
94
94
94
94
95
95
96
97
97
97
97
97
8.3.4. L$pe kam \pe [_u gpgQ

8.3.5. L$pedp r_am[p dmhp_u
cuq[_ L$pfZ
8.3.6. kfm gpN[p S|>_p Qug
Qpep L$fhp_u S>X$[p_ gu^
8.3.7. _hp Qugp `pX$hp_u _prld[_
L$pfZ
8.3.8. bpm`Zdp `pX$hpdp Aphg
kL$pf_ L$pfZ
8.3.9. Ly$Vy$b_p $qY$Qy[ DR>f_ L$pfZ
8.3.10. ^prdL$ kL$pf A_ h^y [p
A^p_ L$pfZ
8.3.11. b^p dp_ R> dpV$
8.3.12. op_-rhop__u rhrh^
ipMpAp_p Aop__ gu^
8.3.13. byq A_ [L$iqL$[_u EZ` ep
[_p Acph_ L$pfZ
(9)
Bf_y As[h - A_s[h

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9.1. Bf M|b Ly$im b^L$ A_ kq$_p
r_epdL$ R>
9.2. Bf khiqL$[dp_ R>
9.3. Bf khep`L$ R>
9.4. Bf L$fyZpkpNf A_ ]$epmy R>
9.`. Bf A[epdu R>
9.6. Bf OV$OV$dp A_ khdp R>
vii
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
99
99
101
104
104
104
105
105
105
9.7. Bf fiepeu R>

9.8. Bf b^p_y `pg_-`pjZ L$f R>
9.9. Bf `|Z R>
9.10.Bf_u BR>p hNf `p]$Xy$A lpg[y _\u
9.11.kr$`f ^d_u gpq_ \pe epf Bf
Ah[pf g R>
106
106
107
107
(10) hN-_fL$
10.1 hN A_ _fL$_u L$`_p L$hu fu[ Aphu ?
10.2 hN_u pr dey `R>u
10.3 ^d_p W$L$]$pfp pfp jX$e_p AMpX$p
10.4 `p]$fu gpL$p `Z hN_p W$L$]$pfp
109
109
110
112
113
(11) ]$h-]$huAp
11.1 iu[mp dp[p, brmep bp`
11.2 cp\u dlpfpS>
11.2.1 _pN-L$pbp
11.2.2 L$pmp[fp-$BV$
11.2.3 rQ[mp-fkk hpB`f
11.2.4 azfkp-kpL$X$ hpB`f
11.3 k[pjudp
11.4 ke_pfpeZ cNhp_
11.` u gdu
11.6 u kfh[u ]$hu
125
125
127
129
130
130
130
132
132
133
134
(1f) c|`-[
137
(13) d|W$-QpV$, dgu rhp, d-[
145
viii
(14) Ly$X$mu_p L$fL[|[
151
(15) fpri, ir_, dNm : amS>epr[j ^t[N

15.1 fpqi
15.2 ir__u Nl_u `_p[u
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15.4 dyl|[
15.5 l[fMpAp
15.6 ApL$X$pip
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16.1 p_p hopr_L$ Ap^pf b[ph_pf
crd[
16.2 A[qfndp V$`pg eh\p
16.3 p : khpgp_p Ofphpdp
162
162
166
168
171
173
174
175
178
180
184
189
(17) L$d_p rkp[

(18) L$dam_p cpdL$ A_ Ar_$ rkp[
$_$ rkp[
(19) Npeu d-[qjeL$ cd A_ ke
19.1 d` : b^p L$$ kpa
19.2 Npeu_p A\
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19.4 Npeu d Aiy
(20) Nyfy cpdL$, Nyfy$ rhL$[, Nyfy$ k]$p dlpipjL$
20.1 Nyfy$ b_hp dpV$_u gpeL$p[
ix
196
205
206
208
210
213
20.2 Nyfy$_p gbpk: `lgp_p A_ Ap^yr_L$

20.3 ^dNyfy$Ap_p Qpf
20.4 Nyfy$_u dlp
(21) bQe
21.1 MpV$u dpfie[pAp
21.1.1 bQe_p `pg_\u iqL$[
A_ bm h^ R>
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ifufdp `Qu \pe R>
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21.1.9 L$pB hmu bQe_u kp\
QdL$pqfL$ iqL$[Ap_ X$ R>
221
222
x
223
224
226
237
246
247
248
249
249
249
250
250
251
251
21.2 Z `L$pf_p bQpfuAp

21.2.1 MpV$u dpfie[pAp A_
L$lhp[p kL$pf_p cph
lW$m_p bQpfuAp
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r_bm[phpmp bQpfuAp
21.2.3 [uehr_y EhwL$fZ
L$f_pf bQpfuAp
251
(22) `yZp cpf[ue kL$r[_y AL$ rhL$[ hgZ
257
251
252
253
(23) dpV$u hphX$u_y dpVy$ ^t[N

267
23.1 ApM kpd c afhu_ dpr[ep L$pY$hp_y [|[ 267
(27)
(24) NZ`r[_u d|r[_ ]|$^ `pey !

24.1 hplu ipjphp_u L$V$guL$ iL$e[pAp
273
282
(25) L$pdu kOjp : ArcNd b]$guA

25.1 kOjp \hp_p L$pfZp
25.2 kOjp r_hpfZ_p D`pep
26.2.1 lNpdu D`pep
26.2.2 L$pedu D`pep
(26) hld A_ A^p-d_prhop__u r$A
A^p-iuMgu V$h
26.1 A^p A_ L$peL$pfZ_p kb^
26.1.1 pZuApdp A^p
26.1.2 r$dp c|gp
26.1.3 A^p A_ cd
285
286
290
291
292
(28)
(29)
(30)
xi
299
300
301
303
304
(31)
(32)
(33)
26.1.4 A^p Apdp A_

`y_S>fid
26.1.5 A^p A_ ]y$
26.1.6 A^p A_ MpV$u dpfie[p
26.1.7 A^p_p kpf
26.2 A^p L$hu fu[ ]|$f \pe
26.2.1 r_fnf[p r_hpfZ
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26.2.3. kpdprS>L$-Apr\L$
kdq ep kyfnp
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27.1 ]y$L$p_]$pfu Qpg[u fl
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dp_hkrS>[ dp[p A_ [_p h[
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31.1 ip afL$ `X$ R>?
31.2 ^d : A_ [p
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31.5 Bf-dpZk `pg`pg
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33.1 `X$L$pf Tug_pf dpV$ `pmhp_u if[p
xii
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306
308
308
309
310
310
310
313
314
316
321
327
335
342
342
343
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345
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348
350
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A^pmy T_|_u gpL$p_p lzdgp_p ce_ L$pfZ d|Np b_u fp R>
A\hp Np m Np m k q ]$ ^ r_h ] $ _ p L$ f u `p [ p_u [ bQphu,
r_r$e fp R>. S> dlp`yfyjp [fa\u Aby^ S>_kd|l_ ]$pfhZu
dmhu BA [d_p pfp [_ NfdpN ]$pfhpdp Apep R>. S>ep
fp $ dy M , hX$ p ^p_, Nh_ f p , kfL$ p fu DQ Adg]$ p fp ,
Ly$g`r[Ap, pakfp, `L$pfp `p[ A^pmy lpe ep [d_u
`pk\u A^p rhfy_p Elp`pl ep kOj_u Apip-A`np iu
fu[ fpMu iL$pe ? [Ap `p[ QdL$pqfL$ NyfyAp_p `N `X$u [d_u
`pk \ u, `p [ p_p DL$ j dpV $ , L $ ` p_u cuM dpN[p lp e R> ;
amS>epr[juAp `pk `p[p_y crhe Zhp dpV$ ApV$pafp L$f[p
lpe R>; rk ]$h-]$huAp_p dq]$fp_u ]$i_`|Z eppAp L$f[p
lpe R>. [Ap Nmpdp [-drk^ ]$pfp, dp]$rmep, dpmpAp
^pfZ L$f R>; iyL$_-AìyL$_ B `p[p_y AN[ L$ lf khp_y
L$ p d L$ f R> . Aphp hl d u, A ^ pmy L$ p ef A_ L $ h m hp\w
dlp_y c php ^prd L $ , fpS>Lu$ e , kpdprS>L$ , Apr\ L $ , kprlreL$ ,
`L$pfh_ n `p[p_y AX$N hQk S>dphu bW$p R>. [Ap `p[p_p
hp\ kp^ R> A_ gpL$p_ Nydfpl L$f[p fl R>.
g M L $ [ d _p rhrh^ g M p d p k N p ` p hl d u A_
hld-A^p MX$_
A^pmy gpL$p_u kp\pkp\ [d_p S>hp S> hldu A_ A^pmy

_ [ pAp _ u A_ k r ]$ ^ bp s L$ p _ u `Z V$ u L$ p L$ f u R> . ^prd L $ fpS>Lu$e-kdprS>L$ n_p _[pAp gpL$p_u A^p_p, `p[p_p
hp\ rk L$fhp dpV$, L$hp Nfgpc DW$ph R> [ [dZ, ]$pMgp]$gugp-Ah[fZp-rhQpfL$p_p d[ep kp\, ]$ipey R>. ^prdL$
A ^ p_p kp \ u dp V $ p cp N Aby ^ Aop_ N[p_y N r[L$
blzS>_kdpS> b_ R> [ ]y$:M]$ lL$uL$[ r[ [dZ hM[phM[ ep_
]$ p e y R> . h[y [ :, ^prd L $ - fpS>Lu$ e -kpdprS>L$ hp\w _ [ pAp _
gpL$epù hld A_ A^p L$hp ape]$pL$pfL$ R>; gpL$p_y ipjZ
L$ f hpdp [ d _ [ L $ h p D`L$ p fL$ \pe R> ; hl d A_ A ^ p_p
kS>_-`kpf-kfnZdp [d_p en A_ `fpn L$hp apmp R>, [
[dZ `$ ]$ipey R>.
e L $ hl d A_ A ^ p_p D] $ N d A_ rhL$ p kdp
^dipp A_ ^dNyfyAp_p apmp, hld-A^p_ gB Aby^
S>_p_p [_-d_-^__u \[u Myhpfu, ^d^yf^fp A_ `yfprl[hN_
[ \ u \[p ape]$ p , fpS>L$ u e-kdprS>L$ - Apr\ L $ n _p _ [ pAp _ y
^prd L $ `y f p r l[p kp\ _ y Ae NW$ b ^ _, ^prd L $ - fpS>Lu$ e Apr\L$ n_p _[pAp_u gpL$ipjZ_u hrdp rdgucN[ A_
cpNu]$pfu, AMbpfp A_ `L$pfp_y ipjL$hN_ dm[y en$`fp n kd\ _ , Aby ^ blz S >_kdpS>_u Apr\ L $ - fpS>L$ u ekpdprS>L$ AL$g[p-hfrhMf[p-gpQpfu hNf rhi `y[L$dp_p
g M p d p rhN[hpf r_$ ` Z \ey R> . Bf_y A_s[h, L$ d _ p
rkp[, Npeu d AN_u cpdL$[p, amS>epr[j ^t[N, rhL$[
Nyfy S>hp A$Y$ A_ $psfi[L$pfu rhQpfp fS|> L$f[p gMp L$]$pQ L$pB
dy ^ cphL$ - hpQL$ _ QdL$ p h - Qp L $ p h `Z Mfp! `f [ y kd\ L $
]$pMgp-Ah[fZ-tQ[L$p_p d[ep-[L$b^ ]$gugpeyL$[ rhjer_$`Z [d_ rhQpf L$f[p `Z L$fu d|L$i.
hld-A^p MX$_
g M L$ _ p Ap Aepkg M p hl d -A ^ pN [ gp L $ p _ p
L$epZ_ [pL$ R>, ^d_ _pd \[p [d_p ipjZ\u [d_ hpL$a L$fhp
BR> R>. [dp_p L$pB $qY$Qy[_ L$iyL$ ApOp[L$ gpN [ b_hpN
R>. `f[y gML$_p Apie L$pB_ AL$pfZ ApOp[ `lpQpX$hp_p _\u.
[Ap dp_hdu-dp_h[php]$u eqL$[ R>. kpdpfie dp_hu_y rl[
[d_y ge R>. gpL$p [d_p ipjL$p_ ApmM, [d_y ipjZ L$f[u
fu[-fkdp_ Z, ^d_ _pd \[p A^d_ kdS>, rirn[ A_
kdS>]$pf gpL$p ^d-fpS>L$pfZ-A\L$pfZ n_p Q[yf-QbfpL$
ipjL$p_p r[fL$pf L$f A_ iprj[ ]$u_-]y$:Mu_p `yfL$pf L$f [hp
[d_p gMp_p L$fih[w k|f R>. A_ A k|f Nd [hp R>. `f[y L$epfL$
ApheL$[p A_ykpf [Ap bfR>V$ A_ L$W$pf `Z b_ R>. iprj[p_p
`n dpV$ A_ ipjL$p_p rhfp^ dpV$ [d \hy Ar_hpe R>. gML$_p
[dp L$ip AN[ hp\ _\u; A_ hp\ lpe [p [ iprj[p_
ip j L$ p _ p gp M X $ u ` dp \ u R>p X $ p hhp_p R> . hjp \ u [ A p Ap
q]$ipdp L$pef[ R>. [ dpV$ [dZ [_-d_-^__p OZp cpN Apep
R>. dlpbmhp_ ^prdL$-fpS>L$ue-Apr\L$ \pr`[rl[p rhfy^
A_ [d_p ipjZ_p cpN b_[p iprj[ blzS>_kdpS>_ `n,
[ A p k[[ h_p M d , g M _-hQ_-hp[p g p`-k h p]$ rhhp]$ pfp Arhf[ gX$[p fp R>. [qjeL$ `ys[L$pAp A_ ]$m]$pf
N\ [dZ blz S|>S> qL$d[ gpL$p `pk `lpQpX$ep R>. hld A_
A^p AN [dZ gpL$p_ N[ A_ rhQpf L$f[p L$ep R>. [d_p
[L$b^, kd\L$ D]$plfZ-Ah[fZeyL[, rhQpfpS>L$ gMpZp
A$Y$, _hu_, QpL$ph_pfp ]$Mp[p R>[p hp[rhL$ A_ [ur[L$f
gpN R>.
[d_p gMp MfMf AepkgMp R>. [dp rhhe rhje_y
kpNp`pN r_$`Z L$fhp_p [d_p D`$d R>; A_ [ kam \ep R>.
hl d A_ A ^ p_p D] $ N d A_ rhL$ p k L$ p Z , L$ e pf , L$ e p
L$pfZkf L$ep [_y [dp rhN[hpf krh[f [gìw r_$`Z \ey
R> ; A r [lprkL$ c| r dL$ p kp\ [ d p $ d b^ Apg M _ \ey R> .

rhje_ gN[p [dpd dy p N c uf[p`| h L $ QQp e p R> . g M p _ u
cpjp-igu kfm kuû R>[p kQpV$ R>. kNp`p [dp eNL$V$pn `Z epep R>. [\u Ncuf QQp-rhQpfZpdp L$BL$ lmhpi
Aphu R> . bp g Qpg_u h [ cpjp [ d p ep B R> , R>[p ri$
cpjp_y `p [ S>mhpey R> . klS[p A_ hpcprhL$ [ p kh
A_y c hpe R> , `p q X$ e]$ i _ , ApX$ b f, i]$ p my [ p, rhjep [ f,
L$[L$[p\u [ kh\p dyL$[ R>. S> [ rhje_y r_$`Z khpNuZ, rhi]$,
rhQpfpS>L$ bfiey R>. gpL$rl[_y S> [dp `fd A_ Qfd ge fy
R>.
g M L $ Ap "hl d -A ^ p M X $ _ ' `y [L$ pfp Aby ^
S>_[p_u cpf dpV$u khp L$fu R>. [ dpV$ [dZ [_-d_-^__p OZp
cpN Apep R>. [d_u Aphu r_:hp\eyL$[ gpL$rl[gnu hr
dpV$ [Ap ^fiehp]$_ `p R>.
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
hpQL$ p `| h N l dy L $ [ b_u, h\ rQ , hl d -A ^ p
rhfy^_p Ap b^p gMp hpQi-rhQpfi A_ hld-A^pdp\u
dyL$[ \hp dpV$ e_iug \i, [p [d_ Ahe gpc \i; OZu
lpr_L$f bpb[pdp\u [Ap ENfu S>i; `p[p_p [_-d_-^__u
bfbp]$u \[u fpL$u iL$i.
[p. 15-1-2009
iMX$u
[p.`p.`V$gp]$-388450
rS>. ApZ]$.
-S>ih[ iMX$uhpmp
r_h pakf A_ Aen
A_y_p[L$ NyS>fp[u rhcpN,
Ak.ù.eyr_hrkV$u,
hc rhp_Nf.
5|MP HXJ\T X[B0LJF/F

U] H ZFTL ;FlCtIGF JT" D FG T[ H :JL lJJ[ R SMDF\ H[ D G] \ GFD
T8:Y4 DF{l,S4 lGEL"S4 AC]z]T lJJ[RSvDLDF\;S~5[ ,[JFI K[ T[JF 5|MP HXJ\T
X[B0LJF/FG]\ D}/ GFD HXEF. Dl6EF. 58[, K[P #4 H],F. !)#!GF
ZMH4 VF6\ N lH<,FGF4 5[ 8 ,FN TF,] S FGF4 GFGS0F UFD X[ B 0LDF\ 4
lCgN] v ,[ p VF 58[ , 7FlTDF\ HgD[ , F HXJ\ T X[ B 0LJF/FV[ 5| F YlDS
lX6 X[ B 0LDF\ VG[ DFwIlDS lX6 5[ 8 ,FNDF\ ,LW] \ CT] \ prR
lX6 J0MNZFGL V[ D PV[ ; PI] l GJl;" 8 LDF\ D[ / jI] \ CT] \ P U] H ZFTL D] b I
VG[ .lTCF; UF{6 lJI ;FY[ T[VM ALPV[PGL 5ZLFDF\ 5|YD JU"DF\
pL6" YIF CTFP V[DPV[PGL 5NJL T[D6[ U]HZFTL D]bI VG[ EFP5|FP;\:SlT
5]ZFTJlJnF UF{6 lJI ;FY[ ALHF JU"DF\ 5|F%T SZL CTLP ZFQ8=EFF
5|RFZ ;lDlT4 JWF" FZF ,[JFTL lCgNL EFF ;FlCtI SF{X<IGL SMlJN
S;M8LDF\ T[ V M 5[ 8 ,FN S[ g DF\ 5| Y D :YFG[ ZCL prR ALHF JU" D F\
5F; YIF CTFP
jIJ;FI[ T[VM VFJG VwIF5S ZF K[P ;ZNFZ 58[, I]lGJl;"8LGF
VG]:GFTS U]HZFTL lJEFUDF\ .P;P !)5) YL .P;P !))! ;]WLGL
NL3";[JFVM NZlDIFG 5|MP X[B0LJF/F pZMZ 5|UlT SZL4 DXo jIFbIFTF4
ZL0Z4 5|MO[;Z VG[ lJEFUFwI AgIF CTFP 5LV[RP0LPGL 5NJL DF8[ T[VM
I]lGJl;"8L DFgI UF.0 CTFP T[DGF DFU"NX"G GLR[ VG[S lJnFYL"VMV[
0F8Z 5LV[RP0LPGL 5NJL 5|F%T SZL K[P T[D6[ DFGJlJnFEJGGF J0F
TZLS[ TYF ;[G[84 l;lg0S[8GF ;N:I TZLS[ 56 JM" ;]WL ;[JF VF5L CTLP
5|M X[B0LJF/FV[ U]HZFTL lJQFIGL I]lGJl;"8L VeIF; ;lDlTGF VwI1F
TZLS[ JQFM" ;]WL SFDULZL AHFJL CTLP T[D6[ O[S<8L VMO VF8";GF 0LG TZLS[
56 JQFM" ;]WL ;[JF VF5L CTLP p5ZF\T T[D6[ 7FGU\UM+L U|\YDF/FGF
hld-A^p MX$_
T\+LD\0/GF V[S ;eI TZLS[ T[DH U]HZFTLGM VwIF5S ;\3GF VwI1F

TZLS[ 56 5MTFGL ;[JFVM VF5L K[P T[VM U]HZFTL ;FlCtI 5lZQFNGF VFJG
;eI K[ P U] H ZFT ;FlCtI VSFNDLGF 56 T[ V M VFZ\ E GF\ K JQF"
NZlDIFG ;eI CTFP
,UEU ;F0F +6 NFISFGL T[DGL VwIF5G 5|J'l NZlDIFG
A]l5|SFX4 ;\:S'lT4 l1FlTH4 :JFwIFI4 Z]lR4 U|Y
\ 4 OFA"; +{DFl;S4
5ZA4 TFNyI" 4 VeIF;4 XaN;' Q8 VFlN U] H ZFTLGF\ 36F\
;FDlISMDF\ T[DGF NM-;MYL JW] lJJ[RG ,[BM 5|SFlXT YIF K[P JQF"EZGF
pD lJJ[RG ,[BM DF8[ V[DG[ A[ JFZ ClZ o VFzD V[JM0" V[GFIT
YIM K[ P V[ D GF lJJ[ R G ,[ B MGF\ GFGF\ vDM8F\ VG[ S 5] : TSM 5| S FlXT
YIF\ K[ 4 H[ J F\ S[ v GF8S GF8SFZ G83Z s!)&5f4 GF8,MS
s!)(!f4 ,MS;FlCtIGF\ :J~5M s!)()f4 ;FlCtIF,[B s!))&f4
U]HZFTL GJ,SYF o O[ZlJRFZ6F sZ__$flJJ[RGF ,MSsZ__*f4 ,MS
;FlCtIvVF,MSsZ__*f4 ACN GF8I,MS sZ__)fP T[D6[ VgI
,[ B SMGF ;CIMUDF\ 36F\ 5] : TSMG] \ ;\ 5 FNG SI] K[ P NFPTP SFjIDW]
s!)&!f4SFjI;]WF s!)&5f4 UnUlZDF s!)&5f4 JFTF";\RI
s!)*_f4 JFTF"DW] s!)*#f4 ;ZNFZvXTFaNL U|Y
\ s!)*&f4 lJlJWFv
5[ 8 ,LSZ QFlQ85} l T" U| \ Y s!)*&f4 ,MSU] H " Z L s!)((f4 A8] E F.
pDZJFl0IF ;DU| ;FlCtI s!))$f JU[Z[P
T[ V M ;FlCtIGF VwIF5SvlJJ[ R S CMJFGL ;FY[ A] l lGQ9
sZ[XGFl,:8fVF\NM,G ;FY[ 56 ;\S/FI[,F K[P J<,ElJnFGUZ :YT
JC[DvV\WzF lGJFZ6 S[g GL VDFZL 5|J'lDF\ T[DGM CFlN"S ;CIMU
VFZ\EYL VDG[ ;TT D/TM ZM K[P VDFZF\ JFTF",F54 5|JRGM4 5]:TS
5|SFXGM 5FK/ T[DGL 5|[Z6F VG[ ;CFI VDG[ C\D[XF\ D/L K[P VDFZF
S[ g FZF 5| S FlXT TDFD 5] :TSFVMGF\ ,BF6 T[ D 6[
T5F:IF\vRSF:IF\v;]WFIF K[ VG[ T[DF\ 36F pD[ZF 56 SIF" K[P VDFZF
VFU| C YL T[ D 6[ VF AWL 5] :TSFVMGL 5| : TFJGFVM 56 ,BL K[ 4 H[
:JT\+vU\ELZv VeIF;5}6"vlJRFZM[HS ,[BM ;DL AGL K[P T[DGF\ ;CFI
VG[ X]E[rKF4 5|[Z6F VG[ DFU"NX"G DF8[ VD[ T[DGF 36F k6L KLV[P VF
k6:JLSFZGF 5lZ6FD~5[ H VD[ VCL\ T[ D GL JGvhZDZ ;\ 1 F[ 5 DF\
ZH} SZL ZF KLV[P
zL ;MDEF. 5|HF5lT
0FP H[ZFD H[P N[;F.
hld-A^p MX$_
10
1 . rhh
hh L $ b y s hp]$ _ p S>fid A_ rhL$ p k
d_y e A L $ S> r hL$ kh r[ R> . bu S> r hL$ kh
r[Ap_u dpaL$ [ S>rhL$ D$pr[_y `rfZpd R>. S> Ly$]$f[u r_edp
A_ Akfp Afie kh r[Ap_ gpNy `X$ R>, [ S> Ly$]$f[u r_edp
A_ Akfpdp\u dp_hu L$hu fu[ bpL$p[ flu iL$? S>d Afie kh
r[ApA `p[p_y Ar[h V$L$phu fpMhp Ly$]$f[u `rfbmp kpd
S>hp S>rhL$ kOj L$ep l[p, [hp S> kOj L$fu_ dp_huA `p[p_u
[_ V$L$phu fpMu R>, rhL$kphu R> A_ [dp\u rhhL$byshp]$_p
S>fid \ep R>.
S>rhL$ kOj_p V|$L$p A\ AV$gp S> \pe L$ ]$fL$ kh `p[p_y
As[h V$L$phu fpMhp `p[p_p [_-d_dp Ahp afapf L$fhp `X$,
S> \ u [ Ly $ ] $ f [u `rfbmp _ u lpr_L$ f Akfdp \ u `p [ p_p ifuf_
bQphu iL$, `p[p_y kh [fuL$ As[h V$L$phu iL$. S> khpA
pZu r[ApA Ap fu[ kOj _\u L$ep A_ Ly$]$f[u `rfbmp kp\
A_yL|$g_ _\u L$ey, [hu lfp r[Ap _pi `pdu R>.
L$pB `Z Ly$]$f[u b_php b_hp `pR>m [ Ly$]$f[u `rfbmp_p
r_ed S>hpb]$pf lpe R>, [_y L$pfZ S>hpb]$pf lpe R>. dp_huA
Ly$]$f[u `rfbmp_p b_ph `pR>m, [ b_php_y L$pfZ ip^hp rhQpf
L$ f hp `X$ . dp_hu_p ApS>_p D`g^ op_ Ap^prf[ L$ p fZp _
Ap^pf A\hp Nd [ fu[ gu^gp r_Ze cg op_ Ap^prf[ _ lpe
A_ [\u ]y$:M]$ A_ q_fpipS>_L$ gpN[p; `f[y dp_hu_u L$pfZ
AN ip^hp_u hr_ L$pfZ [ crhedp Qp$k op_ Ap^prf[ h^y
dprl[u ke Ap^prf[ r_Z e L$ f hp is[dp_ b_i .
Apr]$dp_hdp\u Ap^yr_L$ dp_h b_hp_u is[ [ Ap rhhL$bys
Ap^prf[ Nyei_y ku^y `rfZpd R>. dp_hue bû S> ip^Mpmp
hld-A^p MX$_
11
A_ [Z p L$fgy op_ Ap rhhL$byr Ap^prf[ Nyei_y S>

`rfZpd R>.
d_y e dpV $ lh [ _ p S> r hL$ D$ p r [_p k O j _ p [b$ p
dpZdp `|fp \B Nep R>. lh dp_hue rhL$pk_p es[N[ A_
kpdprS>L$ D$pr[_p [b$p i$ \ep R>. Aphp kOj_ Ap`Z
dp_hu_p h[ [p A_ ke_u Mp S > dpV $ _ p k O j R> , [ fu[
ApmMhp BA. Ap kOjdp V$L$u flhp dpV$_y L$pB kp^_
lpe, [p [ dp dp_hue rhhL$byr Ap^prf[ [_u Nyei R>.
dpV$ byqdp\u rhhL$ byq rhL$kphhu `X$.
L$ p fZ_u khp ` rf[p
]$fL$ b_ph L$pB L$pfZ_y `rfZpd lpe R>. L$pfZ rkhpe
L$pB b_ph b_ _rl, i|fiedp\u L$iy kS>_ \pe _rl. L$pfZ_u
khp`rf[p A rhhLbyrhp]$_p `pep R>. rh, fp$, fpe, kdpS>
L$ Ly$Vy$b_y kS>_ `Z dp_hue rhhL$byr_y S> `rfZpd R>. ^d_p
S>fid `Z dp_hue rhhL$byr_y S> kS>_ R>. `f[y dp_huA `p[p_u
rhhL$byr_p DèpN L$fu, S> L$pfZp L$ b_php_p kS>__u [_u
`pk dprl[u _ l[u [d_ kdS>hp dpV$ [Z Bf_y kS>_ L$ey R>.
A\p[ Bf dp_hu kS>ep _\u `Z dp_huA Bf kS>ep R>.
Aphp Bf_p L$p`r_L$ epg_ hlgu [L$ ]$a_phu ]$hp_u S>$f R> ,
L$ p fZ L $ dp_hu_ dy [ b_phhp, [ _ Qu`L$ u fl [ p Bf_p
epgdp\u S>g]$u R|>V$p L$fhp BA. ke `pdhp dpV$ byq_u
_rl, `f[y rhhL$ byq_u S> Ar_hpe[p R>.
" fi_prgTd' i]$ [p OZp dpX$p Qrg[ \ep. [ `lgp
h]$L$pm\u dpX$u Ap i]$ Qrg[ \ep ep kyû, [p "_ps[L$' i]$
S> h`fp[p. L$V$gpL$ gpL$p L$l[p L$ S> Bfdp _ dp_[p lpe [ _ps[L$.
hmu, L$V$gpL gpL$p L$l[p L$ h]$dp _ dp_[p lpe [ _ps[L$.
hld-A^p MX$_
12
h]$L$pmdp AL$ bl`r[ F>rj \B Nep. [dZ "blè

]$i_' gey. ApS> [p A p _\u. `f[y `pQu_ N\pdp bpl`r[
d[_y MX$_ L$fhp dpV$ [ d[ rhi DgM-Ah[fZ hp dm R>.
k i ehp]$ , cp r [L$ h p]$ [ \ u kde R> L - f i _prgTd S> h u
ker_$, rhhL$byrS>r_[ hopr_L$ rhQpf^pfpAp_p S>fid `Z
gNcN Aps[L$[p kp\ S> \B Q|ep lphp BA.
bl`r[ `R>u L$r`gdyr_ \B Nep. [dZ jX$]$i_ `L$u_y
"kpe ]$i_' fey. A `Z Bf_p As[h_ `X$L$pf_pfy rQ[_
l[y . gp L $ p e[hp]$ _pdL$ A L $ Afie rhQpf^pfp `Z OZp
pQu_L$pm\u cpf[ue ]$i_dp NZ_ue-Qrg[ \B Q|Lu l[u.
epf bp]$ QphpL$ F>rj \B Nep. Ap rhp_ L$pX$ `qX$[
cpfpcpf _ps[L$ l[p. QphpL$ `fp`hu bpZp_ ^|[, `pMX$u,
`V$cfp, gpcu A_ W$N W$fphu, Mygp `pX$p. QphpL$ r[`p]$_
L$ey L$ ]$l\u rcfl Apdp _\u A_ Ap kr$_p L$pB kS>_lpf _\u.
Aphy _ps[L$ rQ [ _-]$ i _ [y [ L$ f [p A L $ pQu_$
rhQpfL$ Nukdp Arèyfk _pd_p \B Nep. [ Nuk_p QphpL$
NZpe R>. Arèyfk `|Z dp_h[php]$u l[p. `Mf fi_prgV$
tQ[L$ p. fdfi]y$ ]$iph R> [d, cpf[_u dyM rhQpf^pfpApdp
`|fu `Qpk V$L$p [p r_fufhp]$u S> l[u.
dp_ R> dpV$ S> AdyL$ hp[ dp_u gip _rl `f[y [dpfu rhhL$byr\u S>
hp[ [dpfp Nm E[f A_ S> kpQu dp_.''
S>_ ]$i_p `Z r_fufhp]$u S> NZpe R>. Apif AY$u lf
hj `|h \egp dlp_ Qu_u tQ[L$ L$fia}riek `Z r_fufhp]$u l[p.
`y f pZp kprledp ]$ p i r _L$ ipMpAp _ y Aps[L$ A_
_ps[L$ Ahy rhcpS>_ L$fhpdp Apey R>. kpdpfie bpgQpg_u
cpjpdp Aps[L$ _ p A\ "Bfhp]$ u ' A_ _ps[L$ _ p A\
"r_fufhp]$u' L$fhpdp Aph R>. `f[y rlfi]y$ ]$i_-kprledp Ap
i]$_p ep N rhi j A\ d p L$fhpdp Apep R> . h ] $p _ u
pdprZ[[pdp rhpk L$f_pfu ipMpAp_ Aps[L$ A_ h]$p_u
pdprZ[[p_p AhuL$ p f L$ f _pfu ipMpAp _ _ps[L$ L$ l h pdp
Aph R>. Ap A\dp QphpL$, S>_ A_ bp ipMpAp _ps[L$ R>;
A_ bpL$ u _u R>- kp e, ep N , fiepe, h i r jL$ , dudp k p A_
h]$pfi[ (S_ "jX$]$i_' `Z L$lhpdp Aph R>), Aps[L$ R>. `f[y
_ps[L$ i]$ _ [ _ p gp L $ r e A\ d p g h pdp Aph , [p
`f ` fpN[ cpf[ue tQ[__u b Aps[L$ NZp[u ipMpAp kp e A_ dudp k p `Z [h[: _ps[L$ R> . A fu[ ` p Qu_
cpf[ue ]$ i _ _u dy e _h ipMpAp d p Ap R >pdp Ap R >u `p Q
ipMpAp r_fufhp]$u R>.
A Np[dby_p DM `Z Ahe L$fhp BA. [Ap

cNhp__u kp_ huL$pf[p _ l[p. [Ap `p[p_p riep_ L$l[p: ""lz
L$lz Ry> dpV$ AdyL$ hp[ dp_u gip _rl, AdyL$ hp[ `yfpZp ^dN\pdp
gMgu R> AV$gp dp\u [_ kpQu dp_u gip _rl. gpL$p `f`fp\u
Qp]$du-`]$fdu k]$u `R>u eyfp`dp L$p`

fr_k, Nqgrgep , h
hopr_L$ X$prh_ hNfA _hp Ahp Ahp _$f hopr_L$-cpr[L$
kep ipû ipû kd\[p`|hL$ [y[ L$fhp dpX$p L$ [\u Bf
[\p Bfue kS> _ _u ] $ [ L$ \ p i L $ p `]$ W$ f u A_ > _$ \B
NB.rhop__p Arc_h kepA ^d_p L$lhp[p Akep_ Myp
`pX$p, `|Z[: S|W$p kprb[ L$ep.
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
13
14
Ap fu[ rhop_ f i _prgTd-rhh L $ b y r _u rhfpV$ [\p

h N ugu Nr[_p dpN A L $ ] $ d rhipm A_ My p L$ f u ]$ u ^p .
ApNZukdu-hukdu k]$udp A_L$ L$pX$ fi_prgV$ tQ[L$p [\p
L$ p e L $ f p NV$ p, S> d Z Aps[L$ `n_u [dpd r_b m [pAp `pL$m[pAp kQpV$ fu[ rk L$fu Apù R>.
S>.bu.AQ. hpqX$ep hNf l[p. 1931_u kpgdp "fuT_' _pd_y

dprkL$ X$p. ku.Ag.X$u. Ahp_u_p [u `]$ i$ L$fhpdp Apey .
1938dp g X $ _ dy L $ p d Apep r S>[ \e g "hX $ ey r _e_ Ap a u
\vL$ k ' dp f i _prgV$ A k p k uA i _ Ap a BrfiX$ e p_p L $ V $ g pL$
kepA cpN gu^p l[p.
cpf[dp f i _pguTd_p Br[lpk
1949dp [ _ y _pd BrfiX$ e _ f i _prgV$ A k p k uA i _

fpMhpdp Apey, S>_p `dyM X$p. Apf.ù. `fpS>` A_ D`dyM
Ad.A_.fpe l[p. Ap _hu k\pdp dyeh Ad.A_.fpe_p
kp\u]$pfp fqX$L$g ydr_V$ h^pf l[p. cpf[dp fi_prgV$ hr
dyeh ]$rnZ_p fpS>epdp h^y kfu l[u. dpk A_ l]$fpbp]$
[_p dye L$fip l[p. ugL$p_p fi_prgV$ AkpkuAi__p dyM
X$p. Abpld L$phyf_ Mpk rh_[u L$fu, cpf[dp fi_prgTd_p
Qpf dpV $ A_ QdL$ p fp _ p `]$ p a pi dpV $ bp g phhpdp Apep.
cpf[dp [ d _u f i _prgTd_u h r Np W $ h pe [ h y Apep S >_
BrfiX$ e _ f i _prgV$ A k p k uA i _ L$ f g y . f i _prgTd_u
hsAp_ cpf[ ]$i_p _L$ip D`f d|L$hpdp L$pB_p $ apmp
lpe [p [ X$p. Abpld L$phyf_p l[p. eplepcpB gpMX$hpgp
BrfiX$e_ fi_prgV$ AkpkuAi_ 1980dp dyM bfiep. [dZ
k \p_y dy b Bdp Ar^h i _ bp g pey . 1996\u k \p_y _pd
fi_prgV$ AkpkuAi_ Apa BrfiX$ep fpMhpdp Apey R>. [_p
lpg_p `dyM frh`y$u hL$V$pu R>.
rlV$u Apa fi_prgV$ AkpkuAi_ Apa BrfiX$ep_u dybB

dy L $ p d 1930 dp ^d N y f y rhfp ^ u k \p (A fi V$ u -rV$ p aV$
AkpkuAi_)[fuL$ \p`_p L$fhpdp Aphu. k]$f k\p_p dye
l [ y S> ^prd L $ $ q Y$ - qfhp , kpdprS>L$ \pAp [L $ r _$ L$ p fZ
(gpL$g fuT_vN)_p Ap^pf V$L$u _ iL$ [d_p rhfp^ L$fhp _p
l[p . Ap D`fp [ gp L $ p d p h o pr_L$ ArcNd L $ m hpe [ l[p .
bp q L$ d[c ] $ e $ krlZy $ hgZ ]$ p Mhhp_p `Z l[p . Ap
k\p_p \d dyM X$p. .hu.]$idyM l[p; D`dM A. Ak.
[ e b [\p dp_]$ d u X$ u . Apf. hpX$ u Ap l[p. 1931 _p
Sy>gpBdp k\p_y _pd fi_prgV$ AkpkuAi_ Apa BrfiX$ep
fpMhpdp Apey. fi_prgV$ AkpkuAi_ Apa BrfiX$epdp L$V$gpL$
kep Ahp l[p L$ S>Ap fi_prgV$ k AkpkuAi_ Apa gX$__y
`Z ke`]$ ^fph[p l[p.
_hu k\p_p l[y h^y `$ l[p. A^p _pb|]$u [_p dye
l[y l[p. L$pB`Z Nyfy, rhc|r[, eqL$[ L$ N\_u hp[ lpe [_p
L$pfZ(fuT_)_u AfZ `f QL$pep rkhpe L$epfe huL$pf L$fhp
_lv [ [_p bu l[y l[p. Ap k\pA ]$idp fi_prgV$ qinZ_p
kpf A_ kpdprS>L$ AL$[p D`f `Z Mpk cpf d|L$ep l[p. Ap
h r _p rifdp f u.fOy _ p\ `fp S >` , A d .ku.QpNgp,
hld-A^p MX$_
15
f i _prgV$ A k p k uA i _ Ap a BrfiX$ e p kp\ cpf[dp

fi_prgV$ hr L$f[u rhrh^ k\pAp ke`]$\u X$pegu R>.
[ d p Ap ^ ] $ i A_ L $ f g fpS>edp [ _ y dp V $ p `pe $ rhL $ r fi[
ehs\[ dpmMy R>. [_p dye Dip A_ l[yAp _uQ dyS>b R>:
hld-A^p MX$_
16
(1) h__p ]$fL$ ndp dp_hhp]$ A_ fi_prgV$ d|ep_p

Qpf L$fhp.
(f) dp_hhp]$u rhQpfkfZu\u p[ \eg dp_hd|ep [fa
kr_$ r[b^[p L$mhhu.
(3) fi_prgTd_ keip^__u `r [fuL$ huL$pfhy A_
[_p Qpf L$fhp. op_Ap^pqf[ rinZ_u ]fL$ ipMpipMpdp fi_prgV$ `r[_ dp_hhp]$u h_ Zpgu
p[ L$fhp_p dpN [fuL$ p^pfie Ap`hy.
(4) dp_h he `p[p_p cpe_p rh^p[p R> [d S> [_y _kub
`|hr_rZ[ _\u (u X$V$pB_) _\u [ fi_prgV$
`^r[\u p[ L$fhy.
(5) dp_hudp fi_prgTd A_ dp_hhp]$u rhQpfp A_ d|ep
kdhV$\u, r[b[p p[ L$fu kpqf[ L$fhp. L$epfe
[dp kp, bmS>bfu L$ ]$bpZ L$ hX$ugiplu lL|$d[_p
DèpN _ L$fhp. kdhV$_p dped [fuL$ rb_gpL$iplu
`r[Ap A_ ehlpfp_p DèpN _ L$fhp.
(6) ^d, opr[, hiue, L$ fp$ue kudpAp\u `f dp_hu_
dp_hu [fuL$ N[ A_ rirn[ b_phhp.
(7) dp_hudp hopr_L$ r$L$pZ L$mhpe, Ap^yr_L$ op_rhop__p d|ep kpqf[ \pe [\p dp_hkdpS>dp
_hNr[ `]$p \pe [hu hrAp L$fhu A_ [hu
hrAp_ pkpl_ Ap`hy.
(8) k`|Z ^dr_f`n (kL$eygf) hgZ A`_phhy, ^rd$,
^dT_|_u A_ ^d Ap^pqf[ Ap[L$hp]$u hgZp A_
hrAp_p k`|Z epN L$fhp. Ap b^p_u bpqL$
Nr[ A_ kdS>`|hL$_p kOj kNqW$[ fu[ L$fhp.
hld-A^p MX$_
17
Ap k\p hrL$ L$npA (ApB.y.B.ey) Ap[ffpu$e dp_hhp]$u

A_ _r[L$ kNW$__y ke`]$ `Z ^fph R>.
Ny S >fp[dp f i _prgTd :
fi_prgTd i]$ Apd [p NyS>fp[ dpV$ _hp _\u. `f[y [
h^pf Qrg[ \ep R>gp 25 hjdp. "rhhL$byr' i]$ \dhpf
u. _ftklcpB BfcpB `V$g, Apkp kyr]$, 3, rh.k. 1989dp
gMgp [d_p `y[L$ "Bf_p BfiL$pf'dp hp`fgp.
fi_prgTd_u hr NyS>fp[dp L$rh _d]$ [d S> hpdu
u. ]$ep_]$ kfh[uA i$ L$fgu. [ApA kdpS>dp\u A^p ]|$f
L$ f hp dpV $ e_p L$ f g p. `f [ y A Qmhm [ d _p `R>u ApNm
Qpggu _rl.
OZp hM[ `R>u hX$p]$fp_p u. L$dmpiL$f `X$pA X$p.
Abpld V$u. L$phyf_ NyS>fp[dp bpgphu, fi_prgTd hr_
gpL$p_u Zdp ApZu. epf bp]$ NyS>fp[dp L$V$guL$ fi_prgV$
k\pAp `Z i$ \B.
f i _prgTd_u h r [_ h N h [ u b_phhp dpV $ u.
e$ppcpB gpMX$hpgp, u. L$dmpiL$f `X$p, u. redyMcpB
ipl, u.S>d_p]$ p k L$ p V $ Q p, u.kp d cpB `r[, X$ p . S> f pd
]$kpB A_ L$fpgp_p L$V$gpL$ rdp_u AL$ duV$vN hX$p]$fp dyL$pd
dmu A_ [ d p _$ u L$ f hpdp Apey L $ Ny S >fp[dp f i _prgTd
hr_ gpL$p Z [ dpV$ AL$ rhop_ epp_y ApepS>_ L$fhy.
NyS>fp[_u fi_prgTd_u hr[ Qgph[u k\pAp_p kp\ A_
klL$ p f hX $ [ d S> Ap g BrfiX$ e p f i _prgV$ A k p r kA i __p
D`dyM u. bu. dp_]$, u. epd dp_h A_ u. A$hpdu
hld-A^p MX$_
18
kp\ NpW$hZ L$fu, rhop_epp_y ApepS_ L$fhpdp Apey. Ap

rhop_ epp_p hpù\u [pfuM 13 du dpQ, k_ 1983\u i$
L$fu R>L$ kpfp$ kyû gB S>hpdp Aphu A_ [_y kdp`_ [pfuM
29du dpQ, 1983 _p fpS> Ad]$php]$dp L$fhpdp Apey. Ap
eppdp NyS>fp[_p OZp b^p Npd Aphfu ghpdp Apep A_
QdL$pfp_p `]$papi L$fu, NyS>fp[_p gpL$pdp fpi_prgTd e
Nr[ ApZu.
[ `R>u Ny S >fp[dp f i _prgTd_u h r _p kpfp A h p
Qpf A_ rhL$pk \ep. A_p `qf`pL$ $` NyS>fp[_p fi_prgV$
rdp_y \d kdg_ [pfuM 28,29 Arg 1984 _p fpS>,
"hl d -A ^ p r_hpfZ L $ fi ', hgc rhp_Nf-_X$ u Ap]$ _ p
klepN\u _X$uAp]$ dyL$pd epShpdp Apey.
epf bp]$ Ap S> k\p pfp buSy> kdg_ [pfuM 19,20,
Sy>gpB k_ 1986dp hgc rhp_Nf dyL$pd epS>hpdp Apy.
Ap b _ k d g _dp f i _prgTd i]$ _ p Ny S >fp[u èp e [fuL $
"by q r_$ ' i]$ hp`fhpdp Aph g p . Ap k d g _dp rhrh^
f i _prgV$ k \pAp A c N p dmu, "Ny S >fp[ f i _prgV$
AkpkuAi_' _u \p`_p L$fu.
lh fi_prgTd i]$_p NyS>fp[u èpe ip^hp_u L$hpe[
Qpgu. OZp b^p rdpA Apdp fk gB QQpAp L$fu, gMp gep
A_ Ap i]$_p NyS>fp[u èpe dpV$ M|b Elp`pl \ep bp]$
bpfX$ p g u_p Mf f i _prgV$ p. u fdZgpg `pW$ L $
(hpQ`r[A ) g X $ _ f i _prgV$ A k p r kA i __u epep_p
Ap^pf fi_prgTd_p NyS>fp[u èpe "rhhLbyqhp]$' Apep,
S>_ kh kdpfie fu[ A`_phu ghpdp Apep.
hld-A^p MX$_
19
Apd [p, fi_prgTd A_ fi_prgV$ i]$p NyS>fp[dp

Zu[p \ep S> R>. AV$g Ap AN i]$p A`_phu ghpdp hp^p
_ lphp BA, L$pfZ L$ Ap`Z "V$i_' _ V$i_ [fuL$ A_
fh,gV$apd, qV$qL$V$ hNf_ NyS>fp[udp A`_phgp S> R>.
dybB\u dpX$u kpfp$ kyû NyS>fp[dp lh [p fi_prgTd
hr Qgph[u OZu bû k\pAp L$pd L$f[u \B R> A_ gpL$pdp
Ap bpb[_u Nr[ `Z Aphu R>. fi_prgTd hr_y O b^y
Ny S >fp[u kprle `Z blpf `pX$ e y R> . A V $ g lh Ny S >fp[dp
fi_prgTd hr_y crhe ES>my ]$MpB fy R>. NyS>fp[dp
fi_prgV$ rdp_u kepdp kpfp Ahp h^pfp \ep R>.
f i _prgTd : epep A_ rhcph_p
"f i _prgTd' i]$ _ p d| m i]$ "f i _g' A V $ g
rhh L $ b y q q_$ . f i _g i]$ D`f\u f i _prgV$ u , f i _prgV$ ,
fi_prgTd i]$p E[fu Apep R>. fi_prgTd_u S> ey`r R>,
[ _ Ap dpZ ]$ i p h u iL$ p e. f i _g A V $ g rhh L $ i qL$ [ ep
rhhL$byqqf[ ArcNd A_ "BTd' ee gNpX$hp\u Ahp
A\ b_ L$ hp]$, rhQpf ep h_prcNddp L$pB `Z h[y, dpfie[p
L$ tQ[_ L$ ehlpf ep _ur[_p huL$pf rhhL$byq `f lpe.
"fi_prgTd' AV$g iy? AL$ kL$p L$f[p h^y kde\u gX$_
fi_prgV$f AkprkAi_ "fi_prgTd' _u epep _uQ dyS>b
Apù R>;
"Rationalism may be defined as the mental
attitude which unreservedly accepts the supremacy of reason and aims at establishing a syshld-A^p MX$_
20
tem of philosophy and ethics verifiable by experience and independent of all arbitrary assumptions
of authority."
D`L$pf[ epep_y cpjp[f _uQ dpZ L$fhpdp Apey R>:
""f i _prgTd A L $ A h p dp_rkL$ ArcNd R> , S> d p
rhhL$iqL$[ [\p [L(fuT_)_u khp`qf[p_p qb_if[u huL$pf
L$fhpdp Aph R> A_ S>_p l[y qagk|au [\p _ur[ip_u Ahu [fpl
\p`hp_p R> L $ S> Ar^L$ p fu d_p[p L$ p B `Z eqL$ [ L $ N \
(Ap\pqfV$u)_u AL$`nu dpfie[pAp\u k]$[f dyL$[ lpe A_ S>
[fpl_ [L$ [\p hp[rhL$ A_ych-epN pfp QL$pku, ke ep
Ake rk L$fu iL$p[u lpe.''
Alv `$ S> R> L$ fi_prgTd_p hp[yc|[ kb^ byq
kp\ _rl, `ffi[y "fuT_' AV$g L$ rhhL$iqL$[ kp\ R>. kL$[dp
"rhhL$' i]$_p A\ R>: L$ ke-Ake, kpfy-MpVy$ A\hp [p
h[y_ e\p\ fu[ `pfMhp_u, dpZhp_u iqL$[-rhhL$.
D`fpL$[ epepdp Qpf dyp R> : (1) fi_prgTd AL$
dp_rkL$ ArcNd (dfiV$g AV$ueyX$ ) R>. (f) L$pfZ_u khp`qf[p
(kyùdku Apa fuT_). (3) op__p AfZ `f [`pku_ ke_p
huL$pf-eqL$[ L$l R> A\hp N\dp gey R> dpV$ _rl. (4) op_
p L$fhp_p dpN BrfieS>fie A_ych D`fp[ [dp hp[qhL[q_funZ_y kepS>_.
L$hm byq\u fi_prgV$ \B iL$p[y _\u. fi_g rhQpf,
ehlpf dpV$ [p kbr^[ eqL$[dp rhhL$byq BA. "byq' AV$g
"BfiV$rgS>fik' _rl, `ffi[y "by[p'. A\p[ S>_u rhhL$iqL$[ by
AV$g L$ N[ R>, [ rhhLbyqhp]$u-fi_prgV$.
hld-A^p MX$_
21
fi_prgTd_p M|b S> ku^p kp]$p A\ ApV$gp S> R> L$ [

L$pfZ_u khp`qf[p `f Ap^pf fpM R>. L$pB`Z OV$_p b_, [p [_u
`pR>m L$iyL$ QpL$L$k L$pfZ lpe R>. dp_hu `p[p_u byq A_
A_ych b_p kepS>_\u [_p h_kOjdp b_[u OV$_p_p L$pfZp,
r_edp ip ^ u, [ dpZ `p [ p_y h_ h[p Apep R> .
Ly $ ] $ f [(_ Q f)_ Ap m Mu_ , [ _ p `qfbmp _ p r_edp kd_ ,
Ly$]$f[_u rh_piL$ A_ ùX$p]$peL$ `qfbmpdp\u ûd ûd [ h[
bfiep R>. dp_hu_y `pep_y ee h__p ep[_pde kOjdp\u
$di: dyqL$[ dmhhp_y l[y. dp_hu `p[p_u Sy>]$u Sy>]$u Brfiep pfp
A_ych dmhu, L$pfZ_u d]$]$\u `p[p_p rhL$pk kpû iL$ep R>.
fi_prgV$ b_php dpV$ rhhL$byq lphu S>$fu R>. S>_pdp
kpQy - Mp V y $ , kpf y - Mfpb, ke-Ake, rl[L$ f -Arl[L$ f ,
ApheL$ - A_pheL$ iy R> , A e\p\ `pfMhp_u k| T A_
[]$_ykpf hhp_p r_Ze L$fhp_u iqL$[ lpe [ fi_prgV$ R>.
fi_prgTddp L$pB`Z bpb[ [Lrk `yfhpf \ep bp]$,
A_ych kp\ [_u kykN[[p lphu BA. L$pB`Z bpb[ A\hp
dpfie[p L$ [pfZ, hopr_L$ epN\u ke rk \hy BA. Apd,
[L$, A_ych [\p hopr_L$ QL$pkZu-Ap Z if[p fi_prgTd_p
`pep$` R>. [_u if[ AV$gu L$ [L$ k`|Z ipue, A_ych [V$\
A_ r_f`n [\p epN k`|Z hopr_L$ lphp BA.
fi_prgTd_ AL$ rhipm A\dp gBA [p [ rhhL$byq
D`fp[ op_pr_u hr `Z R>. op_ rhhL$bqhp]$ [fa ]$pfu
e R>, [ S> fu[ rhhL$byqhp]$\u op_ kd b_ R>.
fi_prgTd AV$g L$ fi_g ArcNd_ rhop__p Aepk
kp\ L$pB kb^ _\u. hopr_L$ ArcNd ^fph[p dpZk hopr_L
hld-A^p MX$_
22
_ lpe [d b_u iL$. [ S> fu[ L$pB`Z dpZk hopr_L$ lphp R>[p
hopr_L$ ArcNd _ ^fph[p lpe, [d b_u iL$. rhop_\u hopr_L$
ArcNd L $ m hp[p _\u A_ h o pr_L$ ArcNd ^fphhp rhop_
cZgp lphy S>$fu _\u.
fi_g ArcNd ^fph[u eqL$[ [L$dp rhpk ^fph R>.
[_ L$pe-L$pfZ kb^dp rhpk lpe R>. fi_prgTd S>X$hp]$u
hgZp_p rhfp^ L$f R>, fi_prgTd kpdprS>L$$ ]|$jZp_u _pb|]$u
dpV$ ldip e_ L$f R>. fi_prgTd dp_ R> L$ dpZk `p[ S>
`p[p_p cpe_p OX$hep R>. fi_prgTd AL$ A\dp dp_hhp]$ R>.
f i _prgTd lL$ u L$ [ dp Ap`Z_ h\ h_ hhp_u
L $ m hZu ]$ p _ L$ f R> , eqL$ N [ hphg b __u rldpe[ L$ f R> .
fi_prgTd_ D^pf Appk_p, ^dN\p, qfhp, dq]$f, dsS>]$
L$ QQ_p ifZ S>hp_u S>$f `X$[u _\u. A_ L$pB_p Apiuhp]$ L$
]y$hp M`[p _\u.
fi_prgTd ^prdL$ OgR>pdp akpegu _ dyL$[ L$fhp_p
e_p L$f R>. fi_prgTd_u d]$]$\u Ap`Zu gpNZuAp, S>hu L]$ep, d, L$fy$Zp, hpke h^pf [uh [\p kq$e b_phu iL$pe R>.
fi_prgTddp d_ye_ d_ye [fuL$ S> hpdp Aph R>. fi_prgTd
dp_h[_u h]$_pAp, dS>b|fuAp A_ ep[_pAp_y Ap`Z_ op_
Ap` R>.
p.fdZgpg `pW$L$ (hpQ`r[) gM R> : ""fi_prgV$
AQ|L$ _ps[L$ lpe, `ffi[y _ps[L$ dpZk fi_prgV$ lpe A_ _
`Z lp e . d[gb L $ _ps[L$ [ p f i _prgTd_p A i dp R> .
fi_prgTd _ps[L$[p\u AL$ `Nr\ey KQu, ]$ipNyg Eh Ah\p
R>.'' fi_prgTd Ap gpL$\u `f Ahp L$pB B[f gpL$dp dp_[y _\u.
hld-A^p MX$_
23
f i _prgTd_u gX$ [ dp A ^ p S> kpd _\u.

A^p_u _pb|]$u fi_prgT_u A_L$ hrApdp_p AL$ cpN
R> . gp L $ p _ A ^ p_p riL$ p f b_phhpdp Aph , [ _ u kpd
fi_prgTd_ QpL$L$k rhfp^ R>. fi_prgTd dp_ R> L$ A^p_
L$pfZ eqL$[dp dp_rkL$ `R>p[[p Ecu \pe R>.
u.gqg[ iW$_p i]$pdp L$luA [p, fi_prgTd AV$g
Ap kr$dp b_[u [dpd OV$_pAp_ hopr_L$ r$A kdS>hp_u A_
d| g hhp_u `r[. f i _prgV$ [dpd `| h N l p , lW$ p N l p A_
fpN j \u dy L $ [ lp h p B A . [ Ny f y $ h Q_, Ap[hQ_ L $
iphQ__ rhhL$byq\u QL$pep hNf huL$pfu iL$[p _\u. [
N|Y$hp]$, flehp]$ L$ Aepdhp]$_ huL$pf[p _\u. [ ^d A_
Aepdhp]$ kp\ k L $ m pe g u Apdp, `fdpdp, `| h S fid,
`y_S>fid, Ah[pfhp]$, L$d_p rkp[, hN-_fL$ S>hu L$p`r_L$
dpfie[pAp_p huL$pf L$f[p _\u.
fi_prgV$ rhQpf `r[ k|Qh R> L$, d_ye dpV$ L$pB`Z
A_y c h Brfiep rkhpe iL$ e _\u. f i _prgV$ dl]$ $ A i
dp_h[php]$u lpe, S>epf [dp_p L$V$gpL$ gpNZu\u g\b\ `Z
lp B iL $ . R>[p f i _prgV$ `Z ApMf [p dpZk S> R> _ ?
dp_hhcph_y hrhe [d_pdp `Z hp dm R>.
h_ V$L$phhp kh^__u d|mc|[ hrAp [ Aplpf, d\y_
A_ ce Ap Z hrAp_p huL$pf ^d [\p fi_prgTd Dce
L$fhp S> fp; L$pfZ L$ A_p rh_p Ap `hu `f h_ iL$e S> _
b_. B[f Ap_yjrNL$ ep$ `V$phrAp A QpL$L$k L$pf_p dp_rkL$
rhL$pfp R>. Apdp $p^, gpc, j, dpl, Bepq]$ lpr_L$[p R>;
S>epf ]$ep, dpep, D]$pf[p, klp_yc|r[ S>hu gpNZuAp kdpS>
hld-A^p MX$_
24
dpV$ rl[L$pfu R>. kpQp fi_prgV$ Bjp, j, AlL$pf, L$`Z[p

S>hp L$hm lpr_L$pfL$ rhL$pfp\u blz^p dyL$[ lpe, lphp BA.
bV$pfiX$ fkg S>Zph R> L$, dp_h[_ lpr_ `lpQpX$_pf
rhQpfp R>pX$hp BA; d_ye k]rhQpfL$ [\p k]$pQpfu b_hy
BA.
kdN S>_[p, ]$i_u ep ]y$r_ep_u kpQu fi_prgV$ b_u fl
A_ rhhL$byq\u, afS>cph Dd _pNqfL$h_y `pg_ L$f, [p cp$Qpf
`Z r_:iL$ _pb|]$ \pe A_ bl[f h_ ke. fi_prgTd L$hm
[L$pdpe A_ rhhL$byq pdpe_ S> huL$pf R>.
k`|Z [V$\[p rh_p fi_prgV$ \hpe S> _rl. A_ kpQp
fi_prgV$ [p `p[p_p M|]$_p ]y$NyZp [\p r_bm[pAp `Z bfpbf
Z A_ L$b|g. AV$g L$ fi_prgV$dp `|hNl kch S> _rl.
fi_prgTd A DQ[d rhQpfeh\p R>.
Alv fi_prgV$ eqL$[A Zhy BA L$ _ps[L$ b_hy
klgy R>, `ffi[y kpQp fi_prgV$ b_hy O S> L$`fy R>. OZuhpf
fi_prgV$ eqL$[_ ep Ahp kNp Ecp \pe L$ Ahp b_php
hpfhpf b_, epf cgcgp fi_prgV$ `Z X$Nu S>pe. Alv AL$
]$pMgp dld]$php]$_p Mf fi_prgV$ u, rbù_cpB pa_p
V$pLy$ [p [ A\p_ _rl L$lhpe.
u.rbù_cpB_ ep dl d ]$ p hp]$ d p Ny S >fp[_p L $ V $ g pL$
fi_prgV$ rdp_u AL$ duqV$N \B, [_ buS> S> q]$hk [d_p
`_u_ [pL$ p rgL$ ]$ h pMp_pdp ]$ p Mg L$ f hp `X $ g p . f i _prgV$
rdp_u afu bu AL$ duqV$N [d_ ep \B, [_p bu S> q]$hk
[d_u ]$uL$fu_ A`fiX$uL$k_y ]$]$ D`X$hp\u Ap`fi_ L$fphhy `X$ey.
fi_prgV$ rdp_u afu u duqV$N [d_ ep \B, [_p bu S>
hld-A^p MX$_
25
q]$hk [d_p ]$uL$fp_p rd q$L$V$_y V$` [_u [fa aL$[p [_u AL$
ApM L$ped dpV$ S>[u flu A_ Ap`fi_ L$fphhy `X$ey. Aphp
kNp D`fpD`fu b_ epf kpdpfie gpL$p [p Ahp S> Qpf L$f L$
fi_prgV$-_ps[L$ rdp_u duqV$N bpgphhp\u S> Ap _yL$kp_
\B fy R>. R>[p u. rbù_cpB S>fp kfMp `Z X$ep _\u, A_
ApS> `Z fipf\u fi_prgV$ hr[ Qgphu fp R>. AV$g L$
afu afu ]$plfphhy `X$ R> L$ _ps[L$ b_hy klgy R>, `ffi[y kpQp
fi_prgV$ b_hy O S> L$`fy R>. Ap dpV$ [p dL$L$d d_pbm lphy
BA.
f i _prgV$ L $ B kdpS>\u rhdy M kp^y - k [ _\u, `ffi[y
dy b B_p f i _prgV$ u.Ny g pbcpB c X $ p A "rhh L $ ` \ u' dp
fi_prgV$_p 32 gnZp hZep R>, [ Alv [y[ L$ep R>:
(1) S>fid\u S> h_ i$ \pe R> A_ dey\u `|Z \pe R>;
A_u ApNm L$ `pR>m L$iy S> lp[y _\u, [hu Y$ dpfie[p.
(2) h_ r_cm, r_b^ A_ dyL$[ Ap_]$ dpV$ S> R>, Ahu
`$ A_yc|r[.
(3) l kyû rk \eg _\u, [hp Bf_p As[h_p BfiL$pf
L$fu r_kN_p kpr_e hhy.
(4) epdepù [pfpAp, _np A_ Nlp rhi Ly$[|lg O,
`Z dp_hh_ `f_u [d_u Akf_p `$ BfiL$pf.
(5) flep DL$ghpdp k]$p h, `Z l[pkpl L$]$u _p \pe.
(6) dp dp_hkr$ S> _rl, `Z kQfpQf h_kr_ d L$f;
kLy$rQ[ kudpX$p A_ ì _rl.
(7) Apip-r_fpip_p S>Ngdp [ L$]$u c|gp `X$ _rl.
(8) k]$p tQ[_iug, `Z tQ[p\u S>_ ]|$f fl.
hld-A^p MX$_
26
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
g_eh\p_ kyM_y kp^_ dp_, b^_ _rl.

hR>pQpfu, hfrhlpfu; `Z `|Z kcp_.
cpN-D`cpN_p bp^ _rl, Qpqfe_p kLr$y Q[ epgp\u `f.
hcph r_Mpgk,eqL$[h `pf]$iL$, hrA r_hp\w, cpe
d^yf, ehlpf rh_eiug A_ ri[re.
(13) erL$[, hp[ A_ h[y_y [V$\ d|epL$_ L$fu Z, rhhLbyq
S> A_y r_ZpeL$ bm lpe.
(14) d_-dNS>_y klkQpg_ L$fu Z-M$duf\u hu Z.
(15) rhQpfpdp `$, ArceqL$[dp _L$L$f A_ hgZ rh^peL$.
(16) gpc-gpgQ-gpgkp\u `f, `Z epN_p ApX$bf _rl S>.
(17) rS>u Mfp, `Z S>X$ _rl.
(18)fd[p-fd[p rd b_u e, ]y$d_phV$ X$pdu ]$ A_ hfhr\u
rhdyM.
(19) _r[L$[p_ S> ^d dp_; kepNlu Mfp, `Z AepNlu _rl.
(20) D]$pf, D]$p, pdprZL$, hap]$pf [V$gp S> kQ[.
(21) t_]$p A_ Myipd[\u `f.
(22) r[`^w S>$f b_, `Z L$pB _ `pX$u ]$hp_u hr [p _rl S>.
(23) [_-d__u `|Z h[[p dpZ A_ DNp\u ApOp fl.
(24) [pqL$L$ ]$gugp cf`V$ L$f, `Z rh[X$php]$dp E[f _rl.
(25) `p`-`yedp kdS> _rl, `Z epe_u A_u kdS>Z KX$u.
(26) NyZphNyZ_p `pfMy-NyZ_u A`np, AhNyZ_u D`np.
(27) dpN]$i_ _p_p bpmL$_y `Z dpN, `Z Nyfy`]$ dp^p[p_e _p
Ap`.
hld-A^p MX$_
27
(28) k]$p_p kip^L$ : p Df dmhhp dpV$ `|R> A_ kiep

kdp^p_ dpV$ D`h.
(29) `|Z hp[h]iw, cpr[dp L$]$u _p fl.
(30) L$pB ky^pfp huL$pfhp [epf, knd kplku, `f`fpcS>L$.
(31) Mcp A_p Apky\u tchp k]$p [`f.
(32) eqL$[\u rhij rhQpfp_y p^pfie huL$pfu Qpg.
k]$c
(1) p. `pW$L$, fdZgpg (hpQ`r[),
fi_prgTd_u fpl,
L$piL$ : u S>d_p]$pk L$pV$Qp,
dp_k ]y$jZ r_hpfZ L$fi, fphf_Nf-363 020,
qL$d[ : $p. 100-00, `p_ : 208.
(2) p. L$pqf$ep, Ar_, "Qpgp kdA fi_prgTd',
`L$piL$ : u Ar_u ApV$ p. rg.,
kfiV$f `pBfiV$, bk V$X$ `pk,
Np^fp-389001, qLd[ : $p. 15-00,`p_ : 46.
(3) pa, rbù_cpB,
"rhhL$byqhp]$_p S>fid A_ rhL$pk',
hrL$ dp_hhp]$, hj : 17, AL$ :1,
fieyApfu 2007, `p_ : 2.
(4) cX$p, NygpbcpB -_NfiW$ grg[cpB, [uAp :
"rhhL$`\u'
"rhhL$`\u [p [_ f L$luA', fi_prgV$_p 32 gnZp.
`p_ : 13, AL$ : 27, hj : 2004, dpQ.
hld-A^p MX$_
28
2 p, Ap, A ^ p
p, Ap, A^p, Y$ rhpk, dS>b|[ d_pbm,
A V $ g r_Zp e L$ i qL$ [ , Y$ r _^p f S> h u rhcph_pAp kp\
bps^L$pA, rirn[ AcZpA cmkm L$fu _pMu_, gpL$p_ K^
fhpX$ QY$phgp R>, A_ Aphp `f`fpN[ pmyApA "p'_p
_pd ApeMp `|fp L$ep R>. kpdpfieS>_p cg Apd L$f, L$pfZ L$
Ad_u p_u rhcph_p S> `$ _\u. `f[y fi_prgV$ rdpA
M| b kphQ [ A_ kN fl h p_u S>$ f [ R> . ep]$ fpMp L $ Y$
d_p b m, rhpk, Y$ r_^p f , r_Z e iqL$ [ d_p h o pr_L$ i]$
ep N p rkhpe L$ i y _\u, S>epf "p', "Aps[L$ [ p' A
ApeprdL$ `qfcpjp R>. fi_prgV$ "ApepsdL$'_p ]y$jZ\u
k]$pe Q[[p flhy BA.
Ap`Z kpdpfie QQpdp kpdpfie[: S> i]$ epN epA
R>uA, A kh_u rhcph_p A\hp epep `$ [dS> khhuL$[
lphu BA, A_ [ _ lpe, [p [_ [hu b_phu ]$hu BA, S>\u
NpV$pmp\u \[p MpV$p A\OV$_ V$pmu iL$pe, L$pfZ L$ fi_prgV$
hr_u kpd rhfpûAp A`f`pf R>. AV$g QQpdp Ap`Zu
rhcph_pAp `$ _rl lpe, kq]$^ li, [p rhfpûAp_ bm dmu
S>i A_ Ap`Z [L$rhhL$\u kbm R>[p AL$pfZ _bmp W$fuiy.
p kdpB S> e R>. ^p AV$g S> A^^p, S>epf dpZk_u

byq_p pf b^ \B e A_ ApNm [ L$B rhQpfu _ iL$, epf
Ap`Z AL$ kpdpfie hpL$e hp`fuA R>uA, L$ """]$h Z'' AV$g
""cNhp_ Z'' . Apd, Ap`Z Ap`Zu S>hpb]$pfu `|fu \B
NB, A d dp_uA R>uA , A_ ep \ u ApNm p A V $ g L $
A^p_y n i$ \pe R>. kpdpfie fu[ L$luA, [p dpZk Z R>
L$, ApNm L|$hp R>, R>[p [_ p R> L$, "lz ApNm `Ngy cfui, [p
`Z d_ L$iy \i _rl' A_ `Ngy cf[p [ L|$hpdp `X$, [p [ [_u
A^p S> R>, p _rl.
dp_hBr[lpk_p p\rdL$ [bL$L$pdp Ly$]$f[u `qfbmp kpd
dp_h`y f y j p\ _ u r_:klpe s\r[A dp_hu_ _kubh [ p ,
A ^ pmy A_ cecu[ d_p h r hpmp b_phu ]$ u ^p R> . Ap
`qfbmp S> [_ A^p_p rhjQ$dp\u blpf _uL$mhp ]$[p _\u.
Apq]$dp_h rS>opky l[p, qL$[y kp\ gpQpf `Z l[p S>; L$pfZ L$
A_u `pk ke_u ip^ dpV$_p hopr_L$ kp^_p _lp[p, A_ A
rhLkphhpdp [ Ah\pdp klgy A_ iL$e `Z _lp[y. `qfZpd
kdpS>dp ANZu d_pB Negp `yfyjp_p L$`pmL$s`[ hQ_p L$
[pfZp d p p fpMhp_u Ap]$ [ p _ p [ Ny g pd b_u fp , S>
qkgqkgp l ApS>e d_ye e iL$[p _\u.
Apd, [p "p' A_ "A^p' A b AL$ kfMp S> `]$p\

R>. A b hQ c]$ L$fhpdp Aph, [p ^p L$B kpfu _ KQu, S>epf
A ^ ^p Mfpb-A h p A\ \pe, S> _ `qfZpd p_ \p X $ p L$
h^pf NyZ A_pr^L$pf dmu e, S> M[f_pL$ R>.
ApS> rhop_ ke]$i__p `yfyjp\ MX$u fy R>; `Z p_p

S>X$ L$pV$qL$p `pgp]$u R>, A_ p S> Ake_u [pfZlpf R>; bpL$u
rhop_ [p ke_ `pdhp_p Z fpS>dpNp Mygp d|L$u S> ]$u^p R>,
S> R> : (1) BrfieNpQf A_ych, (f) [L$rhhL$, A_ (3)
epN pfp QL$pkZu.
p_p rhfy i]$ Ap R>, A^p _rl. A^pdp
^p A dp_hL$fiu rh_p `yfpZp A_ S>du_]$p[ \egp
hld-A^p MX$_
29
hld-A^p MX$_
30
epg_ hmNu flu, hprcdp_ V$L$phhp_p Apd[pfZ $`

lW$pNl R>.
u. fdZgpg `pW$ L $ (hpQ\r[)prhjeL$ L $ V $ g uL$
rhcph_pAp `$ L$fhp e_p L$ep R>, [d_ huL$[ L$fu iL$pe.
[_ Ap^pf QQp-rQ[_ L$fuA, [p AL$k|[p Smhpi.
"p' AV$g Bf, Nyfy L$ N\, S>hp "KQp' L$lhp[p [hp
bpb[ Aaf rhpk ^fphhp [; S>epf "A^p' AV$g c|[-[,
X$pL$Z, d-[ L$ ]y$V$p_pdp Ahp rhpk-Aphp c]$ `pX$hpdp
Aph R>. fi_prgTddp cNhp_ L$ c|[-[, A kh Qu kfMu
S> L$`pmL$s`[ ^pfZpAp R>, S> Mdu `qfL$`_pAp S> R>.
L$pB kpL$f ep rifp_p kp]$ ]$hp_ ^fph A\hp Afie L$pB
dgX$u dp[p_ dfOp_p ep bL$fp_p brg QY$ph-^fph_pf b__u
d_p]$ip [p kfMu S> R>.
"p' AV$g L$pB ]$hu ep eqL$[dp AV$g rhpk fpMu,
L$pe-L$pfZ fiepe\u L$iyL$ rcfl ep rh`fu[ b_i, Ahu A[pqL$L$
dpfie[p Y$[p`|hL$ ^fphhu [''. ]$p.[. kekpBbpbp L$ S>gpfpd
cNhp__u bp^p fpMhp\u, _pL$fu dmu S>i L$. L$fikf dV$u S>i,
Ad Y$`Z dp_u ghy... hp[hdp, hopr_L$ L$pe L$pfZ\u rcfl
Ahy L$iy Ap rhdp b_hy k`|Z Akch R>.
Ap`Z Apq]$hpkuAp_u L$ Arirn[S>_p_u A^p_ S>

NZ[p lpBA R>uA. Apq]$hpkuAp pfp Qrg[ Ahp d[_p Apifp ghp A A^p NZp[u lpe, [p KQp A_ ES>mp
NZp[p rirn[hN pfp AdyL$[dyL$ ^dN\_p `pW$ L$ ky]$fL$pX$_p
`pW$ hNf\u L$ipL$ kpfp `qfZpd_u Apip khhu, A `Z A^p
L$d _rl ? Apd, [p eL$ p A^p S> NZpe. bL$fy L$ dfOy,
_prme f L $ Qy ] $ X $ u A\hp a} g -Q ] $ _ -L $ k fQY$ p hp - Aphp b^p
L$dL$pX$p `pR>m d_p]$ip [p kfMu S> ! Mfu S>$f R>, Aphu S>X$
d_p]$ip_y `qfh[_ gphhp_u.
Ap [bL$L$ "Aps[L$[p'_u epep `Z L$fu ghu S>$fu R>.
OZuhpf Aps[L$p `p[p_u [_ KQu dp_ R>. ""S> eqL$[ Bf
S>hp AgpqL$L$, A`pr\h [hpdp Y$ rhpk ^fph R>, Bf R>,
Ad dp_ R>, [ eqL$[ dpV$ S> "Aps[L$' rhijZ ep iL$pe''.
("As[' D`f\u Aps[L$) fi_prgV$ rdpA Ap rhcph_p_ S>
bfpbf hmNu flu_ rhQpfZp L$fhu BA. cNhp_dp, ]$h]$hudp, Nyfy$ L$ N\dp rhpk ^fph [ "Aps[L$' A_ c|[-[,
c|hp-cfpX$udp rhpk ^fph, d-[dp L$ ]y$V$p_pdp dp_, [
`Z "Aps[L$' S>.
p A_ Aps[L$[p S>hu d_p]$ip_ cdZp kp\ ku^p
kb^ R>. rhop__p _L$L$f kepdp p L$ Aps[L$[p_ L$pB \p_
_\u. Ap `Z ApeprdL$ `qfcpjp_p S> AL$ i]$ R>.
A^p AV$g Ap^mu^p. hNf rhQpe L$iyL$ dp_u ghy

[. "L$pNX$p_y bkhy A_ TpX$_y `X$hy', Aphp AL$dp[p bZhpf b_ AV$g Ap`Z_ rhpk bku e L$, L$pNX$p bk
AV$g TpX$ `X$ S>. Ap_ p _rl, A^p S> L$lhpe.
Aps[L$p-pmyAp ip dpV$ Ake_ hmNu fl R>, A_p

L$pfZpdp rhep[ ^dipu fpS>f bL$_ L$l R>, "ke_u ip^ ApX$
Qpf dye Ahfp^p R>, S> _uQ dyS>b R> : (1) L$pB Aepe hp[
A\hp [p Ake agph[u eqL$[_p cphdp Aphu S>B-[_p
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
31
32
A_yepeu b_u flhy, (ApS>L$pg cpf[ hjdp Ap Qù fpNQpmp

ce L $ f ep`L$ dpZdp a g pe g p R> . ) (2) `f ` fpp[
dpfie[p_u `L$ X $ . ... ep]$ fpMp ^prd L $ - ApepsdL$ A h u $ Y $
dpfie[p dpZk_ hp[qhL$ kep \ u h r Q[ fpM R> , L$ p fZ L $
kpdpfie dpZk_ `p[p_u dpfie[pAp_p Alcph lpe R>, (3)
h[dp_ `|hNlp. ]$p.[. fi_prgTd e `|hNlhi \B_, OZp
Afie\p rhp_ `yfyjp `Z Ake_ hmNu fl R>, (4) `p[p_p
Aop__ Ry ` phu, op_u lp h p_p ] $ M ph L$ f hp_u dp_hklS>
r_bm[p.
OZuhpf dpZk, cprh_u Ar_r[[p L $ L$ p `r_L$ ce
r_hpfZ A\ e-Ae A^p_ Aû_ \B e$ R>. Aphu
A^p ^d A_ Bf_p _pd dp_hklS> L$ L$lhp[p A_ b_u
bW$gp ^dNyfy pfp p_p AphfZ QY$phu_ fS|> L$fhpdp Aph R>.
A^p_p Ar[fL$ OZuhpf dp_h_ ]$p_h b_phu iL$ R>. dpZk
`p[p_u kdS>Z rkhpe, Afie pfp \pr`[ rkpfi[p D`f p
fpMhp gpN R>, epf A^^p b_ R>.
(Ly$]$f[_p) L$peL$pfZ fiepe\u L$iyL$ Sy>]y L$ rhfy (EgVy$) b_i

Ahp Aaf rhpk khhp, A_y _pd p; ]$p.[. kpBbpbp_u
bp^p fpMhp\u V$u.bu. L$ L$fikf dV$u e ! `Z Ap iL$e R> ? _\u
S>. L$ p fZ L $ , L$ p e L $ p fZ_p L$ p B r_ed S> Apdp _\u gpN[p .
A^p qf[ h_ A_y`p]$L$ A_ \rN[, brêpf b_u e
R>, AV$gy S> _rl, `f[y A^p h__ L$pBL$hpf Mddp d|L$u ]$
R.
le Ap`Z p`|hL$ Ad S> dp_u_, r_r$e b_u bku
fp lp[ L$ iu[mp ep aafy S>hp fpNp L$pB kpfu ep dgu ]$hu_p
L$ p ` \u \pe R> , S> `| -`pW$ _ bp^p-ApMX$ u \u S> dV $ A_
hfkp]$ eo\u S> hfk R>. [p dp_h[_u lpg[ L$hu ]$e_ue lp[ !
R>L$ ArfV$pV$g_p L$pm\u Ad d_p[y L$ k|e, Ap`Zp gpcp\ S>
`hu_u Apk`pk af R>, A_ `fdr`[p `fdpdp A_ Ad afh
R>, Aphy p\u dp_u_ Ap`Z Qpep lp[ [p ApS> fpL$V$ rhp
ky ^ u `lp Q u, AhL$ p i_p flep `pdu iL$ e p lp [ Mfp ? p
hpfkpdp dmgu AdyL$ hgZ fpN_p S>hu Qù R>.
A^p fpM_pf dpZk k|Tb|T Nydphu ]$_pf, `pNmp

A_ `f[ lpe R>. L$pB kfidp_ue eqL$[, Nyfy, N\ L$ `R>u Bf
e h^y `X$[u p _L$L$f lLu$L$[p_p `yfphp hNf A\hp `yfphp_u
QL$pkZu L$ep hNf, dp L$p\u, kpcmhp D`f b^pB lpe L$
DL$g _ dm[p lpe, epf l[pi \B_ [fZp`pe [fuL$ b^pB lpe,
[_ ^p L$lp L$ A^p, b^y kfMy S> NZpe.
byq_p A_L$ rhjep R>, `Z Ap`Zu `qfrd[ byq\u

kd iL$pe AV$gy kd ghy BA, [dp `Z afapf L$fhp_p
kN Ape afapf L$fhp BA. byq\u S> h[y_u Nd _ `X$, [_
ANe ep p\u Nd [ dp_u ghy, A dp_hu_p ^d _ lpe.
p^d_ [pX$e S> R|>V$L$p R>. byq]$idp h[[p ApZhu S>
B A . p ep A ^ p-[ _ p d| m [p X $ h p `X$ i . [ _ p hpX$ p
S>X$d|m\u DMX$u _pMhp `X$i.
p_ _pd bpqL$ fu[ kepke_p [pg L$ep hNf, OV$_p

rhi rhQpfhp_p BfiL$pf \[p lpe, [p [ A^p S> R>. p A_
A ^ p_u b fl _ u d_p h o pr_L$ q$ e p A L $ S> R> . L $ r [_p
A^p_ kdpS>dp\u L$pfp Ap`hp lpe, [p op__p

kpf, A ^ p_y r_hpfZ A_ Aop_[p_p ]y $ f y ` ep N L$ f [p
`qfbmp kpd TT|dhy, A eL$ rirn[_u afS> R>. S> gpL$p
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
33
34
fi_prgTd_u hrdp `X$ep R>, [Ap kdpS>_u Dd]$p khp L$fu

fp R>. S> A^pApA kdprS>L$ Ar_$p kSep R>, [d_u kpd
gX$[ Ap]$fhp_u hr kdS>`|hL$ L$fhu `X$i. ep \pr`[ rl[p
`fp`|h\u `N]$X$p S>dphu_ bW$gp R>.
HNfkpg L$y R> L$, hld-A^p A h[[p_p ]y$d_
R> , A_ fl i . A \ u A _ u kpd kpQp rinZ\u gX$ [ Ap]$ f hu
`X$i. bpmL$p_ p `|R>[p riMhpX$hy `X$i. L$pB`Z h[y AV$gu
`rh _\u L$, [_u [`pk _ \B iL$. h[y[: hopr_L$ kdS>_u
`g`pf L$iy S> _\u.
A "kie' i]$_ `Z kdS>hp `X$ [d R>. p A

rbdpfu R>, S>epf "kie' A []y$f[ d__p rhhL$k`fl ArcNd
R>. dp_hh_dp p_y L$pB d|e _\u. [_y L$iye d|ehp_ ]$p_
`Z _\u. p\u dp_hh_ S>epf \rN[ [\p ceN[ bfiey
R>, epf [_ kyMu, kd [\p ker_$ b_phhp_p `yfyjp\ ldip
kieL$pfpA S> L$ep R>.
ipmp-dlpipmpAp d p kh p_u S> hp[p ^p ^ dpf
Qpg R>, S>epf kiehp]$_p [p DgM kfMpe cpe S> \pe R> !
Af, My]$ rhop__p hNdp `Z kie iuMhhpdp Aph[p _\u.
bpL$u, rhop_, A [p kie_y dpV$pdp dpVy$ `yfL$[p `qfbm R>.
ApBTL$ fieyV$_ kie L$ep A_ NyfyhpL$jZ_p r_ed ip^pep, fpBV$
b ^ kp A k i e L$ e p A_ rhdp__u ip ^ \B. Ap\u bpmL$ p _
`lg\u S> kie L$f[p iuMhhy BA, p `|R>hp_u V$h `pX$hu
BA, S>\u [_p op_dp `Z h^pfp \[p fl.
^d N y f y A p , ^prd L $ N \ p , rhrh^ k ]$ p ep , L$ \ pL$u[_L$pfp, L$pgd gML$p, `y[L$p, `kpf dpedp hNfA gpL$p_
QdL$pqfL$ hp[p-OV$_pAp\u A_ Apdp, `fdpdp, `|hS>fid,
`y_S>fid, `p` `ye, hN-_fL$, dpn, L$d_p rkp[ hNf S>hu
d_OX $ [ hp[p \ u ceN [ b_phu ]$ u ^p R> . dpZk_p d_dp
_p_`Z\u S> Aphu bû rhcph_pAp cfu ]$u^gu lphp\u, L$V$gpL$
]y$$ gpL$p, S>hp L$ `pMX$u NyfyAp, kp^yAp, bphpAp, kfiepkuAp,
hpduAp , L$ \ pL$ p fp , L$ d L $ p X $ u b p Zp , amS>ep r [juAp ,
Ap L $ X $ p ipuAp , kpdy q L$ i puAp , c| h p, dp r L$ p , [p r L$ p ,
Apdp bpgphu hp[p L$fph_pfp dpedp, QdL$pqfL$ bpbpAp,
hp[yipuAp, aNk|Bhpmp A_ A_L$ kLy$rQ[ k]$pep d_ye_
ceN[ b_phu `p[p_y `qV$ey fmu Mp[p lpe R>. [d S> `pfL$p
`k [pNX$r^fi_p L$f[p lpe R>. bpmhe `X$gp kL$pf h>$g`
(Ar[dS>b| [ ) lp e R> , S> ApMu tS>]$ N u _uL$ m [p _\u, dpV$
Ad_ QX$ `yfyjp\ hX$ _pb|]$ L$fhp S> BA. Ap b^p_p _pi
L$fhp li, [p fi_prgTd A`_phhy `Xi.
c c X{ 1 Fl6S U] 6 JF WZFJTF4 A] l XF/L4 NX" G XF:+LVM4

lGZ1FZMvVE6vSZTF\4 ;DFH DF8[ JWFZ[ BTZGFS K[P lGZ1FZ4 -M\ULVM4
K[TZGFZF E6[,FGL H[D 5MTFGL D}B" VG[ JC[DL DFgITFVM ,MSMDF\
O[,FJJF XTDFG AGX[ GlCP lXl1FT -M\ULVM DFGl;S 5|N}QF6 JW] O[,FJL
XS[ K[P 5]:TSM VG[ KF5F\DF\ ,BL XSJFGL T[DGL XlTDF\4 E6[,F 5MTFGF
D}B" bIF,M O[,FJJF4 VE6 -M\ULVM SZTF\ JWFZ[ ;DY" ,MSM K[Pcc
v 0FP VA|FCD SMJ]Z
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
35
cc lJ7FGGL DNNYL HF6L XSFI]\ K[ S[ DF6; SF/M CMI S[ UMZM4 UZLA CMI S[
TJ\UZ4 D]:,D CMI S[ lCgN]v;F{GF XZLZGL V\NZGL VG[ ACFZGL ZRGF ;ZBL
H CMI K[P VFD DF6; DF6; JrR[ E[N 5F0JM4 T[ lJ7FGGL Q8V[ BM8]\ K[Pcc
v 0F P EF:SZ VFRFI"
36
3- _r[L$[p A_ ^d
^dN\pA A_ ^dp_p hX$pApA _r[L$[p A_ ^d_ AL$
bu kp\ Ahu fu[ hZu gu^p R> L$ [ b__ Sy>]$p kdS>hp_y O
dyL$g b_u Ney R>. h[y[:, _r[L$[p A_ ^d_ L$pB kb^ _\u.
Ap h[y_ ^prdL$ gpL$p_ Nm D[pfhp_y L$pd Ar[ L$qW$_ R>. lfp
hj\u Ap`Zp dNS>dp Ahy W$kphu ]$hpdp Aphu fy R> L$
d_ye ^prdL$ hrhpmp _ lpe, [p [_pdp _r[L$[p_p Acph S>
lpe. ^prdL$ d_yep S> _r[L$ h_ hu iL$ R>. ^d_p X$f _ lpe,
[p kdpS> V$L$u iL$ _rl, kdpS>dp A_L$ Ar_$p `]$p \pe A_ ^d
fkp[m S>[p fl, gpL$p_y h_ ìy kdp_ b_u e.,
ApS> \pr`[ L$lhp[p ^dp kh kfgp R>, [d R>[p
dp_h-ìyAp_p A_Nm tlkp, g|V$apV$, A`lfZ, bmpL$pf,
gpQ-fyh[ Apq]$ Ar_$p AV$Lep R> Mfp ? AV$g, Ap`Z ^d
A_ _ r [L$ [ p_ AgN AgN $ ` dp h p `X$ i . ^d _ p k b ^
eqL$[_p kpdprS>L$ h_ kp\ R>, S> MfMf [p [$_ eqL$[N[
bpb[ R>. ^d AV$g afS>. kdpS> e, dp_h e, pZu dp
e Ap`Z S> afS> bhhp_u lpe, [ r_$p`|hL$ bhuA, [_
S> MfMfp ^d L$lu iL$pe. `p[p_p hp\p [dS> AN[ rl[p_p
epN L$fu_ buAp_u cgpB dpV$ Ap`Z S> L$B L$fuA, [ S> ^d
R>.
kdpS>dp kyeh\p \p`hp A_ mhhp dpV$ _r[L$[p
S>$fu R>. AV$g _r[L$[p_u `qfcpjp A S> lpB iL$ L$ buAp_
_yL$ip_ `lpQpXep rkhpe `p[p_u Nr[_ dpV$ e_ L$fhpdp
Aph. Ap [_u dep]$pAp_y `pg_ L$fhp `f S> S> [ kdpS>_p
kyM, ipr[ A_ kyeh\p_p Ap^pf lpe R>. `f[y lpg Qrg[
^d pfp S> gpL$p_ _r[L$ r_edp e r_W$php_ b_phu iL$pe,
[hu hp[ [$_ [L$lu_, r_fp^pf A_ bl|]$u R>.
hld-A^p MX$_
37
^d pfp _r[L$[p_u \p`_p L$fu iL$p[u lpe, [p Ahp

klS> S> \pe L$ lfp hjp\u Ap ]$idp ^d_p cpf kpfQpf lphp R>[p [\p L$rmeyN_u `|h `Z Alv_p gpL$p ^prdL$
lphp R>[p [Ap ip dpV$ _ur[r_$ \B iL$ep _lp[p ? Bf_p
kepb^ Ah[pfp, gpMp ]$h[pAp, ANrZ[ F>rjdyr_Ap A_
Y$Ngpb^ ^dpQpep Ap`Zu hQ k[[ rhQf[p fp lphp R>[p,
ip dpV$ Ap ]$i_p gpL$p bû S> fu[ c$, A^:`r[[, _dpgp,
Nfub, Nygpd b_u fp ?
^d N \ p A_ `y f pZp d p Dg M g u ^prd L $ rhc| r [Ap _ p
q$epL$gp`_p rhgjZ L$fhp\u [p EgV$y Ahy [u[ \pe R> L$
[ d _pdp Afie kpdpfieS>_p L$ f [p `Z h^pf A_ r [L$ [ p A_
QpqfrL$ MfpbuAp flu R> . R>mL$ ` V$ , b B dp_u, Bep - j ,
Ly$L$dp, g`V$pB, tlkpdp Ap ^dph[pfp_p S>N[cfdp V$p S>X$
[d _\u. L$V$gpL$ k|QL$ D]$plfZp\u Ap h[y_u [uq[ \i :
^dN\pdp hpfhpf ]$hpkyf kNpd_p DgMp Aph R>. ]$hp
hN d p rhgpku h_ rh[ph[p l[p A_ Aky f p _ R>mL$ ` V$ \ u
`fprS>[ L$ f hp_p jX$ e fQ[p fl [ p l[p. cpNh[_p ApW$ d p
L$^dp hZhpegu L$\p A_ykpf Bfi_p [ph A_ykpf AkyfpA
]$h[pAp_u kp\ dmu_ kdyd\_ L$ey. [dp\u S>epf Ad[ _uL$ey
epf rhA dprl_u_y dpephu-dplL$ $` ^pfZ L$fu, Akyfp_
`p[p_u `pR>m `pNg L$ep A_ [d_ A]$f A]$f gX$phu dpep A_
[ d _p cpN_y Ad [ ] $ h [pAp d p hl Q u ]$ u ^y . Ap h r -h r
]$h[pAp_p R>mL$`V$_u p[L$ _\u, [p buSy> iy R>?
fp brg Akyfp_p fp l[p, `f[y [ dlp_ ]$p_fu `Z
l[p. [_u D]$pf[p_p Nfgpc DW$phu_ [_y Z gpL$_y fpS>e lX$`
hld-A^p MX$_
38
L$fu ghp_u A_ ]$h[pAp_ Apù ]$hp_u hr rh_p hpd_

Ah[pf L$fgu, [hu L$\p cpNh[dp Aph R>. hpd__u Ap L$\p
[d_ cNhp_ _rl `Z k[p_ [fuL$ fS|> L$f R>! L$pB_u D]$pf[p_p
Aphp Nfgpc DW$phhp_u hr-hr _r[L$ _rl `Z A_r[L$ S>
NZpe.
cpNh[_p R>$p L$^dp r_$`pegu AL$ Afie L$\p A_ykpf
rh$`_u `pk\u Bfi hZhurhp iuMu_ [_u `pk\u fpS>e T|V$hu
gu^gy A_ `R>u rh$`_u lep L$fu _pMgu. `p[p_p `f D`L$pf
L$f_pf_u lep L$fhp_y H_y Ap `Ngy _r[L$ L$lhpe L$ A_r[L$?
`fu Alep_ R>mL$`V$\u cpNh_pf Bfi g`V$ qifpdqZ l[p.
Aphp Bfi, ]$hp_p fp A_ hN_p Ar^`r[ NZpe R> !
h pky f _pd_p Aky f _p k l pf L$ f hp_ dpV $ L$ p B [`hu
eqL$ [ _p Ar\dp \ u b_ph g Apey ^ _u ] $ h [pAp _ ApheL$ [ p
l[u. [ \ u ] $ h [pAp ]$ r ^Qu F>rj_p Ar\ dpNhp [ d _u `pk
Negp, L$pfZ L$ ]h[pApdp [p L$pB [`hu l[p _rl. [Ap b^p
rhgpku l[p. `p[p_p hp\ rk L$fhp [Ap ]$q^Qu_y brg]$p_ ghp
[`f \B Nep. [dZ ]$r^Qu_y brg]$p_ gu^y; A_ [d_p As\_p
A-i b_phu Ap Akyf_p klpf L$ep. `p[p_p rhgpk-fnZ
dpV$ r_]$pj F>rj_p cpN g[p Ap ]$h[pAp_ L$ip npc _ \ep.
[d_p Aphp L$pe_ _r[L$ iu fu[ L$lu iL$pe ?
rlfi]y$ ^dipp-`yfpZpdp Aphp, A_r[L$ L$lhpe [hp,
kNp hpfhpf ApgMpep R>. [ OZp V$uL$p`p$ A_ hp^pS>_L$ R>;
[d R>[p ^dN\pdp [d_p pfp L$hp L$pf_u _r[L$[p iuMhhpdp
Aphu R>?! hpfhpf R>mL$`V$ L$f_pf, buAp_u D]$pf[p_p A_yrQ[
N f gpc DW$ p h_pfp, hp\ d p A ^ A_ L$ p hp]$ p hpbpS> r_] $ e
hld-A^p MX$_
39
]$h[pAp_ Ap]$i b_phu_ [dp [y[ L$fhpdp Apep R>. [ B

[ur[ \pe R> L$ L$$lhp[p ^prdL$ eyN_p ]$h[pAp A_ gpL$p L$hpL$V$gp _r[L$ li !
S>hp ]$h[pAp [hp cNhp_ A_ [d_p Ah[pfp ! rh_p
eL$ Ah[pf L$pB AL$ ep bu L$pf_p A_r[L$ L$pd_p L$f_pfp
fp R>. [d_p L$V$gpL$ L$pe [p A`fp^`|Z gpN [hp R>. Aphp L$e
L$pB ApS> L$f, [p L$p_|_ [_ A`fpû W$fphu rinp L$f. [_pe
\pX$pL$ D]$plfZp BA :
crhe `yfpZdp DgM Aph R> L$, ""bpA `p[p_u
`yu_ A_ rhA `p[p_u dp[p_ `p[p_u `_u b_phu_ `]$$
p[ Lep. '' (r[kN, MX$ :4.18.27.)
h ] $ d p `Z Ap [_p Dg M R> ; ""r`[pA b V $ u dp
Nc^pfZ L$ep''. (A\h : 9.10.12) (r[u bpBbgdp `Z
Aphu OV$_p hZhpB R>.)
""lz dp_p D``r[_ L$lz Ry>, [ bl__p f Adpfu `p\_p_
kpcm, L$ S> Bfi_p cpB R> A_ dpfp rd R>.'' (F>h]$ :
6.55.5)
cpNh[_p u L$^dp bp pfp `yu_ Qplhp_p `$
DgM R>. ""L$pd_ hiuc|[ \B_ hpL$ _pd_u `yu Qplu. r`[p_u
Ap byq B_ dqfQu hNf `ypA [d_ kdep L$ Aphy L$d _
L$pBA L$ey R>, _ L$pB L$f R> A_ lh `R>u _ L$pB L$fi.'' (cpNh[
: 3.18.28.30)
hld-A^p MX$_
40
^d N \ p d p S> `pp _ Ap]$ i $ ` hZ h hpdp Apep R> ,

[d_pdp L$pdyL$[p_u `fpL$p$p hp dm R>, [d_ S>epf `Z L$pB ky]$f
u ]$MpB R>, epf [Ap [_ p[ L$fhp dpV$_u A_ cpNhhp dpV$_u
hrdp gpNu Nep R>.
bp_u bpb[dp rih`yfpZdp Ahp DgM \ep R> L$
`ph[u_p rhhpldp bp `yfprl[ bfiep l[p. g_dX$`dp [dZ
`ph[u_p `N ep, A_ [yf[ S> [Ap L$pdp[yf \B Nep, A_
L$dL$pX$ L$fph[p L$fph[p S> Mrg[ \B Nep !
cpNh[dp Dg M R> L $ rih_u fnp_ dpV $ rhA
dprl_u $` ^pfZ L$ey; [p rih [ dprl_u_p $` `f dy^ \B Nep
A_ [_u `pR>m ]$uhp_p \B_ ]$pX$ep.
crhe `yfpZdp r_$r`[ AL$ Afie L$\p A_ykpf Ar
F>rj_u `_u Ae[ ky]$f l[u. bp, rh, dli Ze [_u `pk
Nep. bpA r_g> \B_ A_kyep `pk fr[kyM dpey ; A_ Ze
]$h[p Agug Q$pAp L$fhp gpep.
Np [ d dy r __p h i dp Bfi dy r __u `_u Alep kp\
ercQpf L$fgp A_u L$\p fpdpeZ A_ bhh[ `yfpZdp Aph R>.
ercQpf L$ep Bfi A_ [_u k cpNhhu `X$u r_]$pj Alep_ !
Ap [ L$hp ]$h[p A_ L$hu [d_u _r[L$[p!? Aphp ]y$NyZu ]$hp_ `|S>_pf
gpL$p_u d_p]$ip dpV$ iy L$lhy !
cpNh[ (9.14) A_ ]$hu cpNh[dp Qdp pfp Nyfy`_u
[pfp_ `p[p_u `pk fpMhp_u A_ cpNhhp_u L$\p Aph R>. NyfyA
`p[p_u `_u_ hpfhpf `pR>u dpNu, [p `Z QdpA [_ `pR>u _p
kpù. gpbp kde kyû kp\ flhp_ L$pfZ Qdp\u [pfp_ AL$ `y
`Z \ep- by^, S>_ Qdp_ S> kpù ]$hpdp Apep.
hld-A^p MX$_
41
]$h[pAp_p Nyfy$ bl`r[A `p[ [d_p cpB_u Nch[u

`_u dd[p `f, [_u BR>p rhfy, bmpL$pf L$ep l[p. dd[p A
bl`r[_p rhfp^ L$ep, epf ]$h[pApA [_ Npmp ]$uû.
`y f pZ` r k Ap b^p k N p _ p kpQp-Mp V $ p `Zp_y
Alv rhh Q _ L$ f hp_y ge _\u. [ d _p Dg M Alv A r$ \ u
L$fhpdp Apep R> L $ ^d N \ p d p Dg M g p ce-q]$e
g M p[p `pp L $ h p rhL $ [ A_ ]y $ f pQpfu l[p . [ d _ Ap]$ i
dp_uA , [p [ [ d _p L$ e p _ r [L$ hgZ L $ ApQfZ dpV $ ?
buAp _ u `_u R>u_hu g _ pfp [ d S> ercQpf L$ f _pfp
] $ h [pAp A_ F>qjAp lp e , [p Aphp Ly $ L $ d p ApS> S> A p
L$ f [p lp e [d _ `Z ] $ h [pAp A_ F>qjAp NZhp B A !
_rl [p , [ d _ _ r [L$ [ p_p Ap]$ i p [fuL $ fS| > L$ f hp_u h r
h r e ] $ h u B A .
]$hp_p fp Bfi [p dlprhgpku L$pdp^, jugp, Bepmy
A_ cufy `Z l[p. [ Akyfp kpd S>epf hpfhpf lpfu S>[p l[p,
epf bp, rh, dli_u klpe[p\u jX$e fQu_ `p[p_y fpS>e
`pRy> p[ L$f[p; `f[y [ `R>u A cpN-rhgpk A_ fpN fNdp
M|ù S>[p. AkfpAp_p _pQ hp, Apkhp ùhp A_ bu L$pB
eqL$[ kpfp L$pd L$f[u lpe [p [dp rh_ `]$p L$fhy, A S> ]$hp_p
]$h Bfi_u h_Qep l[u !
dlpcpf[ cpf[_y gp L re dlpL$ p e R> . [ _ p [p ]$ f L $
Aepedp S|>W$ bBdp_u A_ ^|[[p_u Y$Ngpb^ L$\pAp fS|> \B
R>. ^dfp L$lhp[p eyr^r$f |[ fd R> ; A_ ]$phdp fpS>`pV$
D`fp [ `p [ p_u [_ , `p [ p_p cpBAp _ A_ `p [ p_u `_u_
ky^p d|L$u ]$ R>. ^dfpS> L$lhp[p eyr^r$f_u Adp L$B _r[L$[p
hu ? [_ "^dfpS>' L$lhpdp-dp_hpdp AprQe iy ?
hld-A^p MX$_
42
cud Aphp bu ^dph[pf R>. [dZ AL$ fpS>Ly$dpfu

Abp_y A`lfZ L$ey ; `f[y [ `R>u [_u kp\ _ [p [dZ `p[ g
L$ey, _ bu S>epA [_ g_ L$fhp ]$u^y. `qfZpd [_ rbQpfu_
A[ Apdlep L$fhu `X$u.
k[u gMp[u Ly$[u_p AL$ `Z `y [_p `r[\u \ep _ l[p.
[ b^p `f`fyjp (]$h[pAp)_p r_epN_y `qfZpd l[p. [dpe L$Z
[p Ly$[u_u Ly$hpfu Ah\pdp S> S>fiep l[p. S>hy Ly$[p_y [hy p`]$u_y
h_ R>. ASy>_ p`]$u_ hehfdp p L$fu, `f[y [_ `pQe
cpBAp kp\ hfhy `X$ey. [ `pQ cpBAp_u keyL$[ `_u b_u. [_p
q`[p `pQpg _fi Ap_p rhfp^ L$ep; `f[y ^dph[pf eyr^r$f S>
]$ L$fu A_ p`]$u_ `pQe `pX$hp_u krlepfu `_u b_phu !
Agb, ApS> `Z R>mL$`V$ \pe R>; uAp_u R>X$[u,

[d_p A`lfZ A_ bmpL$pf l k`|Z fu[ M[d \ep _\u.
`f [ y A h p Mfpb ehlpf L$ f _pf eqL$ [ Ap e ApS> gp L $ p
Ap]$fcph ]$pMh[p _\u ; [d_ k A`phhp e_iug fl R>.
[\u EgVy$, pQu_ ^prdL$ S>dp_pdp Ahu eqL$[Ap_ ]$h ep F>qj
dp_u, "Ap]$i' dp_u, `|S>hpdp Aph[u l[u !
Ap` ^prd L $ L$ l h p[y kprle Ap L$ p f_u rhL $ [

OV$_pAp, rhc|r[Ap A_ hrAp\u R>gpR>g cfgy R>. [d_ ^d
A_ _r[L$[p_p Ap]$i NZhp, A dpVy$ rhX$b_ R>. Apd R>[p,
k_p[_uAp [d_p S>fu-`yfpZp rhL$[ Ap]$ip A_ _ur[dp_u
hp[p L$f[p \pL$[p _\u, bL$ [dp Npfh A_ych R>!
`y f pZL$ p gu_ cNhp_p , Ah[pfp , ] $ h [pAp , F>rjdy r _Ap _ Ap]$ i $ ` dp_u-d_phu ApS> A_ L $ ] $ c u ^prd L $
^y[pfpAp Qfu Mpe R> ! [Ap `p[p_ "cNhp_' ep "dlrj' NZph
R>. Ap cNhp_p `p[p_u Apk`pk uAp_p Tdgp S>dphu fl R>.
L$pB "uL$Z'_y D]$plfZ Apù_ [d_p ukN_ r_]$pj kprb[
L$f R>. [p L$V$gpL$ dlpdpAp _ipbp_ "iL$f'_p [L$ Apù_,
NlepN_p L$pe_ "by'_p ]$pMgp Apù_, R>mL$`V$_ "rh'_p
L$pep_p lhpgp Apù_ A_ ercQpf_ "Bfi'_y D]$plfZ Apù_
kdr\[ L$f R>! A\p[ Ap`Zp `yfpZp Ap]$i gMp[p ]$h[pAp
A_ F>rjAp ApS>_p W$Np A_ `pMX$uAp dpV$ fZp]$p[p A_ Y$pg
$` b_u fp R>.
h[y[: , Ap b^y [p gpN R> L$ L$lhp[p ^prdL$ eyNdp

_r[L$[p OZu l[u A hp[ S|>W$u R>. epf kpQu ^prdL$[p L$ _r[L$[p
S h y L$ i y S> _ l[y . A V $ g A_ r [L$ [ p h^hp_y L$ p fZ gp L $ p d p
^prdL$[p_u EZ` R>, Ad L$lhy bfpbf _\u. MfMf [p `yfpZp
S>dp_p_u A`npA ApS>_p eyNdp A_r[L$[p ApR>u R>. L$lhp[p
`y f pZp ^prd L $ ey N dp A_ r [L$ ApQfZ L$ f _pfpAp [ d _p
A`fp^p_p ]$X$dp\u bQu S>[p l[p. bgL$, ]$hp [fuL$ r[r$[
\[p l[p ! ApS> [ iL$e _\u. ]y$fpQpfuAp_ ApS> k \pe R>.
[\u `Z Ny_pB[ A_r[L$[p ApS> OV$u R>.
Apd R>[p , L V $ g pL$ cphy L $ gp L $ p `p f prZL$ Qqfp d p \ u

fZp ghp_u A_ [d_p AhNyZp [fa _rl hp_u hp[ L$l R>.
`f[y khpg A R> L$ kpfu fZp ghp dpV$ `pfprZL$ Qqfp_p S>
klpfp ip dpV$ ghp S>$fu R>? Br[lpkdp A_ ApS>_p kdpS>dp
`Z A h p Ak e D]$ p lfZp dm R> , S> `p f prZL$ Qrfp _ u
[yg_pA _r[L bpb[pdp A_L$ NZp QrX$ep[p R>. [d_p [fa
]y$gn L$fu, Sy>_hpZu ^prdL$S>_p `pfprZL$ Qqfp, ]$h[pAp A_
cNhp_p_u S> [yr[ L$ep L$f R> A_ Lfphhp_p ApNl fpM R>,
L$pfZ L$ [d \pe [p S> [d_u _apL$pfL$ ^d_u ]y$L$p_p A_ N]$u ep_
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
43
44
hrAp Qpg[u fl! Ap bû lL$uL$[ gndp g[p gpN R> L$

^d_p Ap OrV$ep ]y$L$p_]$pfp_ _r[L$[p-A_r[L$[p kp\ L$iu
ghp]$hp _lp[u-[d_ [p [d_u _apL$pfL$ ^d_u ]y$L$p_p Qpgy fl,
[dp S> fk l[p-R>.
dp `lfphu, gpL$p_ R>[fu, L$hm `p[p_p hp\ rk^ L$f R>.

bpL$u hopr_L$ L$kpV$udp [d_u EV$`V$pN ^prdL$ hp[p `kpf \B
iL$ [d _\u. Ap bû $rV$A rhQpf[p gpN R> L$ ^d_u Ap\ gB
_r[L$[p_u r[$p L$fhp_u hp[p A\lu_ R>.
A_r[L$ L$pe L$ep `R>u A`fpû gpL$p S> cph dlk|k L$f
R> , [ d p \ u dy r [ d m hhp dpV ^d _ p W $ L $ ] $ p fp A b[ph g dpN
A`_ph R>, S>d L$ dr]$fdp S>B_, cS>_Lu$[_ L$fu_, ]$p_-]$rnZp
Apù_ [ A p A`fp^ L$ e p _ p `p`dp \ u A_ cph-cpfdp \ u
R|>V$p_p cph A_ych R>. Ap fu[ ^d, gpL$p_ A_r[L$, bBdp_,
c$pQpfu A_ Ly$L$dw b_hpdp\u fpL$hp_ b]$g EgVy$ [d_ MpV$p$
L$pep L$fhp dpV$ h L$f R>. Apd lphp\u A_r[L$ L$pep\u ^_
L$ d phphpmp OZp gp L $ p d r ]$ f p b ^ ph R> ; c $ p Qpfu kp^y dlpdpAp _ ]$ p _-]$ r nZp Ap` R> ; [u\ e ppAp L$ f R> ; A_
kdS> R> L$ [dZ ^d-L$d pfp `p[p_p `p` ^pB _pep R>!
Aphu Ar_$ dpfie[p Ap`Z ep Ahu [p ]$Y$d|g \B R> L$ QpfX$pLy$ ky^p cNhp_, ]$hu-]$h[pAp_p A_fie c[ lpe R>; A_
Qpfu L$ g|V$ dpV$ S>[u hM[ [Ap ]$hu-]$h[pAp_u dp_[p dp_ R>,
[dp\u iyL$_ g R> A_ Qpfu L$ g|V$dp kam[p dmhp `f ]$hu]$h[p_ cV$-`| QY$ph R>! [d_ cNhp_ L$pB rinp L$f[p _\u.
[d_ rinp dm R> dp_huAp_u b_g kfL$pf, fiepe[, `pguk
A_ k_p pfp!
L $ V $ g pL$ gp L $ p ^d _ p A\ L$ [ e`fpeZ[p, _ r [L$ [ p,

k]$NyZ A_ kL$d b[ph R>. ^d_p Aphp A\ \[p lpe,
dp_hue NyZp_p [ èpe lpe, [p [_u kpd L$pB_ L$ip hp^p
lpB iL$ _rl. `f[y ehlpfdp "^d'_p Aphp A\ cpe S> \[p
lpe R>. ep [p r_f\L$ L$dL$pX$, A^p A_ MpV$p ]$Mphp_y
dplpe ]$iphpe R>, S>> dp_hu_ rhQpflu_, hldu A_ r_s$e
b_phu ]$ R>.
Ap ] $ i _u A L$ f y Z [p R> L $ Alv cp[cp[_p af b u

cNhp_p , dlrj A p , ^d N y f y A p , k [ p , c[p , ùfp , aL$ u fp ,
`p]$fuAp, [prL$p_p L$urX$epmp Ecfpe R>. [Ap ^d_p AQmp
_uQ `pM X $ a g ph R> A_ gp L $ p _ ^| [ R> . kpQu _ r [L$ [ p,
^prdL$[p\u [Ap NpDAp ]|$f R>. [Ap A_r[L$[p_ `pMX$u ^d_p
hld-A^p MX$_
45
Qrg[^d A_ ^dNyfyAp_y r_funZ L$f[p gpN R> L$,

kpdprS>L$ A_ er[N[ h_dp _r[L$[p_u S>V$gu ApheL$[p
R>, [_p\u A_L$NZu h^pf ^dNyfyAp_p h_dp _r[L$[p_u S>$f
R>, L$d L$ kdpS> `f [d_p OZp cph R> A_ [Ap S> A_r[L$[p
ApQf R>, [dp\u fZp gB_ gpL$p e Ae ^d_ _pd
A_r[L$ ApQfZ L$fhp dpX$ R>. [\u dlh_u hp[ A R> L$ kp \d
^d N y f y A p A `p [ S> ky ^ fhy B A , `p [ p_p rhQpf-hpZuehlpf_ _r[L$ fu[ iy^ L$fhp BA. ^dNyfyAp `p[ _r[L$
b_u e, A_ ^ddp _r[L$[p_p kdphi \B e, [p ^d_ _pd
Qpg[p afb, S|>W$, r[L$X$d A_ A^rhpkp Ap`pAp` ]|$f \B
e.
`f[y lL$uL$[ A R> L$ S> gpL$p Qrg[ ^ddp rhpk _\u
L$f[p [Ap `p[p_u kpdprS>L$ af e h^pf N[ fl R>. [d_
dpV $ L$ p B Ly $ L $ d L$ f hp_u A_ `R>u ^prd L $ d]$ ] $ \ u [ d _ dpa
hld-A^p MX$_
46
L$ f phhp_u L$ i u Ny ei _\u. [ A p S> L$ p d L$ f R> , [ _ y am

cpNhhp_ [epf fl R>. AV$gp dpV$ A_r[L$ L$pd [Ap cpe S>
L$f R>.
hmu, _r[L$[p rhi_p epg kde kde, \m \m,
kdpS> kdpS>, ]$i ]i b]$gp[p fl R>. [_u ^d_u kp\ cmkm
L$fhp_u S>$f _\u. kdpS>dp _r[L$[p_u r[$p dpV$ ^d_u _rl
`Z DrQ[ rinZ_u A_ hopr_L$ ArcNd L$mhhp_u S>$f R>.
]$fL$ er[_ A dlk|k L$fphhp_u ApheL$[p R> L$, [_ [ S> L$pd
L$fhp_u, [hp S> ehlpf L$fhp_u R|>V$ R>, S>_u [ buAp `pk\u
A`np fpM R>. ]$fL$ kpfp MpV$p L$d_p am Alv, Ap h_dp S>
dm R>, Ar[h _ ^fph[p bu S>_ddp, `fgpL$dp L $hN ep
_fL$dp _rl.
JFTJFTDF\ 5|FZaW ,. VFJJ]\4 V[ 5|`GG[ ;FRL ZLT[ D},JJFGL

V1FDTFGL lGXFGL K[P SM. 56 5|`GG[ 5}J"GF 5|FZaW IMU[ VFJ]\
YFI K[ V[ D SC[ J ] \ 4 V[ 5| ` GG] \ ;FR] \ ;DFWFG GlC 56 5| ` G
p5Z W}/ GFBL 5|`GG[ NF8L N[JF AZFAZ K[P
v
SM.GL :+LG[ SM. EUF0L ,. HFI4 TM 56 SD"JFNG[ SFZ6[
DFGJ] \ VG[ H[ YFI T[ AW] \ UIF HgDG] \ AFSL CT] \ T[ Y.
Z]\ K[ VG[ VFJTF HgD[ OZL EMUJJFG]\ YX[ V[JL JFTM JT"DFG
HgDGL 9[S0L p0F0JF AZFAZ K[P
0F8Z ;JFZ[ NL3" 5}HF SZ[ K[4 JSL, SF/M 0U,M R-FJTF\
5C[,F\ 5ZJZlNUFZGL :T]lT SZ[ K[P lJ7FGLVM 56 EUJFGGF OM8FG[
O},CFZ 5C[ZFJ[ K[P RF8"0" VSFpg8g8 DF+ RM50F5}HG H GYL SZTF
T[VM EUJFGGL VFU/ VUZAL 5[8FJ[ K[P 5|MO[;ZM VlUIFZ; SZ[ K[
VG[ XLT/F ;FTDG[ NCF0[ 8F-]\ BFI K[P A]lXF/L lJ5|M HGM. 5C[Z[ K[P
A]lXF/L Jl6SM U/FDF\ S\9L 5C[Z[ K[P S8FZ ,[BSM KFXJFZ[ zL
AFJFGF\ NX" G SZJFG[ SFH[ GFYFZF HFI K[ P VF.P V[ P V[ ; P
VD,NFZM VG[ T\+L ;FC[AM 5MTFGF 8[A, p5Z ;tI ;F\.AFAFGM S[
XLZ0LGF ;F\.AFAFGM S[ JF3 5Z A[9[,L DFTFGM OM8M ZFB[ K[4 TM 5KL
;FDFgI VE6 DF6;MGL TM JFT H XL SZJL m
v
!)(*GF H] , F. DF;DF\ U] H ZFT ZFI 5| F YlDS
lX1F6 ;\3GL SFZMAFZL FlZSF BFT[ D/L CTLP V[6[ ;\S<5 9ZFJ
SIM" S[4 HM VF56G[ l;,[XG U|[0 D/L HFI4 TM VF56[ VCL\\ AFWF
ZFBLV[4 ;\S<5 SZLV[ KLV[ S[ ZFI;\3 FZSFWLXG[ WHF R-FJX[ VG[
EMHGGM BR" 56 ;\3 EMUJX[PAM,M FZSFWLXGL HI SM.V[ VFJL
AFWF v DFgITFGM lJZMW G SIM" P AWFV[ TF/LVM 5F0L
5KL TM l;,[XG U|[0 D?IM VG[ T[GF ALHF DFR"DF\
U]HZFT ZFI 5|FYlDS lX1F6 ;\3 GL 5|FYlDS ;EF FZSFDF\ D/
L4 WHF R-FJLG[ lDQ8FgG HdIF4 OM8FVM 5F0F T[ lX1FS IMTDF\
K5FIF PPP
U] H ZFTGF\ AF/SMG] \ ElJQI H/] \ GYL ,FUT] \ P HM
5| F YlDS lX1FSM H VFJF JC[ D Mv DFgITFVMDF\ DFGTF CMI4
HFC[ Z DF\ VFJL 3MQF6F SZTF CMI VG[ EUJFGG[ WHFI R-FJTF
CMI4 TM 5KL VlXl1FT S[ V\WzF/] ALHF SMG[ SCLX]\ PPPm
lX1F6XF:+LVMV[ TFZ6 SF-]\ K[ S[4 AF/SG[ 5|FYlDS
SMl8V[ H[ ;\:SFZ D/[ K[4 V[GL V;Z NL3"SF/ ;]WL4 JGEZ ZC[ K[P tIFZ[
VF56[ lX1FSMGL NIF BFJL S[ 5KL AF/SMGL m 5|`G TM EM ZC[ K[P
,MS 50SFZ TFZLB o Z#v*v!)()
hld-A^p MX$_
47
hld-A^p MX$_
48
4- _ps[L$[p A_ ^d
ApS>L$pg Sy>]$p Sy>]$p ^d_p hX$pAp S>_kd|l_ kdhu fp
R> L$ ]y$r_epdp _ps[L$[p hû flu R>; A_ _ps[L$[p h^[u fli
[p ^d_p _pi \B S>i, cNhp_ cygpB S>i; `rfZpd dp_h[
bfbp]$ \B S>i!
`f[y Alv A AN rhQpf L$fhp S>$fu R> L$ _ps[L$ A_
_ps[L$[p iy R>? [Ap L$B fu[ ^d_p _pi L$fu fp R> ? [\u
dp_h[ L$B fu[ bfbp]$ \B S>i?
"_ps[L$' i]$_p A_L$ A\ \[p fp R>. epfL$ [ gpL$p_
_ps[L$ dp_hpdp Aph[p l[p, S> gpL$p h]$pdp rhpk _lp[p
L$f[p. epfbp]$ `prZr_ S>hp L$V$gpL$ Ahp rhp_p \ep, S>dZ
`fgpL$dp rhpk _ L$f_pf_ _ps[L$ L$p. L$V$gpL$_p d[ dpZ S>
gpL$p ^prdL$ [u\^pdpdp ]$i_p\ S>[p _\u, `|-`pW$ L$ rhrÂp
L$f[p _\u, [Ap _ps[L$ R>. L$V$gpL$ gpL$p Bfdp _ dp__pfp_
_ps[L$ NZ R>.
`f[y cpf[dp jX$]$i_p (kpe, epN, fiepe, hirjL$, `|h
dudp k p A_ Df dudp k p-h ] $ p [ ) fQpep epf _ps[L$ [ p_p
Bfdp rhpk L$ Arhpk kp\ L$pB kb^ dp_hpdp Aph[p _
l[p. Ap R> ]$i_p Aps[L$ lphp R>[p r_fufhp]$u `Z R>.
`f[y ApS>L$pg _ps[L$ i]$_p [$_ S>y]$p S> A\ L$fhpdp
Aph R>. k_p[_`\u L$dL$pX$u, A^pmy gpL$p Ahp bpr^L$p_
_ps[L$ L$l R>,S>Ap r_f\L$ L$dL$pX$, bl}]$p ^prdL$ A_y$p_p A_
by r ^lu_ ^prd L $ - ^t[Np d p rhpk L$ f [p _\u [ d S> [ d _p
hld-A^p MX$_
49
rhfp^ L$f R>. Ly$$rY$Ap_p rhfpûAp_ `Z $rY$Qy[ gpL$p _ps[L$

NZ R>! bl|]$u, r_f\L$, MQpm, L$pgN[ Ahu Ly$$rY$Ap_ hNf
rhQpe A_ykf_pf Ahp gpL$p `p[p_ Aps[L$ NZph R>!
_pq[L$ [ p_u bpb[dp Aphp d[d[p [ f lp h p\u kp A
Zu ghy S>$fu R> L$ ^d A Aepd A_ ]$i_\u AgN bpb[
R> . ^d _ p k b ^ eqL$ [ _p kpdprS>L$ h_ kp\ R> . Apdp
`fdpdp_p (L$p`r_L$) kb^p_p rhje Aepd kp\ R>, S>
[$_ eqL$[N[ dpdgp R>. ]$i_ kdS>hp rhQpfhp_y A_ ip^_y
n R>. Adp h[ tQ[_ dpV$ OZp AhL$pi R>. Adp Bf_ _
dp_[p lphp R>[p `Z Apr[L$ b_u-flu iL$pe R>.
^d Aepd A_ ]$i__p Ahp A\ kd gu^p `R>u, A
hp[ rbgLyg `$ \B S>hu BA L$ ^d_p Bf kp\, ]$hu]$h[pAp kp\ [\p hN, dpn hNf kp\ L$pB kb^ _\u. ^d
`|f`|fu fu[ Ap S> kppf_p, Ap S> kdpS>_p [\p Ap S> h__p
rhje R>. L$hm dp_hr[_u S> _rl, `f[y pZu dp_u cgpB_
dpV$ `p[p_p hp\p [dS> rl[p_p epN L$fhp_u hr-hr [
^d R>.
k [ [y g ku]$ p k_p cL$ [ p A d _u A_ L $ tQe DqL$ [ Ap _
A_L$ MpV$u bpb[_p_p kd\_ dpV$ fS|> L$ep L$f R>, `f[y A S>
[ygku]$pk ^d_u bpb[dp S> gey R>, [ [fa [Ap gn Ap`[p
_\u. [ygku]$pk buAp_p rl[_u hr_ S> kp\u dpV$p ^d dp_
R> ; S>d L$ `f rl[ kqfk ^fd _rl cpB,
`f r`X$p kd _rl A^dpB.
hld-A^p MX$_
50
Akgdp NfbX$ ep S> \pe R>, S>ep Ap`Z ^d A_

Aepd_ c m k m L$ f u ]$ B A R>uA , A_ ]$ i _ A V $ g h[
tQ[_\u AL$]$d ]|$f flu S>BA R>uA. Ap_y `qfZpd A Apey R>
L$ Ap`Z cNhp__y _pd gB_ gpL$p_y en A_ `fpn ipjZ
L$fhp gpep R>uA A_ `p[p_ ^prdL$ L$lhX$phuA R>uA !
S> d_ye `|f`|fu fu[ ^prdL$ R>, [ L$pB_y L$]$u Mfpb _\u
rhQpf[p, L$pB_y Mfpb _\u L$f[p. [ e\piqL$[dr[ buAp_y
cgy L$f R>. Apd R>[p, ^d_p W$L$]$pfp_p dp_hp dpZ [ _ps[L$
R>, L$d L$ [ `fdpdp_y fV$Z L$f[p _\u, A_ kd rhQpfu_ [\p
L$pB`Z h[y_ Zu_ S> [dp p-Ap fpMhp_y _L$L$u L$f R>.
]|$f_p L$s`[ `fdpdp_p `Qdp `X$hp L$f[p h^y BR>_ue
[p A R> L$ Ap`Zu Qpf bpSy>_p kdpS>_u kp\ Ap`Z h^y r_L$V$_p
kb^ fpMuA, L$d L$ Ap`Zp b^pS> hp\p_u `qf`|r[ Ap S>
kdpS> L$f R>. AV$gp dpV$ Ap`Zu p_ `p [p d_ye, ìy, `nu
hNf lphp BA. Ap` ApQfZ [d_p e d, L$fyZp,
kdS>`|hL$_y lphy BA, S>\u [d_p L$pe `Z Ap`Z_ A_yL|$m b_u
fl. hp\_u r$\u [p `Z Sy>]$p Sy>]$p hQep_u khp DrQ[ [d S>
DèpNu R>.
Ap`Zu L$lhp[u Aps[L$[p [p AL$ A_s[h ^fph[p

cNhp_dp_p rhpk_u cph_p `f S> s\[ \B_ NB R>. AV$g
S>$fu R> L$ Ap`Z Ap bpb[dp \pX$p rhQpf L$fuA.
Ap`Z ep A_L$ gpL$p_p Ahp d[ R> L$, cNhp_ A
rhQpf_p rhje _\u, p_p rhje R> . Ap hp[_p d[gb
hp[hdp A R> L$ cNhp__p rhjedp rhQpf L$fhp_u L$pB S>$f S>
_\u. Ap`Zu `pk rhQpfhp_ dpV$ bu lfp rhjep A_ kNp
R>, S> Ap`Zp fpS>bfpS>_p h__ M|b _S>]$uL$\u ì R>.
Ap`Z [d_p `f rhQpf L$fhp OV$.
cNhp__p h$ ` rhi Ap`Z ep Aepf ky ^ u S>
rhQpfZp \B R> , [ blz A`$ , k q ]$ ^, c p dL$ R> . Ap`Zu
kyrh^p dpV$, hp\ dpV$, Ap`Z cNhp__p kpL$pf- r_fpL$pf b
$`p_ A]$fpA]$f cmkm L$fu ]$u^p R> !
r_fpL$pf i]$\u `$ \pe R> L$ Bf_p L$pB ApL$pf L$pf
_\u, L$pB kL$` _\u, L$pB fpNj _\u. [ _ L$pB\u fyW$ R>, _ kfl
\pe R>. [ _ L$pB_ hf]$p_ Ap` R>, _ rinp L$f R>. [ _ bpg R>, _
kpcm R>, _ ]$M R>, _ ]$MpX$ R>. [ [p r_heqL$[L$ `fd kp R>.
bu i]$pdp L$luA [p [_y lphy _ lphy AL$kdp_ S> R> !
`f [ y Ap`Zu h r S> EgV$ u R> . Ap`Z h^y `X$ [ p

QpgpL$ A_ QbfpL$ R>uA. Ap`Z dpV$p epNu, [`hu lphp_p ep
k [ , dlpdp b_hp_p ] $ c L$ f uA R>uA , dpep\u ep S >_p ]| $ f
cpN[p lphp_p ]$Mph L$fuA R>uA; `Z lL$uL$[dp dpep_ h__y
dye ge NZu [_u `pR>m h_cf ]$pX$[p fluA Ru>A. rhfpNu
lp h p_p ]$ p MX$ p L$ f [p Ap`Z [ [_p fpNdp X| $ b g p fluA
R>uA.
Aphp (r_fpL$pf) Bf hp[hdp R> L$ _rl, [_u r_f\L$

QQpdp Ap`Z ip dpV$ `X$hy ? ANf [ R> [p cg lpe, Ap`Z
[_u kp\ iu ghp ]$hp R> ? Ap`Zp fpS>bfpS>_p L$pdp_ [p [ _lu
L$fu e. Ap`Zu kdepAp_ [p Ap`Z [ S> DL$ghu `X$i.
`R>u [_p lphp _ lphp_p Ap`Z dpV$ iy afL$ `X$ R> ? Ap`Z [_u
`pR>m ip dpV$ q]$dpN Mfpb L$fhy ?
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
51
52
cNhp__y kpL$pf-kNyZ h$` `Z Ahy S> tQe gpN R>.

cNhp__p Ap $ ` _ dpZk_p S> h y S> L$ `hpdp Apey R> . [
Ap`Zu dpaL$ eqL$[h`|Z R>. S> NyZ]$pj Ap`Zpdp R>, [ b^p
[ _ pdp `Z R> , `f [ y R> `p [ p_u Qfd kudp `f. S> hp[p
Ap`Zpdp kurd[ R>, [ [_pdp Akurd[ R>. cNhp_dp Ahe,
rhp, ei, ipcp, op_ A_ hfpe_u `fpL$p$p dp_hdp Aphu R>.
lp\ `N, qhp, by q , iqL$ [ -k L $ `hpmp Ap kpL$ p f
cNhp_ kNp`p fyW$ R> A_ kfl `Z \pe R>. [Ap Akyfp
kpd gX$ R>, lpf R> A_ L$`V$\u [ `Z R> ! [Ap `p[p_u p\_p
(My i pd[), [y r [ hN f kp c m R> ; cp N $ ` ^fphp[u c V $ `|_p huL$pf L$f R>; gpL$p_y kpfy ep Mfpb L$f R>; Arcip` ep
hf]$p_ Ap` R> A_ Ap`Z_ Ap`Zp L$dp_p A_ykpf am `Z
]$p_ L$f R>. cNhp__p Aphp $`_u L$`_p ApS> hp]$rhhp]$_p
rhje b_u R>.
Aphy L$d bfiey R>, [ AN rhQpfhy BA. ApheL$[p
AprhL$pf_u S>__u R>. b_hpN R> L$ cNhp__p kpL$pf h$`_p
AprhL$pf L$pB ApheL$[p_u S>$f `X$[p L$fhpdp Apep lpe. A
`Z kch R> L$ `yfpZp kdedp, `p[p_p ApQfZ_p r_ed__
dpV$, L$pB Ahu `fd kp_u L$`_p_u d_ye_ S>$f gpNu lpe,
S>_p X$f [_ ìy[p [fa S>[p fpL$u iL$ [d lpe.
`f[y ApS> Bf rhi_p Aphp epg iy DrQ[ R> ? _rl.
lh [p d_y e kdS>iqL[hpmp `y [ bfiep R> . dp_hp r Q[
ehlpf_ dpV$ [_ lh L$pB L$p`r_L$ cNhp_\u cecu[ \hp_u ep
X$fhp_u S>$f fl[u _\u. [ lh kd Nep R> L$ [_y cgy buAp_u
cgpB L$fhpdp S> R>.
hld-A^p MX$_
53
`ffi[y Q[yfQpgpL$ gpL$pA cNhp__u ^pfZp_p AL$ bu

S> DèpN ipû L$pY$ep R>. [dZ cNhp__p X$f ]$MpX$u_ cgpcpmp gpL$p_ g|V$hp_u i$Ap[ L$fu ]$uû R>. kpdpfie d_ye_ [Ap
Ahy L$lu_ Nydfpl L$f R> L$ cNhp_ ]$epmy R>. [ A`fpû_p Ny_p
dpa L$ f u ]$ > R> . if[ A V $ g u S> L $ [ Z cNhp__p cL$ [ p A h p
`|fuAp-` S>`_pf hNf (]$gpgp)_ ]$p_-]$rnZp\u [[
L$fhp BA. [\u kfl \eg cL$[p-`|fuAp cNhp__ p\_p
L$fu, A`fpû_p Ny_p dpa L$fphu ]$i.
S> gpL$p rhQpf R>, kdS> R>, B kcpmu_ Qpg R>, [Ap
Aphp Q[yf gpL$p_p Q$fdp Aph[p _\u, L$d L$ [Ap Z R> L$
cNhp_ dp AL$ heqL$[L$ L$`_p R>. [ L$epe _\u. A_ S> _\u [
LpB_u aqfep]$ iu fu[ kpcmhp_p ? - ep [_p Ny_p iu fu[ dpa
L$fhp_p ?-ep iu fu[, L$hu klpe L$fhp_p ?
Apd R>[p, L$pB Ahu ]$gpg Lf L$, kNyZ-kpL$pf cNhp_
R> S>; [p [_ Ahp Df Apù iL$pe L$, khiqL$[dp_ Ahp Bf_
dpZk_u _p_u _p_u cV$`|Ap_u iu S>$f ? kdN rh_y kS>_
L$f_pf L$lhp[p Bf_ d_ye_u [yR> cV$-`|-Apfp^_p_u S>$f
lp e , [p A N S > L$ r h rdV$ _ _p i]$ p d p L$ l h y B A L $ , ""[
kd p V$ p _ p kd p V$ R> , ANrZ[ aqf[p [ _ u k h pdp e L $ `m
`pZu, S>du_ A_ lhpdp ]$pX$[p af R> A_ Ake aqf[p [_p
Ap]$i_u r[npdp [epf Ecp fl R>.'' Aphp Bf_ d_yep pfp
cV$ Ap`[p [yR> cpN-brg_u iu S>$f R> ?
Mf M f Apd S> lp e [p , Aphp cNhp_ Ap`Zu
AQ_p-Apfp^_p_ dpV$ rhhi b_u fl Mfp ?
hld-A^p MX$_
54
Ap`Z rhQpfhy BA L$ iy Ap`Z cNhp_dp AV$gp dpV$

dp_uA R>uA L$ Ap`Z k]$pe kN-kph^p_ fluA, S>\u Ap`Zp
pfp L$iy MpVy$ L$pd \pe _rl ? S>epf `Z Ap`Z L$pB eqL$[ L$ pZu_u
rhfy L$pB L$fhp_y rhQpfuA epf Ap`Z_ cNhp__u ep]$ Aphu e
A_ Ap`Z ]y$L$d L$f[p AV$L$u S>BA ? iy Ap`Z cNhp__p L$pB`Z
cL$[_y L$epfe L$pB Arl[ _\u L$ey ? Ap_p cpe S> S>hpb dmu iL$
[d R>. [\u Ahy `$ kde R> L$ _ps[L$ [p A R> L$ S> ]$fL$ hM[
cNhp__p _pd_p Y$Y$fp ùV$u_ ku^p kp]$p gpL$p_ Nydfpl L$f[p fl R>,
Ad_ My]$_ S> cNhp_dp rhpk _\u. Ap ]$i ^d_u bpb[dp
fkp[pm S>i, [p [ Aphp `pMX$u ^prdL$ Aps[L$p_ gu^ S> S>i. [Ap
Aby^ gpL$p_ R>[fu_ [d_u `pk\u ^_]$pg[ iy L$pd `X$ph R> ? [Ap
B[p ^_]$pg[ [d_p cNhp_ `pk\u S> ku^p L$d dpNu g[p _\u ?
_ps[L$ A gpL$p R>, S>Ap cNhp__p _pd_u ApX$dp gpL$p_y
ipjZ L$f R>; `p[ d_ye lphp R>[p Afie d_yep_y Ar_$ L$f R>; k[_p
hpN ^pfZ L$fu A_ Apcpku `rh Apdp \pù A_L$ Ly$L$dp L$f
R> A_ `rh \p_p_ c$ L$f R>. hpdu rhhL$p_]$ L$y l[y L$, ""_ps[L$
[ _\u, S> cNhp_dp rhpk _\u L$f[p; `ffi[y _ps[L$ [ R>, S>
dp_hudp rhpk _\u L$f[p.''
c
c lJ7FGGL 0LU|LVM D[/JJFYL J{7FlGS VlEUD S[/JFTM
GYLP V[G[ DF8[ TM TL16 lJJ[SA]l HM.V[P VF56F ,MSM TM UM/ S[ NCL
\ BF.G[ 4 X]E X]SG SZL4 ALPV[;;LP S[P V[DPV[;;LPGL 5ZL1FF
VF5JF HFI K[ VG[ V[ D F\ \ R F G\ A Z[ 5F; YJFI4 V[ DF8[
;tIGFZFI6GL SYF SZFJJFGL AFWF ZFB[ K[ VG[ 5LV[RP0LP YI[,F J/
L ;FW] AFJFG[ U]Z] SZ[ K[ lJ7FGGF lGIDM ;DHJF DF8[ \RL A]l4 X]
TS" TYF B]<,]\ DG HM.V[Pcc
hld-A^p MX$_
TD[ O/IMlTQF VG[ AL U] JFTMG[ 36]\BZ\] GA/F DGDF\

HM. XSXMP V[8,[ VF AWL JFTM VF56F DGDF\ - YJF HFI S[
TZT H 0F8ZG[ D/J]\4 5F{lQ8S VFCFZ ,[JM VG[ VFZFD SZJMP
v :JFDL lJJ[SFG\N
CFYGL Z[BF 5|DF6[ RF,GFZF K[ 36F4
RF, TFZFVMGL AN,[ V[ H XTDFG K[P
VF56M pFZ UUGDF\ U|CM GlC4
VF56M 5]Z]QFFY" H SZX[P
v X[BVFND VFA]JF,F
EFZTGF DFG;GL l1FlTH p5ZYL O/IMlTQFG] \ N] Q 8
JFN/ IF\ ;] W L N} Z GlC YFI4 tIF\ ;] W L 7FG~5L ;} I " G ] \ lSZ6
RDSX[ GlC
v V[DP V[GP ZFI
VF\ U /F 5Z HFTHFTGF Z\ U MJF/F\ G\ U MGL JL\ 8 LVM
jITGL VFlY"S ;D'l VG[ DFGl;S S\UFl,ITG]\ NX"G SZFJ[ K[P
v
cc ;FW]AFJF4 AF5]VM4 ;\5|NFIGF U]Z]VMV[ XZLZG[ V[S VNF,T

AGFJL NLW] \ K[ P
v ZD6 5F9S sJFR:5lTf
NZ V9JFl0I[ DCFtDFVMGL JF6L ;F\E/JF HGFZL I]JFG

:+LVM DF8[ VFwIFtDS CM:58,M BM,JL HM.V[4 HIF\ V[ H<NL
A]L Y. HFI V[JF ZF;FIl6S 5|IMUM SZJF HM.V[Pcc
v
55
hld-A^p MX$_
56
5-gp c A_ ce Ap^pqf[ ^d Qpf

ApS>_p ey N Qpf_p ey N R> . S> h[y _ u hpf h pf A_
fipf\u lfp[ \pe, [_p blpmp Qpf \pe, [_u M`[ h^pf
\pe. A V $ g QuS>-h[y A p L $ dpg-kpdp_ h Q _pf Ly $ _ l bpS>
ep`pfuAp `p [ p_p dpg_u l f p[p k[[ L$ f [p fl R> .
ep`pfuAp_u Aphu [fL$ubp_y A_ykfZ lh ^dn k]$pep_p
hX$pAp pfp i$ \ey R>. [Ap `p[p_p k]$pep_u lfp[ ep`pfu
Y$ b , _hp [ d S> h^y N p lL$ p d m hhp dpV $ L$ $ f hp gpep R> .
^d ^ y f ^ fp dl g S> h p dlpgep d p fl h p gpep R> ; dp O u]$ p V$
L$pfpdp afhp gpep R> A_ rhdp_pdp eyfp`-AdqfL$pdp hk[p
`p [ p_p A_y e peuAp _ ]$ i _ Ap`hp (DOfpZp L$ f hp) DX$ p DX$
L$fhp gpep R>. [Ap L$]$u A_p\pdp, rh^hpNlp, lps`V$gp,
Dp N klpeL$ _pZp r _rÂp , au frl[ ipmp-rhpgep L$ ] $ u
\p`[p _\u ep [hu k\pAp_ L$iu d]$]$ L$f[p _\u.
`f[y k]$pe, ^d L$ Bf_p Qpf dpV$ L$lhp[p ^d`yfyjp
pfp S> Ar_$ dpNp A`_phhpdp Aph R>, [ OZp hp^pS>_L$ R>.
L$ p B `Z by q dp_ eqL$ [ [ d _ `k ] $ L$ f i _lv. Apd R>[p ,
Ape_u hp[ [p A R> L$ rl]y$ k]$pepdp ep`pfu Y$b i$ \eg
Aphp Qpf_u rhfy dp L$ p B by q huAp A l ky ^ u AhpS>
DW$pep _\u. L$lhp[p byqhuAp_u L$pef[p, [L$hpq]$[p A_
ApdL$rfie[p [d_ Aphu gpL$rl[rhfpû ^prdL$ hrAp AN
d|Np fpM R>. [Ap kdpS>rhfpû gpL$p R>.
ApS>L$ p g f[ Qpg_pf_ AQp_L$ S> L$ p B _p pfp A h u
`rL$p `L$X$phu ]$hpdp Aph R>, S>dp rhrcfl cNhp_p_p A]$cy[
Ah[pf_u QQp lpe R>. [d_u QdL$pqfL$ gugp_y [dp hZ_ lpe R>.
`rL$ p `pd_pf eqL$ [ `pk \ u [ h u bu lf L $ `rL$ p Ap
hld-A^p MX$_
57
R>`phu_, Afiep_ hlQu [_p Qpf L$fhp_y [dp L$lhpdp Aph R>.
Ap `rL$pdp _ [p ^d_p Qpf dpV$_p ApNl lpe R> L$ _ [p L$pB
L$epZL$pfu L$pepdp klepN dpV$_u dpNZu lpe R>. `f[y [dp
"^d'_u ApX$dp, `rL$p `pd_pf_ \pX$p ce ]$MpX$u, \pX$uL$ gpgQ
Apù, `rL$p hlQhp dpV$ AX$L$[fy ]$bpZ L$fhpdp Apey lpe R>.
Aphy L$f_pf ^prdL$ _rl, `Z gcpNy Ap[L$hp]$uAp lpe R>.
D]$plfZ $` Aphu AL$ `rL$pdp L$lhpdp Aphgu hp[p_p
L$V$gpL$ Ai _uQ ]$ipep R> :
""dybB_p AL$ dpZk 2000 `rL$pAp >R>`phu_ hlQu [p
[_ 14 q]$hk_u A]$f 92 gpM_u gpV$fu gpNu. AL$ eqL$[A 50
`rL$pAp R>`phu_ hlQu [p [_ 14 q]$hk_u A]$f 90 lf $rèp
dep. ^_bp]$dp AL$ qfnphpmpA 650 `rL$pAp hlQu [p [_
Ofdp\u kp_p_p rk$p cfgp OX$p dep. Ap S> dpZ AL$ R>pL$fp
`rL$pAp R>`phhp_y rhQpfu fp l[p L$ [_ kpfu _pL$fu dmu NB;
[p [Z AL$ lf _L$gp R>`phu_ hlQu. AL$ eqL$[A Ap `rL$p_
S|>W$u dp_u_ apX$u _pMu [p [_p dpV$p ]u$L$fp AQp_L$ dfu Nep. AV$g
Ap hp[_ kpQu dp_u_ bS>fNbgu_p Qpf L$f. S> k>__ Ap
`rL$p dm, [d_ rh_[u R> L$ `rL$p_ L$pB bu_p lp\dp _ Apù
]$. '' `rL$p\u \eg gpc-_yL$ip_-`pd_pf gpL$p L$s`[ R>-[hu
L$pB eqL$[Ap As[h ^fph[u _\u.
Aphu "bS>fNbgu' rhjeL$ `rL$pAp D`fp[ "k[pju
dp[p', "L$pmuL$p dp[p', "]y$Np dp[p'_p dlpe_u A_ A]$cy[
QdL$pf_u fpdpQL$ hp[p L$f[u `qL$pAp `Z k[[ hlQp[u fl
R>. [dp Ahy `Z ]$iphhpdp Aph R> L$ S> gpL$pA Ap hp[_ kpQu
dp_u_ ]$h L$ ]$hu_p Qpfdp klepN Apep [d_ Apr\L$ gpc
hld-A^p MX$_
58
\ep; `Z S> gpL$pA [_p Qpfdp ApS>....L$pg.... L$f[p 24

q]$hk_p rhgb L$fu ]$u^p [d_ Ofdp L$pB hS>__y dey \B Ney !
Ar_V$ _ u Api L $ p
gpV$fu L$ kp_pdlpfp_p gpcdp [p ApR>p gpL$p `X$ R>.
`f[y ]$uL$fp A\hp `_u_p dey_p ce OZp gpL$p `f KX$u Akf
L$f R>. cZgp NZgp gpL$p `Z Aphu ^d-_pdu A^dw `rL$p_u
g`V$dp Aphu e R>, L$d L$ [d_p `f `_u, dp A\hp Of_u L$pB
drlgp ke_y ]$ b pZ \hp gpN R> . cgp ! `Qpk $ r èp
bQphhp_ dpV$ `_u A\hp dp[p_ ip dpV$ _pMyi L$fhpdp Aph ?Ad rhQpf L$fu_ L$pB`Z eqL$[ `rL$p R>`phu_, Ofdp N_pf
k c rh[ L $ L $ p k_ V$ p m R> . kdS>]$ p f eqL$ [ Ap `Z Of_u
drlgpAp_ Aphp ^prdL$ ^t[Np_u A\lu_[p kdhhp_p epk
L$f[u _\u.
d_phopr_L$p_y L$lhy R> L$ L$pB`Z L$pf_p Mfp-MpV$p ce
`yj_p L$f[p gpNZuiug uAp `f h^pf Akf L$f R>. L$]$pQ
uAp `f Aphu d_phopr_L$ Akf `pX$hp_ dpV$ S> cNhp__p
AS>fiV$p `rL$p D`fp[ `pV$$L$pX$_p `Z klpfp ghp gpep R>.
Aphp `p V$ L $ p X $ S>epf L$ p B _p Of_ kf_pd `lp Q R> , epf
hpcprhL$ fu[ S> Of_u L$pB_ L$pB drlgp ke_u _S>f `X$ R>.
bk, `R>u [p L$lhy S> iy ! uAp L$lhp[p ^d_p apkgpdp Aphu
e R>.
R>. [hp L$pfZkf fpS>L$`|f_u _hu qad "fpd [fu NNp dgu' `f
`r[b^ d|L$hp_u dpNZu ^dOgp gpL$pA L$fu l[u. [d_ d_ NNp
[p "`rh', [ _ "d g u' L $ d L$ l h pe ? h[y [ :, N N p Aepf
"dgu' S> _lv, Ae[ "Tfu' ep "]y$rj[' `Z b_u NB R>. [_p
`pZu_y ApQd_ L$f_pf hlgp L$ dpX$p hN (ep _$fL$) r[ Nd_
L$f, Ahu s\r[ Ecu \B R>!
]$i_u drlgpApdp rinZ_y dpZ h^hp\u [d S> [_p
[f KQp S>hp\u lh [Ap A_L$ r_rd kX$L$p `f kfOkpdp
TX$p gB fS|> \hp gpNu R>. _pfudyqL$[_u hp[ lh fipf\u i$
\B R>. qadp [dS> lfp[pdp _pfu_p AN ]$i_ `f r[b^
gNphhp dpV $ Qp [ fa Ap ] $ p g _p `Z QgphpB fp R> . `f [ y
drlgpAp_p [dpd kNW$_ Llhp[u ^prdL$ k\pAppfp QgphpB
flgp `rL$p-`pMX$ AN kph r_r$e S>Zpe R>. AcZ, Aby^
uAp_y Aphp ^dNXy$ `pV$L$pX$ A_ `rL$pAp pfp S> ipjZ \B
fy R>, [_ AV$L$phhp dpV$ u kNW$_pA e_ L$fhp BA.
`f[y Ap kNW$_p_ `p[p_p N| AN-D`N_y Agug ]$i_ L$f[u
uk]$e-`^pApdp S>V$gp fk R> [V$gp [d_ ^prdL$ hldp_p
apkgpApdp\u bQphhp dpV$_u hrApdp _\u !
ApS>L$ p g L$ p B `Z raddp A\hp `y [L$ d p L$ i y

^d r hfp ^ u kpQy L $ L$ s `[ L $ B L$ Aphu e, [p ^d O g p gp L $ p
`p[p_p ^d_u _pgiu \B R>, Ahy blp_y L$pY$u lNpdp dQphu ]$
R>hV,$ AV$gy S> L$lhp_y d_ \pe R> L$- ^d_p Ap OqV$ep

Qpf_y kQpg_ L$pZ L$f R>, ce A_ gpc `f Ap^pqf[ Aphp
bl}]$p `Qpf_u eh\p_u `pR>m L$ep gpL$p R>, [d_ [\u L$hp
gpc \B fp R>, hNf AN byqr_$ dX$mpA A_ eqL$[ApA
`Z lf Tybi Qgphhu BA. lf S>_[p_y Ar_$ L$f_pf
Aphp A^dw ]y$$p rhfy kfL$pf `Z L$p_|_u `Ngp ghp BA.
Aphu `rL$pAp R>`ph_pfp gpL$p A_ R>p`_pf kdprgL$p rhfy
kfL$pf ]$X$pdL$ L$p_|_u L$pfhpB L$fhu BA.
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
59
60
L$V$gpL$ byqdp_ gpL$p_y dp_hy R> L$ Ap [_u `rL$pAp

L$V$gpL$ R>p`Mp_phpmp_u R>[f`vX$u_y `qfZpd R>. `f[y Ap hp[_
kpQu dp_u ghpdp Aph [p `Z gpL$p_p Ofpdp Aphp Qpfhpmp
`pV$L$pX$ dpV$u kepdp L$ep\u, Ld$ Aphu fp R>, [hp S>$f MX$p
\pe R>. L$V$gpL$ gpL$p Ap_ L$pB ^dp^[p_u QpgpL$u dp_ R>. `f[y Ap
`rL$pbp A\hp `pV$L$pX$_u `pR>m Nd [ L$pfZ lpe, [_p\u OZp
gpL$p_p dp_rkL$ ipr[, kde A_ `kp_u bfbp]$u \pe R>, \B flu R>.
[\u, Aphp ^t[N_ k[pB`|hL$ AV$L$phhp S> BA.
lh [p Ahu `qfs\r[ kB R> L$ gpL$p kX$L$ `f hlQp[u
L$ p B `Z [_u `rL$ p _ AX$ L $ h p_y `Z V$ p m R> . L$ ] $ p Q [ \ u
`rL$pAp_p QpfL$pA lh `rL$pAp_ dq]$f_p ]$fhpAp `pk
d| L $ h p_y i$ L$ e y R> . Aep gp L $ p Dky L $ [ phi Ap `rL$ p _
DW$phu_ hpQ R>, A_ [d_p dp_rkL$ [Zph hû e R>.
rinZ_u r$A `R>p[ rh[pfpdp Ap [_u `rL$pAp
`p[p_u `|fu Akf ]$MpX$ R>. S>ep Nfubu M|b S> R> ep r_fnf[p
`Z h^pf R> . hpcprhL$ R> L $ Nfub gp L $ p Ap `rL$ p Ap _ u
QyNpgdp h^pf akpB fp R>. [d_u A` L$dpZudp_p L$V$gpL$
rlkp Aphp cpdL$ "Bfue Qpf'dp Qpep e R>. Ap MQ
[d_u `p[p_u BR>p\u _lv, `f[y AL$ Aop[ ce\u fpB_ \pe
R>. S>d_u `pk Aphu `rL$pAp R>`phu_ hlQhp_u s\r[ _\u
[hp Nfub `qfhpf_p gpL$p_u dp_rkL$ s\r[ L$hu L$fyZ \[u li,
[_p A]$pS> klS> gNphu iL$pe R>.
ApS> h[u h^pfp_ L$ p fZ h^ g p hpl_-ehlpf_
A_y g nu ipk_ f[p `lp m p L$ f hp dpV $ kX$ L $ `f_p L$ p B
^prdL$ \p__ MkX$hp_u hp[ L$f R>, [p ^d_p W$L$]$pfp [yf[ S>
ipfbL$pf i$ L$fu ]$ R>, lzgX$ `f E[fu Aph R>. `f[y Ap S>
hld-A^p MX$_
61
^d _ p W $ L $ ] $ p fp pfp Aphu c p dL$ A_ ce f L$ `rL$ p bp\u

gpL$p_y S> dp_rkL$ A_ Apr\L$ ipjZ L$fhpdp Aphu fy R>, [ [fa
rbgLy $ g gn A`p[y _\u. L $ V $ g uL$ hpf [p [ A p `p [ S> Aphp
^t[N_p kS>L$ L$ fL$ lpe R>. e-Ae [Ap [_p kd\L$
b_ R>. Aphp `rL$pQpf cg_ L$pB_u R>[f`vX$u A\hp ifpf[
lpe, `f[y [ AN_y dW$$pûip_y dp_ iL$p f R>. [hu iL$p\u
[Ap dyL$[ \hp dpN[p lpe, [p [dZ [d_p [fa\u Aphu A-^dw
`rL$ p Ap _ u Akrge[_u l f dp Op j Zp L$ f hu B A . Aphu
`rL$pAp_p Qpf L$fhp\u L$ [d_u AhNZ_p L$fhp\u L$pB_y L$iy
cgy L$ by \[y _\u, Ahu gpL$p_ Mp[fu L$fphhu BA.
__pdu `rL$pAp R>`ph_pf gpL$p L$pef, gyQp A_ L$`V$u
lpe R>. [\u [Ap [d_p Mfp _pd Aphu ^r[N^dw `rL$pAp
R>`ph[p _\u. Aphp L$pef, L$`V$$u [dS> `pMX$u gpL$p_p B$]$h
`Z [d_p S>hp S> L$pef A_ `pMX$u lpe. Aphp ^t[rNep ]$h L$
]$hu_ `p[p_ dpV$ `pMX$`|Z Qpf L$fhp-L$fphhp `X$ [ `f\u [p
[_u r_dpe[p S> DOpX$u `X$ R>. dpV$ Aphp `pMX$u ^dQpfL$p
A_ [d_p `p[p_p `pL$m ]$h-]$huAp\u kdSy> gpL$pA ]|$f flhy
BA. [d_u `rL$pAp_ r[fL$pf`|hL$ aNphu ]$hu BA.
WD" VG[ ;\:S'lTGF Z1F6GL A}DM SM6 5F0[ K[ m D\lNZGM 5}HFZL4
5]ZMlCT4 VFzD S[ D9GM DC\T4 ;MGFGF l;\CF;G VG[ RF\NLGL RFB0LVMJF/
F4 K+vRFDZJF/F JU[ZP[ VF AWF HF6[ K[ S[4 WD" TYF ;\:S'lT ZC[X[ TM H
5MTFGF\ lCT ;,FDT ZC[XP[ WD"G[ ARFJM GM BZM VY" YFI K[ 5MTFGF\
l;\CF;G4 ZFHEMU VG[ K+vRFDZ ARFJM4 GlC TM 5MTFGL pDTF ;DF%T
Y. HX[P VFJL ZLT[ :YFl5T lCTM AC] RF,FSL 5}JS" 5MTFGL lCTGL Z1FF4 WD"
TYF ;\:S'lTGF H/F GFD[4 ,MSM 5F;[ SZFJL ZF K[P
v
hld-A^p MX$_
62
6- L$ d e h pr^L$ p f[ dp ag j y L$ ] $ p Q_
^fph R> ? uL$Z Ap gpL$dp kpfp-Mfpb L$dp_p L$ip c]$

b[pep _\u.
cpf[ue kL$r[dp Nu[p_y O dlh R>. L$d L$fhp_u hp[

S>epf L$fhpdp Aph R> epf Nu[pdp uL$Zpfp DQpfpeg Ap
gpL$ hpfhpf V$pL$hpdp Aph R> :
kpdpfie dpZkp [p am_ (`qfZpd_) B_ S> kpfpMfpb L$dp_p c]$ L$f R>. am kpfy lpe [p L$d `Z kpfy S> l[y
A_ am Mfpb lpe [p L$d `Z Mfpb S> l[y, Ahy [Ap dp_
R>. amdp Ap`Zp L$epfe Ar^L$pf S> _ lpe [p `R>u kpfp_fkp L$ddp A[f A_ [ L$fhp_u S>$f `Z L$d lpe ?
L$dehpr^L$pf[ dp agjy L$]$pQ_,

dp L$dagl[yc|dp [ kNpX$hL$drZ. (2/47)
dpV$p cpN_p gpL$p Ap gpL$_u \d `qL$[_p A\ "[pfp
L$d L$fhp_p S> Ar^L$pf R>, am pr[dp L$epfe _rl,' Ahp L$f R>.
`ffi[y kL$[ cpjp_p epL$fZ A_ykpf Ap_p hp[qhL$ A\ R> "[pfp L$d L$fhpdp S> Ar^L$pf lphp BA, am pr[dp L$epfe _
lphp BA.'
gp L $ _ u bu ` q L$ [ _p A\ R> -"[y L$ d d p am_u
BR>phpmp _ lphp BA. (kp\ S>) [pfp L$d _ L$fhpdp `Z
gNph _ lphp BA.'
kpfp L $ Mfpb L$ d p _ p c ] $
uL $ Zpfp DQpf g D`fp L $ [ gp L $ `fh A_ L $ fu[
rhQpfu iL$pe. AL$ [p A L$, uL$Z MfMf S>N[r_e[p,
`fb A_ b^p_p d|m L$pfZ l[p, [p [dZ A L$lhp_u iu S>$f
`X$u L$ "[pfp AdyL$dp Ar^L$pf lphp BA A_ AdyL$dp _ lphp
BA.'?
Alv A \pe R> L $ iy d_y e_ b^p L$ d L$ f hp_p
Ar^L$pf R>? iy [ Qpfu, lep, bmpL$pf b^y S> L$fhp_p Ar^L$pf
hld-A^p MX$_
63
uL$Z_y L$lhp_y [pè A R> L$ L$d [p kpfy S> L$fp.

[_p `qfZpd h$` am kpfy dm[y lpe, [p [_p huL$pf L$fp.
`ffi[y Ap huL$ p f-AhuL$ p f iy Ap`Zp lp\_u hp[ R> ?
huL$pf-AhuL$pf Ap`Zp lp\_u hp[ _ lp e , [p `R>u
A`fpûAp [d_u BR>pdp Aphi [d L$fi. [d_ am h$`
rinp [p L$ e pf e dmi _lv A_ dmi [p `Z [ A p [ _ p
AhuL$pf L$fu ]$i.
hopr_L$p A_ ]p$ir_L$p_p L$lhp `f rhQpf L$fhpdp Aph,
[p uL$Z_y Aphy L$\_ [_ Ake kprb[ \pe. rhop__p ]$fL$
rhp\w Z R> L $ ]$ f L $ q$ e p_u kpd bfpbf kdp_ r[q$ e p
(am) lpe R>. blpf_p [p iy `Z My]$ cpf[_p ]$pir_L$pA `Z
hpfhpf L$y R> L$ L$d A_ am_p `f`fpr[ kb^ R>. ^$d A_
_r[L$[p_p QpfL$ _[pAp `Z L$ped L$l R> L$ kpfy L$ Mfpb S>
L$ B L$ p B `Z L$ f i , [ _ [ _ y [ h y S> `qfZpd cp N hhy `X$ i .
uL$Z_p dyM S> ApNm D`f Ap hp[ _uL$mu R> :
_ L$[yh _ L$dprZ gpL$Q kS>r[ cy :
_ L$dagkepN hcph[y h[[
(5/14)
hld-A^p MX$_
64
AV$g L$ cNhp_ _ [p L$d_p L$f_pf R>; _ [p [ L$dp_u

A\hp _ [p L$d A_ am_p kb^_u fQ_p L$f R>. Ap b^y S>
hpcprhL$ fu[ \[y fl R>.
L|$hpdp `Z _pMu iL$pe. `ffi[ Mfpb L$d_y am [p Ap`Z S>

cpNhhy `X$ R>. Ap op_\u [p Ap`Z eL$ ]$ipdp _yL$ip_ S>
cpNh[p fluA.
uL$Z ASy>__ L$l R> L$, "" l ASy>_, [y am_u BR>phpmp

_ lphp BA, L$d L$ am_p epN L$fhp_y `qfZpd Ae[ Dd
lpe R>. [_p\u `fdNr[, `fb A_ r_hpZ hNf_u pr[ \pe
R>.'' hp[hdp [d_y A S> L$lhy R>, L$ [d _S>f dpV$p am `f fpMp,
_p_p am `f _rl.
L$d L$fhpdp Ar^L$pf lpe `ffi[y amdp Ar^L$pf _ lpe, [p

OZu dyL$gu ke. ^pfp L$ L$pB_p ]$uL$fp fprN$ b_, [p [_p
r`[p_p Ar^L$pf R> L$ [_p Ap ]$uL$fp_ kp L$fhp dpV$ ]$hp]$p$ dpV$
b^p S> L$d L$fu R|>V$. `ffi[y uL$Z_p L$\_ A_ykpf S> am_ dpV$ [
S> L$pB b^p L$dp L$fu fp lpe, [_y am [p [_ L$epfe _ dm.
AV$g L$ [_p ]$uL$fp L$epfe _ufpNu _ \pe. uL$Z_p L$lhp dpZ,
[ ]$uL$fp_ _ufpNu \hp_u (L$dam l[ykf) r`[p L$epfe BR>p _
L$f. kp\ kp\ A Z[p lphp R>[p `Z L$ [_p e_p_y am [_
dmhp_y _\u, [ L$ped [dp d_ gNphu_ ]$hp]$p$dp gpep fl.
ApNm D`f uL$Z L$V $guL$ ApeS>_L$ hp[p `Z L$f R>, S>d
L$ :
L$[: q$epdpZpr_ NyZ: L$dprZ khi:
AlPL$pf rhdyY$pdp L$[plrdr[ dfie [. (3/27)
AV$g L$ L$r[_p NyZp pfp S> b^p L$dp \pe R>. AlL$pfu
d|Y$ S> Ahy dp_ R> L$ [ he L$[p R>.
uL$Z_y Ap L$\_ kpQy lpe, [p `R>u L$d L$fhp_p
Ar^L$pfu Ap`Z L$ep\u \ep ? Apd S> lpe [p `R>u Mfpb L$d
L$ f hp_p `qfZpd S>epf Ap`Z_ dpf `X $ R> , epf ]y $ : M S>X$
L$r[_ _rl `ffi[y Ap`Z_ klhy `X$ R>; Apd L$d ? Ap_y MfMf
op_ Ap`Z_ \B S>hp R>[p `Z ]y$:M A_ ep[_p\u Ap`Zp
Ry>V$L$pfp \[p _\u.
D`fpL$[ `qfs\r[ ceS>_L$ gpN[u lpe, [p A L$epL$

Ap`Zp Aop__y gnZ R>, L$d L$ ApNm `f uL$Z Ap`Z_
kdh R> :
L$dS> byqeyL$[p rl ag eL$hp d_urjZ :
S>fid bfi^rhr_dyL$[p: `]$ NfR>fie_ded (2/51)
AV$g L$ byqdp_, op_u dpZk L$dp_p `qfZpd lphphpmp
am_p epN L$fu S>fid b^_\u dyqL$[, dpn`]$_ `pd R>.
kdpS> A_ L$pe]$p-L$p_|__y `pg_ L$fph_pf [-Adg]$pf

hNf `Z Nu[p_p op__ dp_hp_p L$ A_ykfhp_p BfiL$pf L$f R>.
Mfpb L$d L$ep `R>u ampq[dp Adpfp Ar^L$pf _\u, Ad L$lhp
R>[p `Z am$` A_ dpfu_ bhX$p L$fu ] R>. kpfy L$d L$fu_, [_y am
Ap\u "L$ d e h pr^L$ p f[ . ...........................'

uL$Z_p Ap gpL$\u A_L$ rhV$bZpAp Ecu \pe R>. MfMf
hpdp Aph [p "L$ddp rhpk L$fhp_y' A_ "L$d_y am `p[p_p
lp\dp _ lphp_y' A bfi_ hQ L$ip dm Mp[p _\u. bfi_ L$\_ AL$
bu_p rhfpû R>. L$d_p am_ r_eZ_u blpf dp_u_ iy L$ddp
rhpk L$fu iL$pe Mfp ?
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
65
66
L$pB`Z L$pd L$fhp `pR>m eqL$[_p Lp$BL QpL$L$k D$e

Ahe lpe R>. D]$e rh_p_y L$pB L$pd lpB iL$ _rl. MX|$[_
dl_[_p am $` `pL$ (akg) _ dmhp_p lpe, [p [ M[u ip dpV$
L$fi ? bpmL$p_ ke, kyrirn[, kL$pfu b_phhp_u dp[p-r`[p_u
BR>p _ lpe, [p [d_ ipmpdp cZhp dpL$ghp_u iu S>$f R> ?
[hp_u BR>p _ lpe, [p L$pB `lghp_u ip dpV$ L$fi ? D$e_u
ApL$pnp_ `|fu L$fhp_ dpV$ L$ddp hr `R>u\u i$ \pe R>. L$pB
eqL$[_ Ahu Mbf `X$u e L$ [ S> L$B`Z L$fi, [_p `qfZpd `f
[_p Ar^L$pf _rl lpe, [p [ L$d L$fhp dpV$ iy L$pd d_ gNphi ?
kpQy [p A R> L$ S>X$ A_ Q[_dp afL$ `pX$hphpmu bpb[
BR>piqL$[ R>. Q[_ h[ydp BR>p \pe R>, S>X$dp _rl. Q[__u
]$fL$ q$ep [_u BR>p_ykpf \pe R>. L$d_p am_p `lgp d_dp
rhQpf \pe R>. Ap rhQpf `R>u S> q$epiug[p_p S>fid \pe R>. Ap
S> BR>p A\hp L$ p d_p Ap`Z_ rhpk, f Zp, Dkpl A_
Y$[p Ap` R>. A\p[ am rh_p_u BR>p pfp L$pB q$ep kcrh[
_\u. h[y[:, d_ye_ BR>pfrl[ L$fu ]$hpdp Aph, [p [_pdp
A_ TpX$-R>pX$dp [\p `\fpdp L$pB A[f fl _rl.
uL$Z Nu[p_p D`]$i lfp hj `lgp Apep l[p.
`ffi[y Ap^yr_L$ eyN_p k]$cdp [d_u hp[p DrQ[ L$ DèyL$[ gpN
R> Mfu ? "L$dehpr^Lpf[ dp agjy L$]$pQ_'_y k| `fp`hu
d|X$uhp]$uAp A_ ipjL$p dpV$ dpV$p Ap^pf$` b_u fl R>; A_
rdL$p dpV$ Nd [hy [d_y ipjZ \[y lpe [p `Z Q|` flhp_u
kyraepZu kgpl$` b_u fl R>.
L$dQpfuAp_ L$ dS|>f$p_ L$hm L$pd L$fhp_p Ar^L$pf R>, am
(`Npf-h[_) `pdhp_p L$epfe _rl! hmu [Ap `Npf_ dpV$
hld-A^p MX$_
67
L$ p d L$ f hphpmp `Z _ lp h p B A . [ kp\ [ d Z M| b d_
gpNphu_ L$pd L$fhy BA. A dprgL$p_u BR>p D`f R> L$ [Ap
[d_ \pX$pOZp `Npf Ap` A\hp _ Ap`.
Ap gpL$_y krfl$$cph A_ykfZ L$fhp\u AL$ [fa bL$pfu
kdp[ \B S>i A_ bu [fa L$pdbû A_ lX$[pgp `Z kdp[
\B S>i. L$pB L$dQpfu dprgL$p `pk `Npf bpb[pdp fp]$Zp fX$
L$ [ A_ [_p Ly$Vy$b_p dpZkp `Npf _ dmhp_ L$pfZ c|M df, [p
dprgL$p [d_ Nu[p_p _uQ V$pL$g gpL$_p O|VX$p r`hX$phu iL$ :
_ e rde[ hp L$]$prQflpe c|hp crh[p hp _ c|e:
A r_e: ip[pX$e `yfpZp _ lfie [ lfiedp_
ifuf. (2/20)
A\[ Aphy L$lu_: ""Ap (Apdp) _ L$epfe S>fid R>, _
df R>. A c|[L$pmdp l[p A_ crhedp li _rl, Ahy `Z _\u.
A AS>fidp, r_e, k_p[_ A_ `yfp[_ R>. ifuf_p _pi \hp R>[p
`Z [_p _pi \[p _\u.''
L$dQpfuAp_p dfhp hhp\u Ar^L$pfuAp_ L$ dS>]|fp_p
dfhp hhp\u dprgL$p_ `fip_ \hp_u ApheL$[p _\u, L$d L$
uL$Z cNhp_ L$lu S> ]$u^y R> L$ N[pk|_N[pk| _p_yipQsfi[ `qX$[p : (f/11)
AV$g L$ kdS>]$pf gpL$p _ [p [_ dpV$ ipL$ L$f R>, S> dfu
Nep, A_ _ [p [d_ dpV$, S> Aepf dep _\u.
hld-A^p MX$_
68
h[y[:, Ap`Z A _L$L$f hp[rhL$[p_ gndp ghu S> flu

L$ am_u Apip rh_p _ L$pB L$pd L$f R>, _ L$pB L$pd \pe R>. iy
ASy>_ dlpcpf[_y ey [hp_u BR>p rh_p gX$ey l[y-aL$[ dpfhp
L$p`hp dpV$, `p[p_p kNp-kbûAp_p _pi L$fhp dpV$ ? A_
am_u-[_u BR>p _lp[u, [p eydp ASy>_ [dS> uL$Z_p `n
A_L$hpf bBdp_u, ]$Npbp A_ R>mL$`V$_p Ape L$d ghpep
l[p ?
"L$dehpr^L$pf[' S>hp gpL$_p hpep\\u A_ [_p A^
A_yL$fZ\u [p d_ye AL$de S> b_u S>i. L$pd L$fhy A h_ R>,
L$pd _ L$fhy A dey R>. L$pd L$fhp dpV$_u A_ [_y am dmhhp_u
gN_ hpcprhL$ R>. [dp L$iy A_yrQ[ _\u. Aphu gN__p AN
R>-BR>piqL$[, rQ, AL$pN[p, [fide[p, s\f[p [\p `qfd.
Ap dypAp_ ep_dp fpMu ge (am) p[ L$fhp_u L$prii
d_ye L$fhu S> BA. d_ye L$d L$f A_ A L$d_p am_u A`np
fpM, [ rbgLy$g hpcprhL$ R>. L$d_p am_u Apip _ fpMhu, Ahp
epg AhpcprhL$, bL$ rhL$[ R>. Aphp rhQpf A_ []$$_y$`
ehlpf rdL$p, Nfubp, iprj[p_ Afiepe L$f, A_ `fp`hu
ud [ p , L$ p fMp_p]$ p fp [ d S> ip j L$ p dpV $ Afie gp L $ p _ y ip j Z
L$fhp_p pf Mygp d|L$u ]$. Aphu Afiepeu rhQpf^pfp_p [p rhfp^
S> L$fhp BA, `R>u cg _ [ L$lhp[p Bfu Ah[pf pfp fS|> \B
lpe.
JTF HFUTF DF6;GF N[ C G[ DFIFDF\ B5FJLG[ 4 T[ G L
p5Z DDTF G ZFBJFGL lXBFD6 VF5TF SC[JFTF ;\TM .`JZGL D}lT"
S[ KAL p5Z V5FZ DDTF ZFB[ K[P VFGFYL DM8M N\E CM. XS[ m
v
hld-A^p MX$_
69
.`JZ[ DG] Q IG[ H[ S\ . sCJF4 5F6L4 DF8L4 ;} I " v R\ 4

ZFTvlNJ;4 hF04 KM04 5|F6LVM JU[Z[f 56 ;]lJWFVM VF5L4 T[DF\YL
)5 % T[ 6 [ ALHF\ JH\ T ] V MG[ 56 VF5L4 KTF\ DG] Q IGL DFOS
JH\ T ] V M TM SM. JBT .`JZGM VFEFZ DFGTF\ GYL4 GYL
D\ l NZDF\ NX" G SZJF HTF\ 4 GYL U\ U FDF\ 0} A SL DFZJF HTF\ 4
GYL 5F9v5} H F SZTF\ 4 S[ GYL EUJTL HFUZ6 SZTF\ IFZ[
DG]QI TM .`JZ[ VF5[,L RLHM VG[ ;]lJWFVM DF8[ 0U,[ G[ 5U,[
h}S[ K[
v
DFGJL .`JZG[ HUTGM G[ 5MTFGM 5F,S G[ :JFDL DFG[
K[P 56 V[ H .`JZGL D}lT" AGFJL HF6[ V[GM 5MT[ H 5F,S CMI4
T[D V[G[ YF/ WZFJ[ K[ VG[ V[GF VlWSSFZGM V[ YF/ 564 V[G[
TM 3\80L H ATFJL4 5MT[ VFZMUL HFI K[ VG[ V[D HUTGF VG[
5MTFGF V[ 5F,SGM VG[ :JFDLGM V[ 5MT[ H 5F,S G[ :JFDL Y.
A[;[ K[4 VG[ GJZFJ[ tIFZ[ V[ GCFI G[ BJZFJ[ tIFZ[ BFI4 V[JL V[
.`JZGL 5ZFWLG NXF SZL D}SL K[P
v
VF56F A| F\ 0 DF\ VDF5 lJXF/TF TZO lQ8 SZTF\ 4
5' y JL TM T[ D F\ VFJ[ , V[ S ZHS6 H[ J 0L K[ P VFJ] \ lJZF8 ;H" G
SZGFZG[ DF+ 5' y JL4 T[ D F\ I T[ G F 5ZGF DG] Q I 5} Z TM ;J" Z;
;LlDT YFI4 T[ D DFGL XSFI V[ J ] \ GYLP
v
hld-A^p MX$_
70
7 : QdL$pf-R>[f`vX$u_p èpe
"QdL$pf rh_p _dL$pf _lu.' Ap AL$ blz Zu[u DqL$[
R>. [_p b A\ R> : (1) [d L$ipL$ QdL$pf _ L$fp ep kyû L$pB
[d_ Ap]$fdp_ Ap` _rl; A_ (f) QdL$pf L$f_pf_ ]y$r_epdp
Ap]$f-dp_ dm R>. A\p[ Ap S>N[dp hk[p blz dpV$p cpN_p
gp L $ p _ QdL$ p fdp fk R> ; QdL$ p f\u [ A p A B e R> ;
QdL$pf L$fu b[ph_pf eqL$[_ [Ap AgpqL$L$ kd `|S> R>.
cpf[dp [ \ u QdL$ p f_p A_ QdL$ p qfL$ rhc| r [Ap _ p drldp
dpV$p R>. r[u ^dpen `p` `Z QdL$pf L$f_pf eqL$[_ S>
"k[' [fuL$_u dpfie[p Ap` R>. `qfZpd gpL$p `f `p[p_u kp
S>dphhp BR>[p cNhp_p , Ah[pfp , bpbpAp , ^d N y f y A p ,
dlrj A p , cN[p , ùfp - aL$ u fp , `p]$ f uAp hN f Ahpf_hpf
e_`|hL$ QdL$pf L$f[p fl R>; A_ [d_p QdL$pfp\u Arcc|[
Aby^S>_p L$uqX$epmp_u S>d [d_u Apk`pk k[[ Ecfp[p fl
R> . QdL$ p fu eqL$ [ _p Afie [dpd ]$ p j p gp L $ p dpa L$ f u ] $ R> .
QdL$ p qfL$ `y f y j L$ p du, gp c u, gy Qp , $ p ^ u, hp\w, rhgpku,
]$cu, afbu lpe [_p [d_ d_ L$ip hp^p _ lpe. QdL$pf L$fhp_u
[_u q]$e iqL$[ Z L$ [_p b^p S> ]y$NyZp_ ^pB _pMu, [_
hR>-`rh-`|S>_ue b_phu ]$ R>! gpL$p_u Aphu A^p_p
Nfgpc gB L$lhp[p Qd$L$pfu `yfyjp [d_ W$N R>; [d_p [_d_-^__y ipjZ L$f R>. Ap b^p QdL$pfu `yfyjp Sy>]$p Sy>]$p ^d_p
Ah_hp AQmp ApY$u af[p lphp\u, "^dr_f`n fpS>e'dp [d_
L$iu fpL$V$pL$ \[u _\u; [d_u gpL$rl[rhfpû hr-hr dpV$
[d_ L$iu k L$fp[u _\u.
hld-A^p MX$_
71
cpf[_u ApTp]$ u `| h `Z ` c y _ p Ap èN b fp cc| [

Qp m g p [ d _p ifufp _ MuguAp _ u `\pfuAp `f g b phu, ep
q]$ N b f Ah\pdp `pk_ gNphu, ep_\ \[p , Ah_hp
QdL$pfp L$f[p fl[p l[p A_ ^pmy gpL$p_ Ap ]$[p l[p.
`ffi[y ApTp]$u `R>u [p [Ap, _hp NpQf_u ip^dp, rh]$ipdp `Z
QdL$pfp L$fhp A_ gpL$p_ ApShp `lpQu Nep R>! eyfp` A_
AdqfL$pdp cpf[ue QdL$pfu `yfyjpA kpfp Ahp `\pfp S>dphu
]$u^p R>. ApepsdL$[p_u c|Mu eyfpùe A_ AdqfL$_ _
cpf[ue dlrjAp-bpbpAp-cNhp_pA kq]$^ ApepsdL$[p_u
glpZu L$fu, b]$gpdp L$fpX$p `pDfiX$-X$pgf g|V$ep R>; A_ [dp\u
`p[p_u ce dlgp[p MX$u L$fu R>.
`rddp Ne g p cy _ p Ap cpf[ue èN b fp ` L $ u
L$V$gpL$ Ap[f ]$lpX$ `p[p_p ]$iu [\p q$h]$iu u-`yfyj cL$[p_p
T| X $ kp\ cpf[dp QL$ L $ f dpf[p fl R> . [ d _p ]$ b ]$ b pcep
]$Mphp\u ApL$jpB_, [d_p S>hu kdq L$dphp dpV$, _hp_hp
cpf[ue cNhp_p, dlrjAp, bpbpAp, hpduAp, dlpdpAp,
epNuAp, dlpfp ApS>L$pg eyfp` [\p AdqfL$p [fa ]$pV$ d|L$u
fp R>. OfApNZp_p ApeprdL$[p c|ep Nfub gpL$p_u D`np
L$fu, [Ap rh]$ip_p ^r_L$ gpL$p_p D^pf dpV$ Dkpl`|hL$ ]|$f ]|$f_p
] $ i p d p è V _ A_ dy L $ p d L$ f u fp R> ; ` Q [pfL$ lp V $ g p d p
khL$pf_u kyM-kpbu cpNhu fp R>.
Apdp _ p OZp Bfue r[r_rÂp _ S> AY$ m L$ k ` r
dmu A_ ^_hp_ riep-riep_p T|X$ Aphu dep, [ [d_u
`p[p_u Apip-A`np\u O h^pf l[y. [\u [d_p Dkpl hep;
A_ [dZ ^d-]$i_-ApepsdL$[p hNf_p ûL$[p ^^p i$ L$fu
]$u^p; bL$ [_ OZp ep`L$ b_pep. [Ap cpf[ dpV$ kpfy Ahy
hld-A^p MX$_
72
rh]$iu lzqX$epdZ gB Aph_pf bfiep. [\u kfL$pf_ `Z [Ap

Nep. `qfZpd, qh]$i S>hp BR>[u Afie eqL$[Ap dpV$ S>epf
`pk`pV$ dmhhp OZp dyL$g b_u Nep R>, epf [d_ rh]$i S>hp
dpV$ Apkp_u\u Nd epf `pk`pV$ dmu iL$ R>. A fu[ [p ^d
r_f` n cpf[ kfL$ p f dpV $ Bfue Ah[pfp _ p qh] $ i u-ep`pf
lzqX$epdZ L$dphu Ap`_pfp _apL$pfL$ ^^p bfiep R> !
Ap L$pf_p ]$phpAp_u kQpB `yfhpf L$fhp dpV$ [d_p

cL$[p R>p`p_p L$V$vT A_ apV$pAp_y `Z ]$i_ L$f R>. Ap b^y
[dZ `p[S> R>p`p_ OZpb^p `kp Apù [fL$V$ MXy$ L$ey lpe R>.
[ d _p Ar[cphy L $ A_ ^r_L$ cL$ [ p [ d _u Aphu QdL$ p qfL$
bpb[p_p Qpf dpV$ gMp, Qp`pr_ep, Qp`X$uAp hNf `Z gM
R>-gMph R> A_ gpL$pdp da[ hlQ R>.
Aby^S>_p_u QdL$pf AN_u r_bm[p_p gpc DW$ph_pfp

Aphp cNhp_p , dlrj A p , dlpfp , dy gp - dp g huAp ,
`p]$fuAp_y ApS>L$pg Z L$uqX$epmy Ecfpey R>. [dp_p L$pB kp[
q]$hkdp, L$pB Z q]$hkdp, L$pB AL$ q]$hkdp, [p L$pB dp AL$
L$gpL$dp S> Bf_p kpnpL$pf L$fphu Ap`hp_p ]$php L$f R>. [d_p
pfp cp[cp[_u rirbfp epB flu R>, [\p [ pfp cL$[pdp
[Ap "iqL$[`p[', "cphp[u[ ep_', "Ly$X$rg_u Nr['_u q]$e
^pfpAp hlphu fp R> !
Apd R>[p, Aphp QdL$pqfL$ NZp[p u-`yfyjp_p M|gu

Ne g p `p g ep cp ` pmp Ahpf_hpf ] $ r _L$ p A_ kpdreL$ p d p
QdL$ [ p fl R> . ]$ p .[. ke kp B bpbp, bpg ep N f, ppdu
rihp_]$, hpdu ip[p_]$, dyL$[p_]$, dlrj dli epNu, hpdu
rQfidep_ ] $ , ` X $ f udgpB hpdu, hpdvNg, `| S >e ]$ p ]$ p ,
]$ bpg, ApQpe fS>_ui, Ap_ ] $ d | r [ , [u\ L $ f , r[hpfu, Ny
dlpfpS>, _ugL$W$ bpbp, biuf bpbp, _pfpeZ bpbp, dlf
bpbp, Arh_piQ , L$ p rgL$ p tkl, kep_ ] $ , Ny g pd lz k _ ,
Mfpmybp`y, Tlufyu_-ipl-M]$fu _L$ib]$u, b]$g dyu, dp[pg
dp[p, bQpfu, k]$pQpfu, ku[pfpd bpbp, r_dgp]$hu, ud[u
gugptklp, fpS>dp, Ap_]$deu dp, blzX$u_p-(Df ]$i_p)
rdep , uhp[h hN f _ p `pM X $ , gkp, [fL$ u bp hN f
AN_p qL$kp R>p`p-kpdreL$pdp L$pri[ \ep R>.
L$pB cNhp_, dlrj, dlpfpS> L$ `p]$fu ep dpghu Q`V$u

hNpX$[p L$ lp\_p ì dp\u epNrkq ep ApepsdL$ iqL$[_p
bm fp N uAp _ p Akpe fp N p - S> h p L $ `nOp[, L $ fi kf hN f
dV$pX$hp_p ]$php L$f R>, [p L$V$gpL$ `p[p_u ]$hu iqL$[\u Ap^mp_
]$M[p, blfp_ kpcm[p, A`N_ _ufpNu L$fhp_p ]$php L$f R>.
L$V$gpL$ L$pB_ d|W$ ep c|[-[_p hmNpX$dp\u blpf L$pY$u ]$hp_p
]$pMX$p L$f R>; [p L$V$gpL$ hmu k[p_ _ \[p lpe [d_ k[p_ pr
L$fphu Ap`hp_u hp[p L$f R>. L$V$gpL$ dpdp\u rihtgN L$pY$hp_p,
`pZu_ `V$pg L$ ]$p$ b_phu ]$hp_p, ]$p$dp\u gplu b_phu ]$hp_p
]$php L$f R>; [p L$V$gpL$ cNhp_p ep bpbpAp_u R>buApdp\u cd,
a}g, Af, d^ hNf Tf[p lphp AN L$pgplg L$fhpdp Aph R>.
hld-A^p MX$_
73
Ap b^y [p hpcprhL$ fu[ S> \pe R> L$ S>N[dp

Mf M f QdL$ p f S> h y L$ i y R> Mfy ? L $ r [_p r_edp _ [p X $ u _
i|fiedp\u L$pB`Z k ep LV$ L$fu iL$pe Mfy ? Ap L$lhp[p q]$e
`yfyjp S> QdL$pfp L$f R> [ [d_u q]$e[p_y AgpqL$L$ kS>_ R> L$
`R>u [d_u L$iuL$ kua[cfu [fL$ub R> ? Ap b^y kdS>hp dpV$
\d "QdL$pf' AV$g iy, [ bfpbf kd ghy BA.
hld-A^p MX$_
74
L$pB`Z OV$_p D`fl \hp dpV$ [_u `pR>m L$pfZ lpe R>.
L$pB AL$ OV$_p L$pB eqL$[ D`hu iL$[u lpe, [p [ OV$_p
D`fl \hp dpV$_p `qfbmp `Z [ eqL$[_p ALy$idp lphp BA.
S>epf L$pB OV$_p dpV$_y L$pB ]$Mu[y, kdhu iL$pe [hy, L$pfZ _
]$Mpe, epf [_ "QdL$pf' L$l R>. Aphu L$pB QdL$pfu OV$_p
D`hu iL$_pf eqL$[dp L$iuL$ AgpqL$L$ iqL$[ lphu BA, Ad
dp_hp dpV$ Aby^S>_p fpe R>. OZuhpf hopr_L$, rhp_ L$ op_u
L$ l h p[p gp L $ p `Z QdL$ p f A_ QdL$ p qfL$ iqL$ [ dp rhpk
^fph[p lpe R>. OZp hopr_L$p `Z q]$e L$lhp[u rhc|r[Ap pfp
\[p QdL$pfpdp p fpM[p lphp_y hp dm R>.
Apr^cpr[L$ L$lhp[u iqL$[Ap L$pB`Z eqL$[ `pk lpB

iL $ _rl. A h u iqL$ [ Ap L$ p B `pk `| h `Z l[u _rl. Aphu
iqL$[Ap q]$e `yfyjp `pk lphp_u L$`pgL$s`[ hp[p ^dipp
A_ k_k_pV$u agphp dpN[p R>p`pAp agpep L$f R>. ApdiqL$[,
`f-d_iqL$[ A_ ApeprdL$ iqL$[Ap ^fphhp_p ]$php L$f_pf L$p
[p W$ N cN[ R> , A\hp "q$ V $ \ k uep' S> h u L$ p B dp_rkL$
rhL$r[\u ùX$p[u eqL$[Ap R>. Ap rhdp Apr^cpr[L$ iqL$[ S>hy
L$B R> S> _lv. rhdp S> L$B b_ R> [ kh Ly$]$f[u r_edp A_ykpf
b_ R>. [dp L$pB QdL$pf _\u. lp, Ly$]$f[_u L$V$guL$ L$fpd[p _
kd iL$pe [hu lpe R> Mfu.
`f[y ApMpe rhdp Sphp dm[y d|mc|[ ke A R> L$

rhdp S> L$B b_ R> [ Ly$]$f[u- pL$r[L$ R>, ]hu-AgpqL$L$ L$
QdL$pqfL$ _\u. S> h[yAp L$ bpb[p AN d_ye_ DL$g _\u dmu
iL$ep [hu A_L$ h[yAp flede lpB iL$ R>. `f[y c|[L$pm_p
L $ V $ g p L $ flep h[ d p_L$ p mdp DL$ g u Nep R> . ApS>_p L$ V $ g p e
flep Aph[u L$pg DL$gu S>i, A `Z AV$gy S> iL$e R>. Apd
R>[p, L$pB bpb[dp fle _ kde, [ b_hpN R>. `f[y [_p
hopr_L$ DL$g _ dm ep kyû [_ AN pQu_ `|hA Ap`g
Apcpku [pqL$L$ kdS|>[u_ A^p`|hL$ dp_hu, [ Lhm d|M[p S>
R>. dp_hklS> _ lpe, A\hp L$pfZ-L$pe_p kpdpfie r_ed\u _
kdhu iL$ p e A h u L$ p B OV$ _ p lp e , [p L$ p B rk^ `y f y j [ _
D`hu iL$[p _\u. Ly$]$f[u r_edp\u rhfy \[u gpN[u OV$_pAp
"QdL$ p fp ' L$ l h pe R> . Aphp "QdL$ p fp ' AQ| L $ [ d _p
L$f_pfpAp_u lp\QpgpL$u\u ep fkpeZp ep hopr_L$ D`L$fZp_u
kua[`|hL$_u klpe\u S> \[p lpe R>.
kr$_p pfc\u S> d_ye `p[p_u iqL$[Ap_u dep]$pAp_p

A_ych L$f[p fp R>, A_ [_ L$pfZ er\[ fp R>. _ [p [
`nuAp_u dpaL$ EX$u iL$[p l[p, _ [p dpR>guAp_u dpaL$ `pZu_u
k`pV$u_u _uQ [fu iL$[p l[p. _ [_pdp lp\u S>V$gy bm l[y, _
rQp_p S>hu a}r[ l[u. AV$gp dpV$ A hpcpqhL$$ S> l[y L$ [
`p[p_p\u h^pf nd[phpmp hp A\hp eqL$[pAp_u Bep L$f[p
A_ [d_p kfidp_ A_ ikp `Z L$f[p. Aphu cph_p\u fpB_
[ Z ] $ h u-] $ h [pAp _ u L$ `_p L$ f u, [ d p `p [ pdp _lp [ u [ h uiqL$[Ap_y Apfp`Z L$ey A_ [d_u [ `| L$fhp gpep. [ S>
dp_rkL$ sep_y ApNm_y QfZ l[y-Ar[dp_yju iqL$[_u ApL$pnp.
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
75
_p_y bpmL$ S>epf `p[p_u Apk`pk_u ]y$r_ep\u `qfrQ[

\hp dpX$ R>, epf [_ dpV$ Apk`pk_p S>N[_y b^y S> ApeS>_L$
A_ flede lpe R>. bpmhp[pAp [[_u rhrQ[pAp A_
]y$B L$fpd[p\u cfgu lpe R>. bpm`Zdp `X$gu Ap Ofu R>p`
76
`y[ Jdf \hp R>[p `Z d_ye_p AhQ[_ ds[L$dp `X$gu fl

R>. S> `qfs\r[Ap A_ hp[phfZdp [ S>fid g R>, [dp\u `Z [
i$ A p[\u S> A h p k L$ p f N l Z L$ f R> A_ ^d [\p ^prd L $
q$epApdp [, L$pB`Z L$pf_u ApgpQ_p hNf S>, rhpk L$fhp
dpX$ R>. ^d A_ ^prdL$ q$epApdp iL$p L$fhu, A Opf A`fp^ R>,
[hy [_p d_ `f bpm`Z\u S> W$kphhpdp Aph R>. [ D`fp[, iL$p
eL$[ L$f_pf_p dp\p `f kpdprS>L$ brlL$pf_u rinp_p ce k]$pe
TT| d [p lp e R> . Aphu ceN [ `qfr\r[dp eqL$ [ -d_dp
A_L$ iL$pAp N[u lphp R>[p Q|` flhpdp S> `p[p_y e kdS>
R> . d m p, hQ_p A_ d q ]$ f dp A L $ r [ \[u dp V $ p cpN_u
eqL$[Ap dp_rkL$ r$A Apde L$df lpe R>. L$pbg ep ^|[
kp^L$p [_u Ap dp_rkL$ ]y$bm[p_p `|fp Nfgpc DW$ph R>. [
`p[p_u ]$Mu[u AgpqL$L$ iqL$[Ap_y ]$i_ L$fu, L$V$gpL$ "QdL$pf'
]$MpX$u [_p `f `p[p_u ^pL$ S>dph R>.
rhgnZ[p_u Qfd kudp_u dpaL$,[_p q]$g A_ q]$dpN `f Akf

L$f R>. L$Z lpe L$ $pBV$ (Bkpdkul), [dpd q]$e`yfyjp_p
Qqf_u kp\ [d_p `|fuApA QdL$pf X$u ]$u^p R>, L]pQ$ Ahu
d_phr\u L$ A_p\u cprh[ \B_ gpL$p [d_ h^pf `|S>.
[\u hpcprhL$ fu[ S> EW$ R> L$, iy QdL$pf iqL$[

kp^y `yfyj_p Ar_hpe ep ApheL$ NyZ R> ? cpf[ue `yfpZp
N\pdp [_y L$pB kd\_ dm[y _\u. ]$i_ip A_ _ur[ip_p
L$pB`Z N\dp, `R>u [ cpf[_p lpe A\hp rh]i$_p, Ahy L$epe
_\u L$lhpdp Apey L$, k[ A\hp dlp-`yfyj_ QdL$pf iqL$[
rk^ \egu lpe R>. (Agb[ L$\rgL$ r[u ^d_p `p` L$pB
`p]$ f u_ "k [ ' l f L$ f hp dpV $ [ _ u `pk L$ i pL$ Apfp r `[
QdL$pf_u A`np fpM R>. L$pB `p]$fu_ "k[' b_phhp dpV$ [_p
`f L$s`[ QdL$pf_y Apfp`Z `Z L$fhpdp Aph R>.)
Ahy hp dm R> L$, b^p S> gpL$p `p[p_p Nyfy, bpbp L$

k ]$ p e_p hX$ p dp r__ rgrM[ QdL$ p fp d p \ u L$ p B _ L$ p B
QdL$pqfL$ iqL$[ lphp_p ]$php L$f[p lpe R>:
bu A EW$ R> L$ QdL$pf_u DèprN[p iy R> ? b^p

S> ]$ p i r _L$ p A_ _ur[ipuAp `frl[_u h r _ $ L$ l R> .
`frl[ L$ `fp`L$pf ep khp_ dpV$ QdL$pf_u S>$f Mfu ?
`ffi[y S> dlp_ycphp `p[p_pdp QdL$pqfL$ iqL$[ lphp_p
]$php L$ ]$Mph L$f R>, [dZ L$epfe L$pB gpL$rl[_y L$pe L$ey lpe,
A h y h p kp c mhpdp Aph[y _\u. QdL$ p f L $ h m S>_[p_
cprh[ L$fhp_y kp^_ S> [u[ \pe R>. QdL$pf_u kp\ ^d_y
_pd X$u ]$hpdp Aph R>, [\u hcph\u ^dcufy cpf[ue [yf[ S>
Ahp_u _pN`pidp Aphu e R>.
(1)
(2)
(3)
lhpdp Ap^pf hNf rhQg_ L$f R>.

`pZu_u k`pV$u `f Qpg R>.
bu_p ifufdp hi R>, [\p [d_p rMkpdp `X$gp
`kp b[phu ]$ R> A_ [d_p hS>_p_p _pd b[phu ]$ R>.
kpdu eqL$[_p d__u hp[ Zu g R>.
A_L$ ifuf A_L$ kp\ hp[ L$fu iL$ R>.
[d_p d[ ]$l OZp dpk L$ hfk kyû bNX$ep rh_p fl R>.
Apd R>[p , dp_hhcph S> A h p R> L $ r_f [ f `p [ p_u

kurd[ iqL$ [ Ap _ p L$ V$ ` ] $ A_y c h L$ f [p , Afiep _ u L$ i uL$
rhgnZ[pAp \ u [ cprh[ \pe R> . QdL$ p f_u L$ `_p,
(4)
(5)
(6)
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
77
78
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
d[ ]$l_ kh_ L$f R>.

ì dp\u (L$fikf, `nOp[ S>hp) Akpe fpNp
dV$pX$u ]$ R>.
lfp dpBgp ]|$f b_[p b_php B iL$ R>.
`pZudp\u ifpb L$ `V$pg b_phu iL$ R>.
]$p$dp\u gplu b_phu ]$ R>.
i|fiedp\u A_L$rh^ h[yAp kS> R>.
AL$dp\u A_L$ fpV$gpAp_y kS>_ L$f R>, AV$g L$ fkpB
M|V$hp ]$[p _\u.
`pZu dpN Apù ]$ R>.
Nyfy, cL$[_y $` gB [_y L$pd L$fu ]$ R>.
NyfyAp [d_p cL$[_p ]y$:M ]$]$p `p[p_p ifufdp gB
g R>.
Qpgy _\u [hu dqi_fu AQp_L$ (QdL$pqfL$ fu[)
Qpgy L$fu ]$ R>.
AL$ S>epA ]$l R>pX$u ]$B [ buS> NV \pe R>.
`p[p_p dey_p q]$hk, kde A_ \m ANpD\u
Zu-S>Zphu ]$ R>.
L$pB pZu_y h$` ^pfZ L$fu rhQf R>.
AL$]$d lgL$p, cpf, _p_p L$ dpV$p b_u e R>.
apV$pNpaf_u _NV$uhdp\u Ae \B e R>.
Nyd \B Negu h[y `gL$cfdp b[phu ]$ R>.
Mp^p-ù^p hNf [d S> Ly$]$f[u lpS>[ Nep rkhpe
hjp kyû h R>.
hld-A^p MX$_
79
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
(30)
(31)
(32)
(33)
(34)
(35)
(36)
(37)
(38)
^N^N[p ANpfp `f Mygp `N Qpgu iL$ R>.

h-S>[yNZ, ]$p_h, AOpfu, cfh D`fl L$fu iL$ R>.
Ap^mp_ ]$M[p A_ blfp_ kpcm[p L$fu iL$ R>.
L$dpkdu amp lhpdp\u gphu ]$ R>, duW$pBAp `Z gphu ]$ R>.
h[y_ ì L$f[p [ Ae \B e R>.
L$pr[gdp L$pr[g Tf NV$NV$phu e R>.
Kdf_ h^[u AV$L$phu ]$ R>.
ifufdp\u Ar[ [de L$pi _uL$m R> [d S> A_L$
kyNq]$$[ Afp S>hu kyN^ ifufdp\u kf R>.
Apiuhp]$ dp\u cL$[p_ L$pV$_p L$kpdp r_]$pj kprb[
L$fphu iL$ R>.
lp\_u ApNmuApdp\u ]|$^_u ^pfp hlhX$ph R>.
ip` Apù d_ye L$ pZu_ M[d L$fu _pMu iL$ R>.
[ [_u Ahu AgpqL$L$ ApjrÂp Z R>, S>\u
ifuf gpMX$u, [S>hu, q]$e A_ A[yg bmipmu [d S>
ky]$uO Apeyehpmy \B iL$ R>.
Ahu A]$cy[ h[yAp AdZ rk^ L$fu R>, S>d_
dpY$pdp fpMhp\u Ae \B S>hpe R>; hN`|hL$ Nd
ep S>B iL$pe R>; BsR>[ $` ^pfZ L$fu iL$pe R>;
_heph_ p[ L$fu iL$pe R>; [d_ ^pfZ L$fhp\u
L$pB`Z i B `lpQpX$u iL$[y _\u; Ar bpmu
iL$[p _\u; `pZu Xy$bpX$u iL$[y _\u.
[Ap rhp ep Apjr^ bm\u L$pB`Z ^p[y_ kp_pdp
$`p[qf[ L$fu iL$ R> hNf.
hld-A^p MX$_
80
D`fpL$[ L$pf_u QdL$pqfL$ iqL$[Ap ]$fL$ ^d-k]$pe_p

A^^pmy gpL$p [d_p Apfpe Nyfy, bpbp, drklp, Ah[pf,
ùf-dyp, `p]$fudp lphp_y AQ|L$ dp_[p-L$l[p lpe R>. Aphu
D`hu L$ p Y $ g u ] [ L$ \ pAp _ p blp m p ` Q pf \[p , [ d _u
R [ fù X $ u \u gp L $ p _ bQphhp dpV $ , L $ V $ g p L $ hjp `l g p
(1962dp ) ug L $ p _p X$ p . Ab p ld V$ u . L$ p h y f Aphp QdL$ p f
L$ f hphpmp [dpd rk L$ l h p[p `y f y j p _ , [ d _p QdL$ p fp _ u
QL$pkZu L$fhp ]$hp dpV$, lf `X$L$pf Apep l[p. [dZ S>Zpey
l[y L$ L$lhp[p QdL$pf hp[hdp QdL$pf li, [p [ L$f_pf
rk^ eqL$ [ _ `| S >e [fuL $ huL$ p fu, [ _ $ r èp A L $ gpM
($p.1,00,000/-)_y B_pd Ap`hpdp Aphi. [dZ Aphp
lf `X$L$pf L$ep l[p. `f[y [d_p Ap `X$L$pf_ huL$pfhp dpV$
L$pB`Z rk^ `yfyj L$epfe ApNm Apep _\u. AL$gf_p h[_u
u.A]y $ g cpB hL$ p _uA `Z Aphp QdL$ p fp L$ f u b[ph_pf_
`p[p_p [fa\u $rèp b gpM ($p.2,00,000/-)_y h^pfp_y
B_pd Ap`hp_y lf L$ey R>. u.hL$p_uA Aphp QdL$pqfL$ rk^
`yfyj_, QdL$pf L$fu b[ph_pf rhc|r[_ gB Ahpf_hpf rhc|r[_
`Z, QdL$ p f kprb[ \pe [p , rèp `Qpk lf
($p.50,000/-)_y B_pd Ap`hp_y lf L$ey R>. `f[y l kyû
[d_u `pk Aphp L$pB QdL$pf-`yfyj Apep _\u L$ L$pB Ahp
QdL$pf-`yfyj_ gpey _\u. Ap\u `$ kde R> L$ L$lhp[p
rk^p [d_p L$lhp[p QdLpfp_u `pg M|gu S>hp_p X$f\u Aphp
`X$L$pf Tughp\u k]$p ]|$f cpN[p af R>.
]y $ : M_u hp[ A R> L $ , Ap`Z cpf[hpkuAp L$ l h p[p

QdL$pfp\u-S> kua$[`|hL$ \[u lp\QpgpL$uAp S> lpe R> [_p\ucprh[ \B S>BA R>uA ! Aphu bprgi hp[p S> rk^ `yfyj_u
r_ip_u lp e , [p dlp_ ]y $ N fp - ù.ku. kfL$ p f ep lz q X$ _ u_
rh_p khpd rk `yfyjp ep dlpdpAp kdS>hp BA. lp\_u
kapB (QpgpL$u) A\hp dr[ d|TpB e [hu Bfim b[phhpdp
[p Ap gp L $ p ApS>_p dlp_-q]$ e L$ l h p[p [dpd bpbpAp ,
dlrjAp, dypAp, drklpAp_ ^pf epf `V$L$u ]$B iL$ R>.
QdL$ p qfL$ rhc| r [Ap \ u ep [ d _p QdL$ p fp \ u [ d _
`p[p_ kp, L$ur[, ^_ hNf_u OZu pq[ \pe R>; `f[y [d_p\u
Afie eqL$ [ Ap L $ kdpS>_ L$ i p gpc \[p _\u. dp V $ p cpN_p
Aby^ gpL$p QdL$pfp\u cprh[ \B_ b_u bW$gp NyfyAp `pk
Aph R> , A h u c d Zp kp\ L $ Ny f y [ d _u QdL$ p qfL$ iqL$ [ \u
`p[p_p Akpe ]$]$p ]|$f L$fu ]$i, Nfubu lV$phu ]$i, k[p_ Apì,
d_pL$pd_pAp `|Z L$fi. Aphp gpcuAp, gpgQyAp, d|MpAp Ap
]$idp L$fpX$p_u kepdp R>; `R>u QdL$pfp L$f_pfp ^|[pfp c|M
L$ep\u df ? AV$g [p cpf[ ]$i cNhp_p, Ah[pfp, bpbpAp,
dlrjAp, drklpAp A_ dypAp dpV$ Ar[ amz` c|rd b_u
Nep R>. ]$i_p L$fpX$p Aby^ gpL$p `f [Ap L$fikf_u S>d R>hpB
Nep R>.
X$p. L$phyf L$y R> L$ ""S> eqL$[ `p[p_p QdL$pfp_u QL$pkZu

L$ f hp ] [ u _\u, [ Ly $ q V$ g , b]$ d pi R> . S> A p _ u `pk QdL$ p fp
QL$pkhp_u rld[ _\u [ cpV$, X$f`pL$ R>. A_ S> kprb[u L$ kd\_
rh_p QdL$pf dp_hp [epf \B e R>, [ [_ d|M R>.''
Agb, A kpQy R> L$, S>_u dpN$ lpe [_p `yfhW$p fS|>
L$fpe. AV$g L$ S>_[p S> dpN[u lpe R>, [ [_ Ap`hpdp Aph R>.
S>_[p QdL$pfp_u dpN _ L$f, [p QdL$pqfL$ NfyAp_u ]y$L$p_p
`Z _ Qpg. [\u Ap bpb[dp S>_[p_u S>hpb]$pfu ApR>u _\u.
\d ApheL$[p A hp[_u R> L$ Ap`Z My]$ QdL$pfp\u cprh[
\hp_y R>pX$u ]$BA. QdL$pfp_ dp_hp\u gpc L$f[p lpr_ S> h^pf
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
81
82
\pe R>. AgpqL$L$ iqL$[Ap_p ]y$$dp akpegu eqL$[ ipfuqfL$

A_ dp_rkL$ bfl $`dp r_r$e \B e R>; [ rhhL$lu_ A_
rir\g b_u e R>. kdpS>_p rhL$pk Aphu ArhpAp\u d]$ ep
b^ \B e R>.
AV$gp dpV$, QdL$pqfL$ rhc|r[Ap_u A_ [d_p QdL$pfp_u
hopr_L$ `r[A QL$pkZu \hu S>$fu R>. kp\ kp\ S>_dp_kdp Ap
]y $ $ i qL$ [ Ap pfp Qp [ fa ep[ ce, Ar_$ _ u Api L $ p A_
AgpqL$L$[p_u ep`L$ dp_rkL$[pdp kdN `qfh[__u `Z S>$f R>. A
L$B k[pj_u hp[ R> L$, cpf[dp \pX$uL$ kpfu `rL$pAp A_ eqL$[Ap
OZp gpbp kde\u Ap q]$ipdp _p^`p L$pdNufu bhu flu R>.
[d_y kd\_ L$fhp_u kp L$pB byqhp]$u A_ S>_rl[hpRy>Ap_u afS> R>.
L$V$gp gpL$re QdL$pqfL$-`yfyjp_p D]$plfZp
L$ l h p[u QdL$ p qfL$ rhc| r [Ap _ p A] $ c y [ qL$ kp
AMbpfp, kpdreL$p, `y[L$pdp L$pri[ \[p fp R>; S>d L$-
gpL$p Of gB S>B ù[p. Apdp AsfiS>r_efp, X$pL$V$fp, hL$ugp,

pakfp A_ Ahp bu OZp cZgp gpL$p `Z kpdg \ep l[p.
MfMf [p Aphp cZgp `Z `$[: d|M gpL$p_p Aepk_p
dpZ`p `pRp> gB ghp BA, L$d L$ [Ap kpdpfie op_\u
`Z hrQ[ fp R>. Qp\p ^pfZdp cZ[p kpdpfie rhp\w `Z
cpr[L$ rhop__p A kp]$p r_ed Z[p lpe R> L$ AhpS>_p dp
[p b p_p [pfdp \ u `kpf \pe, `ffi[y a} L $ dpf g u lhp L $ hfpm
[dp\u `kpf _ \pe. rhop__p Aphp kp]$p r_ed_u `Z Aphp
L$lhp[p cZgpAp_ Mbf _ lpe, [p Ad_y cZ[f L$hy ? A
cZ[f ip L$pd_y ? L$ `pR>m\u Ap Mfpmy bp`y_ R>[f`vX$u_p
Ny_p kbb S>g_u lhp Mphu `X$u l[u. [ `R>u\u [d_y Ap [|[
k]$[f b^ \B Ney l[y.
2) ûf fi b Qpfu bpbp : Ap bpbp ud[u Brfi]$fp Npû
(2)
hX$p^p_ l[p, epf V$u.hu. `f epN_p Apk_p iuMh[p Nyfy [fuL$
M|b TmL$ep l[p. `f[y epf bp]$ [Ap NfL$p_|_u b^|L$p_u r_L$pk
L$fhp_u Ny_prl[ bpb[dp TX$`pB S>[p, [d_p `pMX$ b^ \B
Negp.
(1) M f pmy bp`y : Qpf L $ ]$ p eL$ p `| h A L $ M f pmy bp`y _ p

QdL$ p qfL$ `pZu_u hp[p AMbpfp d p M| b QdL$ u l[u. `pZu
cfgu iuiudp Ap bp`y a}L$ dpf AV$g Ap `pZu QdL$pqfL$ b_u
e. Ap `pZu ùhp\u Nd [hp Akpe fpNp dV$u e. `qfZpd
lfp gpL$p_u gpbu gpB_p Ap `pZu dmhhp dpV$ ]$ffpS> bp`y_
ApNZ gpN[u l[u. [d_ L$pb|dp fpMhp dpV$ `prgk eh\p
L$fhp_u S>$f `X$gu. h^pf kepdp gpL$p_p ^kpfp \[p bp`y
b^p_u iuiuApdp a}L$ dpfu iL$[p _ l[p. [\u [Ap dpBL$dp a}L$
dpf[p A_ S>ep ùL$ k d| L $ g p lp e ep gp L $ p `pZu cf g u
iuiuAp gB_ Ecp fl[p. bp`y_u a|L$ hpNu Nep `R>u A `pZu
(3) k]$pQpfu bpbp : Ap k]$pQpfu bpbp S>epf u.dp^htkl

kpgL$u NyS>fp[_p dye du l[p, epf [d_u Np]$u bQphhp dpV$
NyS>fp[dp-Ad]$php]$ Apep l[p. Ap bpbpA Ahu lfp[ L$fu l[u
L$, ""Ad Adpfu epNiqL$[ pfp AdqfL$p_u L$pegb, S> cpf[ `f
`X$hp_u l[u, [_ klukgpd[ fu[ bu \m D[pfu ]$B, cpf[_
ceL$f lp_pf[\u bQphu gu^y R>.'' Ap bpbp_u dygpL$p[ ghp
fphf_Nf- kpfpV$_p Mf fi_prgV$ u. S>d_p]$pkcpB L$pV$Qp
[d_ dmhp Negp. [dZ bpbp_ epf `|R>ey l[y L$, "Ap hp[ kpQu
R> ?' epf bpbpA "lp' L$lgy. AV$g u.S>d_p]$pkcpBA bpbp_
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
83
84
dybBdp AL$ "kph^p_' _pd_y byq^r_W$p_y dX$m R>. AL$

b kep A Ap bpbp_p ]$ i _ dpV $ gpB_dp Ecp flu [ d _u
Apg q L$ L $ iqL$ [ A N QL$ p kZu L$ f u, [p [ d _p ifufdp `Z
TZTZpV$ u \B. [ d _ [ \ u Ap bpb[dp L$ i u L$ f pd[_u i L $ p
Nu. [dZ `prgk_u d]$]$ dpNu; `Z `prgk X$f_p dpep d]$]$
Ap`hp [epf \B _rl. AV$g Ap kepA AL$ R|>ù `prgk_u
d]$]$ dpNu. R|>ù `prgk_ Ap kepA kdey L$, ""Ad Ap
bpbp_ lp\ `LX$u Np]$u `f\u _uQ D[pfu ]$BA [ ]$fep_ [dpf
[ d _u Np]$ u _u bfpbf [`pk L$ f hu.'' Ap kep bpbp_p
Apiuhp ] $ dpV $ [ d _u `pk Nep; bpbp_p ì \ u [ d _ S> h u

TZTZpV$u \B L$ [f[ S> [dZ bpbp_p lp\ `L$X$u [d_ Np]$u
`f\u _uQ D[pfu `pX$ep. [ ]$fep_ R|>ù `prgk Np]$u _uQ A_
Np]$udp [`pk L$fu, [p Np]$u _uQ BgL$V$uL$_y ApMy hpefvN L$fgy
hp dey ! bpbp Np]$u `f A^f `N fpMu bW$p lpe A_ S>epf
[d ]$i_ L$fhp e epf [dpfp `N S>du_ `f lpe AV$g kfL$uV$
`|fu \pe. [\u [dpfp ifufdp ApR>u TZTZpV$u D`fl \pe. Ap
A L $ h o pr_L$ L$ f pd[ l[u. [ d p L$ i p q]$ e iqL$ [ `p[ _lp [ p .
k]$pQpfu bpbp_ epfbp]$ W$NpB bpb[ S>gdp `|fhpdp Apep.
`f[y q]$lu\u L$pB _[p_p ap_ Apep L$, ""bpbp_ [L$prgL$ R>pX$u
d|L$hp.'' L$pfZ ? - Ap bpbp u.fph Npû_p [pqL$ l[p !
[ d _ [pL$ p rgL$ S> g dp \ u dy L $ [ L$ f hp `X$ e p ep \ u [ A p ku^p
q]$lu `lpQu Nep. Aepf cpf[_y fpS> `fpn $`dp Aphp `pL$m
[prL$, dprL$, amS>epr[juAp Qgph R> ! ^p_p [d_u kgpl
dyS>b L$pd L$f R>. ]$i_p ]$fL$ ^p__ `p[p_p ardgu [prL$ L$
amS>ep q [ju li ! [ d _p ]$ i _ L$ e p `R>u S> ^p_p [ d _u
Apqakdp S>[p lpe R>. Aphp ^p_p\u cpf[_p L$ip rhL$pk \pe
Mfp ?
( 4) fp V $ u bpbp : Ap bpbp ^N^N[p ANpfp (]$h[p) `f
Qpghp_u eprNL$ iqL$[ ^fph[p l[p. Ad]$php]$dp [dZ Ap epN
L$ep epf `prg[pZp_p Mf fi_prgV$ u.Q[yfcpB QplpZ
bpbp_u S>d S> ]$h[p `f Qpghp_u [epfu b[phu. `f[y L$pe$d_p
eh\p`L$pA `fhp_Nu _p Apù. fpV$ubpbp ]$h[p `f Qpgu fp
[ `R>u, gpL$p kp]$u $` L$pgkp A_ fpMpX$u `Z Of gB Negp.
AL$ hM[ fpV$u bpbp_p Ap epN `prg[Zpdp S> NpW$hpep. [
hM[ fpV$u bpbp ]$h[p `f Qpg [ `lgp S> u. Q[yfcpB QplpZ
]$h[p `f Qpgu b[pey. AV$g, fpV$u bpbp [d_u q]$e iqL$[_y
]$i_ L$ep rh_p S> `prg[Zp R>pX$u cpNu Nep !
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
buhpf `|R>ey L$, ""cpf[ AL$ fprlZuep_ AhL$pidp [f[y d|L$gy; [_y
AL$ kpfe bNX$u Negy, [ [d L$d Qpgy _lp[y L$ey ? '' epf bpbpA
S>hpb Apep L$, ""d_ kfL$pf Ap dpV$ ApdZ Apù rh_[u L$fhu
BA.'' AV$g u, S>d_p]$pkcpBA L$y L$,""L$pegb cpf[_
b]$g Afie D[pfhp_y [d_ L$pBA-L$epf L$lgy ?'' AV$g bpbp
Nyk \B Ecp \B Nep A_ AdZ S>Zpey L$, "" dpf [d_
dygpL$p[ _\u Ap`hu. [d S>B iL$p R>p.'' u. S>d_p]$pkcpBA L$y
L$, ""Ofdp g lpe [p, dp[p-r`[p AL$bu_ L$L$pu Ap`[p li ?
[d cpf[_p R>p, fprlZu cpf[_y R>, [_y kpfe bNX$u Ney, [p [_
[dpfu epNiqL$[\u ky^pfhp_u iy [dpfu afS> _\u b_[u ?'' u.
S>d_p]$pkcpBA bpbp_ S>Zpey L$, ""`prgk_u d]$]$ gB_ `Z lz
afu\u [dpfu dy g pL$ p [ gBi; A\hp [d A d l f L$ f p L $
L$pegbhpmu hp[ MpV$u R>.'' afu dygpL$p[ `lpgp S> buL$_p dpep
k]$pQpfu bpbp fp[pfp[ NyS>fp[ R>pX$u, dybB cpNu Nep dybBdp
S>B [dZ "iqL$[`p['_p epN i$ L$ep. [d [d_p ]$i_ h A_
[Ap [d_ dp\ lp\ d|L$u_ Apiuhp]$ Ap`, AV$g [dpfp ifufdp
ApR>u TZTZpV$u \pe. Ap\u [d_ Ap bpbp e Alpcph `]$p
\pe L$, L$V$gu bû AgpqL$L$ iqL$[ Ap bpbpdp R> !
85
86
(5) Np ] $qX$
q X$e p bpbp : Ap bpbp AL$gu gNpV$u S> `lf[p, R>[p
gpL$p_ [Ap S>Zph[p L$, ""d_ M|b S> Nfdu gpN R>.'' AV$g S>ep
S>ep [d_u `^fpdZu L$fhpdp Aph[u ep ep [d_u bW$L$_u
ApSy>bpSy> M|b S> `pZu Y$pmhpdp Aph[y. [Ap [d_u kp\ Mcp
`f AL$ _p_u Np]$X$u fpM[p, AV$g gpL$p [d_ "Np]$X$uAp bpbp'
L$l[p. Ap bpbp \pXy$ hQ_ L$fu, R>g `p[p_u Np]$X$u `pZudp
_pM[p. Np]$X$u `pZudp `X$[p S> \pX$uhpfdp [dp ApN gpN[u.
gp L $ p Ap bpb[_ q]$ e QdL$ p f kdS>[p A_ bpbp_
Alpcph`|hL$ ]$p_-]$rnZp L$f[p. ]$rnZp_u cpf dpV$u fL$ddp\u
[ d _p ce Apd `Z b ^ pB Nep . A L $ hM[ u.Q[y f cpB
QplpZ Ap bpbp_p Ap q]$e epN r_lpep; A_ bu hM[
[Ap Ap bpbp_u S>ep `^fpdZu \hp_u l[u ep bpbp_u Np]$X$u
S>hu S> Np]$X$u b_phu `lpQu Nep. S>hu bpbpA Np]$X$u `pZudp
_pMu [hu S> fu[ bu [fa u.Q[yfcpB QplpZ `Z [d_u Np]$X$u
`pZudp _pMu. b _ Np ] $ X $ u Ap d p ApN gpNu. u Q[y f cpBA
Np]$X$udp ApN L$hu fu[ gpN R>, [_u gpL$p_ hopr_L$ kdS|>[u
Apù. [dZ gpL$p_ kdey L$,""Np]$X$udp AL$ R>X$ "kpX$ued' _p
Np N X$ p kuhu ] $ h pdp Aph[p . `pZu kp\ [ _ p k ` L $ \[p [
Ap`pAp` kmN[p. AV$g `pZudp Np]$X$u _pMp L$ [yf[S> [dp
ApN gpN[u.'' Ap L$fpd[_u Z \[p gpL$p bpbp_ dpfùV$ L$fhp
[d_u Apk`pk afu hep. `f[y u.Q[yfcpBA [d_ bQphu
ep\u cNpX$u d|L$ep.
Aphy iu fu[ b_ R> , [ _ p ep N 1981dp S>epf

rhop_epp NyS>fp[dp Aphu epf u. bu. dp_]$ b[phgp.
[Ap `Z S> h[y_ AX$L$ [ Nmu gpN[u. [d_p lp\ kpby\u
^phfphu _pep `R>u `Z [Ap S> h[y_ ì L$f, [ h[y Nmu
gpN[u. `pQ \u kp[ hM[ [d_p lp\ ^phfphhpdp Apep; [p
`Z [Ap S> h[y_ ì L$f[p [ Nmu gpN[u. u bu. dp_]$ [
`R>u OV$ ap V $ L$ e p L $ , ""dpfp Mc _pM g p Vy $ h pg "k L $ q f_'_p
`pZudp bpmu k|L$hu ]$u^gp R>. AV$g, [d Nd [V$guhpf lp\
^phfphp, `f[y dpfp lp\ [p lz Ap Vy$hpg\u S> g|Ry> Ry> _ ? [\u
dpfp lp\ Nep \B e R>. Apdp L$pB q]$e QdL$pf _\u. `f[y
dpfu hopr_L$ L$fpd[ A_ lp\QpgpL$u R>!'' Npm bpbp_y [|[
lf \B Ney.
(7) dp [ pg dp[p : dp [ pg dp[p Mf M f [p ` Q dlpg_p
dp [ pg Npd_p A L $ Apq]$ h pku `y f y j l[p . `f [ y [ u_p h i
`lf[p; [\u gpL$p [_ "dp[pg dp[p' L$l[p. Ap dp[pg dp[p lp\
afhu_ Qdp^pfu gpL$p_p Qdp L$pY$u g[p; A_ `R>u ApM_p
_bf D[pfu ]$[p. `pR>m\u [d_u Ap iqL$[ `pL$m `yfhpf \B;
A_ [d_p MpV$p ^^p_ gB [d_ du_ `Z _ dmu iL$ [hp hpfV$
pfp L$`X$hS> S>gdp `|fhpdp Apep l[p.
(6) Np m bpbp : Ap bpbp S> h[y _ AX$ L $ [ h[y Nmu

gpN[u. [d_p ifufdp\u Nm`Z _uL$ep L$f[y. AV$g [d_ "Npm
ep NpX$ bpbp'_p _pd\u gpL$p ApmM[p.
Aphy `pMX$ L$pqW$$ephpX$dp AL$ ^y[pfu cfhpX$Z bpBA

Qgpey l[y. cph_Nf A_ `prg[pZp_u hQ "dpV$u hphX$u' _pd_y
AL$ Npd R>. [dp krh[pb_ _pd_u AL$ cfhpX$ u fl R>. [ ]|$f\u
Ap M `f c a f hu, Ap M dp Aph g p dp r [ep L$ p Yu$ _pM[u.
hcrhp_Nf, _X$uAp]$, hX$p]$fp, k|f[ S>hp OZp \mpA\u
fp S > k L $ X $ p gp L $ p d V $ p X$ p f p d p b k u dp V $ u hphX$ u `lp Q u S>[p .
dp r [ep L$ Y $ p hhp Aph[p gp L $ p _ u ep cpf dp V $ u cuX$ d[u.
[`pk L$f[p lf \ey L$ Ap bpBdp L$iu rhri$ iqL$[ _\u. [_p\u
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
87
88
L$pB_u ApM_p dpr[ep ]|$f \B iL$ep _\u. [ L$hm W$NpB dpV$ S>
Aphy ^t[N L$f R>. [_ `Z S>gdp `yfphhpdp Aphgu. [ `R>u [_y
`pMX$ b^ \B Ney.
(8) ke kp B bpbp : Ap bpbp lhpdp lp\ lygphu cd,
kp_p_u huV$v, kp_p_y dNmk|, rihgvN, rdW$pB hNf lp\dp
L$pY$u cL$[p_ Ap`[p l[p. [Ap Nfub cL$[_ cd A_ `kp]$pf
cL$ [ _ kp _ p_u h[y Ap`[p, L$ p fZ L $ L$ p _ u `pk L $ V $ g u c V $
hm[fdp `pR>u dmi, [_u [Ap bfpbf NZ[fu L$fu g[p l[p.
X$p. L$phyf [d_ lfdp `X$L$pfgp [dS> X$p. bu. dp_]$ `Z
`X$ L $ p f a L $ g p L $ , ""Adpfu L$ r dqV$ _ u kdn [ A p [ d _p Aphp
QdL$pf L$fu b[ph A\hp [Ap BR> [p Adpfu L$rdqV$ bpbp_
ep Aph''. `f[y ke kpB bpbp Ap QL$pkZu L$fphhp dpV$ [epf
_lp[p-_\u; L$pfZ L$ [Ap q]$e iqL$[\u _rl `Z lp\ QpgpL$u
epNp pfp QdL$pfp L$fu gpL$p_ W$N[p l[p. u. bu. dp_]$ L$l
R> L$, "" ]$k [pgp_y dNmk| L$pW$hp_ b]$g 'rlfp lpfiX$p' dpV$f
kpeL$g L$pY$u b[php ! `f[y Ap QdL$pf bpbp L$fu iL$ [d _\u;
L$pfZ L$ [d_p QdL$pf lp\ QpgpL$u lphp\u lp\_u l\mudp ep
`p[p_p hpdp S>V$gy kdpB iL$ [V$gy-[hy S> [Ap L$pY$u iL; [dp
_ kdpe [hu h[y [Ap L$pY$u iL$ [d _\u.
[ S> fu[, dp[p_p lp\dp\u L$Ly _uL$m `f[y Npe_ Mphp dpV$
`|mp L$ dpZk_ Mphp dpV$ OJ, QpMp L$ Ou, [g _ _uL$m! L$pfZ L$ [
QdL$pqfL$ dp[p_p lp\dp L$ hpdp kdpB iL$ [hp _\u. lp\
QpgpL$u_u L$fpd[_ q]$e QdL$pfp [fuL$ fS|> L$f[p kp^yhi^pfu W$Np
Aphp QdL$pfp L$fu iL$[p _\u. h[y[: [d_pdp_p L$pBdp L$iu S>
q]$e ep QdL$pqfL$ iqL$[ lp[u _\u. [d R>[p Ap`Zp A^^pmy
gpL$p [d_ q]$e QdL$pqfL$ k[ dp_u [d_u `pR>m ]$pX$ R>.
hld-A^p MX$_
89
QdL$pf_u b_phV$ L$f_pf q]$e u-`yfyjp_ A_ygnu_ X$p.

L$phyf 1963dp b^p S> ]$ipdp, bû S> cpjpdp 22 QgfiS> L$fgu R>
A_ [ d p _ u A L $ `Z Q g fi S>_ kprb[ L$ f u b[ph [ _ $ p .
1,00,000/- (AL$ $rèp AL$ gpM)_y B_pd lf L$fgy R>. Ap
B_pd h^pfu_ lpg $p. 30,00,000/- (AL$ $rèp uk gpM)_y
L$fhpdp Apey R>.
[ D`fp [ , A L $ g f_p u.A]y $ g cpB hL$ p _uA [p
Aphp QdL$pf L$f_pf rhc|r[_ ipû gph_pf_ `Z, QdL$pf
kprb[ \pe [p $p. 1,00,000/- ($qèp AL$ gpM)_y A_
QdL$ p f L$ f _pf eqL$ [ _ $ p . 20,00,000/-($ r èp huk
gpM)_y B_pd Ap`hp_u lfp[ L$fgu R>. AV$g QdL$pfre
gpL$p_ rh_[u R> L$ QdL$pf_u hp[p L$ep rh_p, Ahu QdL$pqfL$
eqL$[Ap_ ipû gphp A_ $p.1,00,000/- ($rèp AL$
gpM)_y B_pd p[ L$fp. X$p. L$phyf_u QdL$pf_u QgfiS> 1963
dp \B l[u A_ u. A]y$gcpB hL$p_u_u lfp[ 1974dp \B
l[u. [ `R>u OZp hj hu[u Nep R>; R>[p l L$pB QdL$pqfL$
rhc|r[ Ap QgfiS> D`pX$hp Aphu _\u A_ L$pB QdL$pqfL$ u`yfyj_ gB L$pB erL$[ [d_u `pk NB _\u. ]$i L$ ]yr_ep_p L$pB
d_y e X$ p . L$ p h y f _p A_ u hL$ p _u_p `X$ L $ p f Tughp l ky ^ u
ApNm Apep _\u. QdL$pf A_ QdL$pqfL$ rhc|r[ bD L$hp
^t[N R>, [ Ap\u kprb[ \pe R>.
.g;FlGIT CL ;A;[ 5C[,F WD" C{ .g;FGSF
.;S[ AFN CL 5gGF BM,M ULTF VF{Z S]ZFGSF
v.lgNJZ
hld-A^p MX$_
90
$ 8 hl d : iy L $ _ A_ Aìy L $ _
iyc- Aiyc iyL$__p A^pZ
h[dp_ eyN op_-rhop__p eyN L$lhpe R>. rinZ A_
rhop__u Aepf OZu Nr[ \B R>. [d R>[p, kdpS>dp l
hld A_ A^p Qrg[ R>. AL$ ep bu $`dp [ eqL$[ A_
kdpS>_ lpr_ `lpQpX$[p fp R>.
hld A_ A^p A_L$ L$pf_p lpe R>, S>d L$ iyL$_AìyL$_, c|[-[, amS>epr[j, ]$h-]$huAp-ùfp, d-[d|W$-QpV$, ]$pfp-^pNp-dp]$rmep-[prhS>, QdL$pfp, eprNL$ A_
]$rhL$ rkqAp hNf.
Ny S >fp[udp Qrg[ "hl d ' i]$ d| m Afbu cpjp_p
"hld' i]$ `f\u E[fu Apep R>. "kp\ X$ZuL$pi' A_ykpf
"hld' AV$g iL$; k]l ; MpV$u dpfie[p.
"hV$k qX$n_fu' dpZ "hld' AV$g Aop_ [d S>
Aop_[p_p cedp\u S>fidg dpfie[p ep ehlpf A\hp Aop_,
Ar[pL$[ bpb[p, L$r[ ep Bf r[_u hldu dpfie[pAp A_
cur[eyL$[ hgZdp\u S>fidg p ep ehlpf.
Apd [p , hl d p S>N[cfdp ` Q rg[ R> . A r iepApqL$ p _p `R>p[ ] $ i p d p hk[p gp L $ p hl d dp X| $ b g p R> , [ d
eyfp`-AdqfL$p_p OZp kyrhL$rk[ kd^ ]$ip_p kyrirn[ gpL$p
`Z AL$ ep bu L$pf_p hldpdp dp_ R>.
hld-A^p MX$_
91
cpf[ [p hl d p , A ^ p A_ QdL$ p fp _ p ] $ i R> !

dpV$pcpN_p hldp A_ QdL$pfp lfp hj S|>_p R>. ]$idp S>N[cf_p
hldp_p icydmp dgp R>. S>N[_p [dpd ]$ip_p [dpd hldp
cpf[_p gpL$pdp Qrg[ R>. Aphp hldp A_L$ rQ-rhrQ bpb[p
kp\ kL$mpegp R>, S>d L$ ìy-`nu-S>[y kp\; eqL$[Ap kp\;
q$ e pAp kp\ ; h[y - Qu kp\ ; hpf-r[r\-drl_pAp kp\ ;
ApL$X$pAp kp\; TpX$-am-a}g kp\ hNf. cpf[dp Qrg[ Aphp
hldpdp\u L$V$gpL$_p D]$plfZ _uQ Ap`g R> :
iyL$_-AìyL$_
Ap`Z tl]y$Ap khpf EW$uA epf\u S> iyL$_-AìyL$_
hp_y i$ L$fuA R>uA. L$pB`Z L$pd dpV$ blpf S>[p lpBA epf kp
\d Ap`Z iyL$_ \pe R> L$ AìyL$_ [ BA R>uA. Aphp iyL$_AìyL$__ Ap`Z A_L$ bpb[p_u kp\ X$gp R>, S>dL$ (1) pZuAp kp\ X $ p e g p : ]$p.[. L$pB L$pd S>[p lpBA
A_ dpNdp rbgpX$u ApX$u E[f, [p Ap`Zp d_dp ce
`ku e R> L$ lh L$pd `pf _rl E[f. Npe cpcf [p
AìyL$_ \pe; kp` ApX$ E[f [p AìyL$_ \pe; N^Xy$
kpd dm [p AìyL$_ \pe. `ffi[y Npe kpd dm [p iyL$_
\pe. L|$[fy fX$ [p L$pB_y dey \pe hNf.
(2)
`nuAp kp\ X$pegpp : ]$p.[. L$pNX$p Of `f bpg [p dldp_

Aph; `ffi[y L$pNX$u L$mmpV$ L$f [p Aiyc kdpQpf Aph. Of
`f OyhX$ L$ rQbfu bpg [p [ AìyL$r_epm d_pe hNf.
(3) d_y ep kp\ X $ p e g p : ]$p.[. gpL$X$p_p cpfphpmu u

dpNdp kpd dm [p AìyL$_ \pe; r_:k[p_ u_y dp
hp\u AìyL$_ \pe.
hld-A^p MX$_
92
kdpS>dp rh^hp u Apde ]y$:Mu lpe R>. ApNgp

q]$hk [ u_p `r[ h[p l[p ep kyû [ iyL$r_epm
NZp[u A_ buS> q]$ h k [ _ p `r[_y d ey \[p [
AìyL$r_epm \B NB? hmu Ap`Zp kdpS>dp, Ap`Zp
S> Ofdp rh^hp u lpe, [p [_y iy kdS>hy ? [_ L$ped_u
AìyL$r_epm gMhu ?
Ly$hpfu L$fiep, `r_lpfu, drlepfZ, _hh^|, kp_u,
`|fu, bNX$uAp hQhphpmp L$ dX$]y gB_ Aph[p X$pOyAp
dpNdp kpd dm [p [_ Ap`Z iyL$_ dp_uA R>uA.
fS>hgp u lpX$udp bku iL$ _rl L$ dq]$fdp hiu iL$
_rl, A_ [d \pe [p S>$f _yL$ip_ \pe, Ahy `Z
dp_uA R>uA.
(4) q$epAp kp\ X $pe g p : ]$ p .[. A L $ R>vL$ Aph [p
AìyL$r_epm NZpe, `ffi[y b R>vL$ Aph [p hp^p _rl.
L$pB iyc kN lpe L$ g_ kN hf EOg[p lp e A_
L$pB R>vL$ Mpe, [p b^p S> gpL$p R>vL$ Mp_pf [fa i,
Z L$ [Z dpV$p Ny_p _p L$ep lpe ! blpfNpd S>[p L$pB_
Mphp-ùhp_y _p `yR>pe. ApM afL$ [p [ kpfy _rl. AdyL$
l\mudp MS>hpm Aph [p `kp Mphp hpfp Aph A_
AdyL$ l\mudp MS>hpm Aph, [p `kp_u AphL$ \pe.
`N_p [rmepdp MS>hpm Aph [p dykpafu_p epN Aph,
hNf.
(5) h[y A p kp\ X $pe g p : ]$ p .[.Mf[p [pfp h p\u
Ap`Zp hS>__y dey \pe. cpe `f duWy$ hfpe ep ]|$^
Y$mu e, [p AìyL$_ \pe. g__u hvV$u MphpB e L$
dNmk| [|V$u e [p dpWy$ \pe. kpfp kN ]$uhpbu
byTpB e, [p AìyL$_ \pe, hNf.
hld-A^p MX$_
93
iy c Aiy c :
khpf\u kpS> kyû Ap`Z `m `m iyc-Aiyc_p A^pZ
S>ep ep [p fluA R>uA. Aphp iyc-Aiyc iyL$_ A_L$ kdeMX$p_u kp\ `Z X$pegp R>, S>d L$(1) hpf kp\ X $ p e g : ]$p.[. by^hpf bp`_y Of _p
R>pX$pe, _hp L$pe_p pfc _p \pe. iy$hpf ]$uL$fu_ kpkf
_p hmphpe, ir_hpf hpm _p L$`phpe L$ ]$pY$u _p L$fpe,
dp\pdp [g _p _Mpe. AdyL$ hpf AdyL$ q]$ipdp dykpafu
_p L$fpe, hNf.
(f) r[r\Ap kp\ X $ p e g p : ]$p.[. Adpk_ q]$hk kpfp
L$pe _p L$fpe. `pQd, ArNepfk, `|_d iyc NZpe.
AMpuS> L$ hk[`Qdu ldip iyc NZpe; [ q]$hk
L$pB`Z L$pe kam S> \pe. Adpk cpf lpe, [ q]$hk L$fg
L$pddp cguhpf _ Aph, hNf.
(3) Qp O qX$ e p kp\ X $ p e g p : QpOqX$epdp `Z AdyL$
QpOqX$epdp L$pe i$ _ L$fpe A_ AdyL$ QpOqX$epdp
L$pe L$fhpdp hp^p _rl.
(4) dy l | [ kp\ X $ p e g : Mfpb dyl}[dp L$pB`Z L$pe_p
pfc _ \pe. AV$g X$Ng _ `Ng Ap`Z dyl}[ [p
fluA R>uA.
(5) _ b fp A_ Ap L $ X $ p kp\ X $ p e g p : ]$p.[. `pQ, kp[,
_h_p ApL$X$p iyc; 13 _p ApL$X$p Aiyc, Z
hld-A^p MX$_
94
eqL$[Ap\u L$pB kpfp L$pd dpV$ kp\ _p S>hpe.

[_ "Z [MX$' L$lhpe. Qpf eqL$[Ap_y S|>\ "QX$pm
QpL$X$u' NZpe. L$pB_y dey `QL$dp \pe, [p bu `pQ
eqL$[Ap_p _L_p kNp-lpgp L$ `X$piuAp_p-dey
\pe. dysgdp "786' _p AL$X$p_ iyc NZ.
(6) h[yAp kp\ X$pegpp : ]$p.[. S>dZu bpSy>_p iM, `QdyMu
fypn, AL$pnu _prmef hNf iyc A_ `rh. ]|$^, ]$lv, gvby,
L$Ly$, ]$h-]$huAp_p apV$p, [uL$p, OpX$p_u _pm hNf iyc
h[yApdp NZpe. `ffi[y Aqfkp a}V$u e L$ ]|$^ Y$pm
pB e, [p
[_ Aiyc NZhpdp Aph.
rhp\wAp S>epf `funp Ap`hp S>[p lpe, epf
hX$ u gp [_ ]$lv-Npm_p kp]$ Ap`, S>\u `funpdp [
`pk \B e. (MfMf [p Dfhludp S> L$B gey lpe,
[_p D`f `pk \hp[y lpe R>. ]$lv-Npm_u kp]$u\u S>
`pk \hp[y lpe [p [`gu cfu_ ]$lv A_ dpVy$ Y$az Npm S>
`funp\w_ _p MhX$ p hu ] $ h pe ?) hmu L $ V $ g pL$ _ u A h u
dpfie[p lp e R> L $ Ady L $ ` _ \u S> `funpdp Dfhlu
gMhp\u `pk \hpe. `_dp iplu `|f[u hM[ iplu
Y$mu e, [p iyc r_ip_u NZpe, _pL$fu L$f[u uAp L$
eyh[uAp AdyL$ S> `k fpMhpdp L$ AdyL$ S> kpX$u `lfu_
S>hpdp iyc iyL$_ dp_ R>.
iplu\u gMhpdp Aph R> ! NyS>fp[dp rh^hp u L$pmp

L$`X$p `lf, dlpfp$dp ka]$ hp `lf !
(8) TpX$ - `p_ kp\ X $ p e g p : ]$p.[. ù`mp, hX$, kdX$p_y
TpX$ hNf ic A_ `rh NZpe. bphm hNf Aiyc
NZpe. hX$ L$ ù`mp_u `| \pe. hV$(hX$)kprhu_y
h[ `Z L$fhpdp Aph R>.
AL$ hM[ lz dpfp dpV$pcpB_ Of rhfdNpd Negp, epf
`pm_p _pL$ OZp b^p h`pfuAp cNp \egp A_ dpV$ dpV$\u
bpg[p hp dep. d dpfp cpcu_ `|R>ey, ""`pmdp L$B TOX$p
\ep R> ?'' epf dpfp cpcuA S>Zpey, ""_p, Ap [p fpS>_y R>.
[Ap Npe Aphhp_u fpl Sy>A R>. Npe Aph ep kyû Aphu fu[
[Ap dpV$\u hp[p L$f[p lpe R>. A_ S>hu Npe Aph L$ [f[ S> b^p
bpgu EW$ L$ "Npe Aphu, Qpgp lh.' Apd, iyL$_ hp kp L$pB
Ecp fl R>.
h[y[:, h`pf [p h`pfu_u AphX$[, Ly$_l, rld[, `kp_u
`lp Q , r[$ p A_y L | $ m `qfs\r[ Aphp A_ L $ L$ p fZp _ gB_
Qpg[p lpe R>. Npe_p Aphhp-S>hp kp\ h`pf_ L$pB kb^ _\u.
Npe_p iyL$_ gB_ S>_pf b^p gpL$p_p h`pf kpfp Qpg R>, [hy `Z
lp[y _\u.
(7) f N p k p\ X $ p e g p : ]$p.[. gpg fN iyc A_ L$pmp fN

Aiyc. g_ kN_u L$L$puAp L$ ApdZ `rL$pAp gpg
fNdp S> R>`phpe. dfZ_p L$ Aiyc kdpQpf_p `p L$pmp
fN\u S> R>`phpe L$ gMpe. L $ `rh Qp ` X$ p L$ p mu
kpQu lL$uL$[ [p A R> L$ iyL$_-AìyL$_, iyc-Aiyc

hNf AN_p epg A d__p L$hm hld R>. ìy, `nu, d_ye A_
[_u q$epAp [p Ly$]$f[_u q$epAp R>. hmu hpf-[lhpf, r[r\Ap,
Qp O qX$ e p , f N p , _ b f, q]$ i pAp hN f [p ]y $ r _epdp d_y ep _ p
ehlpf bfpbf ehs\[ Qpg [ dpV$ d_ye S> b_phg R>. [
]$fL$_u kp\ Aphp iyL$_-AìyL$_, iyc-Aiyc_p epg X$u
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
95
96
]$B, d_ye `p[p_u dm S> ]y$:Mu \[p e R> A_ [_u Nygpdudp

S>L$X$p[p \pe R>.
Aphp iyL$_-AìyL$_ L$ iyc-Aiyc_p hld_ d_dp\u
L$pY$hp lpe, [p `Z Ap`Z L$pY$u iL$[p _\u, AV$gp b^p Ap`Z
gpQpf R>uA; Ap`Z_ Ap`Zu [ `f rhpk _\u.
hl d _ L$ p Y$ u iL$ h p_p L$ p fZp
Ap [_p hld _p _uL$mhp_p L$ _p L$pY$u iL$hp_p `Z
A_L$ L$pfZp R>, [d_ gu^ d_ye _prld[ \B e R>. [hp
L$pfZp _uQ dyS>b R> :
(1) `l g p _ p A_y c h_ gu^ : AL$ L$ b hM[ L$pB bpb[\u
AL$ S> [_p A_ych Ap`Z_ \pe, [p [ bpb[ Ap`Zp d_dp
Of L$fu e R>.
(2) hX$ugp_p A_yL$fZ_ gu^ : hX$ugp dp_[p lpe AV$g [d_p
k[p_p [d_y A_yL$fZ L$fu, L$V$guL$ h[yAp_ hNf rhQpe dp_[p fl R>.
(3) hX$ u gp _ _pfpS> _p L$ f hp_u gpQpfu L $ cufy [ p_ gu^ :
OZuhpf Ap`Z d_\u L$pB S|>_u $qY$ ep dpfie[p_ MpV$u dp_[p
lpBA A_ [_ b]$ghp BR>[p lpBA epf `Z "hX$ugp _pfpS>
\i ' L $ "[ d _ _rl Nd ' [ h u buL$ _ gu^ Ap`Z S| > _u Mp V $ u
dpfie[p_ hmNu fluA R>uA.
(5) L$ p e d p r_am[p dmhp_u cur[_ L$ p fZ : Ap`Z_

d_dp buL$ lpe R> L$ lz L$B b]$ghp S>Bi A_ dpfy L$pe bNX$u
S>i [p ! Aphu buL$_ gu^ `Z Ap`Z $Y$ qhQpf ep Zpgu
b]$gu iL$[p _\u.
(6) kfm gpN[p S| > _p Qug Qpep L$ f hp_u S>X$ [ p_ gu^ :
Ap`Z rhQpfuA R>uA L$ ApMp kdpS> S|>_p Qug Qpep L$f R>;
[p dpf ip dpV $ _h Qug Qpghy ? Aphu S>X$ [ p_ gu^ `Z
Ap`Zp\u S|>_u-MpV$u dpfie[p b]$gu iL$p[u _\u. AV$g S>d
Qpg[y lpe [d Qpghp ]$BA R>uA.
(7) _hp Qugp `pX$ h p_u _prld[_ L$ p fZ : OZu hM[ _hp
Qugp `pX$hp_u iqL$[ ep rld[ _ lphp_ L$pfZ Ap`Z L$BL$
b]$ghp ^pfuA [p `Z L$iy b]$gu iL$p[y _\u.
(8) bpm`Zdp `pX$ h pdp Aph g k L$ p f_ L$ p fZ : _p_u
he\u S> hX$ugpA bpmL$_ AdyL$ kL$pf ep V$hp `pX$g lpe R>, S>
dpV$p \e b]$gu iL$p[p _\u.
(9) Ly $ V y $ b _p $ q Y$ Q y [ DR> f _ L$ p fZ : $qY$Qy[ Ly$Vy$bdp DR>f
\ep lpe, epf S|>_u dpfie[pAp_y b]$ghy dyL$g `X$ R>, L$pfZL$
bpm`Z\u S> AdyL$ $rY$Qy[ kL$pfp bpmL$_p dp_k `f hX$ugp
pfp `X$ep lpe R>. [_ L$pfZ b]$gphp_p rhQpf ky^p Aphu iL$[p
_\u.
(4) L$ p e kam \pe [ h u gpgQ : OZu hpf Ap`Z dpfie[p

b]$ghp dpN[p lpBA, [p `Z Ap`Z_ L$pe kam \hp_u gpgQ
lpe R>, [\u `Z MpV$u ep iL$p`]$ dpfie[p b]$gu iL$[p _\u.
(10) ^prd L $ k L$ p f A_ h^y [p A ^ ^p_ L$ p fZ : ^prdL$

kL$pfp AV$g KX$ kyû d_dp Of L$fu Nep lpe R> L$ dpZk M|b
S> A^pmy b_u e R>. ^dc$ \B S>hp_u buL$ [ L$ip B$
ky^pfp L$fu iL$[p A\u.
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
97
98
(11) b^p dp_ R> dpV $ : dpV$p cpN_p dpZkp N[p_yNr[L$ lpe
R>. [Ap Ahy rhQpf R> L$ iy cZgp-X$pL$V$f, hL$ug, AsfiS>r_ef,
pakf b^p Ad[p S> Apdp dp_[p li ! [Ap kp dp_ R>, AV$g
S> [dp L$iyL$ kpfy li S>, Ahp epg L$fu kpdpfieS>_p `Z [dp
dp_hp gpN R>. [d_ `p[p_u [ `f rhpk lp[p _\u. V$pmp
`pR>m [Ap Qpep L$f R>.
(12) op_-rhop__u rhrh^ ipMpAp_p Aop__ gu^ : fpkperZL$
rhop__p ZL$pf L$]$pQ cpr[L$ rhop__u ZL$pfu ApR>u `Z
^fph[p lpe L$ bu rhop__u ZL$pfu A_ ApR>u lpe L$ _ `Z
lpe. A\p[ rhop__p b^p S> r_edp_u ZL$pfu [_ _ lpe [hy
b_. Aphp Aop__ L$pfZ qirn[S>_pdp `Z L$V$gpL$ hldp Qpgy
fl R>.
(13) byq A_ [L$iqL$[_u EZ` ep [_p Acph_ L$pfZ : L$pB_u
kp\ [pqL$L$ QQp _ L$fu iL$hp_ L$pfZ L$ Ap`Zu rb_ZL$pfu_
L$pfZ `Z Ap`Z [_ b]$gu iL$[p _\u.
Apd, iyL$_-AìyL$_, iyc-Aiyc hNf AN_p epg
"L$pN_y bkhy A_ X$pm_y [|V$hy ' S>hp R>. Adp L$iy [e _\u. AL$_u
AL$ h[y_p A_ych b-Zhpf \pe, AV$g [ bpb[dp dp_k
hldu \B e R>. \pX$uL$ byq, rld[ A_ ZL$pfu lpe, [p Ap
bpb[ [yf[ kd iL$pe [hu R>.
kp[L$pmdp op_-rhop__p rhL$pk \[p, L$V$gpL$ hldp
ApR>p \ep R>; [d R>[p L$V$gpL$ _hp hldp `Z Qrg[ \ep R>.
Arirn[ gpL$pdp S> hldp lpe R>, [hy _\u; rirn[ gpL$p `Z
hldpdp akpegp lpe R>. h_dp X$Ng _ `Ng [Ap iyL$_AìyL$_ [p fl R>. Arirn[p A_ Nfubp fpNN[ s\r[dp
hld-A^p MX$_
99
]$hp L$fphhp_p `kp_ Acph ]$pfp-^pNp-dp]$rmep-[prhS> bp^

R>, `f[y rirn[ A_ `kp`p gpL$p [p ]$hpMp_ S>B_ fpNN[
eqL$[_p ]$hp]$p$ L$fph R> A_ kp\ kp\ ]$pfp-^pNp-dp]$rmep[prhS>_p `Z Ape g R>! fpNN[ eqL$[_ kp \B e, [p
[_p ei [Ap ]$pL$[f_ _rl `Z c|hp_ Ap` R> !
hldpdp\u R|>V$hp_p kfm D`pe A R> L$ ]$fL$ eqL$[A
hopr_L$ ArcNd L$mhhp BA, gpNZudp L$ pdp [Zphp_
b]$ g kpQu `qfs\r[_p by s ^`| h L $ rhQpf L$ f hp B A A_
[dpd bpb[p _ u h[y g nu QL$ p kZu L$ f hu B A . bfpbf
r_funZ-`funZ, []$ _ y $ ` r_L$ j p _ gndp g h p, [_y $ `
ehlpf L$fhp-Ahy hgZ eL$ dp_hu ]$pMh, [p [ `p[p_u
A_ kdpS>_u Nr[ S>$f kpû iL$. bpL$u, A\lu_ A_ lpr_L$pfL$
hldp-A^p\u [p eqL$[ A_ kdpS>_ _yL$kp_ S> \pe, [d_u
]y$Nr[ S> \pe.
zLS' Q 6GF SD" 5| t I[ VFNZ CMI V[ G ] \ GFD zF4 5Z\ T ]

zLS' Q 6GF 5[ 8 DF\ G F SZlDIFGL 56 XMEFIF+F SF-JL V[ G ] \ GFD
V\ W zFP V7FG EZ[ , L V\ W zF SZTF\ A] l 5} J " S GL zFDF\ H
;FR] \ V{ ` JI" K] 5 FI] \ K[ P
v
5MT[ ClZG[ G HF6[ ,[X4 VG[ SF-L A[9M U]Z]GM J[X4
V[S V[S SC[dCFZM 5\Y4 ID U]6SFV[ WFIM" S\Y
lJ CT]\ TF\CF\ ,U[ ZCL4 B}8[ jI[ V/UL Y.
vVBM EUT
hld-A^p MX$_
100
9 : Bf_y As[h-A_As[h
op_uAp-rhp_pA A_L$ d_yep_p hjp\u Aepk L$fu,
Ahp r_L$j [pfep R>, L$ d_ye `p[ S> R> [ L$f[p L$BL$ h^pf
kpfp b_hp BR> R>. Ap BR>p A_u iqL$[ R>. iqL$[ipmu d_dp
S>fid[u rh^peL$ L$`_p S> d_ye_ ApNm A_ ApNm ^L$g R>.
Apq]$ dp_hpA lfp hj `lgp AL$ $ d_ye_u ep
`yfyjpd_u L$`_p L$fu, [_ "Bf' Ahy _pd Ap`hpdp Apey
l[y. d_ye `p[ S> NyZp p[ L$fhp BR>[p l[p [ b^p S> $
NyZp_y [_pdp Apfp`Z L$fhpdp Apey, A_ Bf_u pr[_ S>
h__y ee dp_hdp Apey.
Bf dh$` lpe; `Z hp\w ey^MpfpA A_p lp\dp
lr\epfp `L$X$phu ]$u^p. egpcuApA A_ gdu`r[ b_phu
]$ u ^p . `pùAp A A _ ]$ e pr_^p_-L$ f y Z pr_^p_ b_pep .
A^prd L $ p A ^d _ u fnp L$ f hp_u S>hpb]$ p fu A _ kp ` u, `p [
hR>]$[p i$ L$fu ]$uû.
Ap b^y dp_hu_p cpr[L$ hp\_ A_yL|$m l[y, AV$g AZ
A huL$ p fu gu^y . d| Y $ , d| M , L$ p ef gp L $ p _ u Mp V $ l[u, [
hp\wApA `|fu L$fu!
S>d c|[_u cdZp_ ke dp_u ghpdp Aph R>, [hu S>
fu[ Bf_u L$`_p_ `Z gpMp-L$fpX$p dp_huAp ke dp_u fp
R>. c|[ `Z L$`_p R>, Bf `Z L$`_p R>. c|[ Aiyc L$`_p
L$lhpe R>, Bf iyc L$`_p L$lhpe R>. `f[y b_ d_ye_p d_dp
L$p`r_L$ k[p_p R>.
hld-A^p MX$_
101
Bf_p As[h rhi A_L$ d[d[p[fp h[ R>. L$pB A_

"r_fpL$pf' L$l R>, [p L$pB A_ "kpL$pf' L$l R>; [p L$pB A_y hZ_ L$fu
rQ ]$pfu b[ph R>: Sy>Ap, Aphp R> Bf- Qpf L$ lf lp\hpmp,
ky]$f, d|ehp_ hp\u rhc|rj[, S>f Thfp[ ^pfZ L$fgp, lp\dp
OZp Apey^phpmp A_ `pf hNf_p rhri$ NyZp\u eyL$[.
L$pB L$l R> L$ Ap rh A_ ^d_p A \p`L$ R>. L$pB L$l R> L$
A_p kL$`\u Ap rh fQpey R>. A_ Ap rh kp\ dpl_u L$np_p d
R>; S>_p L$pfZ A Alv hpfhpf Ah[pf g R>, èNbfp dpL$g R>.
L$pB A_ d|r[$` `|S> R>, L$pB A_ QpL$L$k r_ip_uAp`[uL$p$`, L$pB q]$e S>ep[_u L$`_p L$f R>. S>V$gp d_yep AV$gp
Bf, S>V$gp ^d AV$gu dpfie[pAp. Ap_p L$pB A[ _\u. lL$uL$[dp
S>_ S> Nd R> - `p[ S> BR> R> - `p[p_pdp S> L$du dlk|k L$f R>
A_ A Bf_u epep b_phu ]$ R>.
Bf_ ApS>q]$_ kyû L$pBA ep _\u. F>h]$\u dpX$u
Apip kyû_u, cpf[ L$ rh_u, L$pB`Z eqL$[A Ahp ]$php _\u
L$ep L$ [Z Bf_ en ep R>.
Bfpr[_p D`pe b[phhphpmp L$ p B h q ]$ L $ F>rj,
`pfprZL$ k[ L$ h[dp_ S>N]$Ny, L$pB ùf, èNbf L$ cy`y
gMp[p Bkyr[ `Z Ahy _\u L$y L$ [dZ Bf_ en ep R>
L$ [_u kp\ hp[Qu[ L$fu R>. L$pBA Bf_ B gu^p lp[ [p
Bf_u bpb[dp AgN AgN L$ p f_u, A L $ b u\u rbgLy g
Sy>]$u, L$`_pAp _ L$fp[u lp[.
Np[d by^ kpQy S> L$y R> L$, ""S> R> S> _rl [_ L$pB
]$Mi L$hu fu[ ? b [ L$p`r_L$ Aop[ ky]$fu_u kdp_ R>, S>_
p[ L$fhp_ dpV$ b^p S> ]$pX$u fp R>, `ffi[y [ [p R> S> _rl.''
hld-A^p MX$_
102
L$pB h[y_y As[h R> L$ _rl [_u [`pkZu L$ QL$pkZu

L$ep rh_p [_p As[h_u kprb[u Apù iL$pe _rl. hmu, S> h[y
Ap`Z L$]$u B _ lpe [p `Z [_p L$p`r_L$ NyZp L$ NyZ^dp_u
QL$pkZu L$fu, [_y As[h R> L$ _rl [ kprb[ L$fu iL$pe. [_p
hZhpegp NyZ^dp_u QL$pkZu L$f[p [ h[y EZu D[f [p L$lu
iL$pe L$ [d S> L$lp R>p [ ke _\u.
AL$ D]$plfZ gBA [p Ap bpb[_u [ur[ \i. L$pB AL$
eqL$[A eprL$ hpl_ b_pey [dp [Z Qpf `X$p d|L$ep, AL$ Npm
V$uefvN d|L$ey, Sy>]$p Sy>]$p rNef d|L$ep, hpl__u ApNm huS>mu_u
b ]$uhpbuAp d|L$u, hpl__u `pR>m huS>mu_u b gpg fN_u
]$uhpbuAp d|L$u. Aphp hpl__ [Z "dpV$f' _pd Apey.
bu AL$ eqL$[A buSy> eprL$ hpl_ b_pey. [dp [Z
b `X$p d|L$ep, AL$ ku^y Nh_f d|L$ey, hpl__u ApNm huS>mu_u
AL$ ]$uhpbu d|L$u, hpl__u `pR>m huS>mu_u AL$ gpg fN_u
]$uhpbu d|L$u. Ap hpl__ [Z "dp`X'$ _pd Apey.
lh AL$ eqL$[ S>Z L$epfe "dpV$f' L$ "dp`X$' ep _ l[p,
[_u `pk AL$ eqL$[A "dp`X$' gphu_ d|L$ey A_ [_ S>Zpey L$ Ap
"dpV$f' R>. AV$g Ap eqL$[A S> dpV$f_p NyZ^dp Z[u l[u [Z
NyZ ^dp_p Ap^pf Ap hpl__ [`pkhp dpX$ey. [Z ey L$ hpl__ kp
\d [p Qpf _rl b S> `X$p R>, Npm _rl `f[y ku^y V$uefvN R>, rNef
L$ rNefbpL$n _\u, hpl__u ApNm b _rl `f[y AL$ S> ]$uhpbu R>,
hpl__u `pR>m gpg fN_u b _rl `f[y AL$ S> ]$uhpbu R>. AV$g Ap
hpl_ buSy> Nd lpe, "dpV$f' [p _\u S>; A S> fu[ "Bf' _ L$pBA
ep _\u, [p `Z dlp`yfyjpA, cL$[pA, ippA [_p S> L$V$gpL$
L$p`r_L$ NyZ hZep R> [ `f\u [_p As[h rhi epg Aphu iL.
[p, Bf_p [hp NyZp_u AL$ `R>u AL$ Ad [`pk L$fuA :
hld-A^p MX$_
103
(1) Bf M| b Ly $ i m b ^ L$ A_ k r $ _ p r_epdL$ R>

lh Bf Ly$im b^L$ A_ r_epdL$ R>, [p Ly$]$f[dp
ApV$gu bû Aeh\p L$d R> ? L$epL$ `|f Aph R>, [p
L$epL$ ]y$L$pm `X$ R> ! ^f[uL$`, S>hpmpdyMu, hphpTpX$p
hN f S> h u pL $ r [L$ Apa[p Bf S> h p by q ipmu
r_eZL$[p lphp R[p L$d Nd epf Aph R> ? L$r[dp
ApV$gu AfpS>L$[p L$d R>? [ ]$qfepdp hfkp]$ L$d `pX$[p
li ? fZ_ L$d hjp rhlp fpM[p li ?
(2)
2) Bf kh i qL$ [ dp_ R>
Bf khiqL$[dp_ lpe [p [ kpfp L$ Mfpb L$dp_p
`yfL$pf L$ rinp L$fhpdp rhgb L$d L$f R>? kho Ahp [_
[p kpnuAp L$ `yfphp dmhhp_u L$ [`pkhp_u L$iu S>$f
_\u. hmu, [ iy Ly$]$f[_p L$pe]$p-L$p_|__u D`fhV$ S>B_
`p[p_p cL$[p_u BR>p `|fu L$fu ]$i ? [ khiqL$[dp_
lpe [p ^d_p ^^pbp S>epf Bf_p _pd_p ]y $ f èp N
L$f[p lpe R> epf [ L$d Q|`Qp` B fl R>? [_p _pd_p
]y$fyèpN L$f_pf_ [ rinp L$d _\u L$f[p ? [Z S> kS>gp
i[p__p [ L$d rh_pi L$fu iL$[p _\u ?
(3) Bf kh ep`L$ R>
Bf khep`L$ R>, [p [_pdp Nr[ Akch R>. Nr[ AV$g
q$ep L$fhpdp Akd\ lphp\u [ kr$L$[p _p lpB iL$. [
khep`L$ lpe [p `rh \mpdp cV$pQpf A_ bmpL$pf L$d
\pe R> ? Ap`Z Ap`Zp hX$ug kpd buX$u L$ rkNpfV$ ù[p
MQL$pBA R>uA, [p Ap hX$ug_p hX$ug d_p[p Bf [_u kpd
\[p b|fp L$pep L$hu fu[ Qgphu g R>? [hp ]y$$ gpL$p_ [ rinp
hld-A^p MX$_
104
L$d _\u L$f[p ? hmu, [ khep`L$ lpe, [p gpidp [_p

r_hpk L$d _\u dp_hpdp Aph[p ? khep`L$ Bf [p
M|_u g|V$pfp, bmpL$pfu, i[p_dp `Z Ahe lpe S>.
(4) Bf L$ f y Z pkpNf A_ ]$ e pmy R>
S>epf L$pB eqL$[ Bf_p d dmhhp dpV$ crL$[_ `\
`m$ R>, epf [_ ]y:Mu L$fhpdp [ L$pB bpL$u _\u fpM[p;
[p `R>u [ `p[p_ "L$fyZpkpNf' L$hu fu[ L$lhX$phu iL$ ?
L$pB u `fZu_ kpkf Aph, [ S> q]$hk [_p `r[ dfZ
`pd, ep S>fid[u hmpA S> bpmL$ dey `pd, [p Bf_p
Ap L$pe_ L$B fu[ ]$ep`|Z L$lhpe ? ]$epmy L$lhp[p Bf_u
kS>g
u ^f[u `f A^, A`N, fL$[rùep, rcMpfu lpB iL$ ?
(5) Bf A [ ep d u R>
Bf cL$[_u `funp L$fhp dpV$ [_ ]y$:Mu L$f[p lpe, [p
[_ "A[epdu' ep kho L$hu fu[ L$lu iL$pe ? hmu, S>p
Bf `pk cL$ [ _ dpNZu L$ f hu `X$ [ u lp e , [p [ _
"A[epdu' L$hu fu[ L$lu iL$pe ? Bf [p ]$fL$_p d__u
hp[ Z R>, Ahy [p ]$fL$ ^d_p [dpd ^^pbp k[[
L$l[p fl R> !
(6) Bf OV$ O V$ d p A_ kh d p R>
Bf OV$OV$dp hk[p lpe [p AL$ N^X$p_p OV$dp Bf
R> A_ AL$ Ly$cpf_p OV$dp `Z Bf R>; [p S>epf Ly$cpf
N^X$p_ X$aZpV$ R> epf Ad dp_hy L$ Bf, Bf_ X$aZpV$
R> ?! AL$ r_]$pj u_p OV$dp Bf R> A_ AL$ N|X$p_p
OV$dp Bf R>; [p Ap N|X$p `gu r_]$pj u `f bmpL$pf
L$f [p Ad dp_hy L$ Bf, Bf `f S> bmpL$pf L$f R> ?
hld-A^p MX$_
105
(7) Bhf fiepeu R>

dp_u gp L$ b eqL$[Ap AL$ bu_p iy R> A_ b_e
Bf_ d]$]$ dpV$ p\_p L$f R>; [p iy Bf b_e_u p\_p
huL$pfi ? [ AL$_u p\_p huL$pfu gi A_ bu_u
_rl, [p bu_ [ Afiepe _rl L$f ? Apd \pe [p Bf
fiepeu R> [ L$hu fu[ L$lhpe ?
(8) Bf b^p _ y `pg_ `p j Z L$ f RR>
S>epf _h[ bpmL$_ L$pB AL$p[dp e ]$ R> epf Bf
[_ ldip rh[ L$d _\u fpM[p ? [ AL$pm dfu L$d e
R>? khpf\u kpS> kyû gplu-`fkhp AL$ L$f_pf
rdL$pdp OZp gpL$p `p[p_p bpmL$p_ b V$L$ `V$cfu_
Mphp_y L$d _\u Apù iL$[p ? Bf `pgL$ R>, [p c|M
df[p Ake gpL$p_ [ cpS>_ L$d _\u Ap`[p ? gpL$p_
[ ApÒp[ L$d L$fhp ]$ R>?
(9) Bf `|Z R>
L$lhpe R> L$ ""`|Z eqL$[_u bû S> BR>pAp kdp[ \B
e R>.'' Bf_ `Z ldip k`|Z kpûi b[phhpdp
Aph R>. [p `R>u [_u Ahu L$B BR>p A`|Z flu NB l[u,
S>\u [Z Ap kr$_u fQ_p L$fhu `X$u ? A_ kde Ap[f
kr$ `f [_ hpfhpf Ah[pf L$d ghp `X$ep ? L$fpX$pAb [pfp, Nlp, D`Nlp fep `R>u [_ d_ye, ìy,
`Mu, hn, h_`r[, lhp, `pZu hNf DSS>X$ L$d fpep ?
AL$ dp `hu D`f S> [Z rhrh^ kS>__u L$`p L$d L$fu ?
hld-A^p MX$_
106
(10) Bf_u BR>p hNf `p ] $ X y $ e lpg[y _\u

Apd S> lpe [p "h^y hn DNpX$p'_u d_ye_u T|bi
r_f\L$ R>. L$pfZ L$ S>d h^y hnp DNpX$uA [d h^y `p]$X$p
\pe, A_ h^y `p]$X$p \pe [p [_ lgphhp_y L$pe Bf_p
L$pdL$pS>dp h^pfp L$f. [\u `p]$X$p lgphhpdp Bf_p dpV$p
cpN_p kde er[[ \pe, [p `R>u d_yep [fa Bf L$epf
ep_ Apù iL$ ? M|_uAp M|_ L$f [ `Z Bf_u BR>p\u S>
_ ? eyp \pe A_ gpMp dpZkp [dp L$dp[ df [ `Z
Bf_u BR>p\u !? ^f[uL$`dp lfp dpZk AL$ kp\
df, [ `Z Bf_u BR>p\u ?
(11) kr$`f S>epf ^d_u gpr_ \pe R>, epf Bf Ah[pf
g R>
dlpcpf[ ey `R>u ] $ i dp ^d S> h y L$ i y S> _ fy ,
uL$Z Ah[pf lep[ lp h p R>[p . fpdpeZdp A L $
kdedp Bf b Ah[pf gu^p-`fiyfpd A_ u fpdA_ b _ Ah[pf ^d _ u gpr_ rdV$ p hhp_ b]$ g kpd
kpd Aphu Nep A_ gX$ep! Ah[pfhp]$dp _tklAh[pf
aL$ [ A L $ p ]$ L$ g pL$ dpV $ S> l[p . ApV$ g p kdedp ^d _ u
gpq_ L$hu fu[ ]|$f \B S>pe ? deph[pfdp dpR>gu,
hfpl Ah[pfdp c|X,$ hNf ; [Ap ^d_u gpr_ L$hu fu[
]|$f L$fu iL$ ?
Ap D`fp [ Bf_p Afie OZp b^p Ny Z p hZ h g p
R> , S> d L $ - Bf kere R> ; Bf he c | R> ; Bf L$ d p
dpZ Ah[pf Ap` R> ; Bf_u k q $ d p ] $ f R> A ^ f _\u
hN f hN f .
hld-A^p MX$_
107
D`fpL$[ hZhgp NyZp `Z Bf_p As[h_ kprb[

L$fu iL$[p _\u. [\u Ahy [pfZ _uL$mu iL$ L$ cL$[p, dlp`yfyjp,
ipp, pQu_ F>rjAp hNfA Bf_ en r_lpep _ lphp
R>[p [dZ [_p L$p`r_L$ NyZp r[`pq]$[ L$ep R>. [d_ [`pk[p
AV$gy L$lu iL$pe L$, [Ap S>_y hZ_ L$f R> [ "Bf' [p _\u S>.
EUT v E}JF4 TF\l+SM4 0FS6MGF S[8,FS ;N]5IMU

! DF6;G[ VxI56[ EZBL HTL 0FS6MG[ N[ X GF ,xSZL
BFTFDF\ ;{lGS TZLS[ EZTL SZL4 T[DGL DNNYL N]xDGMG[ SFRF
G[ SFRF EZBL H. XSFI
Z SFxDZDF\ YM0L EFZT N[XGL 0FS6M KM0L D}SJL HM.V[4 H[
VFT\SJFNLVMG]\ E0Y\] AGFJL BF. HFIPPP
# ZMULG[ S. 0FS6 J/UL K[ 4 T[ G ] \ GFD SCL N[ T F E} J FVMG[
N[XGF HF;};L BFTFDF\ EZTL SZL4 T[DG[ A[ DCJGF ;JF,
5} K L XSFI o
s!f AMOM;" TM5 ;MNFDF\ &$ SZM0GL S8SL BFGFZ ;HG G]\
GFD X] \ K[ m
sZf VG[ VFUFDL N[ X jIF5L R} \ 8 6LVMDF\ SM6 ;ZSFZ 5Z
VFJX[ v ASF;] Z S[ ,J6F;] Z m VF l;JFI SM. Hl8,
B}GS[;DF\ B}G SM6[ SI]4 T[ TF\l+SM J0[ XMWL SF-L N[XGF SFINF
VG[ jIJ:YFGL :YlT 56 ;tJZ[ ;]WFZL XSFI
TDFZF UFDDF\ SM. 0FS6 CMI4 TM T[ G [ 5} K L HMHM S[ p5I] " T
SFDMDF\ Y L T[ G [ SI] \ SFD OFJX[ m
v lNG[X 5\RF,
D'T jITVM E}T YFI K[ V[J]\ DFGJFG[ SM. J{7FlGS
5]ZFJM GYLP VG[ T[YL JTL jITVM p5Z T[ ;JFZ YFI K[4 T[J]\
DFGJFGM SM. ;JF, ZC[TM H GYLP
v
hld-A^p MX$_
108
10 : hN-_fL$
hN A_ _fL$ L$pB h[p d_ye L$]$u `p[p_u kNu ApM
ep _\u. A_ L$pB hN ep _fL$$hpku [ L$ep R> [ L$lhp dpV$ `hu
D`f `pR>p Apep _\u hN A_ _fL$ `hu `f R> L$ ApL$pidp ep
`p[pmdp, [ `Z AL$ rhQpfZue _ R>. rlfi]y$ ^dN\p A_
Qrg[ dpfie[pAp A_ykpf d_ye dey `pdu_ S>, [_p L$pep
A_ykpf hN kyM ep _fL$ ep[_p cpNhu iL$ R>, h[p _rl. Ap
hp[ cNh]$Nu[pdp uL$Z ASy>__ L$lu l[u, "" [y eydp dey
`pdui, [p hN p[ L$fui A_ [u S>Bi [p `hu_y kyM
cpNhui''. (Nu[p : 2/37)
NyS>fp[udp Qrg[ AL$ L$lh[ `Z Ap S> d[_y kd\_ L$f
R> "Ap` d|Ap rh_p hN _ S>hpe.'
hN A_ _fL$ _ u L$ `_p L $ h u fu[ Aphu ?
rlfi]y$ F>rj, dyr_ A_ `yfpZL$pfpA fpAp A_ DQhN_p
^r_L$p_p rhipm dlg ep l[p. [dp flhphpmp L$V$gy kyMu h_
e[u[ L$f[p l[p, L$hy kyM Ap` [hy cpS>_ S>d[p l[p, L$V$gu
$ ` h[u gg_pAp A_ fMp[p fpM[p l[p, L $ h u Dd h ] $ L $ u e
kpfhpf A_ ]$hpAp [d_ D`g^ l[u Ap bû hp[p\u [Ap
`qfrQ[ l[p. [dZ hN\u L$`_p Ap b^p_ Ap^pf L$fu l[u.
AdZ dp_gp A_ hZhgp hNdp `yepdp Dd cpS>_ L$f R>,
ky]$f _heyhp_ AkfpAp kp\ cpNrhgpk L$f R>, lfldi eyhp_
S> fl R>, rhdp_pdp Dd gpL$p_u kaf L$f R>.
Ahu fu[ [dZ L$pfphpk (S>g)dp A`fpûAp_ rinp
`pd[p-kl[p ep l[p. pQu_L$pmdp b^p S> ]$ipdp fpS>e
hld-A^p MX$_
109
kfL$pf pfp Ny_Npfp_ L$W$pf rinp L$fhp_u \p l[u. Qpfu L$f_pf_p

lfdp lp\ L$pù _pMhpdp Aph[p l[p. Ny_Npf i|mu `f M|b S>
]y$:M kp `R>u L$fyZ dey `pd[p l[p. OZp Ny_Npfp_ aV$L$p_u k
\[u l[u. _fL$_u L$`_p `pR>m Aphp cep_L$ A_ychp_u fZp
lpB iL$ . ed]|$[p Ae[ rhL$fpm lpe R>. [Ap `pùAp_ DL$m[p
[gdp [mu _pM R>; L$epL$ [d_ gplu A_ `fy_p LyX$dp Xy$bpX$u ]$ R> ;
L$epL$ [d_ kmN[p Ar_dp bpm R>. hN A_ _$fL$_p Aphp hZ_
]$fL$ `yfpZdp dm R>, A_ [d_p [hp rQp bfdp hQpe R>.
Bgpd ^ddp `Z S>lfi_[ (hN) A_ S>lfi_yd (_fL$)_p A_
r[u ^ddp lh_ A_ lg_p huL$pf \eg R>. `f[y dpV$p rhL$V$
A R> L$ ed]|$[p Aphu k L$p_ L$f R> ? dfZ `pdgp eqL$[_p
ifuf_ L$ Apdp_ ? ifuf [p `hu `f S> L$p Ar_dp bmu fpM \pe
R> ep ^f[u `f ]$V$pB dpV$u \B Ney R> ! [p iy ed]|$[p d[ eqL$[_p
Apdp_ Aphu ceL$f k L$f R> ? `f[y Apdp_ [p Ar_, `pZu
L$iy S> ìw iL$[y _\u ! [ Adf R>. [\u Ahy gpN R> L$ ed]|$[p k
b^y S>> L$hm L$p`r_L R>.
hN _ u pr[ d ey `R>u
cg L$pB kp hj h L$ [_p\u `Z h^pf h; `f[y L$pB
A L $ q]$ h k [ Ahe d ey `pdi S>. rlfi]$ u _p "Qg bk_p'
$rY$epN `Z A S> b[ph R> L$ d_ye AL$ q]$hk Alv\u ldi_
dpV$ Qpgu S>i. AV$g L$ kdp[ _rl \B e, `f[y S>d Alv hk
R> [d L$epL$ buS> S>B_ hki. NyS>fp[udp dey dpV$_p èpe `Z
[_p k|QL$ R>. ]$p.[. L$pB_y dey \ep rhi_p i]$ "NyS>fu S>hy',
"dp V y $ Npd[fy ' , "q]$ h N [' hN f `Z l d i _ dpV $ L$ e p L $ Qpep
S>hp_p kL$[ L$f R>. hN L$epL$ D`f ApL$pi gpL$dp R>, S>_u
pq[ dey `R>u S> \pe R>, [_y `Z [dp k|Q_ R>.
hld-A^p MX$_
110
d_prhop_dp BR>p`|r[_y O dlh R>. S>epf d_ye

hp[rhL$ h_dp `p[p_u BR>pAp_ `|fu _\u L$fu iL$[p, epf
[d_ [ L$`_p L$ h__p klpf `|fu L$f R>. L$V$gpL$ gpL$p Ahp
h_ Sy > A R> , S> d p ehlpf S>N[dp hZ`| f u fl g u [ d _u
BR>pAp `|fu \>B S>[u ]$Mpe R>. hN A_ _fL$_u L$`_pdp `Z
Ap rkp[ O S> L$pd L$ey R>.
Apq]$ d L$ p mdp S>epf dp_hu `p [ p_p A` Apey edp
d_dyS>b_p OZp b^p kyMp_p D`cpN _rl L$fu iL$[p lpe, epf
[Z Ahp hN_u L$`_p L$fu li L$ Ap ]y$r_ep `R>u_u AL$ bu
Ahu hN_u ]y$r_ep R>, S>ep d_ye dey `pdu_ e R>, A_ S>ep
h OX$`Z, fpN, dey_p b^_dp\u kh\p dyL$[ fl R>, k[[ eyhp_
fl R>, `pfphpf hch-rhgpk cpNh R>, Ar[ky]$f AkfpAp_u
d_hprR>[ khp dmh R>. [dpd L$pf_p Ap_]$ [_ cpNhhp dm R>.
Nu[pdp L$y R> : ""h `p[p_p `yep\u HgpL$_ `pdu_
hNdp ]$h[pAp_p q]$e cpNp_ cpNh R>'' (f0) ""[ gpL$p A
Adp` hNgpL$_ cpNhu_, `ye M[d \[p, deygpL$dp afu\u
S>fid R>'' (f1). (Nu[p:Aepe-9, gpL$ : 20,21).
Aphu S> [_u L$`_p Bgpd ^ddp `Z L$fhpdp Aphu
R>. hN (S>lfl[ ep brl[)dp hp_ Ap_]$ cpNhhp dpV$
70-70 l} f p (k y ] $ f `fuAp ) D`fp [ 72-72 M| b ky f [
R>pL$fpAp dm R>! ( Ap "M|bkyf[ R>pL$fpAp' hNhpku_ L$ep
L$pf_p Ap_]$ Ap`[p li ? hNdp `Z iy Afb[p_u ALy$]$f[u
d\y_ `f`fp Qrg[ li ?)
S>_[pdp Qpf L$ep R>. [dZ ippdp gMu ]$u^y L$ d_ye_y dey
\ep bp]$ hpdp [_p L$dp A_ykpf hN L$ _fL$dp e R>, A_
[_p L$dp_y am cpNep `R>u L$ cpNhhp dpV$ hmu `pR>p afu\u
`hu `f S>fid ^pfZ L$f R>. S> S>hy L$f R>, [hy S> am [_ dm R>.
bpZ `yfprl[pA `p[p_ hN_p W$L$]$pf b_pep A_ d_ye_
dey bp]$ hNdp L$ _fL$dp dpL$ghp_p [Ap ]$php L$fhp gpep.
""Aphy L$ f ip [p _fL$ dmi , [ h y L$ f ip [p hN dmi ' '.
(deL$pgu_ eyfpùe r[u `p]$fuAp `Z hN-_fL$_p Aphp S>
W$L$]$pfp l[p.)
^d _ p W $ L $ ] $ p fp pfp jX $ e _p AMpX$ p
Aphp A_L$ L$pf_p gpc_p S>epf cgucpmu Aby^
S>_[p_u kpd Apep, epf [d_u mdp [ akp[u Qpgu. [_y
`qfZpd A Apey L$ cpf[hj ^d_p W$L$]$pfp pfp fQgp A_
Qpf-kpf `pdgp jX$ep_p AMpX$p b_u Ney. bpZp_y L$pd
b_u Ney ! [ d Z hN - _fL$ `f cp[cp[_p `y f pZp gMu_
kpdpfie S>_[pdp D`]$i Apep L$ cy_y _pd dfZ L$fhp\u,
NNp_p_ L$fhp\u, dpephu kkpf epNu kp^y-kfiepku b_hp\u
d_ye hNdp S>B iL$ R>, ep dpn p[ L$fu iL$ R>.
tl]y $ ip-`y f pZL$ p fp A , dy e[: b p Z F>rjAp A ,

`p [ p_p hp\ kp^hp dpV $ L$ p `r_L$ hN - _fL$ _ p cgucp m u
`qfZpd A Apey L$ gpL$p hN_p gpcdp BlgpL$_ b]$g

`fgp L $ [fa q fpMu, k k pf epNu, kp^y - k fi epku b_hp
gpep. ApS> `Z L$V$gpL$ kp^y-kfiepku hN_p gpcdp gpgy`
b_u_ "lfL$Z lf fpd' _u ^|_ (fV$Z) L$f[p cdZ L$f[p hp
dm R. L$V$gpL$ [p "q]$Nbf' dlpdp ep _pNpbphp b_u e R>!
Ap gpL$p ]y$r_ep_p b^p kyM]$-Aplgp]$L$ `]$p\p_ [yR> (dpep)
kd_ (hNdp [d_ S> p[ L$fhp), kdN_p epN L$fu ]$ R>,
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
111
112
A_ kdpS>dp _ $` rhQfu_ `p[p_u __[p_y Mygy ]$i_

L$f[p fl R>. Ap gpL$p dep `R>u hN_u AkfpAp kp\ Ap_]$
cp N hhp_u gpgkpdp Alv h_ ]$ f rdep_ u\u ep
rhjehpk_p\u ]|$f fl R> ! `f[y hNdp `Z L$pB _p dey [p
[Ap Alv\u `Z Nep A_ ep\u `Z Nep, A\p[ bphp_p bD
bNX$ep ! L$r`[ cprh kyM dpV$ [Ap h[dp_ h__p en
D`g^ kyM_ S>[y L$f R>. `f[y Aphp rhQpf-ehlpf DrQ[ _\u.
en R>p X $ u _ Aen [ d S> A_s[h ^fph[u bpb[p `f
cfp k p d| L $ h p_u h r -h r b l | ] $ u R> . gp L $ p A hp[rhL$ [ p
kd_, Ap h_ `f cfpkp d|L$hp BA.
`p]$ f u gp L $ p hN _ p W $ L $ ] $ p fp
cpf[hj _ u dpaL$ S> `rdu ] $ i p d p `Z r[u
^d N y f y $ A p - `p]$ f uAp `p [ p_u [_ cy _ p ` hu`f_p A S >fiV$
b[phu, hN _ p W$ L $ ] $ p f NZphu, gp L $ p `pk \ u [ [_p L$ f
EOfph[p l[p. [ gpL$p L$l[p l[p-Adpfu khp hNf L$ Adpfu
de\u hNf L$pB d_ye_ cy hNdp hi Apì _rl. Sp [d
d_ ^_]$ p g [ `lp Q pX$ i p , [p lz b]$ g pdp [dpf dpV $ Bf `f
hN_u cgpdZ_u rQ$u gMu Apùi. [dpf dpV$ hN_p ]$fhp
M|gu S>i. dpfu `pk Bf_p _pd S>V$gp $rèp S>dp L$fphip,
[_p\u A_LNZp h^pf $rèp_u kyM-kpdNu [d_ hNdp dmu
S>i.
ApV$gy ^_ S>dp L$fpey R>. S>epf [ hNdp Aphu `lpQ epf [d

ApV$gp ^__u kpdNu [_ Ap_]$cpN_ dpV$ A`phu ]$.' Aphy
gMu_ [_u _uQ `p]$fu `p[p_p l[pnf L$fu_ ^_ S>dp L$fph_pf_
hNhpku Bf `f_p ]$[phS>-cgpdZ rQ$u Apù ]$[p. Ap
fu[ `p]$ f u `p [ p_u [_ Bf_p A S >fiV$ A_ hN _ p W $ L $ ] $ p f
b[phu_ gpL$p `pk\u $rèp `kp gB_ `p[ Ap_]$ cpN dpZ[p
[dS> dpSd L$f[p l[p. eyfp`_p Br[lpkdp AL$ Ahp DgM
`Z dm R> L$ AL$ `p]$fu_ k|hp dpV$ 700 ie_pNpf l[p ! Ap fu[
r[u ^dNyfyAp-`p]$fuAp-kphuAp q]$hk fp[ cpNrhgpkdp
g`V$pegp fl[p l[p. gpL$p_u ApMdp ^|m _pMhp_ dpV$ [Ap
L$l[p: ""QQ_ ]$p_ Ap`hp\u [d_ `ye dmi A_ [dpfp `fgpL$
ky^fu S>i''.
`f[y ApS> kdS>]$pf gpL$p Z R> L$ ApgpL$\u AgN bu
L$pB gpL$, AV$g L$ hN ep _fL$ L$iy S> _\u. hN-_fL$, kyM]y$:M_u s\r[_p p[L$ R>, A_ [ `hu `f_p Ap h_dp S> dmu
fl R>.
hpsdL$u fpdppeZdp bprg fpd_ kbpû_ L$l R> :
hN S>hp_p gp c dp gp L $ p `p]$ f u `pk $ r èp S>dp

L$fph[p l[p A_ `p]$fu dp[p dqfed A_ cy`y Bky_u d|r[_u
kpd Bf_ kbpû ]$[phS> gMu Ap`[p l[p. [dp [Ap gM[p
l[p: "l Bkpdkul, Ap dpZk hNdp Aphhp_ dpV$ dpfu `pk
""S> gpL$p en ^__p epN L$fu ^d_p klpfp g R>, [d_

dpV$ lz rhQpfy Ry> L$ [Ap iy (L$hu d|MpB) L$fu fp R>, L$dL$ [Ap
`p[p_p S> L$pf[p_\u ApgpL$ _$ L$fu _pM R>, A_ `fgpL$ [p `lg\u
S> _$ \egp fl R>. (13) eo L$fp, ]$p_ Ap`p, eo_u q]$np gp, [`
L$fp, kfiepk gp hNf S>hu hp[p_y kd\_ L$fhphpmp ip `p[p_p
hp\ kp^hp dpV$ (gyQp) byqdp_pA b_pep R> (13). l dpV$p
dp_hpmp fpd, [d r_r[ kd L$ ApgpL$\u h^pf bu L$pB gpL$
_\u. S> en R> [_u `f Ap\p fpMp. `fpn_p `qfepN L$fp''.
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
113
114
(17) (AepepL$pX$ : kN 108, gpL$ : 13,16,17.)

bpgu_y Ap L$\p_L$ `$ b[ph R> L$ ApgpL$\u bu
L$pB gpL$ (hN L$ _fL$) _\u. fpd Ap_p Dfdp epf d|Np S> fl
R>. bpgu_y L$\_ Ahu hp[rhL$[p ]$iph R> L$ cNhp_ NZp[p
fpd `Z [_p S>hpb ]$B iL$[p _\u.
pQu_ Nuk_u dpfie[p dpZ _fL$ `pQ _]$uAp `f flgy
R>. Ap _]$uAp_p _pd $dp_ykpf Ap fu[ Ap`hpdp Apep R> :
eZp, L$]$_p, ^Zp, ]$prlL$p A_ rhdr[.
L$fiX$u_rhe_ `yfpZdp lg A\hp rlgp_ (S>dp\u AN
cpjpdp _fL$hpQL$ "lg' i]$ Apep R>) d[L$p_u fpZu dp_hpdp
Aphu R>.
el}]$u ^ddp kp[ _fL$ dp_hpdp Apep R>. `lgp _fL$_y
_pd R> "S>lflyd'; [_u Nfdu ApN L$f[p kpW$ NZu h^y R>. bu
_fL$_y _pd "deypf' R>, S>_u Nfdu "S>lflyd' L$f[p kpW$ NZu
h^y R> . u _fL$ _ y _pd "d ey R >pep' R> . Qp \ p _fL$ _ y _pd
"c$Ly$X$' R>. `pQdp _fL$_y _pd "L$]$dLy$X$' R>. R>$p _$fL$_y _pd "_
bpd Ah]$_' A_ kp[dp _fL$_y _pd "epg' R>. ]$fL$ _fL$ `p[p_u
ApNm_p _fL$ L$f[p kpW$ N h^y Nfd R>. ]$fL$ _fL$_p Sy>]$p Sy>]$p
Ar^`r[ R>.
Bgpddp `Z _fL$ A_ hN _ M| b dlh_u bpb[
dp_hpdp Apep R>. dysgd _fL$_y hZ_ M|b ceL$f R>. [_p
Ar^`r[ ep kf]$pf_ "dprgL$' ep "aqf[p' L$l R>. Ap eL$
aqf[pdp ]$fL$_u S>dZu [fa 70 lf A_ X$pbu [fa 70 lf
lp\ R>. ]$fL$ lp\dp 70 lf l\muAp R> A_ ]$fL$ l\mu `f 70
hld-A^p MX$_
115
lf ApNmuAp R>. ]$fL$ ApNmu `f AL$ AL$ AS>Nf hvV$mpegp

R>. ]$fL$ AS>Nf_p dp\p `f AL$ AL$ kp` R>. ]$fL$ kp`_u gbpB
70 lf hpf_u R>. ]$fL$ kp`_p dp\p `f AL$ AL$ hvR>u R>.
Ap hvR>u _fL$hpkuAp_ AL$ hpf L$fX$ [p 70 lf hj kyû ]$]$ fl
R>. X$pbp lp\_u ]$fL$ ApNmu `f ApN_p AL$ AL$ \pcgp `Z R>.
_fL$_p kp[ pf R>. AL$ pf\u bu pf kyû S>[p 70 lf hj
gpN R>. _fL$_u ApN_ dpV$ Ahy b[phhpdp Apey R> L$ AL$ lf
hj kyû kmNphhpdp Aphu, [p [ gpg \B NB; `R>u AL$ lf
hj kyû Y$pL$u fpMu, [p [ ka]$ \B NB. afu\u [_ AL$ lf hj
kmNphhpdp Aphu, [p [ L$pmu \B NB A_ lh [ "L$epd[' kyû
Ahu S> flhp_u R>. (_fL$ A_ [_p Ar^`r[_y Aphy A_pMy hZ_
Bgpd rkhpe_p Afie L$pB ^d_p N\dp _\u \ey.)
Bgpd_p _fL$ - kf]$ p f, [ d _p cep_L$ $ ` A_ Ar[
Mp a _pL$ L$ f [| [ L$ f [p L $ B L$ E[f[p _fL$ rlfi]y ipp d p `Z
hZhpep R>. ud]$ cpNh[dp Aphp 28 _fL$_p _pd b[phhpdp
Apep R ; S> d L $ , [prd, A ^ [prd, fp f h, dlpfp f h,
Ly$cu`pL$, L$pgk|, Ark`h_, i|L$fdyM, A^L|$`, L$rd cpS>_,
k]$i, [[k|rd, h>$L$V$L$, ipdgu, h[fZu, ep]$, pZfp^,
rhipk_, gpgpcn, kpfdep]$_, AhurQ, Ae:`p_, npfL$]$d,
fnp N Z, i| g p [ , ] $ ] $ i AhV$ , r_fp ^ _, èp h [ _ , k| Q udy M
cpS>_, bhh[ `yfpZdp Aphp _fL$ D`fp[ 86 _fL$Ly$X$ `Z
b[phhpdp Apep R>. Ap _fL$p `Z L$`_p[u[ ceL$f[p A_
ep[_p_p \p_ R>. gpL$p_ ^d_ _pd h^y X$fphhp dpV$ hN-_fL$
D`fp[ "edgpL$'_u L$`_p L$fu_ Ahy b[phhpdp Apey R> L$ :
"" h[fZu R>pX$ep `R>u dp edgpL$ 86 lf epS>_ kyû
agpegy R>. h_ ed]|[p_u kp\ 24 L$gpL$dp 247 epS>_ kyû
hld-A^p MX$_
116
Qpghy `X$ R>.'' Qpghphpmp Ap dpN_ A[ 16 Npd Aph R> [_p

_pd Ap dpZ R> : kp e`y f , kp q f`y f , _N ch_, N ^ h ,
igNpd, L$pQ, rhrQch_, hp`p]$, ]y$:M]$, _p_pL$]$`yf, ky[[
ch_, i _Nf, èp h j Z , iu[pY$ e , blz c ur[. [ _ u `R>u
'ed`yf' R>. '' (NfyX$ `yfpZ : 56-57-58-59/1).
h[fZu\u edgpL$ kyû_p dpN`f [f Npd Apep R> !
[dp L$pZ, ip dpV$, L$epf\u hep R>; [dp _hp hp Ddfpe R> L$
L$d, S|>_p h[_uAp ep\u blpf e R> L$ L$d, L$e f[ \B [Ap
L$ e p iy L$ p d e R> , hN f p _ p k [ p j L$ p fL$ Df Ap`hp_y
`yfpZL$pf c|gu Nep R> ! [dZ Ap b^p rhi ZL$pfu iu fu[
d m hu, [ `Z A L $ rhL$ V $ R> . edgp L $ _ u b l ]$ cep_L$ [ p
b[phhp S>[p ce_ b]$ g lpep`]$ [ p k B NB R> , [ e
`yfpZL$pf_u r$ blpf flu Ney gpN R>. O r_$`Z OZp`]$
[yL$L$pbp> S>hy gpN R ! Sy>Ap edgpL$dp S>[p h_ dpNdp
L$hp L$hp ]y$:M `X$ R> !""[ edgpL$dp hnp_ R>peXp _\u lp[p. ep L$epe `pZu
]$Mp[y _\u. bpf dpk k|e Ahp [` R>, S>hp ge_p A[dp [` R>.
ep W$X$u [\p lhp\u h Ae[ ]y$ :Mu \pe R>. ed]|$[p L$epL$ dpV$p
dpV$p Tfugp kp`p L$fX$ph R>. L$epL$ L$pep$ (h) L$pV$pAp\u hv^pB
e R>, A_ L$epL$ L$epL$ (h_) hvR>uAp pfp X$M ]$hX$phhpdp
Aph R>. L$epL$ L$epL$ (h_) ceL$f tkl, hpO A_ L|$[fpAp pfp
L$fX$phhpdp Aph R>([p iy `fgpL$-_fL$dp `hu S>hp tkl-hpO
`Z R>?)A_ L$epL$ L$epL$ (h_) Ar_ pfp bpmhpdp AphR>.
[_p `Ru AL$ "Ark`' h_ R>, S>_p rh[pf 2000 epS>_ kyû R>.
Ap h_dp Ar[ie L$pNX$p, Nu^, O|hX$ A_ d^dpMuAp R>! h__u
Qpf bpSy> ]$php_m kmN[p fl R>. S>epf dR>fp A_ dpMuAp_p
L$fX$hp_ gu^ h hn _uQ e R>, epf A hn_p [ghpf S>hp
hld-A^p MX$_
117
[uZ `p]$X$p\u [_y ifuf rR>fl rcfl \B e R>.'' (NfyX$ `yfpZ :38/2). rhL$V$ A R> L$ Ap bû ùX$p L$p_ \pe R>. d[ eqL$[_p
]$l_ L$ Apdp_ ? ]$l [p `hu `f Ar_]$pl `pdu fpM \B Nep R>
ep c|rddp ]$V$pB dpV$u \B Nep R>. [p iy d[ eqL$[_p Apdp_
Aphu bû ep[_pAp klhu `X$ R> ? `f[y Apdp_ [p Ar_, S>m,
i L$ip\u lpr_ \B iL[u _\u ! Ahy gph R> L$ NfyX$ `yfpZ_p
gML$ N|QhpB Nep R>!
A bpb[ rhQpfhp S> h u R> L $ _fL$ d p A_ edgp L $ d p
cNhp_ Ahp S> tlkL$ pZuAp_u eh\p L$fu R>, S> cpf[dp
hp dm R> A_ S>d_p\u gpL$p buA R>, Ap _fL$dp AdqfL$p_p
SNyApf ep e|dp S>hp tlkL$ _hfp_u NflpS>fu Mpk [fu Aph
R> ! rbQpfp `yfpZL$pfp_ [d_p rhi ZL$pfu _lp[u AV$g iy \pe
! Ap b^y dp ce-pk-ep[_p pfp ^d _ A_y k fhp dpV $
L$ l h pey R> , A_ [ b^y L $ h m L$ ` p g L$ s `[ b l } ] y $ A_ kh \ p$
hprlep[ R>.
c|gpL$\u kph rcfl Ahp hN, _fL$ ep edgpL$_u [p bû
S> eh\p fiepfu lphu BA. `f[y _fL$_p ce\u X$fphhphpmp
`yfpZL$pfpA rhQpey L$ L$B Ahy _p \pe L$ dey -gpL$_p dp_hu Ap
A]$cy[ Qu_ klgu kd g A_ Ap _pkdS>_ L$pfZ cecu[
S> _ \pe. [d_p N]$L$ufk_y AL$ D]$plfZ Sy>Ap :
""hQ dpNdp AL$ h[fZu _pd_u cep_L$ _]$u R>, S> hp
dp\u ce D`h [hu R>. S>_y hZ_ kpcm[p fpdfpd MX$p \B
e R>. [ _]$u AL$kp epS>_ `lpmu, S>dp `fy-gplu cfgy R> A_
[_p b_ qL$_pfp lpX$L$p\u b_gp R>,S>dp gplu, dpk A_ `fy_p
L$ p ]$ h cf g p R> . [ dNf, dpR>guAp , L$ p Qbp [\p dp k plpfu
S>mQfp\u cfgu R>.'' (NfyX$ `yfpZ: 15-20/2).
hld-A^p MX$_
118
Ap A] $ c y [ h [ fZu _]$ u _y ]y : M cp N hhp_p d[gb

rbgLy$g `$ \B e R>, S>epf A Ll R> :
""_p bpZp_y `|S>_ L$ey, _p NNp_p_ L$ey, _p kp^yAp_u
k h p L$ f u, _p L$ e pf e `fp ` L$ p f L$ e p , _p Npe, b p Zp _ u
hp]$pfu_ dpV$ ]$p_ Apey, [hp l ]$l^pfu ! `p[p_ dpV$ L$dp_p am
cp N hp . '' (Nfy X $ ` y f pZ:36-37-7/2.) A\p [ Aphu
_fL$ep[_p _ cpNhhu `X$ [ dpV$ Alv `hu`f bpZp_ A_
[d_p S>hp kp^ybphpAp_ k]$p ^fep L$fp !
h [ fZu_ `pf L$ f u_ h dprkL$ p^_p $ ` dp dm g
Afl]$p__ Ap^pf ]$fL$ _Nf_ `pf L$f R>. Ap b^y [p dpg|d `X$
R> L$ edfpS> MfMf blz S> r_]$eu R>. [ ]$h L$f[p ]$p_h S>hp h^y
gpN R>. L$B _rl [p A`fpû_ dpV$ cpS>_ `pZu_u [p eh\p
L$fhu BA. [d_p\u [p Ap`Zp dey gpL$_y `pguk Mp[y kpfy
R>. ed]|$[p_u dpaL$ [Ap `Z A`fpûAp_ ]y$:Mp Ap` R>, `f[y
[_u kp\ kp\ [d_ [Ap Mphp ùhp_y `Z Ap` R>.
Ap `R>u [[_p ]y$:Mp cpNh[p cpNh[p `pù h hj_
A[ edgpL$_u _S>]$uL$ "blzdpr[`yf' _pd_p _Nfdp `lpQ R>. (ep
L$pZ hk R>-]$h,]$p_h L$ dp_h?) epf `R>u [_ edfpS> kdn
fiepe dmhhp lpS>f L$fhpdp Aph R>.
A\p [ kpfp [\p Mfpb b_ L$pf_p L$dp L$fhphpmp_
edfpS>_u kdn `lpQ[p `lgp [p AL$ kdp_ cep_L$ ]y$:Mp
cp N hhp `X $ R> . [ `f\u A d L$ l u iL$ p e R> L $ [ L$ l h p[p
dlpfiepeu_p fpS>dp Opf Aeh\p R>. L$pfZ L$ kL$dp L$f_pf_ `Z
`lgp [p [ ApL$fu ep[_pAp Ap` R>. Ap fu[ ]y$:Mp_ kl_ L$ep
`R>u ^dfpS> rQNy[_p Qp`X$pdp _p^peg h_p L$dp_p S>dphld-A^p MX$_
119
D^pf `pkp [`pku, [_ dpV$_p \p__u eh\p L$f R>. bQph dpV$
ep L$pB ]$gug Qpg[u _\u. b^p dmu_ 84 gpM _fL$ L$lhpdp Aph
R>, S>dp\u 21 dye R>. [d_p _pd Ap dpZ R> : [prdk,
gpliLy$, dlpfpfh, ipehu, fpfh, Ly$V$V$dg, L$pgk|L$, `|r[d|q[L$,
k^p[, gprl[p]$, krhj, k[p`_, dlpr_fe, L$pL$pg, kh_,
dlp`\, AphurQ, A^p[prd, Ly$cu`pL$, k`p[_ A_ AL$[`_.
(NfyX$`yfpZ : 60-61/1).
_fL$ d p S> gp L $ p _ \p_ Ap`hpdp Aph R> , [ _ y hZ _
NfyX$`yfpZ Ap L$pf L$f R> :
""bpZ_ dpfhphpmp; Npe_ dpfhphpmp; bpmL$p_p h^
L$fhphpmp; Nc`p[ L$fhphpmp; Npm, MpX$, d^, rdW$pB, Ou, ]|$^
hQhphpmp bpZ; [\p [ i|, S> h]$_p Anfp_ hpQ R>, `rh
Npe_y ]|$^ ùh R>, S>_pB ^pfZ L$f R> [\p S>dZ bpZu_ `_u
b_phu lpe R> ; S> d_ye bpZp_u gX$pB_y A_ Npep_u gX$pB_y
r_hpfZ _\u L$f[p `f[y A_ydp]$_ Ap` R>; [ r_r[ _fL$dp e
R>. Apip L$fu_ Ofdp Aphg bpZ_ cpS>_ _\u L$fph[p, [
r_r[ _fL$dp e R>. S> rdp_p pl L$f R>, S> kb^p cN L$f R>,
S> buAp_u ApipAp `f `pZu afhu hpm R>, [ r_r[ _fL$dp
S>hphpmp lpe R>. '' Alv `Z _fL$\u bQhp dpV$ `hu`f_p bpZ_
^_-Afl Apq]$\u ^fhhp_u bpb[ S> dye R>. `f[y Aphu bpZipB
`V$cfy hr kph DOpX$u _ `X$u e, [ dpV$ L$V$guL$ kpfu bpb[p `Z
kp\ kp\ fS|> L$fpB R>.
hN-_fL$_u hp[p, Apd, d_NY$[, bl|]$u, `yfprl[hN_p
hp\_y S>[_ L$f_pfu, gpL$p_ cecu[ L$f_pfu R>. `f[y [ rhi d_dp A_L$
p N R>, S>d
_p S>hpb _\u `yfpZp Ap`[p L$ _\u [d_p lhpgp
V$pL $[p ^dipuAp Ap`[p. byqdp_ eqL$[_p d_dp Aphp OZp p
hld-A^p MX$_
120
D]$ch R>. ]$p.[. Ap `hu `f S> eqL$[ hN-_fL$_u b|dp `pX$ R>, [Ap
hN L$ _fL$dp L$]$u NB _\u. A_ S> dey `pdu_ ep NB li [ `hu `f
L$]$u `pR>u afu _\u; [p `R>u _fL$-hN_y Aphy hZ_ L$pZ
, iu fu[ L$fu iL$
? hmu, A_u iu kprb[u L$ d_ye_ dey `R>u [_p L$dp dpZ hN L$
_fL$ dm R> ? `p`_pi L$fhphpmu `rh h[fZu _]$u R>h V$ L$ep R> ? hmu,
]$l rh_p_p h_ L$pB ]$l A_ Hqep [p R> _rl; Ahp h_ Aphp b^p
]y$:Mp iu fu[ ]$B iL$pe ? S> Apdp_ R>] $u, bpmu, X$b
y pX$u iL$p[p _\u, [
Apdp_ L$B fu[, L$pZ, L$hu ep[_p Apù iL$ ? hNdp bû S>
Ap_]$`] $ h[yAp dmhp_u NfV $u Ap`hpdp Aph R>, [p iy d_pfS >_ dpV$
ep pQu_ kp^_kpdNu S> D`g^ \i L$ fqX$ep, V$rgrhT_, rk_dp
hNf S>h u AhpQu_ Ap_]$]$ Qu `Z `|fu `pX$hpdp Aphi ?
S>epf \|m ifuf A_ [_u kp\ [dpd Hqep_ Alv `hu `f bpmu
L$ ]$pV$u ]h$ pdp Aph R>, epf ]l$ Hqep rh_p_p k|d Apdp ep Ap_]$ (ep
_fL$_u ùX$p) Lh$ u fu[ cpNh[p li ?
hNdp h_ S>epf bû h[yAp dm R>, [p pL$d L$fu_
h_ cpS>_,h>p hNf `lpQpX$hp_p rdep Y$pN hfkphfk ip dpV$
Alv `hu `f L$fhpdp Aph R> ? p pfp A`p[u QuS>-h[yAp
L$f[p lfpNZu QqX$ep[u Qu [p h_ hNdp lp\hNu R> !
Ap fu[ hN - _fL$ rhi A_ L $ p DW$ p hu iL$ p e R> ,
S>d_p Dfp dmhhp Apkp_ _\u. MfMf [p hN-_fL$_u L$`_p
S> rdep R>. hN_p W$L$]$pfp pfp gpL$p_ d|M b_phu_ R>[fhp_u
A_ `p[p_p hp\ rk L$fhp_u [ AL$ Qpg dp R>. hN-_fL$_u
hp[p L$hm ^X$-dp\p hNf_p lpep`]$ [d OZp`]$ N`p S>
R>. [d_u Qpgdp akpB_ `p[p_p h__ bfbp]$ L$fhy A d|M[p
R>. hp[rhL$ tS>]$Nu_p kyM kyrh^pAp_ L$s`[ hN_p gpcdp
hld-A^p MX$_
121
R>p X $ h u B A _rl.A` p e L$ s `[ ky M _u Apipdp pe

hp[rhL$ kyM_ eS>hy BA _rl. L$pZ Ahy d|M li L$ S> lp\dp
Aphgp `pQ $rèp A gpcdp R>pX$u ]$ L$ L$pg ]$k $rèp dmi ?
hN L$ _fL$ L$pB Mpk gpL$dp _\u, `f[y A [p h_p kyM ]y$:M_u
`hu `f_u S> s\r[ dp R>. hN (kyMp) `Z Alv R> A_ _fL$
(]y$:Mp) `Z Alv R>. b^y S> Ap`Zu ApMp kpd R>. r$_u `g
`pf L$iy S> _\u.
cpNh[ `yfpZ L$l R> L$, ""kyM pr[ \pe A dpV$ gpL$p
L$ d L$ f R> . '' i L $ f pQpe [ d _u L $ r [ "i[gp L $ u 'dp L$ l R> L $ ,
""Z S>N[dp S> L$pB`Z S> L$pB L$f R>, [ b^y kyM p[ L$fhp
dpV $ S>, ]y $ : M_ dpV $ [p _rl S>''. `fgp L $ _ u kp bpb[dp
"yr[' `Z iL$p DW$ph R> L$, ""L$pZ Z R> L$ `fgpL$ R> L$ L$d ?
A_ d_ye_p dey bp]$ hpdp ep e R> L$ L$d ?''
`yfpZ kprledp `Z `fgpL$ rhi kpiL$ rh^p_p kNp
h p dm R> . ]$ p .[., _\u L$ e p e hN _ y As[h L $ _\u L$ p B
L$pf_p dpn. iL$fpQpe `Z [d_p "khrk^p[ kpfkNl'dp
gpL$pep[ `n AN_p rhhfZdp S>Zph R> L$, ""`fgpL$, hN,
_fL$, Apq]$ L$iy R> S> _rl, A_ Ap en edp_ S>N[ rkhpe
L$pB AfiegpL$ _\u.'' S>_ lqfck|qf [d_p "jX$]$i_ kdyQe'dp
gpL$pe[ d[ L$fZ kNdp, `fgpL$_y MX$_ L$f R>, A_ S>Zph R>
L$, Ap en NpQf kkpf S> As[h ^fph R>, [ rkhpe Afie
L$iy _\u. `fgpL$ [p kkgp_p ivNX$p_u S>d [\p hfiep`y_u
dpaL$ AiL$e R>.''
L$ p B u h^pf `y f y j Npdu lp e , [p [ _ dpV$ _fL$ _ y
rh^p_ R>; `f[y blzuNpdu `yfyjp_u bpb[dp Aphu L$pB fpL$V$pL$
hld-A^p MX$_
122
]$iphpB _\u! [ `f\u kde R> L$ hN A_ _fL$_p b^p rh^p_

fiepeey L $ [ _\u ! aL$ [ kdpS>_u [L$ p gu_ eh\p_ bm
`lpQpX$hp_ dpV$ [ l[p. [p iy A fiepeeyL$[ lpB iL$ ? `yfyj
^d i puAp A gM g p Ap `y f pZp A_ ^d N \ p d p uAp _
AfiepeL$[p OZp rh^p_p hpfhpf fS|> \ep R>. [ ^dipp L$f[p
A^dipp h^y gpN R>.
dey `R>u dmhphpmy Ap hN L$V$gy ]|$f R> ? Ap _p
Df h]$pdp [p Ap`Z_ L$epe _\u dm[p. lp, A[fe bpZdp
[ rhi gey R> :
""AL$ lf q]$hkdp OpX$p S>V$gp epS>_ ]$pX$u iL$ R>, [V$gy
[ ]|$f R>.'' (A[fe bpZ : f/17)
`f[y Ap`Z lh ZuA R>uA L$ A[qfnepuAp Ap
A[f L$f[p O h^pf A[f KQ EX$u_ `hu `f `pR>p Apep R>.
Af R>L$ Q `f `N d|L$u, cdZ L$fu, `pR>p Apep R>. [\u OZ
]|$f Aphg dNm, Nyfy, ir_, Nlp_p [Ap apV$p `Z gB Apep R>.
`f[y _ [p [d_ Ahy L$pB hN hp dey R>, _ edfpS> ep ed]|$[
]$Mpep R>, _ [p L$epe hNdp flhphpmp r`[Ap _S>f `X$ep R> !
`yfpZpdp hZhpeg L$`pgL$$r`[ hN A_ _fL$ lL$uL$[dp L$epe
As[h ^fph[p _\u; `R>u [dp_p hN, _fL$, edfpS>, ed`yfu
hNf L$ep\u ]$Mpep ? AV$g Ap`Z kdS>hy BA L$ edfpS>,
edgpL$, hN, _fL$ hNf b^y Ap`Zp AdyL$ hp\w A_ gyQp
^d^|f^fp_u hpqlep[ A_ L$pfu L$`_pAp R>. [dZ kpdpfie gpL$p_
`p`rhdy M L$ f hp dpV $ A_ `y eipmu b_phhp dpV $ , D`fp [
bpZp_u AprhL$p dpV$, Aphu `pep hNf_u L$`_pAp L$fu l[u.
`f[y [ hp[rhL$ [p fS>dp _\u.
SM. 56 ;FIg; U|[I]V[8 BZ[BZ TM V\U}9F KF5 U6FI4 HM T[

VlED\ l +T U\ U FH/ J0[ 5MTFG] \ BZHJ] \ N} Z SZJFGL SMlXXDF\
,FuIM CMI PPP VG[ :DXFGGF V[S 0F3]G[ 0A, U|[I]V[8GM NZHM
V5FI4 HM T[ ;/UTM D'TN[C IFZ[S lRTF 5Z V0WM A[9M S[D Y.
HFI K[ 4 T[ G ] \ J{ 7 FlGS ZC:I HF6TM CMIPPP
XlGJFZ[ NF-L SZJFDF\ 5F5 ;DHTF lX1FSG[ S[J, ,MS,FH[ lXl1FT
U6L XSFI4 AFSL TM :S},GM RMY]\ 5F; V[JM R5ZFXL H JW] lXl1FT
,FU[ H[ 5MTFGF NLSZFG[ ;F5 SZ0[ tIFZ[ EUTG[ tIF\ ,. HJFG[ AN,[
;tJZ[ 0F8ZG[ tIF\ ,. HFIPPP
V[lgHlGIZGL 0LU|LDF\ ;]J6" R\S D[/JGFZ SM. jIT 5MTFGL
O[8ZLGF DME p5Z S[ 0F8ZGL 0LU|L D[/JGFZ jIT 5MTFGF
NJFBFGFGF DME p5Z D\ + [ , F\ ,L\ \ A ]v DZRF\ ,8SFJ[ K[ 4 tIFZ[ V[
,L\ A ] v DZRF\ E[ U L T[ D GL 0LU| L I[ \ W [ DFY[ ,8SL HFI K[ 4 KTF\
VF56L ,FRFZL TM H]VMPPP V[G[ lXl1FT SC[JF l;JFI K}8SM GYLP
HZF lJRFZM 4UFDGM ;Z5\R SM. :+LG[ 0FS6 DFGLG[ DFZL
GFBTM CMI TM T[ G [ EFZT ZtG GM .<SFA D/[ TMI XM O[ Z
50[PPPm
v lNG[X 5\RF,
JF\S VFHGL H]JFGLGM 56 K[P VFHGF H]JFGM AF50F ,MB\0GL S[
TF\AFGL A\U0L 5C[Z[ K[P I]JTLVM lARFZL ;FZM 5lT D[/JJF J|TM SZ[
K[P S[8,F\S :GFTSM AF50F XlGJFZ[ XlGJFZ ZFB[ K[P 36F\G[ D\U/ G0[
K[P ;FT JFZDF\ V[S[I JFZ ;FC; DF8[ GYLP
v
hld-A^p MX$_
123
hld-A^p MX$_
124
11: ]$h-]$huAp
d_ye_ dpV$pdp dpV$p X$f dey_p lpe R>. Ap X$f c|[L$pmdp
l[p, ApS> `Z R> A_ crhedp `Z flhp_p R>. [\u d_ye X$f_p
dpep [_ cecu[ L$f[p L$V$gpL$ [hp_u ]$h-]$huAp $` `|,
Apfp^_p L$f[p fl R>. Mpk L$fu_ rlfi]yApdp iu[mp dp[p, brmep
bp`, cp\u dlpfpS> hNf_y `|Sp--dlpe M|b S> Qrg[ R>.
(1) iu[mp dp[p, brmep bp` : `lgp iu[mp, brmep
hNf_u fkuAp _lp[u ip^pB epf iu[mp, brmep_p fpN\u OZp
bpmL$p dey `pd[p l[p L$ MpX$Mp`Zhpmp \B S>[p l[p. `f[y
fkuAp_u ip^ \[p, kdekf bpmL$_ fkuAp d|L$ph[p flhp\u, lh
[\u bpmL$_y AL$pm dey \[y _\u L$ [d_ L$iu MpX$Mp`Z Aph[u
_\u. ApS>L$pg iu[mp L$ brmep_p fpN cpe S> L$epe hp dm
R>. Aepf cv[p `f [d_ ""iu[mp_p L$k gph_pf_ $p. AL$ lS>pf
($p.1,000/-) Ap`hpdp Aphi.'' Ahy gMpZ gMgy hp
dmi; `f[y B_pd dmhhp_p dpL$p L$pB_ dm[p _\u !
A_p A\ A L$ lh ]$i L$ ]y$r_epdp iu[mp L$ brmep_p fpN
_pb|]$ \B Nep R>. [d R>[p ApS> `Z ]$i_u 90 V$L$p rlfi]y$ h[u
iu[mpdp[p_u [d S> brmep bp`_u `|, Apfp^_p L$f[u lpe
R>. iu[mp dp[p_p [dS> brmep bp`_p _hp _hp dq]$fp b_[p
fl R>. iu[mp kp[d _pd_p q]$hk gpL$p pfp cqL$[`|hL$ DS>hhpdp
Aph R>. iu[mp dp[p_u A_L$ h[-hp[p kdpS>dp Qrg[ R>.
iu[mp dp[p [d S> brmep bp`_u DZuAp_p kp]$ `X$ R>. A_
gpL$p DZu L$fhp _uL$mu `X$ R>. iu[mp kp[d WXy$ MpBA R>uA,
W$X$p `pZuA _p_ L$fuA R>uA, brmep bp`_u kdn bp^p
fpM_pf gpL$p dpY$pdp MpkX$p Opgu_ L$pNmp cf R>, f\p L$pY$ R>.
hld-A^p MX$_
125
S>d_y ApS> As[h _\u, [d_u `| Apfp^_p-dpfie[p

l Qpgy R>. [d_u kpd c|hpAp ^|Z[p S> fl R>. gpL$p_p d_dp KX$
D[fu Neg iu[mp dp[p A_ brmep bp`_p X$f l ]|$f \ep _\u.
hgcrhp_Nfdp AL$ pakf bl_ iu[mp kp[d kp[
Of\u Mphp_p \pX$p \pX$p Vy$L$X$p dpNu gphu_ Of Mphp_u dp_[p
fpMgu. AL$ hM[ d [d_ L$y L$, "" Ap hj iu[mp kp[d _p L$fip,
A_ Of_p b^p_ Nfd Nfd Mphp_y L$fu_ MhX$ph.'' epf [dZ
iu[mp dp[p_u AL$ Qrg[ hp[ L$fu L$, "" Ofdp Nfd Mphp_y
fpûA [p Q|gpdp iu[mp dp[p Aphu_ ApmpV$ A_ [d_ AN S>V$gp
apgp \pe, [V$gp Ap`Z_ \pe.'' d `|R>ey L$, ""Ap apgp fp^_pf_
S> \pe L$ S> Mpe [ Of_p b^p_ apgp \pe ? fp^_pfu_u [p afS> R> L$
Of_p b^p_ fpû_ MhX$phhy. [p `R>u AL$gu fp^_pf_u _ S> apgp L$hu
fu[ \pe ? hmu, lh X$f fpMhp_u S>$f _\u, L$pfZ lh [p Ofdp Nk\u
fpûA R>uA. Nk b^ L$fu ]$[p, Q|gp W$X$p \B e R>, AV$g iu[mp
dp[p Aphu_ ApmpV$, [p `Z [d_ apgp \pe _prl. AV$g Ap`Z_
`Z apgp \i _rl. [\u X$f fpep hNf Ap hj iu[mp kp[d _p
L$fip. BA [p Mfp: iy \pe R>?'' `R>u A hj Ap bl_ iu[mp
kp[d _p L$fu A_ fpû_ ApMp Ly$Vy$b_ MhX$pey A_ Mp^y. buS> q]$hk
khpf Ap bl_ d_ dep [dZ d_ S>Zpy L$,'' S>fpdcpB, khpf
\[p kyû d_ d_dp X$f l[p L$ L$BL$ ASy>N[y \i. `f[y Ahy L$iy _ \[p
lh A X$f d_dp\u _uL$mu Nep R>.'' `f[y Ap hM[dp [d_ L$BL$
_yL$ip_ \ey lp[ L$ lp\-`N cpep lp[, [p [Ap ApMu rS>]$Nu
iu[mp dp[p_p L$p`-ce\u ^|S>[p fp lp[. `f[y L$B _ \[p R>gp
L$V$gpL$ hjp\u [Ap lh iu[mp kp[d L$f[p _\u, Nfd Mpe R>, A_
R>[pe [d_ L$B`Z _yL$kp_ \[y _\u.
hld-A^p MX$_
126
(2) cp\u dlpfpS> : cp\u dlpfpS>, Apd [p `fp`L$pf

L$fhp S>[p ilu]$ \egp huf`yfyj NZpe. `f[y gpL$L$`_pA [d_
kp`_p ]$h b_phu ]$u^p R> ! Qfp[f_p OZpMfp$ Npddp `k[p S>,
cpNpm cp\u dlpfpS>_y ]lfy L$ dq]$f hp dm R>. kp`_p ]$i
gpNg eqL$[_ Ap dq]$f kp`_y Tf D[pfhp dpV$ gphhpdp Aph
R>. gpL$p_ kp`_p X$f AV$gp b^p R> L$ gpL$p 100 a}V$ ]|$f\u `Z
kp` Sy>A, [p [d_ `fkhp R|>V$u e R>. AV$g, kp`_p ]$h_p X$f
[p gpL$p_ [_p\u `Z OZp h^pf lpe, A hpcprhL$ R>.
cp\u dlpfpS>_y Mpk L$fu_ b fu[ dlh AL$pe R>: AL$ [p,
ApMp hjdp Afy TpTf (kp` L$ hvR>u) Ofdp _ _uL$m, [p hj ]$lpX$,
Ou_p ]$uhp A_ _prmef_u dp_[p gpL$p dp_ R>. Ap Ou_p ]$uhp A_
_prmef bk[p hj_p q]$hk cp\u dlpfpS>_p dq]$f d|L$hpdp Aph R>.
buSy > dlh A L $ kp` ANf hvR>u L$ f X $ , [p cp\u
dlpfpS>_p dq]$f cp\u_p c|hp d-[ pfp ^|Zu_ kp` L$
hvR>u_y Tf D[pfu ]$, Ahu dpfie[p Qrg[ R>.
flhp_u L$ k[php_u S>ep Ofdp flu _\u. AV$g lh Ofdp kp` ep

hvR>u cpe S> Aph[p hp dm R>. hmu , kp`_p Tf_u AL$kuf
]$hp lh ]$hpMp_pdp D`g^ R>. [p `R>u, kp`-hvR>u\u bQhp
dpV$ cp\u_p dq]$f Ou_p ]$uhp L$ _prmef d|L$hp_u iu S>$f ?
dysgdp, r[uAp, el}]$uAp kp`-hvR>u_p X$M\u bQhp dpV$ iy
cp\u_p dq]$f Ou_p ]$uhp-_prmef L$]$u ^f R> Mfp ? [ rh_p, iy
[d_ kp`-hvR>u X$Mu e R> ?!
lh hp[ flu cp\u_p c|hp pfp Tf D[pfhp_u. `f[y
[dp L$iy [e _\u. MfMfp Tfu kp`_p X$M A_ [_y Tf L$pB c|hp
D[pfu iL$[p _\u. A_ OZpMfp kp` [p rb_Tfu lpe R>. [hp
kp`_p X$M_p Tf\u _rl `Z buL$\u gpL$p bcp_ \B e R>,
[ h p gp L $ p S> c| h p_p d -[ \u W$ u L$ \B e R> ! dpk A_
L$gL$pdp kp` rhi_p kip^_ L$fipA kip^_ pfp kprb[ L$ey
R> L$ 90 V$L$p kp` [p rb_Tfu lpe R>; A_ S> Tfu R> [_y dpfZ
BfiS>L$i_ (AfiV$u h_d kufd) ghp\u kp`_y Tf Akf L$f[y _\u.
`f[y D`f hZhu [ b_ bpb[p_y lh L$B [e L$ dlh _\u;

L$pfZ L$ `lgp_p S>dp_pdp dL$p_pdp cpe[rmep R>pZ-dpV$u_p
gv`Z_p fl[p, [dp J]$f ]$f L$f. [dp\u J]$f_ Mphp dpV$ L$]$pQ kp`
dL$p_dp Aphu S>[p lpe. hmu, dL$p_ D`f_p R>p`fp `Z `lgp
_rmephpmp lphp\u [dp `pgpZ fl[p L$pBL$hpf TpX$ `f QY$gp
kp` [dp \B Ofdp O|ku Aph; A\hp kdX$u kp`_ gB S>[u lpe
A_ [ Of `f `X$u e [p kY$Zdp\u Ofdp Aph$. `f[y lh [p
dL$p_p_p cpe[rmep R>phpmp, gp]$uhpmp L$ `\f_p \B Nep R>,
AV$g [dp J]$f ]$f L$fu iL$[p _\u. [d, dL$p_p `f lh R>p`fp_rmep_u S>epA rkdfiV$-L$pfi$uV$_p ^pbp \B Nep R>. dL$p_p `pk
TpX$ lh fp _\u. f[p kpa-k|\fp bfiep R>. [\u kp` L$ hvR>u_
Ny S >fp[dp Qpf S> [_p kp` T f u R> ; bu b^p S>

rb_Tfu R>. AV$g rb_Tfu kp` S>ep L$fX$ep lpe, [_p\u
D`f_u [fa L$`X$p_p `pV$p bpû ]$B kp` L$fX$ep lpe ep bfa
Okhp\u `Z h]$_p ApR>u \B, kpdpfie s\r[ Aphu S>[u lpe R>.
`f[y Tfu kp` L$fX$ep lpe, [p [_y BfiS>L$i_ ghp\u S> Tf_u
Akf _pb|]$ L$fu iL$pe, cp\u dlpfpS>_p dq]$f gB S>B c|hp
pfp Tf D[pfu iL$p[y _\u. kp` L$fX$ep lpe A_ dpZk_y dey
\ey lpe, [p ]$pL$[f [_p Alhpgdp gMi L$ ]$e b^ \B S>hp\u
dey \ey R>, kp`_p Tf\u _rl. L$pfZ L$ Tfu L$ rb_Tfu-Nd [
kp` L$fX$, [p dpZk AV$gp b^p NcfpB e R> A_ [_ AV$gp
b^p dp_rkL$ [Zph \pe R> L$ [_p ]$e `f [Zph_u cpf Akf
\[p [_y ]$e b^ `X$u e R>.
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
127
128
`f[y kp` Tfu R> L$ rb_Tfu [ Ap`Z Z[p lpBA,

[p [yf[ S> [_p D`pe L$fhp\u bQu S>hpe R>. Tfu kp` L$fX$ [p
[ _ p `Z AgN AgN BfiS> L $ i _ Aph R> . `f [ y [ A N L$ i u
ZL$ p fu _ lp e [p L$ p d _ BfiS> L $ i _ `Z Aph R> . `f [ y Ap
BfiS>L$i_ Nd ep _p dm. aL$[ kfL$pfu ]$hpMp_pdp L$ `Qpe[_p
]$hpMp_pdp S> [ dm, Ap lL$uL$[ Zhu OZu S>$fu R> L$ kp`_y
BfiS> L $ i _ L$ e p dmi ? S> \ u kde _ bNX $ . bpL$ u , cp\u
dlpfpS>_p c|hp\u MfMf Tfu kp`_p X$M_y Tf L$]$u _ E[f !
Ad]$php]$ pZu kNlpge_p qX$fL$V$f u. $rb_ X$qhX$ Ahu
Mygu lf QgfiS> L$fgu R> L$ L$pB`Z dpZk d-[\u Tfu
kp`_y Tf D[pfu Apì, [p [_ fpL$X$p $p. 5,000/-($rèp `pQ
lf `| f p)_y B_pd Ap`hpdp Aphi . A L $ g f_p u.
A]y g cpB hL$ p _u $ p .2,00,000/-(A L $ $ r èp b gpM
`|fp)_y B_pd Apì. `f[y [Ap c|hp_p ]$uL$fp, ]$uL$fu L$ [_u
^d`_u_ A\hp [Z ApZgp dpZk_ `p[p_p kp` L$fX$phi.
X$p. $rb__u A_ u hL$p_u_u Ap QgfiS> l kyû L$pBA huL$pfu
_\u. d-[\u kp`_y Tf D[pf_pf L$pB c|hp ApS>kyû B_pd
ghp [d_u `pk Apep _\u.
NyS>fp[dp hp dm[p Qpf [_p Tfu kp`_u ApmM lphu
S>$fu R>. Ap Tfu kp` L$ep R>, [ kp`_p ]$i_ hM[ `Z b[phhpdp
Aph R>. hmu "ky]$fh_' Ad]$php]$dp `Z [_u kdS> Ap`hpdp Aph
R>. Ap Qpf [_p Tfu kp`_u ApmM _uQ dpZ R>:
(1) _pN (L$ p b p ) : Ap kp` [_u aZ\u-`Mp_u S>d `lpmp
\[p dp\p\u-ApmMpe R>.
hld-A^p MX$_
129
(2) L$pmp[fp ($BV$) : Ap kp` _pN_p ]$Mph S>hp S> gpN

`f[y [ aZ L$f[p _\u A_ [_p ifuf `f ka]$ `$uAp lpe R>.
(3) rQ[mp (fk k hpB`f) : Ap kp`_p ifuf `f `N_p
kpL$mp S>hp OfZp S>hu qX$TpB_ lpe R> A_ [_y dpYy$
rL$pZ S>hy lpe R>. [ AS>Nf_p _p_p bQp S>hp gpN R>.
(4) az f kp (kp L$ X$ hpB`f) : Ap kp` _p_p, gNcN 80
kfiV$uduV$f gpbp A_ lp\_p AN|W$p S>V$gp X$p lpe R>.
[_p ifuf_u b_ bpSy> L$fh[u_p ]$p[p S>hu qX$TpB_ lpe
R>. [_p ]$p[ AV$gp [uZ lpe R> L$ [ `N_u AX$udp `Z
L$fX$u iL$.
MX$p rS>gpdp Mpk L$fu_ _pN A_ L$pmp[fp kp` dyeh
hp dm R>. rQ[mp L$pBL$ L$pBL$ hpf dmu Aph R>. rQ[mp A_
a}fkp Mpk L$fu_ kpfp$ bpSy>A h^y hp dm R>. D`fpL$[ Qpf
L$pf_p kp` rkhpe_p bu [dpd kp` rb_Tfu R>. rb_Tfu
kp`_p bQL$p_u ep X$M_u r_ip_u BA, [p kdp[f L$ NpmpL$pf
A L $ S> [_p A_ L $ L$ p Zp `X $ g p ] $ M pi . `f [ y T f u kp`_p
bQL$p_u ep X$M_u r_ip_u BA, [p Adp AL$ L$ b dpV$p L$pZp
`X$gp ]$Mpi A_ bpL$u L$pZp _p_p AL$ kfMp ]$Mpi. Ap fu[
`Z Tfu L$ rb_Tfu kp` L$fX$ep R, [ Zu iL$pe R>.
cp\u dlpfpS>_p c| h p kp`_p X $ M _u Aphu r_ip_u
Z[p lpe R>. AV$g rb_Tfu kp` L$fX$ep lpe, [p c|hp
Ad\p Ad\p ^|Zi A_ `R>u dp hX$ kp`_y Tf Q|ku ghp_p
]$Mph L$fi. [ ]$fep_ dpdp \|L$ cfu auZ S>hy L$fi. epf bp]$
blpf \|L$i, AV$g ka]$ \|L$ Ap`Z_ ]$Mpi, S> Tf S>hy S>Zpi.
c|hp_p dpY$pdp L$B Ahy hopr_L$ D`L$fZ _\u, S> gplu A_ Tf
hld-A^p MX$_
130
Sy>]y$ `pX$u iL$. kp`_p ]$i ep bQL$p_p Opdp _uL$m[y gplu `Z

c|hp_p dpY$pdp Aph. MfMf [p c|hp ]$i_y Tf Q|k[p S> _\u.
Ahu fu[ Tf Q|ku `Z _ iL$pe. lh MfMf Tfu kp` L$fX$ep
lpe, [p \pX$p e_ L$ep bp]$ c|hp S>Zphi L$, ""kp` L$QXp$ep
R>, AV$g L$fX$ep R> AV$g A_y Tf E[f [d gpN[y _\u''. c|hp_
Ap`Z Ad L$luA L$, "" kp` R>R>X$pep lpe L$ L$QX$pep lpe,
[p S> L$fX$ _ ? '' kp` L$]$u kpd Qpgu_ L$fX$[p S> _\u. [ Lip\u
R>R>X$pe L$ L$QX$pe, [p S> L$fX$ R>. dpZk_p ifuf `f\u kp`
`kpf \[p lpe A_ [ dpZk lpep Qpep hNf s\f `X$u fl, [p
kp` L$B S> L$ep hNf D`f\u Qpep e R>, [hu A_u L$r[ R>.
kp`_y Tf, e_ L$fhp R>[p _ E[f AV$g c|hp S>Zph L$,
""[dpfu L$pB bp^p A\hp dp_[p A^|fu flu NB R>. AV$g X$M
gpNg Ap dpZk L$ bpmL$ _rl bQ A_ QX$g Tf _rl E[f.''
Ap hM[ Aphu hp[p L$ rhQpfp ep]$ Aph. AV$g Ap`Z d_dp
dp_u gBA L$, ""d fpMgu L$pBL$ bp^p `|fu L$fu _\u AV$g Ap
dpZk L$ bpmL$ _rl bQ. A_ QX$g Tf _rl E[f.'' Ap`Z
rhQpfuA L$ d L$pB bp^p L$ dp_[p [p fpMu _\u, `R>u Apd L$d ?
OZuhpf Ap`Z L$pB dq]$f L$ L$pB ]$h\p_ Nep lpBA A_ d_dp
bpep lpBA L$, ""l dp, [pfp ]$i_ afu bpgphS>.'' Ap`Z_ Aph
hM[ ANpD_u Aphu hp[p L$ rhQpfp ep]$ Aph. AV$g Ap`Z d_dp
dp_u gBA L$, ""d fpMgu bp^p `|fu L$fu _\u. AVg Ap bpmL L$
dpZk _rl bQ.'' Apd, X$M `pdg eqL$[ dfu e R>, A_ c|hp
R>V$L$u e R>. `R>u dp[p_p \p_L$ S>hp_p MQp [p Ecp S> fl
R> ! c|hp d-[_p ZL$pf _rl `Z hpNpXbfdp `pfN[ lpe R> !
(3) k [ p j u dp : k[pju dp S>hu L$pB dp[p rlfi]y$ ippdp

L$epe hZhpB _\u. [ bNpm_p Npdrh[pf_u AL$ \pr_L$ ]$hu
R>. [_u QdL$pf kcf gpL$re qad E[f[p [_p ApMp ]$idp
[pS[fdp Qpf \ep R>. ApS> [_p iy$hpf L$fpe R>, QZp Mhpe
R>; A_ dq]$fp `Z b_u fp R>. L$`pgL$s`[ ]$hu cphyL$ gpL$p
dpV$ b^p ]y$:M_u ]$hp b_u NB R>!
(4) ke_pfpeZ cNhp_ : ke_pfpeZ cNhp__p `Z
DgM rlfi]y$ippdp _\u. ]$pY$-b k]$u `|h S> [d_ ^_gpcu
bpZ `yfprl[pA L$`pgL$s`[ L$\pAp gMu, D`hu L$pY$ep R>.
Ap ]$h_ ^fphp[p rifp_p kp]$ dpV$ L$pB rlfi]y$ ip-`yfpZp_p
Ap^pf _\u. Apd R>[p, ke_pfpeZ_u L$\p Ap`Zp kdpS>_y
AL$ AN b_u NB R>. Nd [ L$pe_p pfcdp L L$pe_u kam[p
bp]$ A\hp ]$ f hj L $ ]$ f drl_ Ap L$ \ p_y `pfpeZ \pe R> ,
ke_pfpeZ_u L$\pdp L$pB lpS>f fl A_ kde R>[p L$pB _
kpcm ep L$\p_p kp]$ L$pB _ Mpe, [p [_p hlpZ X|$bu e,
_yL$ip_ \pe, dlgp bmu MpM \B e, `y dfu e. `f[y [
L$\p kpcm L$ L$\p L$fphu kp]$ Mpe, [p [_ Negy b^y S> `pRy>
dmu e, ky M -ip r [ \B e. Aphu [f N kcf QdL$ p qfL$
hp[peyL$[ ke_pfpeZ_u L$\p cphyL$ cL$[p A^^p`|hL$ dp_
R> . [ _ u L$ \ pdp ke_pfpeZ rhi r_$ ` Z A` A_ [ _ p
dplpe_y `pfpeZ TpTy \ey R> [ `Z ApeQS>_L$ rb_p R> !
MfMf Aphu bû e\ hrdp `X$ep rh_p lps`Vg$dp

S>B X$M `pdg eqL$[_ [yf[ S> kp`_y BfiS>L$i_ A`phu ]$hy
BA. [p S> eqL$[ bQu iL$, Afie\p d-[\u _ bQu iL$.
ke_pfpeZ_u L$ \ p gMp_pf `y f p r l[ L$ p B c bpS>

dpZk dpg| d `X $ R> . [ Z DQhN _ p r[r_r^kdp fp
[NhS>_p hp[_p L$\pdp AL$ Aepe fpep. fp hj ALp]$hpf
L$\p L$fph, L$pfZ L$ fp `pk hpfhpf ^_ _p dNpe. [ S> fu[,
_uQgp hN_p r[r_r^kdp dhu L$rW$$epfp_p hp[_p `Z AL$
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
131
132
Aepe fpep. L$qW$$epfp hj AL$hpf L$\p L$fph [p Qpg, L$pfZ L$

[ _ u `pk \ u `Z hpf h pf ^__u Apip fpMu iL$ p e _rl. `f [ y
L$\pdp dedhN_p r[r_r^kdp ep`pfuhN (kp^yhprZep)_p
hp[ dpV$ Z Aepe fpep R>. dedhN_p dpZkpA ]$f
drl_ ke_pfpeZ_u L$\p L$fphhu BA, L$pfZ L$ Ap hN `pk
hpfhpf ^_ dmhu iL$pe. A fu[, `yfprl[-bpZp_ hpfhpf L$\p
pfp ]$p_-]$rnZp dm[u fl. L$\p gML$ Ap L$\pdp kdpS>_p b^p
S> hN_p r[r_rÂp_ kdphu gu^p R>. (S>gpfpd bp`p A_
kpBbpbp rhi `Z ]$h-]$huAp pfp [d_u L$\p `pfprZL$ W$b
L$lhpe R> A_ [ `y[L$ $` NV$ A_ Qrg[ \B R>.)
(6) u kfh[u ] $ h u : kfh[u ]$hu rhp_u ]$hu R>. cpf[dp

Ap ]$hu_u S>hu d|r[`| \pe R>, [hu [_u `| ]y$r_ep_p Afie
L$ p B ] $ i dp \[u _\u. Apd R>[p , ey f p ` -Ad q fL$ p _p ] $ i p `f
kfh[u ]$hu_u `|fu dlf R>. ep kp V$L$p gpL$p rirn[ R>; op_rhop_ A_ L$gp kprledp [d_p blzdyMu OZp rhL$pk \ep R>,
`f [ y kfh[u ] $ h u_u `| -Apfp^_p L$ f _pf cpf[ ]y $ r _ep_p
kp\u h^y Arirn[ ]$ipdp_p AL$ fp R>. ]y$r_epdp kp\u h^y
r_fnf gpL$p cpf[dp R>.
(5) u gdu : gdu L$ p Z R> , A Ad q fL$ p , friep,

Qu_, `p_ hNf kd^ ]$ip [p Z[p S> _\u. `f[y Nfub
cpf[_p, Mpk L$fu_ rlfi]y$ gpL$p Z R> L$ gdu ]$hu R>, A_ [
rh cNhp__p ^d ` _u R> . Ap`Z fp S > gdu_u `| ,
Apf[u Apfp^_p L$fuA R>uA. ^_[fk_p q]$hk ^_ ^pB [_u `|
L$fuA R>uA; R>[p cpf[ ]y$r_ep_p kp\u Nfub-fpNu-AcZcufy fp$pdp_p AL$ ]$i R>! Nfubu fMp_u _uQ [ hu fp R>.
Ad q fL$ p , rb V $ _ , _p h , huX$ _ , X fi dpL $ S> h p bu ] $ i p Aphu
gdu`| _\u L$f[p, [d R>[p Nfubu fMp\u OZp KQ kd^
h_ hu fp R>, kyM-k`r cpNhu fp R>.
Apd [p, rlfi]y$Apdp OZp ]$h-]$huAp Qrg[ R>. dysgdp

A_ el}]$uAp AL$ S> Bfdp dp_ R>, S>_u d|r[ L$]$u lpB iL$ _rl.
r[uAp_p AL$ S> èNbf Bky R>, S> cy_p `y R>. `f[y rlfi]y$Apdp
[p [uk L$fpX$ ]$h-]$huAp R>. ApV$gp ]$h-]$hu ApR>p lpe [d [dp
hpdu_pfpeZ, kpBbpbp, S>gpfpd bp`p S>hp _hp _hp ]$hp k[[
Dd f p[p fl R> . [ D`fp [ d g X$ u , rkL$ p [ f, k [ p j udp, ]$ i pdp
hchgdu S>hu \pr_L$ ]$huAp Sy>]$u. QpfZ gpL$pdp [d_u r[dp
S>fidgu OZu `rh NZp[u uAp `Z ]$hu b_u NB R>. [d_p dq]$fp
\ep R>; [d_u `| \pe R> ; S>hu L-MpqX$epf, kp_bpB, b|V$ chp_u,
hfyhX$u dp, ApB S>dZu, ApB Npfhu hNf. Apd rlfi]y$Ap_u L$fyZ[p
A R> L$ [d_u h[u k[[ OV$[u e R>, S>epf [d_p ]$h-]$hu_u kep
k[[ h^[u e R> ! `f[y gpM $rèp_p A R> L$ ApV$gu dpV$u
kepdp ]$h-]$huAp_u `|-Apfp^_p \[u lpe R>[p, [d_u L$`p A_
fnp dm[u lp h p_y L$ l h p[y R>[p , rlfi]y $ A p ]y $ r _ep_p [dpd
^dphgbuApdp kp\u h^y L$Npg, r_bm, ceN[, r_fnf, fpNu,
rhL$gpN, L$pef, Nfub, r_:kh L$d R> ? [d_p ^ddp Afie ^d_u
L$pB eqL$[ L$d Aph[u _\u A_ rlfi]y$Ap S> iy L$pd r[u, dysgd
hNf ^dpdp k[[ hV$gp[p fl R> ?
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
ke_pfpeZ_u d| m L$ \ p_u [p L$ p B _ `Z Mbf _\u.

Aepf S> Qrg[ R>, [ [p L$\p_u L$\p R>. `f[y S>Ngdp L$\p
Qpg[u l[u A_ fp [yNc kp]$ gu^p hNf Qpg[p \ep, S>\u
[ _ _y L $ i p_ \ey , [ L$ B L$ \ p l[u ? [ d| m L$ \ p_p [p Qpgy
ke_pfpeZ_u L$\pdp L$ip S> DgM _\u !
133
134
] $ h -] $ h uAp c L$ [ tl]y $ A p _ u Aphu rhjd `qfr\r[ L $ d

R>, [ rhi byq`|hL$ Ncuf[p\u rhQpfhy BA A_ kde_u
kp\ b]$ g phy B A , ky ^ fhy B A . A V $ g y [p `$ R> L $
[[_p ]$h-]$huApA rlfi]y$ ^ddp [[_p Ake `\k ]$ p e ` ] $ p L$ e p R> A_ [ _ y ApX$ p -Ecp k L $ X $ p Vy $ L $ X $ p dp
rhcpS>_ L$fu _pey R>. rhcpqS>[ rlfi]y$Ap bl]$ _bmp bfiep
R>. `qfZpd [d_p\u OZu ApR>u kep ^fph[p rh]$iu-rh^dw
lzdgpMpf ipkL$p_p [ hpfhpf Nygpd bfiep R>, A_ lfp hj
kyû Nygpd fp R>. h[dp_ rlfi]y$ kdpS> ip dpV$ S>N[_p kp\u
h^y A^:`r[[ kdpS> bfiep R>! - [ bpb[ A_ [d_p lfp
]$h-]$huAp [d_ L$d DNpfu-D^pfu Dfl[ L$fu iL$[p _\u, [
bpb[ rhQpfiug rlfi]y$ApA r_$p`|hL$ rhQpfhy BA.
;O/ ,uGJG DF8[ ;[ \ Y LDF\ l;\ N } Z 5} Z JF

SZTF\ 5lTGF lN,DF\ 5| [ D 5} Z JFG] \ AC] H~ZL CMI
K[PPP D\U/;}+GL HF/J6L SZTF\ 5lTGF DGGL HF/J6L VlT
H~ZL CMI K[ P ;\ T MQFLDFTFGF J| T DF\ BF8] \ BFJFYL J| T E\ U
YFI K[4 V[J]\ R]:T56[ DFGTL 5tGLVM 0U,[G[ 5U,[ 5lTG]\
DG BF8\] Y. HFI V[ ZLT[ lGZF\T[ JTL CMI K[P
VFZMuI VG[ :JF:yIGL UD[ T[8,L lOlXIFZL DFZGFZ

VG[ pSF/[, 5F6LGM AF8,M 3[ZYL VFlO;[ ,FJGFZ SM. 56
;]lXl1FT lC\N] VFlO;ZG[ T[GM V[SND U\NM UMA0M VG[ VE6
58FJF/M 5MTFGL CY[/L S[ D]L J0[ BF\0 lDlzT ELG] SM5Z]\ S[ S[/
FGF 8]S0F S[ E[HJF/L lX\U VF5[4 TM HZFI KMK lJGF VG[ V[S
ZHS6 56 C[9[ 5F0F lJGF4 V[ VFlO;Z 5[,M 5|;FN BF. HFI
K[4 VG[ 5RF; 8SF VFlO;ZM 5[,M 5|;FNLIM CFY4 ,UEU lZO,
[ ;
V[XGGL H[D4 5MTFGF DFYFGF JF/ p5Z O[ZJ[ K[P AF/56YL
AF/SMGF S]D/F DFG;DF\ A[;F0[,L VF U[0 K[P T[G[ N}Z SZJL
36L V3ZL AFAT K[P
v
5tGL YM0LS VMKL ~5F/L CMI4 56 hFhL SM9F;}h WZFJTL CMI4

TM T[6[ 5MTFGL NFD5tI ;D:IF DF8[ ;\TMQFL DFG[ TS,LO VF5JL
50TL GYLP 5lTG[ 5ZD[`JZ ;DHJFG[ AN,[ DF6;T]<I ;D
T[GL ,FU6LVM ;DHJFGL SMlXX SZJFDF\ VFJ[4 TM ;\EJTo CHFZ
S0JL RMYMG[ 8Z DFZ[ V[ J ] \ ;] \ N Z VD' T O/ 5| F %T Y. XS[ P
:JI\ l;lVM 5MTFGF AU0[ , F 5lTG[ ;] W FZJFGL HJFANFZL
;\TMQFLDFG[ DFY[ GFBL N[ K[Ps;MNM DF+ ;M/ X]JFZDF\ H GL
YFI K[ fP H[ D G[ ,uGJGDF\ S[ D [ : 8= L VF O ,J GM DlCDF
GYL ;DHFTM T[JL :+LVM \NULEZ UM/vR6F VG[ T],;LGM 5|;FN
DCM<,FDF\ JC[\RTL ZC[4 TMI T[DGM XZJFZ J/TM GYLP
v
AF<ISF/YL VHFU|T VJ:YFDF\ H[ ;\:SFZM lRDF\
~- YFI K[4 T[ JH|,5
[ AG[ K[P DM8L JI[ UD[ T[8,L ;HTF KTF\
V[ E]\;FJF\ N]QSZ AGL ZC[ K[P VFYL AF/SMG[ AF<IFJ:YFDF\
WD" G ] \ lX1F6 VF5J] \ V[ DCF5F5 K[ P V[ D GF\ DGA] l G[
lJS;TF\ 5} J [ " H VFD S] \ l 9T4 lGI\ l +T SZL N.4 5KL T[ V M
D]T4 AF{lS ZLT[ lJRFZJF ;FJ V;DY" AGL ZC[ K[P WD" SM.
G{;lU"S S[ :JFEFlJS 5NFY" GYL4 5Z\T] J0L,MV[ NLW[,M 0FD DF+
K[P VG[ V[8,[ H UD[ T[8,L A]lvlJF CMI4 TM 56 WD"G[ CF\SL
SF-JF H[JL ;FClHS JFTYL T[VM UEZF. 9[ K[P
v
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
135
136
12: c|[-[
Ap`Z L$ p B _ S>ZphuA L $ "Ap k r $ d p c| [ - [
S> h u L$ p B ep r _ S> _\u', [p S> V $ g u erL$ [ Ap Ap kp c mi
[ d p _ u e L $ eqL$ [ A L $ A L $ ]$ p Mgp S>$ f Apì L $ " d c| [
e y R> . ' Ap`Z [ _ `| R >uA L $ , "[d `p [ en c| [ e y
R> ? ' [p [ A p L$ l i , -"_p, `f [ y L$ p B eqL$ [ dp h i g y e y R> ,
^| Z [u eqL$ [ _ B R> . '
Ap`Z L$pB eqL$[_ A_p fpSbfpS>_p h[_ L$f[p L$BL$
Sy>]y$ S> h[_ L$f[u BA AV$g Ad S> kdA R>uA L$ [_pdp
L$pB hmNpX$ L$ c|[ hiu Ney R>. MfMf [p A_L$ kdepAp,
S>hu L$- `r[_u kdep, `_u_u kdep, bpmL$p_u kdep,
Apr\L$ kdep, _pL$fu-^^p_u kdep, Aphu A_L$ kdepAp
lp h p_ L$ p fZ eqL$ [ Ap bû kdepAp _ p kpd_p L$ f hp_
AiqL$[dp_ \B S>[p, [_ rhQpfhpey E`X$u S>[p lpe R>, A_
dp_rkL$ fpN_p [ cpN \B `X$ R>. [_ gu^ [ he L$BL$ bbX$pV$
L$ f R> ep [_ rhrQ h[ _ L$ f [u \B e R>. Ahp [p A_ L $
`L$pf_p dp_rkL$ fpNp R>, S>_ L$pfZ eqL$[ OZuhpf S>$f L$f[p
h^pf MpB e R> , h^pf ù e R> , [ _ Z[u lp e [ h u
cpjpdp bbX$ R>, k|_d|_ bku fl R> hNf. eqL$[_u Aphu
rhrQ s\r[_ Ap`Z c|[-[_p hmNpX$ dp_uA R>uA.
dp_u bk R> L$ lh Ap_p L$pB D`pe _\u. [\u [_ `p[p_u [

`f\u rhpk EW$u e R>, A_ ûf ûf [ Nmhp dpX$ R> A_ A[
dey `pd R>. AV$g Ap`Z L$luA R>uA L$, erL$[dp c|[ hi
AV$g h gB_ S> e.
MfMf [p fpS>bfpS>_p L$f[p eqL$[ L$BL$ Sy>]y$-rhrQ
h[_ L$f, epf [_ c|[-[_p hmNpX$ _rl dp_[p, [_ dp_rkL$
fpNp_p r_Zp[ ]$pL$[f (kpBL$V$uL$) `pk gB S>B, [_u kpfhpf
L$fphhu BA. [_ c|hp, ]$h-]$huAp, ]$fNpl L$ L$lhp[u c|[-[
cNpX$hp_u ^prdL$ S>epA gB S>hu BA _rl. [_p dp_rkL$
fpN dV$u iL$ R>, Ahp rhpk eqL$[dp d_prQqL$kL$ ]$pL$[f `]$p
L$f R>; [_u kdyrQ[ kpfhpf lp\ ^f R>, A_ [\u ]$]$w OMfy
hlgp kpfp \B e R>.
dp_rkL$ fpN_p ]$]$u_u Afie L$pB L$pf_p r_Zp[ ]$pL$[f
`pk kpfhpf L$fphhp\u [_p fpN dV$[p _\u. dp_rkL$ fpN_p ]$]$w_
dp_rkL$ fpN_p r_Zp[ ]$pL$[f (kpBL$V$uL$) `pk S> gB S>hp
BA. [_u kpfhpf\u d_pfpNu_ Ahe ape]$p \pe. c|[-[_p
L$ l h p[p hmNpX$ Mf M f [p d_p f p N R> A_ [ r_Zp[
d_p r QqL$ kL$ ]$ p L$ [ f pfp S> ]| $ f \B iL $ [ d R> , [ h u kdS>
Ap`Zp gpL$pA L$mhhu BA.
Aphu dp_rkL$ fpNu erL$[_ Ap`Z `R>u c|hpAp `pk

] $ h -] $ h uAp `pk , ùfp _ u ]$ f Nplp `pk L $ A h u L$ l h p[u c| [
cNpX$hp_u S>epA gB S>BA R>uA. `f[y fpNu kp \[p _\u. Ap
fu[ fpNu kp \pe `Z _rl. `qfZpd fpN _ dV$hp_ L$pfZ fpNu
AN kdpS> A_ kprledp "OpV$' (c|[) A_ "rhQ'

(X$pL$Z) b S> c|[-L$pf `Qrg[ R>. `ffi[y cpf[dp [p c|[[_p OZp L$pf Zu[p R> A_ [dp_p ]$fL$_u ApmM `Z
AgN AgN R> : c| [ - [ , X$ p L$ Z , ipL$ Z , Q| X $ g , h [ fy ,
b fpnk, T X $ , _ hN f . c| [ lp e [p [ _ p lp\-`N fp V $ p
(EgV$ p ) lp e , [ _ p bfX$ p `p g p lp e , A `p g pZdp ]$ u hp
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
137
138
TNdN[p lpe, A_ [ cX$L$p \B Ae \B e. X$pL$Z lpe [p

[_p ]$p[ dpV$p dpV$p lpe, [dp\u gplu _uL$m[y lpe A_ d_ye L$
pZu_y gplu Q|ku_ [_ [ dpfu _pM. Q|X$g lpe, [p [ Q|qX$ep
MMX$phu gpL$p_ X$fph. TX$ lpe [p, [ KQp KQp \[p e,
[_pdp M|b [pL$p[ lpe, [ d_ye_ KQL$u_ aL$u ]$, gpap dpf,
dL$ p __p D`f_ dpm k| [ p lp B A [p , Ap`Z _ ZuA [ d
cpe[rmep_p dpm gphu k|hpX$u ]$ hNf.
Aphp hZ _ p \ u kcf A_ L $ hp[p A p ] $ [ L$ \ pAp dp V $ p
hX$ugp, dp[p-r`[p, rdp `X$piuAp hNf `pk\u _p_p bpmL$p
kpcm R>, S> bpmL$p_p Aop[ d_dp L$pedu hiu e R>.
`qfZpd Ap bpmL$p dpV$p \pe R> epf `Z [d_p d_dp\u c|[[_p X$f S>[p _\u. `p[p_p S> dpV$p Ofdp ]$uhpbu b^ \B
S>[p A^pfy \B e R> [p [Ap AL$ ApfX$pdp\u bu ApfX$pdp
S>[p L$ D`g dpm S>[p X$f R>.
AL$hpf Apby `[[pfplZ L$`dp k|f[_p AL$ BfiQpS>
pakf Aphgp. Adpfu hp[p kpcmu_ [dZ S>Zpey L$, "[d
dp_[p _\u, `ffi[y dpfu bpA c|[ en Agy R>. [dZ d_
hp[ L$lgu'. AdZ hp[ i$ L$fu L$ [f[ S> d [d_ hp[ L$l[p
AV$L$phu L$y L$ "[dpfu bpA egp c|[_u kOmu hp[ lh lz
L$lui,' Ad L$lu, hp[ i$ L$fu: [dpfu bp A_ bu bfp L$pB_p
dfZ `R>u L$pZ S>[p l[p, cpNpm AL$ [f[_y S>fidgy _p_y bpmL$
fX$[y [dpfu bpA ey. [d_ ]$ep Aphu. [\u [ bpmL$_ L$pB
S>epA L$pB_ kpù ]$Biy Ad L$lu [dZ [ bpmL$_ KQL$u gu^y
A_ ApNm Qpghp dpX$ep. hp[p L$f[p S>[p l[p, ep [p bpmL$_p
`N [dpfu bp_p `N kp\ A\X$php dpX$ep A_ ey [p bpmL$
gpby \B Ney l[y. [f[ [dpfu bp_ epg Aphu Nep L$ Ap bpmL$
hld-A^p MX$_
139
_rl `Z c|[ R>. [dpfu bpA [f[ S> Ap bpmL$_ ]|$f aL$u ]$u^y.
aL$[p_u kp\ S> cX$L$p \ep A_ [dZ c|[ ey [p [_p lp\`N
EgV$p l[p, bfX$p `pgp l[p A_ A `pgpZdp ]$uhp TNdN[p
l[p. \X$u S> hpfdp [ cX$L$p \B Ae \B Ney.''
pakf rd L$y, "bfpbf Ap S> hp[ d kpcmgu.' d
L$y L$, " Ad _p_p l[p epf\u Ap hp[ kpcm[p Apep R>uA,
Ap hp[p cpf[dp b^p fpS>ep d p , bû cpjpdp gNcN
kpcmhp dm R>.'
OZuhpf c|[_ ey R> L$l_pf eqL$[ `p[p_u [_ KQu
dp_[u lpe R>, L$pfZ L$ [Z c|[ ey R> A_ Ap`Z ey _\u. AV$g
d_pfS>_> dpV$ Aphu hp[p dpV$fpAp L$f[p lpe R> A_ `p[p_u dlp
b[ph[p lpe R>. bpL$u c|[-`[ S>hu L$pB epr_> S> _\u.
Adpfp AL$ rd_p cpB_ TX$ (rS>_) hmNgp. Ap `R>u
[ M|b S> [pap_ dQph, M|b MpB e, _p Mpe [p b q]$hk
c|ep fl, b Qpf eqL$[Ap `L$X$ [p `Z [ _p NpW$. `ffi[y S>epf
h\ lpe epf bû S> hp[p X$plu L$f. dpfp rd d_ Ap hp[ L$fu.
d Ap TX$ hmNg cpB_u kp\ hp[ L$fu, [p [Z S>Zpey L$, ""lz
kephmpA cpNpm\u blpf_p f[ afhp S>B fp l[p epf
kpd\u AL$ dpZk KQp KQp h^[p S>[p, buX$u ù[p ]$Mpep.
\pX$p _L$ Aph[p [ buX$u ù_pfp gNcN ]$iL$ a}V$ KQp S>Zpep.
AV$g lz d|W$uAphpmu_ cpep. A TX$ l[p A_ dpfp ifufdp [
hiu Nep R>, A_ lh [ d_ lfp_ `fip_ L$f R>.''
kpdpfie fu[ Ap`Z X$f_p dpep ]$pV$ d|L$uA R>uA.Ap cpB
`Z X$f_p dpep M|b TX$`\u ]$pX$gp. [\u [d_y gplu_y cdZ hû
hld-A^p MX$_
140
S>[p , ifuf Nfd \B Ne g y , A_ [ph_u Akf S> h y \e g y .

Ap s\r[dp [ ghfu L$ f hp gpN g p . Ap\u Of_p gp L $ p A
[ _ `| R >ey , "iy \ey R> [_ ? Apd ghfu L $ d L$ f R> ?' epf
[ Z S>Zpey L $ , "dpfp ifufdp T X $ ` k u Nep R> . '
_p_`Zdp ky y j y [ d_dp `X $ g u T X $ r hjeL$ hp[p Ap
k N blpf Aphu. hp[rhL$ [ p_u [`pk L$ e p hNf S> [ Z dp_u
gu^y L $ [ _ T X $ hmep R> . rhQpf L$ f [p , Z L $ q]$ h kdp [ Z
dp_u gu^ g p T X $ _ `L$ X $ u `pX$ h pdp Apep . dpfp rd_ L$ y L $ ,
""Qpg, [pfp cpB_ T X $ hmN g S>epA gB g . Ap`Z [ _ p
T X $ [ _ My ] $ _ b[phuA . '' Ad [ Z S> S>epA T X $ e g p [
S>epA [ _ gB Nep. kpd \ u [ _ T X $ Aph[p ] $ M pX$ e p . [
X$ f [p X$ f [p bp g hp gpep L $ , ""A Aph T X $ , Sy > Ap . '' A_ [
_pkhp_p e_ L$ f hp gpep . `f [ y Ad [ _ `L$ X $ u fpep A_
[ _ p T X $ _ [ _ _L$ \ u b[pep .
Mf M f [p Lp B `Z d_y e ]| $ f \u _p_p ] $ M p[p gpN A_
S> d S> d _L$ Aph[p e, [ d [ d [ dp V $ p \[p ] $ M p[p e.
Ap h o pr_L$ rk^p [ R> , lh L$ p B dpZk buX$ u ù[p lp e , [p
blz blz [p kpX$ p `p Q L $ R> a} V $ _ p lp e , `f [ y ]$ k a} V $ _ p [p _ S>
lp e _ ? Ap T X $ _ p qL$ kpdp Mf M f T X $ _lp [ p , `f [ y A L $
dpZk k eph m pA KV$ `f khpfu L$ f u, buX$ u ù[p Aph[p
l[p . k eph m pA KV$ L $ dpZk ]| f \u _ ] $ M p[p buX$ u _y
AS>hpmy S> ] $ M pe. Ap hp[rhL$ [ p_u [`pk L$ e p rh_p S> [
X$ f _p dpep cpN g p A_ Aphu ce]$ `qfs\r[ k e g u Ap
hp[rhL$ T X $ b[phhpdp Apep , epf bp]$ [ _ p T X $ S>[p
fp . lpg Ap cpB Ad q fL$ p dp _p L $ f u L$ f R> A_ kpfy A h y
L$ d pe `Z R> .
hld-A^p MX$_
141
bu A L $ qL$ kp AMbpfp d p OZpA hp ep li L $

Ad]$php]$dp AL$ `yg `f c|[ lp\dp `p[p_y dp\y gB_ af R>. Ap
qL$kpdp AL$ dpZk fp rk_dp_p R>p ip B LyV$f `f Aph[p
l[p A_ `yg QY$[p [_y Ly$V$f b^ `X$u Ney. M|b L$uL$p dpfhp R>[p
Ly$V$f Qpgy \[y _ l[y. Ahpdp AL$ dpZk [_u `pk Apep A_
L$y L$ "lz Ly$V$f Qpgy L$fu Ap`y ?' Ly$V$f QpgL$ S>Zpey L$, "Ly$V$f
_hy S> R> A_ ldZp Qpgy \B S>i.' AV$g `gp dpZk `pR>p S>[p
fp. OZu L$uL$p dpfhp R>[p Ly$V$f Qpgy _ \ey. `gp dpZk afu
`pR>p Apep A_ S>Zpey L$, " [d L$lp, [p Ly$V$f Qpgy L$fu ]$J '
Ly$V$f QpgL L$V$pep l[p A_ A_ hlgp Of S>hp_u D[phm l[u ;
AV$g AZ S>Zpey L$, "kpfy, Ly$V$f Qpgy L$fu Ap`p.' `gp dpZk
AL$ S> L$uL$dp Ly$V$f Qpgy L$fu ]$u^y. Ly$V$f QpgL$ AQbpdp `X$u
Nep A_ `gp dpZk_p Apcpf dp_[p bpep L$, "[d [p Mfp
]y$Nf R>p, AL$ S> L$uL$dp Ly$V$f QpgyL$fu ]$u^y !' AV$>g `gp
dpZk L$y L$, "]y$ ]y$ iy L$fp R>p, ]y$ [p Ap_ L$lhpe.' Ad
L$lu_ `p[p_y dp\y lp\dp gB_ b[pey. Ly$V$f QpgL$ Zu gu^y L$
QpLL$k Ap c|[ R>. AV$g Ly$V$f `f bku_ [ cpep. `yg `f AX$^
f[ S>[p, kpd\u AL$ eyNg_ [Z Aph[y ey. Ly$V$f QpgL$ `gp
eyNg `pk Ly$V$f Ecy fpMu S>Zpey L$, "Ap [fa ApNm S>ip
_rl. AL$ c|[ lp\dp `p[p_y dp\y gB_ af R>.' AV$g `gp eyNg
`Z `p[`p[p_p dp\p lp\dp g[p `|R>ey, "Ap fu[?' Ly$V$fkhpf
[ B M|b S> cecu[ b_u Nep. M|b Nr[\u Ly$V$f ]$pX$ph[p [
cpep. ce_p dpep [ `yg E[f[p S> NbX$u `X$ep A_ [_y
pZ`Mfy EX$u Ney.
Ap qL$kp AMbpfu [yL$L$pbp L$f[p L$iy rhij _\u. lL$uL$[
[p _\u S>. Ap qL$kp D`hu L$pY$gp b_phV$u R>. Ly$V$f khpf fp `yg
E[f[p dfu Nep lpe, [p fp[_u ApMu hp[ L$pZ, L$p_, L$lu ?
hld-A^p MX$_
142
Aphp S> bu qL$kp Mcp[dp `k[p fh apV$L$ `pk

bfiep lphp_y L$lhpe R>. Ap fh apV$L$ `pk AL$dp[dp b cfhpX$
eyhr[Ap V$_ _uQ L$`pB S>hp\u dey `pdu l[u, [ c|[ \B R>
Ahu gpL$hpeL$p Qrg[ b_u l[u.
A L $ q]$ h k A L $ qfnp QpgL$ `p [ p_u qfnp gB_ ,
kephmpA Mcp[ ilfdp, Ap fh apV$L$ `pk\u `kpf \[p l[p
epf ep ApNm b cfhpX$ eyhr[Ap Ecgu l[u. [dZ qfnp
QpgL$_ rh_[u L$fu L$, "Ad_ qfnpdp Mcp[ ilfdp gB h ! '
qfnp QpgL$ [d_ bkpX$u, qfnp ApNm Qgphu. AQp_L$ [_ ep]$
Apey L$, Ap b cfhpX$ bl_p, S> c|[ \B R>, [ [p _ lpe ! Ap\u
[Z qfnp_p Aqfkpdp ey, [p [_u qfnpdp L$pB dm S> _rl.
Ap\u qfnp QpgL$ M|b S> NcfpB Nep A_ ^|S>hp gpep; qfnp
b^ `X$u NB; A_ NcfpV$_p dpep [ qfnpdp S> dfZ_ ifZ \B
Nep.
D`fpL$[ qL$kp `Z AMbpfpdp L$pri[ \egp. [ AL$
pakf rd dpfu `pk gB_ Apep A_ d_ qL$kpp hpQhp Apep.
qL$kp hpep bp]$ d dpfp pakf rd_ AL$ S> khpg `|R>ep L$,
"" qfnp QpgL$_y fp qfnpdp S> dey _u`S>ey lpe, [p Ap ApMu
hp[p L$pZ L$lu ? L$p_ L$lu? L$epf L$lu ? Ap _p L$pB Df _ dep.
Ap qL$kp `Z b_phV$u S> l[p.
`Z r_ce fu[ hu iL$ R>; fp b hpN dip_dp `Z S>B iL$

R>; Qpf f[p_p QL$gpdp dpV$gu `f ]$uhp TNdN[p d|L$gp lpe,
`pk fpV$gp, gvby, dfQp L$ Ahu h[yAp d|L$gu lpe, [p `Z `N
hX$ [d_ f[p_u bpSy>A MkX$u d|L$ R> R>[p buL$_p dpep [ L$epfe
dp]$u `X$u _\u.
c|`-[ Ae fu[ afu iL$[p lpe, [p Nfubp `pk
fp V $ g p A_ dfQy L $ ` X $ p A\hp qifp L $ d dpN[p li ? [ A p
apBhV$pf lpV$gdp L$ L$pB `kp]$pf_ p S>B S>du _ iL$ ? duW$pB
Mphu lpe [p L$pB dpV$p L$]$pB_ ep\u _ MpB iL$ ? hmu, [Ap
dip_dp S> L $ TpX$ `f S> L $ d fl [ p li ? ` k p]$ p f_p Ofdp
X$_gp` ùgpdp _ k|B iL$ ?
AdqfL$p, rbV$_ S>hp ]$ipdp `Z cpf[ue c|[p ^|Z[p
h p dm R> . c| [ p rhTp hNf `f] $ i S>B iL$ [ p lp e , [p
cpf[_u c|[phm [Ap ep ip dpV$ _ gB e ? hmu, cpf[dp
fpV$gp, dfQy, AX$]$ hNf Mphp A_p L$f[p `f]$idp ùTp, bNf
hNf _p Mphp dm ? cpf[dp c|[p_ kdX$p_p TpX$ `f flhy `X$
A\hp dip_dp flhy `X$ [_p L$f[p `f]$idp [Ap apBhV$pf
lpV$gdp _ fl ? [Ap Ae afu iL$[p lpe [p [d_ L$pZ
hp_y R> ?
d dpfu Ze ]$uL$fuAp_ _p_`Z\uS> c|[-[ rhi_u

dpfie[pAp_ [d_p rQdp hihp ]$uû _\u. [\u [Ap ApS>
L$lhp_y [pè AV$gy S> L$ Ap kr$dp c|[-[ S>hu L$pB

epr_ S> _\u. Ap\u dpV$fpAp_ AV$gu rh_[u L$fhp_u L$, [d cg
c|[-[dp dp_p, `f[y [dpfp _p_p bpmL$p_p d_dp Ap MpV$u
A_ lpq_L$pf dpfie[p _ hi, [ S>$f ip. [p S> [ bpmL$ dpVy$
\[p r_ce fu[ h_ hu iL$. dpV$ bpmL$_p dp_k `f c|[[_u dpfie[p hihp ]$ip _rl, [hu rh_[u R>.
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
gpL$p_ fk `X$ A_ ]$r_L$ ``fp_u h^pf M`[ \pe, AV$gp

dpV$ Aphp b_phV$u fpdpQL$ qL$kp Ahpf_hpf ]$r_L$p R>p`[p lpe
R>. `f[y [d_u [`pk L$fhpdp Aph, [p [ kph b_phV$u S> _uL$m.
143
144
13 : d|W$-QpV$, dgurhp, d-[

cpf[dp - Ny S >fp[dp d| W $ - Qp V $ , d -[ , d g urhp\u
gpL$p M|b S> ce `pd R>, S>_kdpS>dp Ahu hp[p Qrg[ \egu
R> L$, S>_u `f d|W$ dpfhpdp Aph [ eqL$[ NpX$u \B e L$ ûf
ûf A_y ifuf Nm[y e A_ R>hV$ dey `pd. d-[_u `Z
Aphu S> hp[p Qrg[ R> L$ hiuL$fZ d\u eqL$[_ L$ pZu_ hi
L$fu iL$pe; kdpl_ d\u L$pB_ kdprl[ L$fu iL$pe; dpfZ d\u
L$pB_y dey _u`hu iL$pe; d-[\u L$pB_y cgy ep b|fy L$fu
iL$ p e. d g u rhp rhi `Z Aphu OZu> hp[p Qrg[ R> .
dgurhp_p ZL$pfp c|[-[_ hi L$fu iL$, cNpX$u iL$, bpû
iL$, [_u `pk ^pey L$pd L$fphu iL$, [_p pfp _p S>X$[u h[yAp
Mpmphu iL$, L$pB_y dey _u`hu iL$.
A_ [_u kpd bkhp_y _rl. [prL$_ bu $ddp bkhp_y L$lu,

[_ AgN S>epA rhr^ L$fhp_y S>Zphhy BA [\p L$lhy BA
L$, lz dpfu $ddp bW$p Ry>, ep d-[,d|W$-QpV$ L$ dgurhp
AS>dphu d_ dpfu _pM.' [prL$_ rhr^ dpV$ \pXy$ gplu Ap`hy
`X $ [p \p X y $ gp l u Ap`hpdp hp ^ p _\u. `f [ y gp l u _uL$ m [p
Ap`Zp AN `f [_p lp\ _ AX$hp BA, [d [_u L$iu h[y ep
_ dyL$phu BA. L$ipL$ Tfu fpkperZL$ `]$p\\u [prL$ Ap`Zp
h gB iL$. `f[y [_p d-[, dgurhp, d|W$-QpV$ Ap` L$iy
bNpX$u iL$ _rl. [hu L$pB d|W$-QpV$dp iqL$[ _\u; [hu iqL$[
^fph_pf L$ p B dp r L$ - [p r L$ `Z _\u. Aphu hp[p L$ f _pf
`pM X $ u Ap \ u buhp_u S>fpe S>$ f _\u. [ d _ tld[`| h L $
`X$L$pfip, [p [Ap Ecu `|R>X$uA cpNu S>i.
Ap bpb[dp byqr_$ (fi_prgV$) rdp_p [p Myp

`X$L$pf R> L$, "Adpfp D`f d|W$-QpV$, d-[ L$ dgurhp_p
ep N L$ f u Ad_ dpfu _pMp . ' `f [ y Aphp `X$ L $ p f L$ f [p [ _
A_yjN L$V$guL$ kph^p_u fpMhu `X$, S>hu L$ [prL$ Ap`gy L$B`Z
Mphp_y _rl, [Z Ap`gy L$B`Z ùhp_y _rl, [Z Ap`gy L$B`Z
k|Ohp_y _rl, [ `lfhp L$ ApY$hp L$B`Z Ap`, [p [ hp`fhy _rl
OZp gpL$p L$l[p lpe R> L$, ""rNf_pf `h[_u NyapApdp

Ahp AOpfuAp fl R> L$ S> fp pZu-]$u`X$p b_u e A_ q]$hk
`pR>p dpZk-AOpfu b_u e. [Ap [d_u kp^_p rkq pfp
L$ p B _ `Z Ecp _ Ecp kmNphu ] $ L $ [L$ p m L$ p B _y d ey
_u`hu: iL$.'' "fi_prgV$p' L$l R> L$,Ad_ Ahp AOpfu `pk
gB S>B Adpfu D`f ep N L$ f php . Adpfu if[ A V $ g u S> L $
AOp f uA L$ p B fpkperZL$ h[y L $ lr\epf Adpfu D`f
AS>dphhp_y _rl. [_u dgurhp pfp L$ [_u kp^_p-rkq pfp
Adpfy dp[ _u`h, [p [_p LpB Ny_p _rl, [ bpb[ Ad "V$`'
`f gMpZ L$fu ApùA.'' epf Ap gpL$p S>Zph R> L$, ""[dpfp
L$pB hpL$ Ny_p lpe, [p S> Ap AOpfuAp [d_u dgurhp [dpfp
`f AS>dph . '' f i _prgV$ p _ y L$ l h y R> L $ , ""Ad [ AOp f u_
R>p[udp gp[ dpfuiy, `R>u [p Adpfp hpL$ Ny_p \i _? `f[y
Adpfu `gu D`gu if[ [ AOpfuA `pmhu `X$. `R>u cg A
AOpfu A_u dgurhp\u Adpfy dp[ _u`h''
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
`f[y Aphu L$`pgL$s`[ dgu rhpAp dpfL$-[pfL$ d[ A_ [d_ hih[w L$pd L$f[p c|[-[_u hp[p L$s`[ A_
cpdL$ R>. d|W$-QpV$, d-[ L$ dgurhp\u L$pB_y `Z cgy L$ b|fy
\B iL$ _rl. L$pB_ `Z dpfu _pMhp lpe, [p fpkperZL$ Tfu
`]$p\p pfp L$ lr\epf pfp dpfu _pMu iL$pe; d|W$-QpV$, d-[
L$ dgurhp\u L$pB_ `Z dpfu _pMu iL$pe _rl.
145
146
qNf_pfdp hk[p kp^yAp, AOpfuAp dpV$pcpN cpf[_p

bu fpS>ep _ p Ny _ N pfp (dp V$ hp fi V $ X $ ) lp e R> . `p g uk_p
kL$dp\u bQhp dpV$ kp^y L$ AOpfu b_u rNf_pfdp cfpB S>[p
lpe R>. OZp kp^yAp A_ AOpfuAp `lgp cZgp lphp\u \pXy$
AN bpg[p lpe R> A_ \pX$u if-ipefu `Z L$f[p lpe R>.
A V $ g kpdpfie gp L $ p d p [ A p cph `pX$ u iL $ R> . kfL$ p fu
S>du_pdp A_Ar^L$[ Apdp bpû ]$[p lpe R>. Apd, `pguk
kL $ dp \ u bQu S>[p lp e R> . bpL$ u , Aphp kp^y A p L $
AOpfuApdp L$pB d-[, d|W$-QpV$ L$ dgu rhp S>hy L$ kp^_p
rkq^ lp[p _\u.
AL$hpf lz dpfp rd u S>er[cpB L$. `V$g, ApQpeu
A b y c pB `y f pZu epepd dlprhpge, L$ p L $ f uep, drZ_Nf,
Ad]$php]$_ ep Nep l[p, epf AL$ pakf rd dpfp Ap rd_ ep
dmhp Apep l[p, A_ [d_p pfp kpcmhp dey L$, Ad_ L$pBA
d|W$ dpfu l[u. [dZ A_L$ ]$hpAp L$fu, bp^pAp dp_u, l_ydp__p
\p_L$ A_ ùfp_u ]$fNplp `f Nep; `f[y [d_ L$pBA dpfgu d|W$
`pR>u hmu S> _rl. [dZ gNcN ApW$ \u ]$k lf $rèp Ap
b^p `pR>m MQ L$ep l[p. R>hV$ Z hj `lgp [d_ L$pBA
dpfgu d|W$ AL$ Aprgep aL$uf `pR>u hpmu Apù l[u. MfMf [p
ApNpD OZu ]$ h pAp L$ f g u lp e A_ [ _ u Akf ûf ûf \[p
kdep[f ]$]$ dV$u e. `f[y [ ]$fep_ L$pB ]$fNpl `f S>[p
kNphip[ [_ kpfy \B e, [p b^p ei `gu ]$fNpl_ A`pe
R>, ]$hpAp_u Akf _ _rl.
l[u L$ L$]$pQ d|W$ `pR>u Aphu e [p ! Aphu s\r[dp bu L$pB

[`pk \B iL$ [d _ lphp\u, Z dpV$ dpfp rd Ap pakf_
`|R>ey L$, ""Ad]$php]$dp d|W$_p epN L$fu L$pB_ q]$ludp dpfu
_pMu iL$pe ? '' epf Ap pakf S>Zpey L$, ""q]$lu [p iy
g X $ _ dp lp e [p p `Z dpfu _pMu iL$ p e.'' dpfp rd afu
`| R >ey , ""Aphp d| W $ _ p ep N L$ f _pfp Ad]$ p hp]$ d p A_ [ _ u
_L$_p ]$idp L$V$gp li ?'' epf pakf S>Zpey L$, ""gNcN
200 S> V $ g p Mfp ! '' Ap k ep_ Ap^pf Ny S >fp[dp , bu
fpS>ep d p , A d ApMp cpf[dp Aphp d| W $ _ p ep N L$ f _pf_u
kep Apif 25 \u 30 lf_u NZu iL$pe. Ap kep_ Ap^pf
dpfp rd Ap `pakf_ S>Zpey L$, ""lh cpf[_u `pqL$[p_ kudp
`f gL$f_u S>$f _p `X$. aL$[ Aphp d|W$_p epN L$f_pf Ap 30
lf [p r L$ p _ kudp `f Np W $ h u ] $ h p_p, S> \ u Ap gp L $ p d| W $ _ p
epN pfp `pqL$[p_u gL$f_p rbNX$uAfp, L$_gp, dpigp,
gaV$_fiV$p, kr_L$p hNf_ M[d L$fu _pM''.
pakf rd S>Zpey L$, ""Aphy [p _p b_ !'' epf dpfp rd
L$y L$, "" ud[u Brfi]$fp Npû_p L$V$gp b^p ]y$d_p cpf[dp l[p ?
[dp\u Of_p M|Z d|W$_p epN L$fphu [d_ dpfu _pMu iL$pep
lp[. `f[y [d b_u iL$ey _\u. [d_ [p Npmu\u dpfhp `X$gp A_
dpf_pf_ apku `Z \B l[u. d|W$_p epN pfp Ad_ ku^ ku^p
dpfu _pMu iL$ p ep lp [ , A_ L$ p B _ Mbf `Z _ `X$ [ .'' d| W $
dpf_pf_ L$iu k `Z _ \B lp[.
dpfp rd Ap p a k f_ d| W $ AS>dph_pf [p r L$ `pk

`p[p_ gB S>hp S>Zpey. [p [ pakf [epf _ \ep; [prL$_y
kf_pdy dpey, [p [ `Z Ap`hp_u [d_u [epfu _ l[u. [d_ buL$
Ap bû QQp_p A\ A L$ Aphu L$pB d|W$-QpV$, d-[

L$ dgurhp L$pB_y dey _u`hu iL$[p _\u. cufy, cpmp, Aby^,
A^^pmyAp [prL$p, AOpfuAp, c|hpAp hNf_p rblpdZp
]Mph A_ rblpdZu rhrÂp B_ _L$pdp NcfpB S>[p lpe R>.
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
147
148
Aphp gpL$p MfMf [p ^|[pfp, bpNf, MgpX$u lpe R>, A_

buL$ Z `Z lp e R> . [ d _u `pk rblpdZp hp , ] $ M ph,
lphcph, hpZu, L$dL$pX$ rkhpe bu L$iu S> dgurhp ep kp^_p
rkq^ lp[u _\u. tld[`|hL$ [d_ `X$L$pf_pf gpL$p\u [Ap buL$_p
dpe ]|$f cpN[p af R>.
EUJFGGL D}lT" VFU/ DM\3L W}5;/L ;/UFJJFG[ AN,[ 3Z0F

DFJTZGF VMZ0FDF\ ZF+[ SFRAF KF5 VUZAL ;/UFJJFYL JW]
5]Î D/L XSX[PPP
v AR]EF.
5| F Y" G F V[ S 5| S FZGL S] 8 [ J K[ H[ AF/56DF\ SF{ 8 ] \ l AS

JFZ;F~5[ D/[ K[P 5FK/YL T[ DFGl;S lGA"/TF AGL ZC[ K[ H[ WLD[
WLD[ DGMZMUG]\ ~5 5S0[ K[P V7FT ELlTDF\YL HgDTL V[ DFGl;S
ALDFZL K[ P V[ Y L 5KL DG v XZLZ GA/F\ 50L HFI K[ P jIT
5ZFJ,\ A L TYF G;LAJFNL AGL HFI K[ 4 VG[ E| D 6FDF\ ZFRTL
YFI K[P VFBZ[ 5|FY"GF V[8,[ lGA"/ lE1FFJ'lP S<5T .`JZ S.
lE1FF XL ZLT[ VF5JFGM m
v
lJ7FGGM .lTCF; ;tIGL XMWGM .lTCF; K[4 IFZ[ WD"GM
.lTCF; H0 J,64 5Z\5ZF4 ~l-VMG[ HF/JL ZFBJFGM 5|IF; K[P IC}NL4
lB|:TL4 D]:,D T[D H VgI WDM"GM .lTCF; T5F;XM4 TM H6FX[
S[ WD" G F GFD[ WD" U ] Z ] V MV[ S[ 8 ,F VtIFRFZM SIF" K[ 4 V7FGGM4
V\WzFGM 5]Z:SFZ SIM" K[ VG[ ;tIG[ -F\SL ZFBJFGF 5|IF;M SIF" K[4
lJ7FGLVMG[ Z\HF0F K[4 ;HFVM SZL K[P
v 0FP ALP V[P 5ZLB
XF:+MGL 5|DF6E}TTFG[ 50SFZ G O[\SJM4 ,MSMGF DGDF\
H[ WFlD"S DFgITFVM 3Z 3F,L A[9L K[4 T[DG[ RF,] ZC[JF N[JL VG[ 5KL
T[DGF JT"GGL 8LSF SZJL S[ T[VM VDFGJLI VG[ VA]lJFNL K[4 TM
T[JM ;DFH;]WFZ6FGM VlEUD TS";\UT GYLP
v 0FP AFAF ;FC[A VF\A[0SZ
5ZMl-I[ VG[ ;F\H[ CJG SZJM4 kuJ[N4 ;FDJ[N VG[ IH]JN"[ 4 V[
+6[I J[NMG]\ VFRFZ 5F,G SZJ]\4 WD"GL NF\0L ;FY[ ;\gIF; SZJM VG[
,,F8 p5Z E:D ,UFJL4 VF AW]\ H[GFDF\ SD"4 A]l VG[ 5]Z]QFFY"
GYL4 V[JL jITVMGL VFlJSFG[ DF8[ AGFJJFDF\ VFjI] \ K[ P
p5ZF\T zF JUZ V[ lIF4 VY" JUZGL K[P V[G[ A|F6MV[ 5MTFGL
VFlJSFG] \ ;FWG AGFJL NLW] \ K[ P
v RFJF"S
N]lGIFG[ D}B" AGFJL XSM 56 ,F\AM ;DI GlCP 5Z\T] WD"
V[S V[J]\ 1F[+ K[ S[ H[DF\ ,MSMG[ 5[-L NZ 5[-L D}B" AGFJL XSFIP
vVA|FCD l,\SG
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
OZp gpL$p L$l R> L$ L$pmu Qp]$k_u fp kp^L$p dip_dp

S>B_ dgurhp_u kp^_p rhrh^ $` L$f[p lpe R>, A_ rks^
dmh[p lpe R>. Ap q]$hk "fi_prgV$' rdp _hkpfu, k|f[,
c$ Q , A L $ g f, hX$ p ] $ f p, dl d ]$ p hp]$ A_ A h p bu A_ L $
Npdp d p fp 12 \u 2_u hQ dip_dp Qp-`pZu-_p[p
hNf_u rdS>bp_u fpM R> A_ bu kpdpfie gpL$p_ `Z [dp
Aphhp ApdZ Ap` R>. Ap q]$hk ep L$pB [prL$ L$ kp^L$
dgurhp_u kp^_p L$fhp dpV$ Aph[p _\u. A\p[ gyQp-L$`V$ucufy - Ncfy gp L $ p A a g ph g u Ap bû L$ s `[ hp[p S> R> .
kdpS>dp \ u Aphu buL$ cNpX$ h p dpV $ f i _prgV$ rdp Aphp
L$pe$d fpM R>, A_ Ap L$pe$ddp S>_ cpN ghp lpe [ Myiu\u
X$pB iL$ R>.
AV$g L$ d|W$-QpV$, d-[, dgurhp_ L$pB kp^L$ L$
[prL$ AS>dphhu lpe, [p fi_prgV$ rdp Myiu\u [epf \B
e R>. [d_ `|f`|fu Mp[fu R> L$ Ap_p\u L$B`Z \B iL$[y _\u,
dey _u`hu iL$p[y _\u. A\u L$pBA `Z Aphp d-[, d|W$QpV$, dgurhp A_ [prL$p-AOpfuAp_p X$f fpMhp_u S>$f _\u.
149
150
14 : Ly $ X $ m u_p L$ f [| [
Ap`Zp kdpS>dp amS>epr[j_u A^p Of L$fu Negu
R>. L$pB`Z ]y$:M Aph, h`pf-^^p _p Qpg, AV$g Ap`Z dp_u
gBA R>uA L$, Ap`Zu Nl]$ip bfpbf _\u. Aph hM[ bNX$gu
N l ]$ i p_p D`pe dpV $ Ap`Z Ap`Zu S>fidLy $ X $ m uAp gB_
amS>ep r [juAp `pk `lp Q u S>BA R>uA . Ap_p gpc DW$ p hu
amS>ep r [juAp N l ]$ i p r_hpfhp_p A_ L $ ANX $ b NX $ D`pep
b[ph R> A_ b]$gpdp `kp `X$ph R>.
S> gpL$p_ S>fidLy$X$mu rhi \pX$uOZu `Z ZL$pfu li,
[Ap Z[p li L$, S>fidLyX$mudp _h Nlp Sy>]$p Sy>]$p \p_ d|L$gp
lpe R>. [\u `lgp [p "Nl' L$p_ L$lhpe, [ rhi Ap`Z rhQpf
L$fhp BA. ApL$pidp S> "S>epr[Ap' "`fL$pri[' R>, [_ Nl
(g_V$) L$lhpdp Aph R>, A_ S> "heL$pri[' R>, [_ "[pfp'
(V$pk) L$lhpdp Aph R>.
S>fidLy$X$mudp Aph[p k|e A he L$pri[ R>. AV$g [
"Nl' _rl `Z "[pfp' S> L$lhpe, Q A `hu_p "D`Nl' R>.
Aphp [p L$pB Nl_ b, L$pB_ `pQ, L$pB_ ]$k-bpf A_ [\u `Z
h^pf D`Nlp lpe R>. Apd R>[p, S>fidLy$X$mudp `hu_p D`Nl
Q AL$gp_ S> Nl [fuL$ NZ[fudp ghpdp Aph R>. fplz A_ L$[y
_pd_p [p L$ p B N l p S> b p X $ d p As[hdp _\u ! [ L $ h m
L$p`r_L$ R>.
lphp R>[p, [_u _p^dp "fplz' L$ "L$[y' _pd_p L$pB Nlp Zhphp dep _\u, S> d_ye_ S>fidLy$X$mudp h^pf _X$[p hp dm
R>, [ L$hm L$p`r_L$ R>. S>_y As[h S> _\u. [hp Ap b Nl
d_ye_ h^pfdp h^pf _X$, A [ L$hu S>fidLy$X$mu !
Apd, S>fidLyX$mudp b[phhpdp Aph[p _h Nlpdp MfMf
[p `pQ S> Nlp R>. hmu `pR>m\u eyf_k, _ey_, gyV$p (lh
gyV$p D` Nl NZpe R>) hNf bu Nlp ip^pep. [ [p `lg\u
S> bpX$dp l[p. aL$[ ip^pep dpX$p. Ap Nlp lphp R>[p [d_y
\p_ S>fidLy$X$mudp L$d _\u ?
Ap`Zu `hu `Z AL$ Nl R>, S>_u D`f Ap`Z Qphuk
L$gpL$ A_ ApMu rS>]$Nu hkuA R>uA, R>[p S>fidLy$X$mudp `hu_y
\p_ _\u. d_ye `f L$pB Nl L$iu Akf L$f[p lpe, [p [ `hu
L$fu iL$.L$fpX$p S>_ ]|$f_p S>X-r_h Afie Nlp d_ye h_ `f
L$hu fu[ Akf L$fu iL$ ?
Ap D`f\u B -kd iL$ p i L $ , N l p rhi _ u
AZkdS>hpmu S>fidLyX$mu D`f\u amS>epr[juAp amS>epr[j L$
]$ip rhi L$V$gy kpQy L$lu iL$ !
AdqfL$pA AhL$pidp R>pX$gp AhL$piep_ `pepr_ef10, bpX$dp 400 L$fpX$ dpBg D`fp[ ]|$f D`f `lpQu Ney
`|h Ap`Z Nlp_ ]$h [fuL$ dp_[p l[p. S>dL$, ir_]$h,

by^]$h, Ny]$h, dNm hNf. [Ap d_ye_p h_dp fk gB, [_y
kpfy-_fky L$fu iL$, [hy Ap`Z dp_[p. `f[y lh rhop__p kpf
A_ Qpf \[p, Nlp, [pfpAp, _np hNf MfMf iy R>, [_u W$uL$
W$uL$ ZL$pfu d_ye_ \B R>. Ap b^p cpr[L$ `]$p\p R> A_
cpr[L$ `]$p\p, L$fpX$p-Ab S>_ ]|$f\u d_yeh_ `f L$B`Z
Akf L$fu iL$ _rl.
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
151
152
Ad q fL$ _ AhL$ p iep_ `pep r _ef-10 A , [ b^p S>

Nlp_ kdph[p AL$ apV$pNpa ^f[u `f_u epNipmpdp dpL$ep
l[p. [dp ApMu `hu_y \p_, Ap`Z L$pNmdp AL$ V$pL$Zu_y
rR> L$fuA [V$gy S> b[pey l[y. [dp rldpge _ ]$Mpe, [p dpfp[dpfp S>hp d_ye [p ]$Mpe S> i_p ? Aphp Ae d_yedp ir_,
dNm L$ Ny S>hp r_h `]$p\-Nl_ ip fk L$ AdyL$ d_ye_y L$pd
Mfpb L$fu _pMhy A_ AdyL$_y L$pd kpfy L$fu ]$hy ? L$pB_p g_ \hp
]$hp, L$pB_p g_ _p \hp ]$hp ? L$pB_ L$pV$ L$kdp lfphu ]$hp, L$pB_
rS>[pX$u ]$hp ? L$pB_ `funpdp `pk L$fphu ]$hp, L$pB_ _p`pk
L$fphu ]$hp ?
Ly$X$muAp `Z L$pf L$pf_u lpe R>, S>d L$, S>fidLy$X$mu
g_Ly$X$mu, fpriLy$X$mu, QLy$X$mu, Ly$X$mu hNf. crhe hp
dpV$ dpV$p cpN "S>fidLy$X$mu' _ A_ygnu_ S> crhe hpdp Aph
R. Ly$X$mu_p bpf cpN_ $dhpf [_y, ^_, klS>, kyl[, k|[, qf`y,
ep, dey, ^d, L$d, Ape, ee _pd Ap`hpdp Apep R>.
S>fid`rL$ p , eqL$ [ _ AL$ p fZ ]y $ : Mdp _pM R> . [ _

"S>fid`rL$p' L$lhp_ b]$g "ipL$`rL$p' S> L$lhu BA, L$pfZ
L$, S>epf bpmL$_p S>fid \pe R> epf [_p dp[p-r`[p_ Ap_]$
\pe R>. `f[y [ Ap_]$ S>fid`rL$pdp b[phg Nlp_y am kpcm[p
S> EX$ u e R> A_ bpmL$ _ p cprh A N dp[p-r`[p tQ[pipLN[ b_u e R>.
AL$ eqL$[_u Ly$X$mu kp amS>epr[juAp_ Ap`p A_ [
`f\u ]$fL$ amS>epr[ju `pk\u crhe gMphu gp ; epf `R>u
hjp bp]$ Ap b^p crhe_p amp]$i_ dmhu gip-ip, [p [
]$fL$dp Sy>]y$ Sy>]y$ crhe hp dmi ! L$epe `f`f L$iy dm[y
Aphi _rl.
ApS> cpf[dp, dpV$p cpN_p rlfi]y$Ap_u S>fidLy$X$muAp li

S> ! bpmL$ S>fid L$ kp\u `lgy L$pe [_u S>fidLy$X$mu b_phfphhp_y
lpe R> A_ Ap S>fidLy$X$mu_y L$pe, S>fid\u dey è[, Arhf[
Qpg[y fl[y lpe R>.
L$V$gpL$ gpL$p_u Ly$X$mudp L$lhp[p "^_\p_' A_ "gpc\p_' dS>b| [ lp h p R>[p , [ A p dy a gukudp - Nfubudp , f[
fMX$ [ p dpg| d `X$ e p R> . q X$ e p [fuL $ S>fid g p b bpmL$ p d p
\pX$uL$ rdr_V$p_p afL$ lpe R>, `f[y S>fidLy$X$mudp Nlpdp S>fpe
afapf lp[p _\u. [d R>[p, [d_p bfl_p h_dp, L$r[dp S>du_
Apkdp__p afL$ lp e R> . A L $ gM`r[ \pe R> A_ bu
dyagukudp-Nfubudp h_ er[[ L$f R>. AL$ S> kde, AL$ S>
S>epA S>fid g eqL$ [ Ap _ u S>fidLy $ X $ m uAp kdp_ lp h p R>[p ,
[d_p _kub, cpe hNf AL$kdp_ L$d lp[p _\u ? A `Z
R> L$ S>fidLy$X$mu dp d_ye dpV$ R> L$ Afie pZuAp dpV$ `Z lpe
R> ?
d_ye_p bpmL$_p A_ OpX$u_p hR>fp_p S>fid, AL$ S>
kde, AL$ S> \m \ep lpe, [p [d_u S>fidLy$X$muAp `Z AL$
S>hu S> li ! iy b__p am `Z AL$ kdp_ S> li ?
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
N u L$ "lp f p L$ p ` ' `f\u cpf[ue "lp f pQ$ ' As[hdp

Apey R>. Ap`Z ep S>fidLy$X$mu S|>_u h[y R>. L$lhpe R> L$
fphZ_y `[_ AV$gp dpV$ \egy L$ fphZ_u Ly$X$mudp k|e kp[dp
Ofdp l[p.
153
154
fph Np ^ u_p S>fid kde ]y $ r _epdp L $ V $ g p e bpmL$ p A

S>fid gu^p li ! [d_u S>fidLy$X$muAp `Z fph Npû S>hu S>
b_u li ! `R>u [Ap b^p hX$p^p_ L$d _ b_u iL$ep ?
^dp_u [yg_pdp- kp\u h^y R>. [ S> b[ph R> L$, kam ep r_am
g_h_dp amS>ep r [j, dy l | [ , Qp O qX$ e p , S>fidLy $ X $ m u_ L$ i u
ghp-]$hp _\u.
cpf[dp A_ `f] $ i dp , Mpk L$ f u_ ded hN _ p

rlfi]y $ A p d p ey h L$ - ey h [u_p g_ L$ f [p `l g p b L$ p Nrmep
(S>fidLy$X$muAp)_ `fZphhpdp Aph R>. ey$hL$-eyh[uAp_u
S>fidLy$X$muAp dm, [p S> [d_p g_ NpW$ hpe A_ _p dm [p
g_h_ Np W $ h pe _rl, `R>u cg _ ey h L$ - ey h [u A L $ bu_
Nd[p lpe [p `Z. hmu, S>fidLy$X$muAp dm [p W$uL$, _rl[f
`|-`pW$, lpd-lh_ pfp [NX$u au gB, amSepr[juAp X$L$p
d m hu Ap`hpdp `phf^p lp e R> ! Apd R>[p , Ap ]y $ r _epdp
dpV$pcpN_p g_p S>fidLy$X$muAp dmep hNf S> \[p lpe R>. A_
[ g_p `Z kam _uhX$ep lpe R>, S>epf S>fidLy$X$muAp dmep
`R>u NpW$hpeg L$V$gpe g_p r_am Nep R>. Aphy L$d b_?
h[y [ :, rh^hp A_ kp c peh[u uAp _ u

S>fidLy$X$muAp-`rL$pAp cNu L$fu L$pB Mf rhp_ gMp[p
amSepr[ju dlpfpS>_ Ap`hpdp Aph, [p [ amSepr[ju, rh^hp
uAp _ u S>fid`rL$ p Ap \ u kp c peh[u ep rh[ `r[hpmu
uAp_u S>fid`rL$pAp L$epfe Sy>]$u [pfhu iL$i _rl.
Apeyhq]$L$ N\dp A_ "d_ydr['dp `Z Nl, _n, fpri

hNf_ dmhu g_ L$fhp_y L$epe gey _\u. AV$g S>fidLy$X$mu
dmhu_ rhhpl ep g__p r_Ze L$fhp Ahopr_L$, A^prdL$ [\p
d|MpBcfg R>. hf-L$fiep_p h__ [ AL$pfZ iL$pN[ A_
rR>flrcfl L$fu _pM R>.
amSep r [juAp `p [ p_p R>p L $ f p-R>p L $ f uAp _ p g_

S>fidLy$X$mu B_, dmhu_ L$f R>; R>[p [d_u R>pL$fuAp rh^hp L$
R>pL$fpAp rh^yf \pe R> A\hp R|>V$pR>X$p_p gafp \pe R>, k[p_
\[p _\u A_ [Ap ]y$:Mu h_ rh[ph[p lpe R>.
pQu_ L$pmdp Apepdp rhhpl ep g_ hf A_ L$fiep_p

Ny Z , L$ d , hcph, Mp_]$ p _ hN f B _ \[p l[p . epf
S>fidLy $ X $ m uAp L$ e p d m hp[u l[u ? ApS> rlfi]y r[dp
amS>ep r [j, dy l | [ , Qp O qX$ e p , fpri, S>fidLy $ X $ m u B _ rhhpl
g_ L$fhpdp Aph R>, [d R>[p rh^hp uAp_u kep Afie
hld-A^p MX$_
155
iy S>fidLy$X$muAp dmhu_ L$fhpdp Aphgp g_\u `r[`_u h_cf kyMu fl R> ? [Ap rh^yf L$ rh^hp _rl \pe, A
hp[_u Mp[fu dmu e R> ? ]$`r[ h_cf Lgl _rl L$f L$
[d_pdp L$epfe R|>V$pR>X$p _rl \pe L$ [Ap AL$dp[_p riL$pf _rl
b_ ? L$hu bl|]$u ^pfZp R>, S>fidLy$X$mu rdgphhp_u !
p.fdZgpg `pW$ L $ (hpQ`r[), A d _p `y [L$

"ke`dpZ' dp L$V$guL$ eyr_hrkV$uApA S>fidLy$X$muAp rhi_p
Aepk L$fgp, [_p DgM L$ep R>, S> _uQ dpZ R>:
rdriN_ V $ V $ _ p p a k f b_p X $ rkhfd _ 2,978
ey N gp _ u S>fidLy $ X $ m u [`pku,S> d p _ p 478 ey N gp A R| V $ p R> X $ p
hld-A^p MX$_
156
gu^ g p. `f [ y S> d _y ]$ p ` e V$ L $ e y , [ A p _ u S>fidLy $ X $ m u_p N l p

`f`f A_yL|$m S> l[p A_ S>dZ R|>V$pR>X$p gu^p [Ap_p r[L|$m
S> l[p-Ahy [d_u 100 eqL$[_u S>fidLy$X$muAp [`pk[p rk
\ey _rl. A \ u EgVy , b _ S| > \p d p A_y L | $ m -r[L| $ m
S>fidLy$X$muAphpmp eyNgp l[p.
L $ k h V$ _ qfTh ey r _hrk V $ u _p cp r [L$ i pu p a k f
S>lp _ d L $ N h A "Ad q fL$ _ d _ Ap a kpefik' N \ dp _p ^ g p
rhep[ A h p 16,634 rhop_uAp _ u [\p "l} BT l} B_
Ad q fL$ _ `p r gqV$ L $ k ' N \ dp d p _p ^ g p 6,475 Zu[p
fpS>L$pfZuAp_u S>fidLy$X$muAp QL$pku. amS>epr[juAp lf L$f R>
L$, AdyL$ [dyL$ Nlp_p cph lW$m S>fid_pf eqL$[ rhop_u b_
S>epf AdyL$Nl hpmp fpS>L$ue _[p b_; [p hmu, u `L$pf_p
S>fidpnfphpmp dpV$p gML$ b_ hNf. dL$NhA dmhgu D`f
dyS>b_u S>fidLy$X$muApdp Aphp L$pB rkp[ S>mhpegp hp dep
_rl. A\u EgVy$, AL$ fpS>L$pfZu_u S>fidLy$X$mu bu rhop_u_
bfpbf ep OZAi dm[u lpe, Ahp A_L$ ]$pMgp dmu Apep.
Zu[p MNp m ipuAp fp S >f L$hf [\p rarg`

g fl pA amS>ep r [juAp A L$ f g u 3,011 ApNpluAp _ p _d| _ p
gu^p, [p [ d p \ u ]$ k V$ L $ p S> kpQu `X $ g u rk \B, bpL$ u _u
Mp V $ u S> W$ f g u. `f [ y `p d p ` g u kpQu `X $ g u ApNpluAp _ S>
rkq Ap`hpdp Aph g u, S>epf ` g u _ h y V$ L $ p Mp V $ u _p
Dg M ky p ey q L$ [ `| h L $ V$ p mhpdp Aph g p !
amS>epr[j_p rkp[ dyS>b, dNm_p cph lW$m S>fidg

eqL$[ dlp_ epp _uhX$ A_ iy$_p cphhpmu eqL$[ kp]$ehp_
ep du NV$-A rkp[ QL$pkhp S>epS> hptiNV$_ eyr_hrkV$u_p
pakf S>k b\ [\p S>k b_V$ 1962 \u 1970 ]$frdep_
_p L $ p ]$ m dp X $ p e g p gNcN b^p S> k r _L$ p _ u S>fidLy $ X $ m uAp
dmhu_ [`pku. `f[y Adp\u Ahp L$pB rkp[ arg[ \ep _rl;
bL $ iy $ h pmp [\ d N m rkhpe_p Afie N l p _ p cphhpmp
eppAp `Z A_L$ _uL$ep.
L$ p fikpk ey r _hrk V $ u _p d_p r hop__p p a k f u,

Apf.kpBfiX$f A_ Ad_p kp\uApA AL$ epN L$ep. Ap D`fp[
[dZ S>Zpey L$, dpZk_p eqL$[h_p AdyL$ NyZp `p[p_pdp R>
S>, Ahp cd gNcN ]$fL$ eqL$[_ khhp Nd R> A\hp [p L$pB
Ahy S>Zph L$, "[y[ NyZp [dpfpdp R>' [p dpZk_ ldip kpfy
gpN R> A_ A hp[ huL$pfu ghp [_y d_ [`f b_ R>. hmu,
AdyL$ NyZgnZp [p ApR>h Ai gNcN ]$fL$ eqL$[dp lpe S>
R> ep kNp`p NV$$ R>. D]$plfZ [fuL$, L$pB eqL$[_p S>fidpnf
B_ amS>epr[ju A_ Ad L$l L$, "[d ApMpbpgp R>p,
Mfp_ Mfy L$lu S> ]$p R>p,' A\hp [p "Ofdp [d_ S>i _\u, `f[y
blpf [dpfp hMpZ \pe R>, L$ `R>u "[d Erdiug R>p, `f[y
d__p dS>b|[ R>p,' [p kbr^[ eqL$[ ep eqL$[Ap S>$f Ahu
ApNplu kp\ kd[ \hp_u, L$pfZ L$ dpZk_ Ad lphy-L$fhy NdA d_phopr_L$ ke R>. amS>epr[ju ApNpluAp blz^p Aphp
Ny Z gnZp _ p Dèp N L$ f R> . h^y d p , A h u ApNpluAp hmu
Bfp]$pkf S> OZu Ar_r[, A^f[pg [\p NpmNpm i]$pdp
L$fhpdp Aph R>; S>\u kbr^[ Akug Adp\u `p[p_ d_Nd[p
A_yL|$m A\ [pfhu g R>.
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
157
158
bNgpf\u rk \[p AV$pgprS>L$g dNrT>__p [u X$p.

bu.hu.fdZ_p `y[L$dp\u, Alv [_p \pX$p Ah[fZp V$pL$ep R>,
[ \ u amS>ep r [j rhp_u dpfie[pAp L $ V $ g u lpep`]$ R> , [
Ap`Z_ Zhp dm R>.
(1) "Ny, dNm, A_ k|e `yfyj R>, iy$, fplz A_ Q u
r[_p A_ ir_, by^ A_ L$[y _`ykL$ R>' !
(2) "iy$ A_ Ny bpZ R>, k|e nre R>, Q he A\hp
h`pfu R>, by^ i| A\hp MX|[ R> A_ ir_ AeS> A\hp
Aè R>' !
(3) "iy $ _ p cph\u Ar[ie [fk, Ar[ie Aplpf, Qp ] $ u
(rkqaguk), dl (Np_fuep) S>hp [ue fpNp\u
dey \hp_p kL$[ fl R>' !
(4) " Q kp[dp \p_dp lpe, [p [ dpZk_u lgL$u q[_u
_pL$fpZu kp\ ie_ L$fhp_u kcph_p fl R>' !
(5) " by^ kp[dp \p_dp lpe A_ iyc cph `pX$, [p
Ly$hpfu L$fiepAp kp\ ie__u kcph_p fl' !
(6) "_hp ip^pegp L$lhp[p Nlp eyf_k, _èy_ A_ gyV$p_p
cph_ cpf[ue S>epr[jip dpfie _\u L$f[y'!
D`f_p Ah[fZp i] $ i ]$ X$ p . fdZ_p `y [L$ d p \ u
i]$i: _pep R>. Ah[fZp_ A[ AperQp gML$ Ddep R>.
Aphp [L $ l u_, b l } ] $ p , Ah o pr_L$ d [ ep \ u ApMy
amS>ep r [jip cey R> . N l p `y f y j , u L $ e Y $ m A\hp [
hld-A^p MX$_
159
bpZ, nre L$ i| R>, [ pQu_ amS>epr[juApA L$hu fu[

_L$L$u L$ey li, [ [Ap Z. kdpS>dp [p hZc]$ Ecp L$ep `Z
ApL$piu Nlp_ `Z [dZ [\u hrQ[ _ fpep !
amS>epr[j\u crhe Zu iL$p[y lpe, [p [ MfMf
Ap amS>epr[j rhp d_ye r[ dpV$ Apiuhp]$ b_u fl[. Ly$]$f[u
lp _ pf[p , lepAp , AL$ dp[p hN f \ u \[p r_]$ p j p _ p d ey
AV$L$phu iL$p[.
amS>epr[juAp S>Zph R> L$ "k|e-Q_p NyfyhpL$jZ_u
Akf dp_h]$l `f \pe R>,' [ AL$ cd R>. NyfyhpL$jZ_u L$]$pQ
Akf \[u lpe, [p `Z _rlh[ S> lpe. `f[y NyfyhpL$jZ g_,
g Z p] $ Z u, ` d L$ f Z, \phf-S> N d rdgL$ [ , gp V $ f u,
L$pV$L$Qfu_p TOX$p S>hp dp_hkrS>[ ehlpf `f Akf `pX$u S>
L$hu fu[ iL$ ?
Ly $ X $ m uAp D`f Ecp L$ f g p dl g S| > W$ _ p `pep D`f
Ecgp R>, S> h__p L$pB`Z [bL$L$ cpecNp \B S>hp_p R>.
[ kde `pp` L$fhp\u L$B`Z lp\dp Aphi _rl. [\u kp
L$pBA rhQpfhy BA L$, Ap`Z `p[ [p LyX$mu_p Q$fdp _\u
`X$ep _ ? [dp `X$uiy, [p Apdrhpk MpB_, `qX$[p_p
blL$phpdp cshe_u S|>W$u L$`_pApdp X|$bu_, h[dp_ bNpX$u
b k uiy . A V $ g Ly $ X $ m u_p L$ $ L $ f A_ lpr_L$ p fL$ A h p Q$ f \u
bQu_ Qpghy [\p hhy, A byqdp_ dp_hu_p Mfp "^d' R>.
[dp akphy AV$g Zu B_ ]y$:M _p[fhy A\hp L$dp[ dfhy.
Ap`Z [\u bQ[p flhy BA.
hld-A^p MX$_
160
ApS>L$ p g [p Npd Npd amS>ep r [juAp S>fidLy $ X $ m u

b_ph_pfpAp hNf_p Lu$qX$epfp Ecfpep R>. fpri, Nlp, _np,
fplz - L $ [ y , ir_, d N m, dlp]$ i p, Np Q f hN f _ u Qpg `f\u
S>fidL$Ly$X$muAp b_phu,[Ap gpL$p_ cecu[ L$fu, iL$p-Ly$iL$pdp
_pMu, W$N R>; Apr\L$, dp_rkL$, ipfuqfL$ fu[ [d_ Myhpf L$f R>.
]$i_u [Ap ]y$Nr[ L$fu fp R>. cpf[_u bfbp]$u_y AL$ kp\u dpVy$
L$pfZ R>- gpL$p pf^hp]$u R> A_ [d_ amS>epr[jdp Ap^mu
p R>.
pQu_ cpf[ue amSepr[jdp eyf_k, _èy_, gyV$p_
\p_ _\u. l `Z OZp cpf[ue amSepr[juAp [d_ dpfie[p
Ap`[p _\u, S>epf `rd_p amSepr[jdp [d_ \p_ R>. bu
[fa cpf[ue amSepr[jdp fplz-L$[y S>hp L$s`[ Nlp R>, S>_
`rd_p amSep r [j ipuAp dpfie[p Ap`[p _\u. _hp
ip^pegp Nlp_ dpfie[p _ Ap`hu A_ fplz-L$[y S>hp L$s`[
Nlp_ amSepr[jdp \p_ Ap`hp D`fp[ amSepr[jdp bu
L$V$guL$ dpfie[pAp hopr_L$ ke\u hNmu R>.
15 : fpqi, ir_, d N m : amSep r [ju ^t[N

fpri
`hu `f hk[p d_ye_ KQ ApL$pidp k|e, Q, Nlp,
_np hN f af[p ] $ M pe R> . Ap N l p S> dpN af R> , [ dpN
h[ympL$pf (NpmpL$pf)dp ]$Mpe R>. Ap h[ympL$pf dpN A_ [_p
rh[pf_ rhN[ Zhp dpV$ [_ bpf cpNdp rhcL$[ L$fhpdp
Apep R>. [_p ]$fL$ cpN_ Sy>]y$ Sy>]y$ _pd Ap`hpdp Apey R>, [_
"fpqi' L$lhpdp Aph R>. Aphu bpf fpriAp_p _pd R> : dj,
hjc, rd\y_, L$L$, tkl, L$fiep, [ygp, hrL$,^_y, dL$f, Ly$c A_
du_. h[ym_p 360 Ai \pe, [\u bpf fpridp\u eL$ fpqi
30 Ai_u \pe.
k|e, Q A_ bu Nlp_p cdZ h[ymdp bpf _rl `Z
[f fpri R>, `Z amS>epr[ju rhpA aL$[ bpf _n `f\u bpf
fpriAp (Zodiac)_p _pd `pX$ep R>, L$pfZ L$ hfk_p bpf
dpk lpe R>, AV$g [fdy _n [d_p dpV$ _L$pdy R>.
O/IMlTQF sPseudo Science-:I]0M ;FIg;fG[ S[ Quasi

SciencevJFl; ;FIg;G[ VW"NuW lJ7FGGM NZHM VF5JF DF8[
lJ7FGLVM 5ZF6[ 56 T{IFZ YTF GYLP DFGJLG[ DGUDTL JFT ;FRL
DFGJFGL VG[ T[GM DGMDG VFG\N DF6JFGL 8[J CMI K[P DFGJLGF
DGGL VF GA/F.GM ,FE ,.G[ SC[JFTF O/IMlTQFGF SC[JFTF
lGQ6FTMV[ 36] \ AW] \ RZL BFW] \ K[ P
v EZFH lJHI
lL$ u L$ [ dp L $ V $ g pL$ [pfpAp _ p T| d Mp gp b p rh[pfdp

`\fpeg lpe R>, [\u 30 Apk_u AL$ fpridp kdp[p _\u `Z
`X$piu fpridp [_y dp\y L$ `|R>X$u lpe R>. `Z amS>epr[j rhpdp
[p AL$ fpri_p L$V$gpL$ [pfpAp bu fpridp lphp R>[p [d_p
cph_u bu fpridp AhNZ_p L$f R>.
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
161
[pfpAp_p T|dMp hQ L$s`[ fMpAp ]$pfu, tkl, hjc

(bm]$), L$fiep hNf L$s`[ _pdp Ap`hpdp L$B bp^p S>hy _\u.
MNp m ip [ _ p Dèp N aL$ [ ApL$ p iu `]$ p \p _ y \p_ _L$ L $ u
L$fhpdp `Z [ S> _pdp A`_ph R>. `ffi[y amSepr[j rhpA [p
162
`hu `f_p S>X$-Q[_ `]$p\p_p NyZ^d, hcph, h[Z|L$_ Ap

fpriAp_p iyc-Aiyc cph kp\ kpL$mu gu^p R>.
5rd_p ]$ipdp "fpriQ$' NpmpL$pfdp lpe R>, S>d
p A]$f_y Q$
`hu A_ blpf_y Q$ bp ApL$pi NZpe R>. Ap ]$fL $ fpri d_ye_ Sy>]$y
Sy>]$y am Ap` R>, [d amS>epr[juApA [d_p `y[Lpdp gMu _pey R>.
`f[y Ap fpriAp AhL$piu NpmpL$pf ep h[ym_p cpN S> R>. [d_
d_yekdpS>_p _kub ep h_-dfZ kp\ S>fpe kb^ _\u.
[hy S> Nlp_p cph_u dpfie[p dpV$ R>. dNm_p Nl `hu

`f\u gpg fN_p ]$Mpe R>, [\u [ $pr^[ hcph_p A_ Aiyc
cph `pX$[p Nl d_pe R>. Ap Nl_p cph lW$m S>fidg eqL$[
gX$peL$ rdS>_u b_, fd[huf b_.
`hu `f\u iy$_p Nl ky]$f ]$Mpe R>, [_ kp]$e A_
d_u ]$hu_y _pd "rh_k' Ap`hpdp Apey R>. AhL$pidp
L$epe _fL$$ lpe, [p [ iy$_p Nl R>. kp]$e A_ d_u ]$hu_y \p_
_fL$$dp _ lpe, [ amS>epr[juAp_ L$pZ kdh ?
dpZk_p S>fidkde_u fpri_p rlkpb [_y cprh _L$L$u L$fu

Ap`hpdp Aph R>. S>fid kde L$ep Nl L$B fpridp R>, [ B_
eqL$ [ `f \[u kpfu-dpW$ u Akfp _ p rhQpf L$ f hpdp Aph R> .
AdyL$ fpri `f AdyL$ QpL$L$k Nl_u Akf lpe R> (]$p.[. by^,
hpZu A_ gMpZ D`f Akf Lf R>; [p iy$, cph_p `f; Q,
gpNZu `f; [p d N m, L$ p e - h r A_ d_p b m `f.) Ap
Akfp_y dpZ A_ [_u iqL$[_p Ap^pf S>fid hM[ Nlp_u s\r[
iu l[u, [_p `f [d S> Nlp_u eyr[ A_ Nlp_p kb^ `f lphp_y
b[phpe R>. `f[y [_u L$pB Akf AN_u L$iu S> hopr_L$ kprb[u
dm[u _\u. AdyL$ Nl AdyL$ fpridp DQ_p A_ AdyL$ fpridp
_uQ_p b_ R>, [ l kyû Ap amS>epr[juAp [L$pfp ep epN
pfp, hopr_L$ fu[ `yfhpf L$fu iL$[p _\u.
fpqicrhe_ A_ygpu_ h_ hhy, A M|b S> cpdL$ A_

Op[L$ dpfie[p R> . kpdreL$ p _ p ep`pfu r$ ^fph[p [ uAp
amS>epr[juAp `pk ApMp hj_y fprihpf crhe gMphu g R>;
A_ `R>u Sy > ] $ Sy > ] $ q]$ h k [ d p A]$ g pb]$ g u L$ f u, D`g^
fpricrhe_ hpfhpf R>p`[p lpe R>. b^p AMbpfp A_
kpdreL$p_p fpriL$\_ cNp L$fu, [d_p Aepk L$fhpdp Aph, [p
[d_ AL$_y AL$ S> fpriL$\_ A_L$ q]$hkpA R>`pegy hp dmi.
crheL$\_dp_u gpL$p_u A^^p_p Nfgpc gB, AMbpfp A_
kpdreL$p_p [u/k`p]$L$ `p[p_p kpdreL$p_p agphp h^pfhp dpV$
S> h lpe R>. dpOpdp dpOp kpdreL$p `Z aL$[ fpricrhe hp
dpV$ S> gpL$p Mfu]$[p lpe R>. Ahp gpL$p_ A kpdreL$_p kpfp gMp
hpQhpdp fk _\u lp[p.
tkl fpridp S>fidg eqL$[ tld[hp_ b_, hjc fpri_p

cphhpmu eqL$ [ bmhp_ b_ , L$ fi ep fprihpmu eqL$ [ _d
hcph_u L$ dpm b_ hNf. `hu `f_p n| S>X$-Q[_ `]$p\p
A_ ApL$ p i_p rhfpV$ ] $ i p hQ hcph, h[ Z | L $ _ u Aphp
kb^p_u L$`_p L$V$gu lpep`]$ gpN R>?
AL$ q]$hk_p fpriL$\_dp amS>epr[juA S>Zpey lpe L$,

"[d_ pdp kyM fli.' `f[y pdp `N cpNu e, [p
amS>epr[ju Ahp Mygpkp L$fi L$, ""i|mu_p Op kpe kep R>. [dpfy
[p dp[ \p[; `f[y `N S> cpep A_ [d bQu Nep. AV$g kyM S>
NZpe _ ?'' Apd, amS>epr[ju rka[`|hL$ R>V$L$u S>[p lpe R>.
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
163
164
MfMf [p `lgp kde S>php dpV$ OqX$epmp _ l[p, [

hM[ MNp m ipuAp A b p X $ _ bpf cpNdp hl Q u _pMu,
_L$ip b_phgp. [_p D`f\u ApL$pi]$i_ pfp, kde hpdp
Aph[p [ d S> F>[y A p _ p a f apf A N epg d m hp[p . `f [ y
amS>epr[juApA [_ _kub kp\ X$u ]$u^y A_ fpricrheL$\_
L$lhp_y i$ L$fu ]$u^y. `f[y Ap bpb[ kph MpV$u-r_fp^pf R>.
fpri dpZ S> h_dp b_[y lpe, [p AL$ S> fpridp S>fidgp
bpmL$p_p h_ rcfl L$d lpe R> ?
ir_ N l _u `_p [ u
` hu `f d_y ep _ u h[u A ] $ p S > R> AbS>_u R> A_

fpriAp aL$[ bpf S> R>! Ap h[y_ A_ygnu_ ]$fL$ fpridp `0
L$fpX$ d_yep_p crhe_p kdphi \B e ! Ap r$A [p 50
L$fpX$ d_ye_p NyZ, L$d, hcph, crhe AL$ S> L$pf_p lphp
BA. `Z MfMf Aphy lp[y _\u.
`f[y bpfd ir_ lpe, [p [ dpV$u `_p[u L$lhpe R>."kpX$p kp[_u' `_p[u bW$u L$lhpe R> ! AY$$u AY$u hfk_u Z:
dp\, R>p[uA A_ `N, Ad Z [bL$L$ A_y$d [ bk R>. hmu,
[ gpY$p_ `pe bW$u R> L$ [pbp_ ep kp_p_ `pe bW$u R> L$ $`p_, [
hX$phu, [_u Aiyc Akf V$pmhp_p, A_ [d _ b_ [p lmhu
L$fhp_p, D`pe amSepr[juAp kb^L$[p eqL$[_ b[ph R>.
AL$ S> dp[p_p b qX$ep bpmL$pdp `Z b^y kdp_ hp

dm[y _\u. fpri `f\u bpmL$_y _pd `pX$hpdp Aph R> A_ `lgp
Anf A_ykpf fpri NZhpdp Aph R>. amS>epr[j A_ykpf, AL$
S> fpri_p b dpZkp_p h_/cpe AL$ kdp_ lphp BA;
`f[y Ahy lp[y _\u. S>d L$, "fpd-fphZ', "L$Z-L$k', "cudcud', "ASy>_-A\pdp', dpl_]$pk Npû (dlpdp Npû)
-dld]$Agu TuZp' _u fpriAp AL$ S> l[u; `f[y [d_p h_
A_ L$pe hQ S>du_-Apkdp_ S>hp afL$ hp dm R>, h[y[:
[d_p h_ `f`f rhfy l[p.
amS>epr[j dpZ eqL$[_p S>fid_u fpri_p rlkpb Qp\

L$ ApW$d ir_ lpe, [p [_ dp\ ir__u `p_p[u bW$u R>, Ad
L$lhpe R>. Aphu `_p[u "_p_u' L$lhpe R>. [_ klgpB\u ]|$f L$fu
iL$pe R>. ir_hpf D`hpk L$ AL$V$p L$fhp\u, ir__p \pX$p `
L$ f hp-L$ f phhp\u, ir__u Aphu "_p_u `_p [ u' _y Ar_$ V$ p mu
iL$pe R>.
bys`|hL$ rhQpf[p `$ kde R> L$, fpri A_ fpriam

k`|Z L$s`[ R>. [dp S>fpe ke _\u. L$hm pQu_ $qY$_ hih[w
L $ h m A ^ p\u S>, d_y ekdpS> amS>ep r [j_p lpr_L$ p fL$
rhjQ$dp AV$hpB fp R>.
ir_ fuT [p `_p [ u_u ùX$ p \u bQu S>hpe R> ; dpV $

ir_hpf gpO_ L$fu ir__u `| L$fhu, l_ydp__u `| L$fhu A_
bpZp_ cpS>_ [\p ]$p_ Apù, `ye_p kQe L$fhp, Ahp dpN
amS>epr[juAp b[ph R>, [Ap Ahu buL$ b[ph R> L$ ir__u
D`np L$fip, [p ]y$:Mu ]y$:Mu \B S>ip ! hp\w amSepr[juApA
Ecu L$fgu Nl_u _X$[f_u Ap S|>W$u ceL$f dpepmdp Ap`Zp
A^pmy, cufy gpL$p lfp hjp\u AV$hp[p fp R>, A ]y$:M_u
hp[ R>.
amS>epr[juAp_u dpfie[p A_ykpf ir__p Nl cpf ]yV$
NZpe R>. L$pZ Z L$d, dp_h_y Ar_$ L$fhdp [_ d `X$ R> !
`Z `|S>_ Apq]$\u, [_ kfl L$fhpdp Aph, A_ ]$p_ hNf iyc
L$pep\u `ye_p kQe L$fhpdp Aph, [p [_u Aiyc L$fhp_u hr
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
165
166
ApR>u \B e R> ! A\p[ ir_ S>hp ir_ `Z Myipd[_ hih[w

kdp OVpX$p L$f R> ! S>X$, r_h D`fp[ `hu\u Ab dpBg
]|$f flgp ir__p Nl d_ye_ iu fu[ _X$u iL$ ? MfMf [p [ ky]$f
Nl R>.`f[y Aby^ gpL$p [ AN L$iy rhQpf[p _\u.
AL$ kS>S>_ iyc dyl|[dp h`pf i$ L$ep. h`pf kpfu fu[
Qpg[p l[p. `f[y AL$ hj `Z _ rhey L$ ]y$L$p_dp ApN gpNu NB
A_ b^y S> ApNdp fpM \B Ney.
S>epf Ap kSS>_ `qX$[_ Ap _yL$kp__u ZL$pfu Apù
[p `qX$[A h`pfu_ Ly$X$mu afu\u TuZhV$cfu fu[ B b[pey
L$, [_p `f ir__p L$p` Qpgu fp R>. A_ Ap kpX$p kp[ hj kyû
Qpgi. Ap ]$frdep_ [ kp_y, gpMX$, [g, ck hNf_y bpZ_
]$p_ L$f, [p ir__p L$p` ApR>p \B iL$ R>.
Ap kS>S>_ bQgy \pX$y ^_ `Z ]$p_ L$fu ]$u^y A_ rbgLy$g
r_^_ \B Nep. Aepf [ R> hj hu[u S>hp_u [unp L$fu fp R>.
Apd ir__u kpX$p kp[_u `_p[u bW$u R>, Ad L$lu_,
amS>epr[juAp OZp gpL$p_ Ncfph R> A_ ]$p_, rhr^_p Q$fdp
_pMu r_^_ A_ bfbp]$ L$f R>. `f[y ir__u `_p[u_p kde
]$fep_ `Z L$V$gpL$ gpL$p ]y:Mu \[p lpe, [p OZp gpL$p kyMkdqdp dlpg[p `Z lpe R>. [ fu[, S>d_u Aphu L$iu `_p[u
b W $ u _ lp e , [ h p OZp gp L $ p `p [ p_u d| M [ p\u ep rhjd
`qfs\r[dp `pedpg \B e R>. AV$g L$, eqL$[_u QX$[u`X$[u ep [_p kyM-]y$:M_ ir__u kpX$p kp[_u `_p[u kp\ L$ip S>
k b ^ _\u. ir__u kpX$ p kp[_u `_p [ u b W $ g NZp[u A_ L $
eqL$ [ Ap - amS>ep r [juAp A [ d _y ]y $ : M]$ cprh cpey lp h p
hld-A^p MX$_
167
R>[p-Ap kde ]$frdep_ kyM-Dgpkdp S> flgu `Z hp dmu

R> . [ \ u ir__p L $ [ _ u `_p [ u_p _X$ [ f_u hp[p S| > W$ p
amS>epr[juAp_p N`Npmp rkhpe buSy> L$iy _\u. bpL$u `p[p_u
Apk`pk Tmlm[p A_L$ hgep (h[ymp) ^fph[p ir__p Nl
OZp ky]$f ]$Mpe R>.
MNp m ipue Aop_[p_ gu^ , ir__u Ap L$ l h p[u
dlp]$ipdp gpL$p akpe R>, A_ amS>epr[juAp `p[p_p hp\
L$pS>, [_p Nfgpc DW$ph R>- gpL$p_ W$N R>. A fu[ [p gpN R> L$
Ap amSepr[juAp `p[ S> MfMf lpr_L$pfL$ "ir_' R>, S> gpL$p_y
k[[ Ar_$ L$ep S> L$f R>.
d N m : ey h L$ - ey h [uAp _ p ]y $ d_
ir__u S> d d N m_p _X$ [ f_u hp[p `Z amS>ep r [juAp
L$ f [p lp e R> . d N m_p L$ p ` A N _ u dpfie[p OZu Qrg[ R> .
Mpk L$ f u_ ey h L$ - ey h [u_p g_ kde d N m_y dlh M| b S>
fl R> . S>fidLy $ X$mudp dp V $pdp dp V $y _X$[f d N mN l _
b[phhpdp Aph R> .
S>fidLy$X$mudp dNm Nl L$V$gpe rlfi]y$ ey$hL$-eyh[uAp_p
g_ AVL$phu ]$u^p R>. A_ dpV$u Jdf kyû [d_ A`qfrZ[ fpep
R>. Jdf hu[u S>[p hgZ, fk, d, gNph, L$`_p hNf, [d_u
Jdf kp\ kp\ S>[p lpe R>. dpV$u Jdf Ap b^pdp OZp afL$ `X$u
e R>. kdekf_u Jdfdp g_ _ \[p A_L$ eyhL$-eyh[u dp_rkL$
fpN_p cpN b_[p lpe R>. A_ A b^p_p L$[p l[p `hu\u Ab
dpBg ]|f flgp dNm lpe R> !
hld-A^p MX$_
168
kL$[ cpjp dpZ "dNm' i]$_p A\ "iyc L$[p' \pe R>.

Aphp iycL$[p Nl L$pB _y AdNm L$ Mfpb L$f S> _rl. Apd, L$kqfep
$`pmp dNm A iyc S> lpe A_ [ L$pB _y Mfpb L$f[p lpe, [p [_
"dNm Nl' _ L$l[ p "AdNm Nl' S> L$lh p `X$. dNmhpmu Ly$X$mu Mfpb
A_ A hNf_u kpfu, Ahu dpfie[p dpV$ L$ip Ap^pf _\u. dNm Nl_
amS>epr[juApA AL$pfZ S> |$f A_ gX$peL$ Nep R>.
dNm AN_ u rQ rhrQ dpfie[pAp dhu Nfub gpL$pd

p
cpe S> hp dm R>. `f[y kp^_k`fl gpL$pd
p [ AN OZu p ]$Mpe
R>. Ap\u Ahp r_L$j _uLm R> L$ dNm_u dpfie[p A bW$pMpD gpL$p
dpV$_y kq]$^ d_pfS >_ R>.
amS>epr[juAp_u Ap dNm_u X$fphZu-`S>hZu_ L$pfZ OZp

dp[p-r`[p k]$ p e tQ[p-cedp aaX$ [ p fl R> . `f [ y [ d p W$ N
amS>epr[juAp S>V $gp S>hpb]$pf R>, [V$gp S> hf-L$fiep_p A^pmy
dp[p-r`[p `Z S>hpb]$pf R>. ApS>_p hopr_L$ eyNdp [Ap
amS>epr[j_p ^t[Ndp X|$bgp fl[p lpe, [p [d_ amS>epr[juAp
W$Nhp_p S> A_ [d_p k[p_p_ ]y$:Mu L$fhp_p S>. [dZ kdS>hy BA L$,
]y$r_epdp tl]y$Ap L$f[p r[u-dykgdp_p_u h[u R>-kp[ NZu h^pf
R>. [Ap [d_p k[p_p_p g__u bpb[dp L$epfe "dNm' _ hQdp
gph[p _\u. [d R>[p, [d_p g_p kam \pe R>; S>epf "dNm' AN
A_L$ L$pf_u kphQ[u fpep `R>u `Z OZp rlfi]y$-g_p r_am e R>.
Ap h[y b[ph R> L$, u-`yfyj_p kam g_h_ dpV$ "dNm'
S>hpb]$pf _\u.
dNm L$ ir_ _X$[f L$f, Ahy amS>epr[juAp [d_y `V$

cfhp_u [fL$ub$` L$l[p-b[ph[p lpe R>. dNm, ir_ L$ Nyfy$ _X$[p
lpe, [p [ eqL$[ amS>epr[ju_u kgpl-k|Q_p A_ykpf dNm, ir_ L$
Nyfy$_u huV$u `lfu, dNm, ir_ L$ Nyhpf D`hpk [\p AL$V$p S>du,
bpZ_ ]p$_-]$rnZp Apù, ep dNm, ir_ L$ Ny _u ipr[ A\
amS>epr[ju `pk ` S>`phu, Ap Nlp_u Aiyc Akf _pb|]$ L$fu L$
L$fphu iL$ R> ! ]fL$ _X$[f ]|$f L$fhp_p ^prdL$ D`pedp bpZ_
S>dpX$hp, [d_ ]$p_-]$rnZp Ap`hp Ahy AQ|L$ ]$iphpe R>, [ bpb[
Mpk ep_`p R>! Ap Nlp iy bpZp_p Nygpd R> ? `hu `f
L$fp[u Aphu [yR> hr pfp L$fpX$p-Ab dpBg ]|$f Aphgp dNm,
ir_ ep Ny_p L$p` d]$ ep b^ L$fu iL$pe, A hp[ L$hu bl}]$u R> ! `f[y
Aphu bl}]$u hp[p_ `Z Ap`Zp A^pmy gpL$p ke kd
huL$pf[p lpe R>.
Ap dNm_p A_yk^ p_dp A_L$ p kep rh_p fl[p _\u. iy

dykgdp_ L$ r[u L$fiep_p g_ Ly$X$mu B_ L$fhpdp Aph R> ? `pfku L$
el}]$u L$pd
dp g_ dNm_ Ap^pf ghpe R> ? a}V$`p\> A_ T|`X$uApdp
hk[p gpMp Nfub gpL$p_ u hQ dNm ApX$p Aph R> Mfp? S>fidLyX $mu
B_ friepdp, AdqfL$pdp g_ \pe R> ? S>fidLy$X$mu B_ g_
L$f_pf_ ep L$gl \[p lpe R>; ApÒp[ L$ R|>V$p R>X$p kyû `Z hp[
`lpQ[u lpe R>; [p `R>u Ap_ dNm r[_u iy A^p S> _ L$lh pe ?
Aphu A^p_y A_yL$fZ hX$ugp L$f A_ [_p cpN b_ Nfub Npe S>h u
]u$L$fuAp ! Ap [ L$hp fiepe ? Ap [ L$hu kdpS>eh\p ?
d_ye kdS>hy BA L$ dNm, ir_ ep Ny fpriQ$_p L$pB `Z

Mp_pdp lpe, [ d_ye_p h_ A_ cpe `f L$iu S> Akf L$f[p _\u.
[d_p\u L$pB _y L$iy S> iyc L$ Aiyc \[y _\u. Ap [p amS>epr[juApA
`p[p_p ^^p ^d^pL$pf Qpg[p fl, [ dpV$ Ecy L$fg
y Nl-_X$[f_y [|[ R>.
gpL$p S>epf Ap h[y kdS>i, epf Ap W$Npfp amS>epr[juAp_p ^^p
Ap`dm Qp`V$-b^ \B S>i. `f[y [ dpV$ gpL$pA krhij Nr[
]$pMhhu `X$i; [dZ bpqL$-hopr_L$ r$L$pZ A`_phu, $[]_ykpf
hr-hr ^pfZ L$fhu `X$i.
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
169
170
[L $ i y fu[ rhQpfuA , [p S>fidLy $ X $ m udp dp__pfp A_

S>fidLy$X$muAp dmhX$phu g_ L$fph_pfp dp[p-r`[p L$ hX$ugp
he dNm, ir_ L$ Ny Nlp R>, L$pfZ L$ [Ap S>fidLy$X$muApdp
p ^fph[p lphp_ L$pfZ [d_p, k[p_p Ahp eyhL$-eyh[uAp_p
g_ kdekf NpW$h[p _\u A_ k[p_p_u Jdf hû e R>. Jdf
h^hp_ L$pfZ eyhL$-eyh[uAp_p ]$Mph, ifuf_p bp^p hNfdp
Jdf h[pe A_ [\u [_p g_ S>g]$u NpW$hp[p _\u. dpX$p g_
\[p eyhp_udp h_dp S> fk lpe, [ S>[p fl A_ `R>u r_kpkp
_pMhp_p fl R>.
Ap\u S>fidLy $ X $ m u_u `mp S >Zdp `X$ e p rkhpe ey h L$ eyh[u b_ S>Z AL$bu_ bû fu[ A_yL|$m lpe, [p [d_p
g_ L$fu ]$hp BA. [d_u S>fidLy$X$muAp dmhhp dpV$ _L$pdu
L$pqii L$fhu BA _rl. hf-h^| hQ L$iy dmhhy lpe, [p
[d_p "gX$ N|`' dmhhp BA, S>\u dpV$u Jdf, dp]$Nudp
gplu_u S>$f `X$[p S> [ lp\hNy dmu fl.
g__u kam[p dpV$ hf-L$fiep_u Ly$X$muAp Sphp L$f[p,
cprh kpky-_Z]$_u "Ly$X$muAp'-[d_p rinZ, kL$pf, hcph,
ehlpf hNf-[fa r$ _pMhu BA, L$pfZ L$ g_ \ep `R>u,
_hy V$L$p qL$kpdp hlz-kpky-_Z]$ hQ dm fl[p _\u. bpL$u, A
hR>p`|hL$ `f`f_p d_ hih[w S> u-`yj_p g_ \ep
lpe R>, [Ap Aph_ kyMdp h R>. kyMu g_h_ dpV$ u`yj_u hQ d, kdcph, kdS>Z, hp`Z, bp^-R>pX$ hNf_u
S>$f R>, S>fidLy$X$muAp_u _rl.
Ly$X$muAp_p l[n` A_ pk g_p `|f[p S> kurd[ _\u,
[ [p eqL$[_ Aph_ k[p`[p fl R>.
hld-A^p MX$_
171
ljg _pd_p AL$ eyhp__y AL$ dpV$f AL$d[dp `N_y lpX$Ly$

cpNu Ney. OfhpmpA [yf[ S> [_u `_u_u Ly$X$mu_u [`pk i$
L$ f phu ]$ u û. [ d p \ u A h y ip ^ u L$ p Y$ h pdp Apey L $ , [ _ u `_u
dNmhpmu R>. [_p cpf Nlp_ L$pfZ S> `r[ ljg `f Ap`r
Aphu `X$u l[u. `qfZpd, [_u `_u_ Ly$r`[ Nlp_u ipq[ dpV$
A_ L rh^ D`hpk L$ f phhpdp Apep; A_ [ d p \ u Aph g u
AiqL$[_ L$pfZ [ dp]$u `X$u NB. Ly$Vy$b_u dpV$pcpN_u eqL$[Ap
Nlipr[ dpV$ amS>epr[juAp_ Of QL$L$f gNph[u flu. `qfZpd,
ljg_u epe kpf kcpm _ \B iL$u, A_ [_ "kV$uL$' \B Ney.
R>hV$ [_p `N L$`phhp `X$ep, _lv[p _ Mddp Aphu `X$[.
N l _X$ [ f_u Aphu b l } ] $ u [ d S> Op[L$ dpfie[p\u S> ]| $ f fl h y
BA.
Apd, L$lhp[p amS>epr[juAp A_ `qX$[p_p blL$phpdp
Aphu S>B_, Ly$X$mu dmhu_ rhhpl L$fphp L$ bu L$pe L$fhp, A
L$ l h p[p b_phV$ u h _u `pk ]$ e _y Ap ` f i _ L$ f phhp S> h u
MdL$pfL$ A_ Op[L hr$ R>.
dy l | [
dyl}[ rhi gpL$pdp OZu S> A^p h[ R>. X$Ng _ `Ng,
b^p S> L$pdp dyl}[ hX$phu_ S> L$fhpdp Aph R>. Apd R>[p, [_p
`qfZpdp [p dpg|d `X$i L$, Ap dyl}[p kpQp _\u lp[p.
fpd A_ ku[p_p g_ dyl}[ B_ S> L$fhpdp Apep l[p,
R>[p [ d _u iu ]$ i p \B, [ Ap`Z ZuA R>uA , fpd_p
fpS>eprcjL$ dyl}[ B_ S> NpW$hpep l[p A_ Ahy dyl}[ lf hj
hld-A^p MX$_
172
AL$p]$ q]$hk S> Aph, [\u ]|$f_p ]$idp Neg cf[ A_ iy__
`Z Aepep bpgphu iL$pe [d _ l[y. Ap dyl|[ ipû L$pY$_pf
Mf rhp_ F>rj-dyr_Ap l[p; R>[p, fpd fp _ b_u iL$ep
A_ h_hpku b_u Nep [\p A`pf kL$V$p_p cpN bfiep.
Aphp rhp_, Aepku, [ù F>rj-dyr_Ap_p L$pY$gp
dy l } [ `Z kpQp _ `X$ [ p lp e , [p b - Qpf k q ]$ ^ L$ p f_u
Qp ` X$ u Ap hp Q u_ , b_u b W $ g p g c pNy , f -` a} V $ ` pr\ep
amS>epr[juAp kpQy dyl|[ ep crheL$\_ L$hu fu[ L$fu iL$ ?
l[f M pAp
l[fMpAp `f\u crheL$\_ \B iL$, [hu dpfie[p `Z
AL$ A^dpfie[p S> R>. S>_ lp\\u h[y `L$X$hp_u lpe R>, [ b^p
d_ye L$ pZuAp_ lp\dp fMpAp lpe R>. `nuAp_ `Z `dp
_p_p _p_p L$p`p lpe R>. l\mu L$X$L$ L$ guku lpe, [p h[y
`L$X$u iL$pe _rl. A_ ApNmp hNf hm _rl. lp\_u fMpAp,
lp\dp h[y_ bfpbf `L$X$hp dpV$_p S>$fu hmpL$p rkhpe buSy>
L$B S> _\u.
hp]$fp_p ` [d S>pip, [p [_p `dp `Z d_ye_p
lp\_u fMpAp S>hu S> fMpAp hp dmi. Apd R>[p, [ S>p_hf
S> fp R> A_ hhp dpV$ Aph_ TpX$ `f L|$]$[p af R>. Npe,
ck, N^Xy$ hNf pZuAp_ h[y `L$X$hp_u lp[u _\u, AV$g [d_
`N MfuAp lpe R>, fMpAp lp[u _\u. hpO, tkl ]$u`X$p, fvR>
S> h p riL$ p fu ìy A p _ riL$ p f `L$ X $ h p dpV $ , ApNm-`pR>m_p
`Npdp dpV$p, hpL$p [uZ _lpf-_Mp lpe R>.
hld-A^p MX$_
173
Apd, lp\_u f M pAp A_ d_y e_p h__ ep [ _ p

crhe_ L$pB kb^ _\u. Ap[p amS>epr[juAp_p `qV$ey fmu
Mphp dpV$_p afbu ^^p dp R>. l[fMpAp `f\u d_ye_p h_
rhi S> A_ydp_ L$fhpdp Aph R>, [_ crhe_p h_ kp\ L$pB
kb^ lp[p _\u. `f[y amSepr[j `f gpL$p_p A^rhpk lphp_
L$pfZ Ap afbu ^^p ^d^pL$pf Qpg R>. gpL$p_ [dp A^rhpk
fli ep kyû Ap afbu ^^p Qpghp_p.
Ap L $ X $ p ip
S>epr[jkb^ ApL$X$pip `Z AL$ [|[ S> R>. d_ye
A L $ p `p [ p_p h_ehlpfdp NZ[fu dpV $ b_pep R> , epf
amS>epr[juApA Ap AL$p `f `Z crhe hp_y i$ L$fu ]$u^y.
bpL$u, AL$p_ A_ d_ye_p crhe_ L$pB ghp-]$hp _\u. [ AL$
A^p lphp R>[p fpS>_[pAp A_ qadu rk[pfpAp `Z Apdp
rhpk ^fph R> A_ `p[p_p _pdpdp L$ qad_p _pdpdp AL$
dpZ afapf L$f R>.
a} V $ ` p\$ `f b W $ g p, `p ` V$ `pk crhe L$ \ __y
`fbuqX$ey D`X$phu, crheL$\_ L$lu, amS>epr[juAp q]$hk_p
]$k-`]$f $rèp L$dpB iL$[p lpe, [p [Ap `p[p_y crhe B,
kpfu rS>]$Nu hu _ iL$ ? Apd_p ^^p `Z S>p Qpg[p lpe, [p
\pXy$ O cZgp amS>epr[juAp_p afbu ^^p [p Qpg S> [dp
_hpB iu ? d|MpAp\u S> Ap ^^p `pjp[p lpe R>.
hld-A^p MX$_
174
16 : p : `y f p r l[hN _ u ip j Zgugp
d_y e_p `p [ p_p `qfhpf_p b^p kep d p `f`f d
lpe, A hpcprhL$ R>. hS>_ kbû h[p lpe L$ dey `pep
lp e , [ d _p Apdue[p_u cph_p fl h p_u S>. hS>_p _ p
kyM]y$:M_u qQ[p L$fhu, [d_ dpV$ iyc rhQpfhy A_ [d_p rl[p_y
ep_ fpMhy, [d_ klpe$` \hy A d_ye_u klS> hr R>. `f[y
d[ hS>_p dpV$ Aphy L$B L$fu iL$hp_y iL$e lp[y _\u; AV$gp dpV$
[d_u dr[dp L$BL$ L$fhpdp Ap`Zu Aphu Apdue[p_u cph_p
L$V$ \pe R>.
^d _ p ^ ^ pbp d_y e_u hpcprhL$ r_b m [pAp _ p
ldip Nfgpc DW$ph[p fp R>. [ fu[, [dZ d[S>_p r[_u
Ap`Zu Apdue[p_p `Z, `p [ p_u hp\ r kq dpV $ , N f gpc
gu^p R>. d[S>_p_p L$lhp[p Apdp_u [r[ dpV$ [d_ hpq]$$
cpS>_ A_ kyMkyrh^p_p kp^_p `lpQpX$hp_p _pd `f [dZ
blz r hr^ rhr^rh^p_p fep R> . by q dp_ gp L $ p Z R> L $
pL$d_u rhr^ [\p L$dL$pX$\u [p bpZp `yfprl[p_ S> gpc dm
R>, d[S>_p_p Apdp_ _lv; Aphu kdS>_ L$pfZ lh gpL$pdp
p hNfdp fyrQ L$BL$ ApR>u \hp gpNu R>. ^d_p ^^pbp_ Ap
h[y MV$ L $ R> ; [ \ u [ A p lh pL$ d _ DrQ[ A_ ApheL$
b[phhp dpV$ rhop__p klpfp ghp gpep R>. [Ap dpfudQX$u_
pL$ d _ h o pr_L$ h r b[phhp dpV $ [_[p X $ A_ rhrQ
L$priip L$fhp gpep R>.
Alv flu e R>, `f[y k|d ]$l, S>dp `pQ op_rfiep, `pQ
L$drfiep, `pQ pZ, d_ A_ byq-Ap kf [hp R>, S>dp d_
^p_ R>, S> Qdp_p Ai R>, [ QgpL$dp `lpQu S>i. [ S>
r`[Ap_y r_hpk\p_ r`[gpL$ R>.''
[Ap Ad `Z L$l R> L$, ]$Mu iL$p[p \|g ifuf_y Ahy
buy AL$ k|d ifuf `Z R>, S> B iL$p[y _\u. `f[y [ Nd ep
Aphu-S>B iL$ R>. `f[y Aphu hp[p_u ke[p AN [Ap L$iy
hopr_L$ dpZ fS|> L$fu iL$[p _\u. [fN eyL$[ qadp A_ fle
fpdpQ_u L$\p-hp[pApdp S> Aphu [_p k|d ifufp_p hZ_
dm R> ! Apd R>[p, Ap`Z dp_u gBA L$ \|g ]$l_y Aphy L$pB
k|d ifuf lpe R>, A_ [ dey bp]$ \|g ifufdp\u _uL$mu e
R>. `f[y Ap k|d ifuf Qdp `f S> L$d e R> ? k|d ifuf
d__y L$lhy dp_u_ Qdp `f S>[y lpe, [p d__u iqL$[\u \|g
ifuf_ `Z Q dp `f L $ d _\u `lp Q pX$ u iL$ [ y ? Q `f
lhp(pZhpey) _\u ; [p k|d ifuf iu fu[ h[ A_ L$peiug
fl R> ?
d_y e Q gp L $ `f `lp Q hp dpV $ Q Arcep_p `pR>m
L$fpX$p-Ab $rèp MQ R>. A_ b]$g d__ S> L$BL$ Ahu fu[
[epf L$fhpdp Aph L$ [ `hu_u NyfyhpL$jZ iqL$[ c]$u_ \|g
ifuf krl[ Qdp `f `lpQu e !
[Ap Ahu ]$gug L$f R> L$ dey `R>u eqL$[_p Apdp

r`[gpL$dp Qpep e R> (A\hh]$, 12/2/45). r`[gpL$_
Qdp `f b[ph[p Ahy L$lhpdp Aph R>: ""dey \[p \|m ifuf
AhL$piu Nlp, D`Nlp, k|e, [pfp hNfdp d_ye `hu

`R>u kp\u h^y Z[p \ep R> Qdp rhi. Qdp `f_u L$pB S>ep
lh d_ye\u A`rfrQ[ flu _\u. Q `f h__y As[h L $
`pfgpqL$L$ L$ AgpqL$L$ L$pB [_y As[h _\u. Ap h[y lh rk
\B Q|L$u R>.
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
175
176
hmu L$V$gp L$l R> L$, ""r`[Ap QdX$m_u D`f fl R>,

QgpL$ A\hp [_u Apk`pk_p gpL$dp fl R>''. A\hh]$ (18/
2/48) dpZ r`[Ap A[qfn_p u \p_dp fl R>. L$V$gpL$
gpL$p hmu r`[Ap Alv `hu `f S> flu S[p lphp_u hp[ `Z
L$f[p lpe R>.
"" df[u hM[ d[pdp_y d_ kkpf_p ^_, ìy, Of,
`y , u hN f d p akpB fy lp e , [p hpk_p d__u iqL$ [ _
]$bphu_ (k|d ]$l_) Alv fpMu_ [pdp b_phu ]$ R>. `R>u
(Apdp) A[qfngpL$dp cdZ L$f R>''.
A[qfn_p A\ R>: `hu A_ Nlp_u hQ_p AhL$pi.
D`fpL$[ r[`p]$$_ A_ykpf d[pdp A[qfngpL$dp O|d[p fl R>;
[p `R>u [ Alv `hu `f iu fu[ flu e R> ? `hu `f [pdp
b_u_ flhp_u hp[ `f`f rhfpû R>. [d L$p [p Of_u A]$f S>
flp, A\hp [dpfp kde bf, QpL$, f[p L$ bpN-bNuQpdp
O|d[p flu rh[php. `f[y b_ hp[p AL$u kp\ L$]$u iL$e _\u. b_
iL$e R> Ahy L$lhy lpep`]$ R>.
hmu, Ahy `Z L$lhpdp Aph R> L$ bpZ_p dped\u
QgpL$hpku r`[Ap kyû QpMp, ]|$^ A_ Muf `lpQ R>. ""k|d
ifufhpmp Apdp S> d p ] $ l , S>m, Ar A_ hpey dy e R> [
bpZp_u kp\ pZ$`dp Aph R> A_ kp\ ur[ cpS>_ L$f R>,
S>d d^dpMu `y`fk NlZ L$f R> [d. hp[hdp r`[Ap [p
k|Ohp\u (hpkdp\u) S> [[ \B e R>''.
`f[y r`[[`Z r_rd \[p S>dZhpfdp bpZp_ ip dpV$
S>dpX$hpdp Aph R> ? Ap_p S>hpbdp Ad L$lhpdp Aph R> L$, S>hu
fu[ [d [pf dp[f_ S> [pf Ap`p R>p, L$d L$ [pf dpL$ghp_y kp^_
hld-A^p MX$_
177
[_u `pk R>, S> bu cZgp NZgp L$pB`Z rhp_ `pk _\u, A
S> fu[ Aps[L$ , Qpqfehp_, k [ p j u [ d S> ]$ f fp S > Bf_u
Apfp^_p L$fhphpmp bpZp S> p_p cpL$[p R>, bu _lv.
[pf dp[f `pk [pf dpL$ghp_p kp^_p R>; A_ [Ap [pf_p
k]$ip kbr ^[ eqL$[ kyû `lpQpX$u ]$ R>. Ap q$epdp [pfdp[f A_
[pf_p kp^_ b_e_u c|rdL$p R>. `f[y h]$_p Aepk L$fu Q|L$gp,
Bfrhpku, q_erd[ Bf_u D`pk_p L$fhphpmp bpZ_u `pk Ahp
L$ep kp^_p R>, S>_ p\u [Ap r`[Ap kyû p `lpQpX$ R> ? lh h]$o,
Aps[L$, Qpqfehp_ A_ k[pju Ahu bpZ_u epe[p_ rinZ A_
[pgud `pdg [pfdp[f_u kdL$n kd iL$p[u lpe, [p S> bpZpdp
Ap epe[p _\u, [Ap [p ALy$im S> rk \pe. ALy$im [pf$dp[f
k]$ip `lpQpX$hpdp S>hu fu[ NfbX$ NpV$pmp L$fu _pM, [hu fu[ S>
bpZ h]$ _\u cZ[p, `| _\u L$f[p, Bf kp\ dmp` _\u fpM[p,
[Ap r`[Ap kyû p `lpQpX$hpdp `Z Ahe NfbX$ NpV$pmp S> L$fu
_pM ! ApS>L$pg p L$f_pf gpL$p, p dpV$ bpZ_ bpgph[u hM[,
L$epfe A Sy>A R> Mfp L$ Ap bpZ h]$ cZ R>, ip Z R>, Bf_u
Apfp^_p L$f R> ? AcZ, ]$cu, Aop_u, ]y$NZ
y u bpZp, r`[Ap kyû
p_y cpS>_ L$B fu[ `plpQpX$u iL$ ? h]$pd
p [p bpZppfp r`[Ap_
`fgpL$dp cpS>_ `lpQpX$hp_u rhr^_p L$epe DgM _\u. ep "bpZ'
kop b_ (Bf_) Z_pf `fdop_u_u p[L$ R>, L$pB AdyL$ L$pd
L$
opr[_u p[L$ _\u.
p_p h o pr_L$ Ap^pf b[ph_pf c r d[
Aphp gpL$p_y L$lhy R> L$ r`[Ap_p ApdpAp bpZ_u
kp\ k|d$`dp cpS>_ L$f R> A_ d^dpMu_u S>d a}gdp\u fk
Q|k R> [d [Ap cpS>__p fk g R>. a}g R>pX$ kp\ X$peg lphp\u
hld-A^p MX$_
178
d^dpMu [dp\u fk Q|ku g epf `R>u `Z a}gdp _hp fk D`fl

\[p fl R>. `f[y p dpV$_p cpS>_dp-Muf, `yfu A_ Afie
`L$hp_pdp-fk D`fl \hp_u Aphu L$pB hekQprg[ `pL$r[L$
q$ep hp dm[u _\u. `L$hp_p_p fk r`[Ap ù S>[p lpe, [p
`L$hp_p k|L$p \B S>hp BA. `f[y [d \[y _\u. AV$g D`fpL$[
]$gugp MpV$u A_ cpdL$ R>.
hmu, Ap gpL$p bpZp_p dped\u q`[gpL$ A_ `hu
hQ Qpghphpmu kQpf eh\p_ `$ L$f[p L$l R> : ""Ap q$ep
blz ehs\[ fu[ \pe R>. S>hu fu[ d_uApX$fhpmu fL$d `pV$
Apqakdp S> flu e R>, `f[y S>Zphg \p_ `f [p k|d i]$pi S>
`lpQ R>, hmu, Ap`Z $rèp HgfiX$ A\hp AdqfL$pdp L$pB
eqL$[_ dpL$guiy [p ep [ `pX$ A\hp X$pgf_p $`dp Ap`hpdp
Aphi. A S> dpZ hpO Muf _lv Mpe, L$b|[f `yfu _lv Mpe,
lp\u qifp _lv Mpe. Ap \|m cpS>e `]$p\ [p bpZ_p `V$dp
Alv S> flu S>i, `f[y d[ r`[ApA bu Ah[pfdp S> $` ^pfZ
L$fu gu^y li [_ A_y$` cpS>_ bpZpA L$fgp cpS>_dp\u, S>hu
fu[ rh b fi L$ _ p A]$ g pb]$ g u_p L$ p ep g e pfp $ r èp `p V$ g
ApX$f\u `pX$ A\hp X$pgfdp `qfhr[[ \B_ [ eqL$[_u `pk
`lpQu e R> [hu fu[, ]$edp bW$gp `fdpdp_u eh\p\u S>
[ pZu_ [hp $`dp k|dpi b_u_ [ cpS>_ dmu e R>.''
\pXp hM[ dp_u gBA L$ dfu Nep `R>u d_ye_p bu

epr_dp S>fid \[p li. `f[y khpg A EW$ R> L$, bpZ_ L$hu fu[
Z \pe R> L$ S> eqL$[ dpV$ [d_ p-cpS>_ L$fphhpdp Aphu
fy R> [ eqL$[ L$B epr_dp S>fidu R> ? A_u ZL$pfu bpZ `pk
_ lpe [p d[ `pdg eqL$[A hpO_u epr_dp S>fid gu^p lpe
A_ b p Zp A [ _ L$ b | [ f ep r _dp S>fid g kd_ cp S >__
dpk_u S>epA A_pS>_p ]$pZpdp b]$gu _pey lpe, [p rbQpfp
hpO_y iy \i !
A [ qfndp V$ ` pg eh\p
d_uApX$f\u L$epe `Z `kp dpL$ghp_ dpV$ dmh_pf_y
_pd A_ kf_pdy d_uApX$fdp apd `f gMhy `X R>. gMgp _pd
kf_pdpA [ apd `lpQ R> A_ kbr^[ eqL$[_ [ ]$i_p _pZp_p
$`dp dpL$gphg _pZp dmu e R>. `fgpL$N[ L$ Ah[pf `pdg
d_ye_ cpN `lpQpX$hp dpV$ bpZ ]$h[p_u L$B `pV$ Apqakdp
L$ey apd cfhpdp Aph R> ? kp\u dpV$u hp[ [p A R> L$ r`[gpL$dp
L$ Afie epr_Ap_u `pV$ Apqakdp L$ep bpZ L$pd L$f R>, S>
"k|di]$pip' hpmu k|Q_p p[ L$fu _pZp L$ h[yAp_y rh[fZ
L$f R> ?
pL$d_ rhop_kd[ rk L$fhp dpV$ Alv L$hu hprlep[

]$gugp L$fpB R> ! pL$d `pV$$ A\hp kQpf eh\p_u dpaL$ R>
A_ bpZ [ eh\p_p khkhp k|^pf, S> ApgpL$ A_ `fgpL$_p
kbûAp_u hQ k`L$ dped_y S> L$pd _\u L$f$[p, `f[y rhr_de_u
dpaL$ h[y_y $`p[f `Z L$f R> !
dp_u gp L$ L$pB fu[ Ap b^y \B S>[y lpe; [p cpS>_ L$ep

`R>u bpZ_y `V$ Mpgu \B S>hy BA, L$pfZ L$ [ cpS>_ [p
r`[ dpV$ ]$pZp, dpk A_ h_`r[_p $`dp b]$gpB e R>. Ap
lpg[dp b p Z_ cp S >_\u iy ape]$ p ? d_uAp X $ f _ dpV $
`pV$Apqak_p L$rdi__u dpaL$ bpZ c|M L$f[p h^pf bQpf
`|fu MpB g[p li [p [_p\u [d_y iy `|fy \[y li !
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
179
180
ApS>L$pg AL$ bpZ_ 20-25 Ofpdp p_p q]$hk

cpS>__ dpV$ Apdr[ L$fhpdp Aph R>. 20-25 Ofpdp f0-25
hpf AL$ kp\ cf`V$ cpS>_ L$fhp_y dyL$g L$pd R>. AV$gp dpV$
bpZ AL$p]$ `yfu A_ AL$p]$ QdQu Muf MpB_ bpL$u_y cpS>_
bpû g R>. ]$rnZp hNf Ap_p\u Sy>]$u h^pfp_u dm R>. lh khpg
A EW $ R> L $ S> r`[ A p _ dpV $ b p Z_ cp S >_ `f Apd r [
L$fhpdp Apep lpe [d_p rlkp_p [p AL$p]$ cpN S> Mphpdp
Apep lpe R>. ApV$gp\u pL$[p_p r`[Ap_ [r[ L$ `V$cf
cpS>_ L$hu fu[ dm[y li ?
AL$hpf dp_u gBA L$ d_ye_y cpS>_ L$pB`Z fu[ Ap

pZuAp_p cpS>_dp afhpB S>[y li A_ [d_ A_y$` ApRy>hy
`Z \B S>[y li ! ]$p.[. d[ kbûA dR>f_u epr_dp S>fid
gu^p lpe, [p [_y `V$ N]$L$u_p AL$ L$Z\u `Z cfpB e. AV$g
bpZ L$fg cpS>_ N]$L$udp $`pqf[ \B e; A_p gpMp Ab
L$Z b_u e! `f[y dR>f_ dpV$ [p N]$L$u_p AL$ L$Z `Z `|f[p
R>; AV$g bpL$u_p L$Z bL$pf ep _L$pdp S> S>[p li!
Alv L$V$guL$ bpb[p rhQpf dpNu g R>. r`[Ap bu

epr_dp S>fid gB Q|L$ep R>; [p [Ap dR>f, L$uX$u-dL$pX$u, lp\u,
rS>fpa hNf L$pB`Z epr_dp lpB iL$ R>. `lgp [p A R> L$ Ap
D`fpL$[ epr_Apdp S>fid ghphpmp r`[Ap_ dpV$ A S> epr_Ap_p
Aplpf $`dp d_ye_y cpS>_ L$hu fu[ $`p[qf[ \B e R> ? d[
kbûApA hpO L$ Afie L$pB dpkplpfu pZu_y ifuf NlZ L$ey
lpe, [p [_p dpV$ Muf, `yfu, dpkdp $`p[qf[ \B_ [_u `pk L$hu
fu[ `lpQu S>[p li ?
A L $ bu A R> L $ , Q gp L $ ep [ _ u Apk`pk_p
r`[gpL$ `hu\u gpMp dpBg_ A[f R>. ApV$gp gpbp A[f kyû
bpZ L$ep dped_p DèpN L$fu cpS>_ `lpQpX$ R> ? bpZ
[_p A dped_ khkp^pfZ gpL$p_ b[phhy BA, S>\u Ap
gpL$dp ApR>p A[f fl[p kbûAp_ `Z Ap eh\p_p gpc
Apù iL$pe ! OZp b^p gpL$p dybB, q]$lu S>hp ilfpdp fl R>,
`kp L$dpe R>, A_ lfp dpBg ]|$f Npddp fl[p [d_p dpbp`_ [d_p h_NyS>fp_ dpV$ d_uApX$f\u `kp dpL$g R>. OfX$p
dp-bp` Ap `kp\u A_pS> Mfu]$ R>, kpa L$f R>, A_pS> ]$mph
R>, Mphp_y `L$ph R>; A_ epf `V$ cf R>. OfX$p dp-bp`_ dpV$
Ap dl_[ `Z \L$hu _pM [hu lpe R>. gpMp dpBg_ A[f `X$g
r`[ A p _ p ApdpAp _ cp S >_ `lp Q pX$ u iL$ [ p b p Zp _ p Ap
bpb[dp L$d DèpN L$fp[p _\u ? dybBdp hk[p `y c|]$h pfp
r`[[`Z L$f; A_ kpfp$dp fl[p [_p dp-bp`_ cpS>_ `lpQu
e ! `f[y p L$f_pf A_ L$fph_pf bD Ap h[y_ AiL$e S>
L$li. [p `R>u p pfp `fgpdp hk[u eqL$[_p Apdp_ cpS>_
`lp Q pX$ u iL$ p e A h o pr_L$ bpb[ R> , A h y Sy > W$ p ip dpV $
Qgphpe R> ?
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
bpZ_p `V$_ r`[Ap L$ bu epr_dp S>fidgp kbû

dpV$ cpS>__ $`p[qf[ L$f_pfu fkpeZipmp_p S>hy b[phhpdp
Aph R> ; [p cp S >_ L$ f hp_p _pd `f b p Z h^pfp_y cp S >_
bpû_ gB e R> [ bBdp_u Mfu L$ _lv ? S>d `pV$ Apqak_p
L$dQpfu d_uApX$f L$fhphpmp b^p gpL$p `pk\u $rèp gB g,
`ffi[y AL$pDfiV$ Apqakdp `|fu fL$d S>dp _ L$fphu_ [d_p \pX$p
cpN S> S>dp L$fph A_ bBdp_u L$f [d.
181
182
p^_p q]$hkpdp bpZ_ AL$ S> q]$hk cpS>_ L$fphhpdp

Aph R>. [ AL$ q]$hk_y cpS>_ S> r`[Ap L$ bu epr_dp S>fidg
kbûAp kyû `lpQ R>. [_p\u [d_y `V$ cfpe R>. bpL$u_p 344
ep 364 q]$hk (Q hjdp 34` A_ k|ehjdp 36` r]$hk \pe
R> [ lL$uL$[_ gndp g[p) [Ap c|M _rl df[p lpe ?
Nu[pdp (2-22) L$y R> L$ S>hu fu[ d_ye `yfpZp hp_p
epN L$fu _hp hp `lf R>, [hu fu[ hpdp `yfpZp ifuf_p
epN L$fu_ bu _hp ifuf_ ^pfZ L$fu g R>. `f[y S|>_p h
D[pfu_ [yf[ S> _hp h `lfu g R>. _hp h `lf[p `lgp q]$hkp
L$ AW$hpqX$ep kyû L$pB r_h fl[y _\u. ipp A_ykpf `Z Apdp
AL$ ]$l R>pX$u [yf[ S> bu ]$l ^pfZ L$fu g R>. Apeye `|fy \[p h
Ap S>S>qf[ \|g ifuf_ R>pX$u_ [ S> nZ L$pB bu epr_dp `L$V$
\B e R> (dlpcpf[, h_`h, 183/77).
Ap dpfie[pAp A_ykpf [p dey `R>u Apdp [yf[ S> _hp
S>fid gB g R>. [p `R>u ApNm L$lhpB R> [ r`[gpL$_u hp[ S|>W$u
W$f R>. dey `R>u Apdp_u q`[gpL$dp flhp_u bû S> hp[p
MpV$u _ lpe [p uL$Z_p D`]$i A_ h]$epk_p D`fpL$[ L$\_p
MpV$p lphp BA. `f`f rhfpû L$pf_u bD hp[p Mfu lpB iL$
_rl.
`y_S>fid_u dpfie[p A_ykpf ]$fL$ eqL$[ A_L$ S>fidp gB Q|L$u
lpe R>. pdp Ap`hpdp Aphg cpS>_ bu S>fid gB Q|L$g
eqL$[Ap kyû `lpQu S>[y lpe, [p p_p q]$hkpdp L$pB`Z eqL$[_
c|M gpNhu BA _lv, [dZ cpS>_ L$ep hNf S> [[ \B S>hy
BA; L$d L$ `pR>gp S>fiddp ]$fL$ eqL$[ L$pB _ L$pB_u kbû [p flu
S> li. Ap D`fp[ _hfp_ `Z c|M _ gpNhu BA, L$d L$ _hf
hld-A^p MX$_
183
`Z `pR>gp S>fiddp p`ndp p L$f[p flgp gpL$pdp\u L$pB _

L$pB_p kbû fp li. b^p gpL$p `pR>gp S>fiddp d_ye _rl lpe;
[Ap bu epr_dp `Z fp li. iphQ_ dpZ kr$ Ab
hj\u As[hdp R>. eL$ eqL$[ A_ pZu 84 gpM epr_dp S>fid
gu^p `R>u d_ye epr_dp S>fid g R>. S>fid-dfZ-`y_S>fid_y Ap Q$
Qpg[y S> fl R> . Ap dpfie[p A_y k pf e L $ pZu, k r $ _ p
ApfcL$pm\u dpX$u Aepf kyûdp L$V$gue hpf 84 gpM S>fid_u epp
L$fu Q|L$ey li. AV$g L$ eL$ pZu L$epfL$ _ L$epfL$ [p d_ye fp li.
AV$gp dpV$ p_p q]$hkdp eL$ pZuA `Z [[ \B S>hy BA,
L$d L$ kpdpfie[: ]$fL$ tl]y$Ofdp Ap q]$hkpdp p L$fhpdp Aph R>.
hmu, tl]y$ ^d [p S>N[dp b^p\u pQu_ ^d fp R>. h]$p_ u
fQ_p he Bf L$fu R>, Ahy Llhpdp Aph R>. bu b^p ^d [\p
^dN\ p tl]y$ ^d L$ h]$p_ p OZp kde bp]$ bfiep R>. A r$A `pR>gp
L$pB S>fiddp eL$ eqL$[ tl]y$ S> li. tl]y$ flhp_ _p[ [Ap tl]y$_p `|hS >
q`[p `Z R>. [p p`ndp [d_ `Z c|M gpNhu BA > _lv, `R>u
cg [ tl]y$ lpe L$ L$pB Afie ^d_p A_yepeu.
p : khpgp _ p O f phpdp
(1) r`[ _ pd ifuf_y R> L $ Apdp_y A\hp ifuf krl[_p
Apdp_y ?
(2) r`[ _pd ifuf_y R>, [p dfu Nep `R>u [p ifuf_ bpmu
]$hpdp Aph R>. Apd A d[L$ Ap`Zp r`[ S> _ fp.
(3) L$hm Apdp_y S> _pd r`[ R>, [p Apdp _ L$]$u S>fid R>, _
L$]$u df R> A_ _ [p [ L$pB_p `y L$ r`[p b_ R>.
hld-A^p MX$_
184
(4) ifuf krl[ Apdp_y _pd r`[ R>, [p ifuf R|>V$u Nep
`R>u [ Ap`Zp r`[ S> _ fl . ifuf _pi \B S>[p
r`[ ^ d L$ e p fl R> ? A_ S>epf r`[ ^ d _ fl , [p
r`[p L$hy ?
(11) L$dp_ykpf r`[Ap_ ìy`nu L$ L$uX$udL$pX$u_u ep hpOtkl_u ep r _ p[ \B lp e , [p iy Mp^ g p Muf `| f u

bpZpfp `qfhr[ [ \B, A_pS>, Opk L $ dp k _p
$`dp afhpB S>B, [d_ p[ \i ?
(5) pdp r`[ kifuf Aph R> L$ rh_p ifuf ?
(12) L$pNX$p A_ r`[Ap hQ ip kb^ R>, S>\u p`ndp

[d_ rhij$` cpS>_ Ap`hpdp Aph R> ?
(6) kifuf Aph R> [p [Ap Aph[u-S>[u hM[ ]$Mp[p

L$d_\u ? hmu [Ap kifuf Aph R>, [p `R>u [d_ b]$g
bpZp_ Muf, `|fu MhX$phhp_u iu S>$f R> ?
(7) r`[ d [ L$ ifuf R>p X $ u _ Aph R> , [p [ d _p R>p X $ g p
ifuf_ [ d _p k b ^ uAp df g p kd_ bpmu d| L $ i .
Aph hM[ r`[ afu\u `pR>p L$ep ifufdp hii ? iy
lp\-dp-`V$ hNf_p r`[Ap Muf `|fu MpB iL$ Mfp ?
[d_ L$ip cpS>__u S>$f Mfu ?
(8) ""r`[ Mp[p _\u, S>pB_ S> [[ \pe R>,'' Ahy `Z
L$ l h pe R>. `f[y MfMf [hy S> lpe, [p `R>u r_dr[
bpZp_ Muf `|fu MhX$phhp_u iu S>$f R> ?
(9) AL$ eqL$[_ MhX$phhp\u bu eqL$[_p `V$dp cpS>_
`lpQ[y lpe, [p `f]$iNd_ L$f[u eqL$[A kp\ cpS>_
gB S>hp_u L$iu S>$f Mfu ? Of flgp hS>_p p pfp
bpZp_ S>dpX$u, qh]$iNd_ L$f[p kbûS>__ dpNdp
cpS>_ [r[ L$fphu iL$ !
(13) q`[p `fd f b^p hpdpAp _ p b ^ [ d _p

L$dp_ykpf L$f R>, [p [d_u [r[ dpV$_u tQ[p Ap`Z L$d
L$fuA R>uA ? iy ]$hgpL$, hNgpL$dp Afl, S>m, h
hNf_u MpV$ `X$u NB R> ?
(14) L$pB_p r`[p AauZu, dpkplpfu, ifpbu L$ ercQpfu
lpe, [p [d_p dfu Nep `R>u [d_u Ahu _ip[r_ dpV$ iy
[d_p `y p_p bpZcpS>_dp, _ip_u Qu r`[Ap
kyû `lpQpX$hp dpV$, bpZ_ dpk, AauZ, ifpb, fMp[
hNf `Z cV$ ^fi ? bpZ Ad_p huL$pf L$fi ?
(15) p`ndp kbr^[ eqL$[ dpV$ ld[ L$fphhp_p L$ L$`X$p
b]$ghp_p L$ep ipdp r_j^ ]$iphpep R> ?
(10) iy Ap p Mp_pf bpZp_ A Mbf lpe R> L$ d[L$

r`[_p Apdp Ap kde L$ep li, S>\u [d_u `pk cpS>_
`lpQpX$u iL$ ?
p_u bpb[dp L$lhpdp Aph[u hp[p\u Aphu [_p

Y$Ngpb^ `p EW$ R>. Ahu hp[p lpep`]$ S> gpN R>, L$d L$
p_y dlh kprb[ L$fhp dpV$ L$fp[u Apcpku hopr_L$ ]$gugp
A[ur[L$f, hprlep[ A_ lpep`]$ R>. MfMf,pL$d_p L$pB
hopr_L$ [p iy, ephlpqfL$ `Z Ap^pf _\u. ApS>L$pg gpL$p S>epf
kp^pfZ hp[p_ `Z byq_u L$kpV$u `f L$ep hNf huL$pf[p _\u,
epf [Ap ^prdL$ A^rhpkp_ hNf rhQpe-kdS>e A_ykf[p
fl, A blz rhrQ A_ bl}]y$ gpN R>.
hld-A^p MX$_
hld-A^p MX$_
185
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hld-A^p MX$_

: 31du ApL$V$pbf 2010

hpQL$p_p gpcp\ qL$d[

L$eyV$f V$pB` kV$vN

V$pBV$g `k A_ apV$p kV$vN : u lj]$cpB bu. `r[

: hld-A^p r_hpfZ L$fi

k`L$ A_ pr[ \p_

: X$p. S>fpd S>. ]$kpB

fi_prgV$ hr_p Adpfp

Ap kprle Qpf dpV$ R>, [\u [dp_p

ud[u L$gph[ub_ rQdu_cpB `V$g

gpc A_ ce Ap^pqf[ ^dQpf

L$dehpr^L$pf[ dp agjy L$]$pQ_

QdL$pf : R>[f`vX$u_p `epe

hld : iyL$_-A`iyL$_, iyc- Aiyc_p A^pZ

8.3.4. L$pe kam \pe [_u gpgQ

Bf_y As[h - A_s[h

9.7. Bf fiepeu R>

(13) d|W$-QpV$, dgu rhp, d-[

(14) Ly$X$mu_p L$fL[|[

(15) fpri, ir_, dNm : amS>epr[j ^t[N

(17) L$d_p rkp[

20.2 Nyfy$_p gbpk: `lgp_p A_ Ap^yr_L$

21.2 Z `L$pf_p bQpfuAp

(22) `yZp cpf[ue kL$r[_y AL$ rhL$[ hgZ

(23) dpV$u hphX$u_y dpVy$ ^t[N

(24) NZ`r[_u d|r[_ ]|$^ `pey !

(25) L$pdu kOjp : ArcNd b]$guA

26.1.4 A^p Apdp A_

hld A_ A^p_u ]y$r_ep_ c]$[p Ad_p `Quk gMp

rhg j ZpdL$ Aee_', "QdL$ p f: R> [ f`vX$ u _p `ep e ',

ANpD X$p.S>fpd ]$kpB `pk\u hld-A^p-lpr_L$pf

[ \ u p kpl_ `pdu X$ p . S> f pd ] $ k pB, hl d -A ^ p

Agb, hl d -A ^ p rhfy L $ V $ g pL$ by q r_$ p

hld A^peyL$[ b^u S>fu`yfpZu dpfie[pAp ^p_y _rl

A^pmy gpL$p_u kp\pkp\ [d_p S>hp S> hldu A_ A^pmy

R> ; A r [lprkL$ c| r dL$ p kp\ [ d p $ d b^ Apg M _ \ey R> .

5|MP HXJ\T X[B0LJF/F

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A_ [Z p L$fgy op_ Ap rhhL$byr Ap^prf[ Nyei_y S>

h]$L$pmdp AL$ bl`r[ F>rj \B Nep. [dZ "bl`e

A Np[dby_p DM `Z Ahe L$fhp BA. [Ap

Qp]$du-`]$fdu k]$u `R>u eyfp`dp L$p`

Ap fu[ rhop_ f i _prgTd-rhh L $ b y r _u rhfpV$ [\p

S>.bu.AQ. hpqX$ep hNf l[p. 1931_u kpgdp "fuT_' _pd_y

cpf[dp f i _pguTd_p Br[lpk

1949dp [ _ y _pd BrfiX$ e _ f i _prgV$ A k p k uA i _

rlV$u Apa fi_prgV$ AkpkuAi_ Apa BrfiX$ep_u dybB

f i _prgV$ A k p k uA i _ Ap a BrfiX$ e p kp\ cpf[dp

(1) h__p ]$fL$ ndp dp_hhp]$ A_ fi_prgV$ d|ep_p

Ap k\p hrL$ L$npA (ApB.y.B.ey) Ap[ffpu$e dp_hhp]$u

kp\ NpW$hZ L$fu, rhop_epp_y ApepS_ L$fhpdp Apey. Ap

Apd [p, fi_prgTd A_ fi_prgV$ i]$p NyS>fp[dp

fi_prgTd_p M|b S> ku^p kp]$p A\ ApV$gp S> R> L$ [

f i _prgTd_u gX$ [ dp A ^ p S> kpd _\u.

dpV$ rl[L$pfu R>. kpQp fi_prgV$ Bjp, j, AlL$pf, L$`Z[p

g_eh\p_ kyM_y kp^_ dp_, b^_ _rl.

(28) k]$p_p kip^L$ : p Df dmhhp dpV$ `|R> A_ kiep

p kdpB S> e R>. ^p AV$g S> A^^p, S>epf dpZk_u

Apd, [p "p' A_ "A^p' A b AL$ kfMp S> `]$p\

ApS> rhop_ ke]$i__p `yfyjp\ MX$u fy R>; `Z p_p

p_p rhfy i]$ Ap R>, A^p _rl. A^pdp

^p A dp_hL$fiu rh_p `yfpZp A_ S>du_]$p[ \egp