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com

ACTA 
METALLURGI
CA 
SINI
CA(
ENGLI
SH 
LETTERS)
 
Vo1
.18 
No.3
 PP 
416-
422 June 
2005 

ELECTROPLATED Zn.
Ni.
SiO2
 COMPOSI
TE COATI
NGS TREATED 
WI
TH 
A SI
LANE COUPLI
NG 
AGENT 
TO REPLACE CHROMATI
NG 

M .Hi
no,M .Hi
ramat
su and K.M urakam 

ndust
rial
 Technol
ogy Res
earch I
nst
it e of
ut  Okayama Pre ̄ct
ure,Haga,Okayama—
shi
 

Oka
yama 701
—129
6,Ja
pan 
A.Sai
io 
Hori
 Met
al Fi
nis
hing Indus
try Co.,
Ltd.
,Abe,Ochi
ai・
cho,Takaha
shi
 shi,Okayama 716・
0061
 

Ja
pan 
Kanadan 
Graduat
e School
 of Okayama Uni
vers
ity of
 Sci
enc
e,Ri
dai・
cho,Okayama・
shi,Okayama 


00・
0005,
Jap
n 

Ma
n us
cri
pt recei
ved 13 Dec
ember
 2004 


hef
ixi
ng 
ofa 
si
lane
 co
upl

ng 
age
nt 
to 
Zn-
Ni—
si
li
ca(
SiOe
)co
mpos
it
e c
oat

ngs
 wa
s s
tudi
edf
or 

^P 
pur
pos
e o
fde
vel
opi
ng 
a c
oat

ng 
proc
ess
 s 
a an
 al
te
rnat
iv
e o 
t c
hro
mat

ng.Th
e c
orr
osi
on 
re—
 

is
tan
ce 
ofZn
-Ni
—s
il
ic
a c
ompos
it
e c
oat

ngs
 Wa
s r
emar
kab
ly 
impr
ove
d b
y t
he 
si
li
ca 
nano
par
ti
cl
es
 

n t
he 
compos
it
e.wh
ich 
wer
e di

per
sed  t
he 
sur
fac
e o
fthi
sf
il
m. Th
e s
il
ane
 cou
pli
ng 
age
nt 

owa
ed 
chemi
cal
 bon
ds 
wit
h t
e 
h i
nor
gani
c s
il
ic
a par
ti
cl
es 
dur
ing
 te 
h s
il
ane
 cou
pli
ng 
tre
atme
nt 

n t
es
h e
 co
mpo
sit
e c
oat
in
gs.T
he 
tre
atme
nt 
suppr
ess
ed 
tef
h o
rmat
io
n o
f whi
te
 coro
sion
 pr
od-
 
ct
s t
o t
he s
ame e
xtent
 a
s  chr
om
a t
ing,
 as  measure
d i
n s
alt
 spr
ay t
est
s.
 It
 is
 concl
uded t
hat
 


reat
ing Zn—
Ni—
sil
ica composi
te 
coat
ings wi
th 
sil
ane 
coupl
ing agent
s i
s a vi
abl
e al
ter
nat
ive t
ech—
 

ni
que 
o chrom
t a t
ing.
 

KE Y W O RD S  el
ect
rodepos
iti
on,Zn.
Ni—
SiO2
 compos
ite 
coat
ing,s
ilane 
coupl
ing 


re
atment
,chr
om
e-f
ree
,env
iro
nm
e nt
alf
rie
dl
n i
nes
s 

Zi
nc and 
zinc—
base
d al
loy pl
ati
ng have be
en a
ppl
ied as
 low cos
t cor
ros
ion pr
otect
ion t
reat
ment
 

echni
ques
 for
 ir
on 
and 
steel
 in 
many 
indus
tri
al 
fiel
ds[
12】
.Recent
ly,t
he 
requi
rement
s of 
such 
thi
ngs
 as
 

cor
ros
ion 
res
ist
ance,a
dhes
ive 
prope
rty 
or
f  
organi
c mat
er
ial
s,wel
dabi
li
ty,f
ormabi
li
ty 
and 
envi
ronm ent
al 

rie
ndl
ines
s or
f  
zinc 
plat
ing 
have 
become
 seve
re.To 
sat
isf
y t
hes
e r
equi
rement
s,zi
nc—
bas
ed 
all
oy 
plat
ing 
has
 deve
lope
d f
rom 
zinc
 pl
ati
ng,s
uch 
as 
Zn—
Fe,Zn-
Ni,Zn—
Co 
and 
Zn—
Mn 
plti
a ng,as
 wel
l as
 Zn—
com—
 

pos
ite
 pl
ati
ng 
and 
zinc—
bas
ed 
all
oy 
compos
ite
 pl
ati
ng 
蜊. 
Recent
ly,c
hromat
ing 
of 
zi
nc 
plat
ing 
was
 found 
to 
caus
e s
er
ious
 pr
obl
ems
 due
 to 
all
ergeni
c and 
tox—
 

c a
cti
ons
 of
 he
xaval
ent
 chr
omi
um 
ion 
in 
the
 chr
omat
e coa
tings
[51
.Ther
efor
e,much 
efor
t has
 bee
n made
 


o ind 
f alt
ernat
ive
 coat
ings
,wi
thout
 chr
omat
ing.However
,chr
omi
um—
ree 
f process
es 
have
 st
ill
 not
 bee
n 

devel
oped.
 

n t
his
 st
udy 
we 
inve
sti
gat
e t
he 
ixi
f ng 
of 
sil
ane
 coupl
ing 
agent
s on 
zinc 
elect
rodepos
its
 and 
zinc—
sil
ica
 
composi
tes
 to 
impr
ove 
coros
ion 
prot
ect
ion 
and 
rubbe
r a
dhe
sion 
as 
a hi
gh—
funct
ional
, envi
ron
m ent
all
y 
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

417 


riendl
y a
lter
nat
ive
 to 
chr
omat
ing [
61
. The 
i  i
dea s
 bas
ed 
on 
the 
fac
t t
hat
 cer
tai
n s
ila
ne 
coupl
ing 
agent
s 


oss
ess
 bot
h s
ila
nol(
Si-
OH)g
roup
s,whi
ch 
wil

 fr
om 
che
mical
 bonds
 wi
th 
zinc
 oxi
de,a
nd 
organof
unc-
 


ional
 gr
oups
 ca
pabl
e of
 re
act
ing 
wit
h pol
ymer
s. Organof
unct
ional
 roups
g  can 
be 
expect
ed 
to 
provi
de 
a 

hy
drop
hobi
c l
aye
r o
n z
inc
 el
ect
rode
pos
its
.In
 add
iti
on,i
nor
gani
c s
il
ica(
SiO2
)pa
rti
cle
s we
re 
code
pos
it
ed 
wi
th 
zinc
 el
ect
rodepos
its
 to 
sre
t ngt
hen 
the 
int
era
cti
ons
 bet
wee
n t
he 
sil
ane
 coupl
ing 
agent
s and 
zinc
 el
ec。
 


rodepos
its.
 

2.Expe
rime
ntal
 
Zn.
Ni.
sil
ica 
compos
ites
 wi
th 
a t
hickness
 of
 9 m 
on 
col
d r
oll
 st
eel
 sheet
s wer
e obt
ained 
rom s
f ul-
 

ate 
bat
hs.Tabl
e 1
 shows
 the
 ba
th 
compos
iti
ons
 and 
plat
ing 
condi
tions.A 
cyl
indr
ical
 gl
ass
 cel
l was
 us
ed,
 
cont
aini
ng 
2L 
of 
elec
trol
yte,whi
ch 
was
 st
irr
ed 
cons
ant
t ly.Pr
ior
 to 
plat
ing,t
he 
steel
 cat
hode
 wa
s s
olve
nt 
deg
reas
ed, el
ect
rocl
eaned 
cat
hodi
cal
ly 
for
 l 
min 
in 
an 
alkal
ine
 sol
uti
on, pi
ckl
ed 
by 1
 
0% hydr
ochl
or
ic 

aci
d f
or 
10s
,and 
was
hed.
 
The
 compos
iti
on of
 the
 el
ect
rodepos
ited f
ilm was
 det
ermi
ned usi
ng a
n X-

ray f
luor
esce
nce
 spec・

 

romet
er. To 
obt
ain 
inf
or
m a
tion 
about
 the
 sur
face
 mor
phol
ogy, depos
ited 
sampl
es 
wer
e s
tudi
ed 
usi
ng 

ie
f l
d—e
mis
sio
n s
canni
ng 
ele
cron
t  mi
cros
copy(
FE—
SEM)a
nd 
the
 cr
yst
al
 s
tru
ctu
re 
of 

he 
depos
it
 wa
s s
ud-
t  

ed 
wit
h a
n X—
ray 
dif
fra
cto
met
er(
50kV,25
0mA)a
nd 
by 

rans
it
ion 
ele
cro
t n
 mi
cros
cop
y(TEM)o
bse
rva
- 

ion.
 
Si
lane
 coupl
ing 
reat
t ment
 was
 appl
ied 
aft
er 
the 
elect
rode
pos
its
 wer
e ai
r dr
ied 
at 
378K 
or
f  
lh. Ea
ch 


ampl
e 
was
 di
ppe
d i
n a
 so
lut
ion
 con
ai
t ni
ng 
NH2
(CH2
)3
-Si
(OC2
Hs)
3 一
APS]
,wa
ter
 and
 et
hanol(
in 
a 3:
3: 
94 
propor
ti
on 
by 
vo1
.%)f
or 
30mi
n,and 
air
 dr
ied 
at 
378K 
or
f  l
h.The 
react
ion 
of 
the
 si
lane
 coupl
ing 
a- 

ent
 wi

h he
t  
pla
ti
ng 
sur
fac
e wa
s e
xami
ned
 us
ing
 X-
ray
 phot
oel
ecro
t n
 sp
ecro
t s
cop
y(XPS)
.El
ecrode
t - 

osi
ts
 wi

h a
nd 
wit
hout
 s
il
ane
 cou
pli
ng 
age
nt 
re
t a
tme
nt 
wer
e s
ubj
ect
ed 
to 
sal

 spr
ay 
tes
ts
 i
n a
cco
rda
nce
 
wi
th 
the
 JI
S Z 
237 
1.The
 ti
me 
requi
red 
or
f  
whi
te 
and 
red 
rus
t occure
nce
 for
 ea
ch 
sampl
e was
 me
asured.
 

Tabl
e 1
 Bat
h composi
ti
ons
 and 
plat
ing 
condi
ti
ons
 

Fi
g.1
 sho
ws 
the
 re
lat
ions
hip 
bet
wee
n t
he 
cat
hode
 cu
ren
t de
nsi
ty 
and
 he
t  
Ni 
con
tent
,si
li
ca(
SiO2
) 
cont
ent
 and 
cur
rent
 e衔 ci
enc
y i
n de
posi
ts 
obt
ained f
or 
var
ious
 si
lic
a col
loi
d conce
ntra
tions
 in 
the
 bat
h. 

The 
Ni 
cont
ent
 in 
the
 de
pos
its
 was
 al
mos
t cons
tant
 or
f  
changes
 in 
the
 cur
rent
 dens
ity 
and 
sil
ica 
col
loi
d 
concent
rat
ion.Ge
ner
all
y,t
he 
compos
iti
on 
of 
all
oy 
elect
rode
pos
its
 is
 de
pende
nt 
on 
cure
nt 
dens
ity;and 
hence 
the
 super
ior
ity 
of 
thi
s pl
ati
ng 
met
hod 
is 
shown 
in 
fact
 that
 a 
cons
tant
 compos
iti
on 
is 
obt
ained 
an—
 
der
 di
fer
ent
 curent
 dens
iti
es. The
 si
lica
 cont
ent
 in 
the
 de
pos
its
 incr
eas
es 
wit
h i
ncr
eas
ing 
sil
ica
 col
loi
d 

onc
ent
rat
ion 
in 
the
 bat
h.t
hough 
the
 si
li
ca 
cont
ent
 is
 not
 depe
nde
nt 
on 
cure
nt 
dens
iy.The
t  curent
 ef
矗一 
ci
ency 
was
 in 
the
 ra
nge 
of 
80% t
o 90% a
nd 
dec
reased 
wih 
t i
ncr
eas
ing 
sil
ica 
col
loi
d conce
ntrat
ion 
in 
the
 
bat
h. 
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

418 

Fi
g.2 s
hows
 FE—
SEM i
mages
 of
 de—
 

pos
its
 obt
ained f
or var
ious
 si
li
ca col
loi
d  20 
concent
rat
ions
  西en 
ther
e was
 no 
sil
ica 


oll
oid
 in
 the
 ba
th(
Fig.
2a)
,the
 su
rfa
ce  1
 5 
mor
phol
ogy 
of 

he 
il
f m 
was
 smoot
h.I
n t
he 
il
f ms
 deposi
ted wi
th si
lica 
col
loi
d i
n t
he 

 0 

ath(
Figs
.2b
,C 
and
 d)
,it
 i
s po
ssi
ble
 to 
obs
erve
 si
lica 
nanopar
ticl
es.
 
5 
Fi
g.3 s
hows
 X—
ray di
fi'
fact
ion pat
— 

erns
 of 
deposi
ts
 f
or 
vaious
r  si
li
ca 
col
loi
d 

onc
ent
rat
ions
 in t
he bat
h.  Eac
h f
ilm  0 


truct
ure i
s compos
ed of
 the ^
,一phas
e  5 


Nic
Zn:
l1
 or
ien
tat
ed 
in 
the
 4 

 1
 pl
ane
.It
 
was
 found 
that 
the il
f m struc
ur
t e
 iS 
not 
af-
  4 

/0
  . 卫C luoo乞  0
/0
  一
∞lu
 luoo
 oI
s  0
/0
  oc
 l。E 

ect
ed by the sil
ica content.
  It iS
 well
 
known 
that
 a 
Zn—
Ni 
all
oy 
coa
ting 
depos
it—
  3 


d i
n onl
y t
he  一
phas
e s
hows
 excel
lent
 
2 

orr
osi
on 
res
ist
ance[
 ̄.
 

n or
I der
 to cl
ari
fy t
he di
sper
sion of 

ili
ca par
ticl
es i
n t
hes
e compos
ite
 fil
ms.
 

ros
s—s
ect
ional
 TE:
M obs
ervat
ion 
was
 car
- 
0 

ied 
out
.Fi
g.4 
shows
 cr
oss
—sect
ional
 TEM 

mages
 of
 a Zn—
Ni—
sil
ica 
compos
ite
 coat
.  1
 00 


ng 
and 
eleme
ntal
 maps
.As
 seen 
in 
Fig.
4, 
80
 

ili
con 
and 
oxyge
n wer
e det
ect
ed 
and 
zinc
 
and ni
ckel
 wer
e abs
ent
 in t
he s
urf
ace
 of 
60 

his
 il
f m.I
n addi
tion,f
low 
dis
char
ge 
opt
i. 
∞ 


al e
mis
sion
 spe
cros
t copy (
GD—
OES
)  C 
40 
∞ 
anal
ysi
s was
 car
ried out
 in 
order
 to con.
 

ir
f m 
thi
s r
esul
t. The
 res
ult
s of
 GD—
OES  o   20 

anal
ysi
s wer
e i
n good 
agr
eement
 wi
th t
he 
0 
0  2
TEM r
esul
ts.
  Fr
om t
hes
e r
esul
ts i
t was
  . 5  5
  7.
5  1
 0 


ound 
that
 si
lica 
par
ticl
es 
are
 not
 uni
or
f m .
  Cur
rent
 densi
ty,A/
dm 

y di
spersed 
in 
the il
f m, and a 
sil
ica ic
r h 

ayer
 is
 for
m ed i
n t
he sur
face 
Ofthi
s il
f m.  |1
g・l
 Rel
ati
onshi
p bet
ween c ̄hode cur
rent
 densi
ty and 


he 
Ni 
cont
ent(
a),Si
O2 
cont
ent(
b)a
nd 
cur
rent
 efi
— 
Fi
g.5
 shows
 the
 rel
ati
ons
hip 
bet
ween 
ci
enc
y(c)i
n depos
it
 obt
aine
d f
or 
var
ious
 Si
O2 
col
— 

he 
sil
ica 
cont
ent
 in 
a deposi
t and 
the
 cor
. 

oid 
concent
rat
ion 
in 
bat
h s.
 

osi
on 
resi
stance 
from 
a s
alt
 spr
ay 
tes
t. I
t 

was
 found 
tha
t corosi
on 
res
isance
t  impr
oved 
wit
h an 
incr
eas
e i
n t
he 
sil
ica 
cont
ent
;the 
red 
rus
t occur
— 

ence
 ti
me 
ros
e rom 
f 4000 
to 
8000h 
as 
the 
sil
ica 
cont
ent
 incr
eas
ed . At
 pr
ese
nt, t
he 
reas
on 
or
f  
the 
im—
 
pr
oveme
nt 
in 
the
 coros
ion 
res
isance
t  is
 not
 cl
ear
, howeve
r i
t i
s r
eas
onabl
, e t
o s
pecul
ate
 that
 the
 si
li
ca 
ich 
r laye
r at
 the 
surf
ace
 si
de 
act
s as
 a 
prot
ect
ive
 il
f m . 
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

41g 

F璀 2 
gEM 
obs
e1%'
[i
 
L]
on ol
’Zn—Ni
—Si
C. conl
po ̄J
le 
coat
ing(
Cul
Tenl
 den 
sit
y:I
 kAi
m  (
al 
SiO CO 


oid
 I 】
一:I
b)Si
(/:c
oll
oid
 20g,

L l
c I
 Si
O-c
oll
oid
 40
 L,l
d}Si
O c
oll
oid
 60g
,'

I 

Si
O  6Og/
L 

Si
O。.4Og/L 


 
Si
O :
2Og
/L
 I 
Si
O一091
L 

30  40  50  60  70 

2  deg 

Fi
g 3X—
ray 
dil
Tract
ion 
pat
ter
ns 
ofZn—
 l_si
O composi
te 
coat
ings[
cur
rent
 densi

y:I
kAl
m )
 
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

■ 
●●  composi
te coat
ing and 

c  

2 
§ 

0 

 

2 

12OO  10(
30  800  600  400  2OO  0 
Bi
ndi
ng e
 r
 ̄rgy eV 

刊=

  
● ●

Fi
g 5 
Rel
ali
onshi
p bc 

vce
c r
l t
he Y
;it
)、eL
ll
llel
ll
 ll
_dcp ̄s
 
●  手
了●●●● 
g.
6 XI
’  wi
de specL
ra f
nlr
 c  at
;deposi
lei
 
an【
 COI
l T,t
) ̄
.1
 )n 
1℃ L
stancc
  cL
In c 
b xi
lane 
coupl
ing 
h'L
'at
nlen1)
 


n el

der
 to 
exa
lll
il
le 
the
 1 
eac
tion
 wi
th a
 Il
ali
e coupl
ing 
agent Zn—
Ni-
si


ica
 compos
ite
 coal
ings
 wi
th 

an
d wi
th
out
 t
re
atme
ll
l 
wit
h a ̄

il
ane
 cou
pli
ng 
age
nt 
wer
e s
ubj
ect
ed 
to 
XPS
 an
alys
is
 Fi
g 
6 s
hows
 t
he 
XPS
 
wi
de 
spect
]a Ni
lrogen
 1s
 11
01 
det
ect
ed 
wit
hout
 si
lanc 
coupl
ing 
treat
ll
lC[
11 However
.wi
th 1
1Ri
le 
coL

ipl
in ̄ 

reat
men1
.ni
trogen.whi
ch 
der
ive
s F
mn1
 II
 e 
ami
ne 
011
 一APS i
 det
ecl
ed I
.n addi
tion.a
 wat
er—
repel
leI
I'
UV 

est
 was
 tar
ried(
)Li

 1(
]conf
irnl
 ti
le 
fixat
ion 
ort
he 
sj 

all
e COUpj
_l】
 a ̄enl
 
Fi
g.7 
shows
 the
 appea
 r
ance
 01
’a 
wat
er 
drop 
on 
coat
ings
 wi
th and 
wit
hout
 the
 si
lane
 COt
tpl
ing
 I cnt
 

The
 cont
act
 angl
e el
 the
 wat
er 
drop 
wit
h t
he si
lane 
coupl
ing I
rcal
mcl
ii
 is}
_i
gher
 tha
 r
l l
ll
at wi
tht
tUI
 ti
le 


ilane c
oupl
ing 
irea[
Rlel
l[. The
 we
lt
er r
epel
lency i
s i
mpr
oved 
duc“)t
he ami
ne deri
ved I
To1
11
 —APS . 

Tabl
e 2 
shows
 the
 efect
s of
 si
lica
 composi
ting 
and 
sil
aie 
L coupl
ing
 tr
eat
mer
it
 ol
l CO
 r
TOsi
on 
prot
ecl
i0『
] I
t 
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

421
 

F‘
 ?App
eal
ante(
1I
 I
hc、
 :
I【
cl
 dr
opl
et
:ca}a
 dep
osi
lc
d an
d I
b}s
il
anc
 coupl
mg[
ICal

lle
ll
[『 一
APs
] 

rabl
e 2
 W I
li
le 
i1
1u.

 re
d r
LLM 
LlcL
'ur
rcnce i

bml
d by 
sal
t 
spr
a y 
tes
t 

Ⅶas
 Ibml
d t
hai
 a 
an—
Ni—
sil
ica
 compos
ite
 coat
ing
 wi
th 
sil
ane
 coupl
ing 
treat
mcnt
 had
 a hi
gh 
cor
ros
ion
 pr
o —  


eet
ien
 I‘
1 bot
h whi
1c 
and 
red 
rust
 It
 i
s cons
ider
ed 
tha
t t
he 
imp 
rev
enl
enl
 oft
he 
eor
ros
l。I
]resi
stance
 i due
 

0 t
he 
v,'
atcr
-repel
lenc
y(r
ein 
til
e si
lane
 coupl
ing 
tlc
atmenl
 

4.Concl
usions 


 
he 
pres
ent
 st
ud)

.  i
Is 
car
rie
d OUt
 to
 exam h
le 
the
 ti
xing
 oi
’a si
lane 
coupl
ing
 agent
 On 
Zn Ni
.si
lic
a  —

omposi
te 
coat
ings
 l0r
 ti
le 
p L
lrpos
e Or
 dc,
,el
opi
ng 
a c‘
・aI
ing 
l1H 
ccs
s I
tS
 an
 al
temat
ive
 to 
chr
oma
ting  The 


11"
OS]
Oll
 reSl
stancc
 el
  n—
Ni—
siI
lea
 coml
?ost
le eo ̄
itl
ngs
 was
 renl
arkabl
y i
mpr
oved
 due
 lo t
he s
ili
ca 
nanopal
licl
e,,di
spel
 cd
 I)

 ti
le … l
aec
 nr 
the 
ihn  5
f ;il
ane
 eO 

Ipl
ing
 agen
 Ls
 lbnn 
chemi
cal
 bonds
 wi
th t
he 

…or
gani
c R
III
Ca 
pal

tide

.,dur
ing 
the 
sIl
ane
 coupl
ing 
treat
nlet
l[el
 thes
e C'
1l
ll
posi
lc 
coat
. ings
 The
 tr
eaml
ent
 
suppr
esse
s t
ile
 lor
lll
all
on 
ot 
wh1
1c C
Ol̈
ru 1
011[
;r
edact
s n I
]10
 sL
lnl
e cx【
cI1

 as
 ch 
romal
ing .  as
 rneasur
ed 
1n 
sai
l s
pray 
tes
ts rhi
. s hybr
id 
COal
ing
 I “vi
abl
e al
tenl
ali
vc 
techni
que
 1‘
)chr
omat
in 

REFERENCES 

^Sl

ibt
b.
a・H  ¨¨ Ⅶ }
  … ,tⅢ… {
  t
、h n!
  、
ll【
fI
{c

  c
t[s
 K Ya
mak
awa
 an
d F
I F
uii
kawa
 IThe
 
S【
  el
 M at
eri
als
 Sci.J
apan I
 j
9^)n I
 

! M Hi
no,N Ni
 hi
da-M Hi
mn1
at u ,
M.r
stt

ikawa
 an
d M.Ka
wal
ll
C,
Lo
,"t
 ,  3
40-
2)r
  

99g
)81
 
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

422 


 M.
Hir
ama
tsu,
M.Hi
no 
and 
T.Omi
,Co
rrs
ion
 En
gine
eri
ng45(
1996
)47.
 

 M.
Hin
o,M.
Hir
ama
tsu 
and 
T.Ka
nada
ni,
Mat
eri
a J
apa
n 39(
200
0)69
3. 
5 Di
rect
ive 
2000/
53/
EC 
ofme 
Eur
opean 
Par
liament
 n d 
a oft
he 
Counci
l of 
l 
8 Sept
ember
 2000 on 
end 
ofLi
fe 

Vehi
cles.
 


 M.
Himnmat
su,
H.Kawas
aki
,Y.
Naka
yama
 andT.
Omi
,Pl
ati
nga
nd 
Sufa
r c
e Fi
ni
shi
ng74(
1987
)481
. 

 A.
Shi
buy
a,T.Ku
rimo
to,
Y.Ho
boh
 and
 N.Us
uki
,Tr
ans
.IS/
J23(
198
3)9
23.
 

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