BECHTEL - Справочник по механике и трубной обвязке (1997)

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BECHTEL CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS

INCORPORATED
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1997. .
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1996 Bechtel Corp.
Piping/Mechanical Handbook
FRWD-1
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1996 Bechtel Corp.
TOC-1

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1996 Bechtel Corp.
1-1
Section 1
Corporate Piping/Mechanical Procedures
F3.1, ,
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F3.2, ,
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F4.3, ,
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F4.5, ,
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F4.6, ,

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F5.1, ,
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03501-1,
03502-1,
03502-2,
03505-1,
03507-1,
03602-1,
03603-1, , ,
03606-1,
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Q3.5, ,
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1-2
1996:Rev.2
Section 1
Corporate Piping/Mechanical Procedures
2-
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1996:Rev.2
1-3
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1996 Bechtel Corp.
2-1
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2-2
1996:Rev.2
Safety
Section 2
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1996:.2
2-3

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1996 Bechtel Corp.
3-1

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A106 B- .
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3-2
1996:Rev.2
Duties and Responsibilities
Section 3

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(OLRL)
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1996:Rev.2
3-3

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(OLRL).

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1996:Rev.2
Section 3
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90/180 , ( 1 4 )
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1996:Rev.2
3-5
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3-6
1996:Rev.2
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1996 Bechtel Corp.
3-7
3-8
1996:Rev.2
Section 3
3-1
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1996:Rev.2
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3-10
1996:Rev.2
Section 3
3-2
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P&ID
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1996:Rev.2
3-11
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3-12
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1996:Rev.2
Section 3

3-3

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1996:Rev.2
0
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3-13
(
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0
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3-14
1996:Rev.2
4

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( -) 31.1
150 . 600 F
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26 , ASTM (.
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( )
12 24
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2 1/2 SCH. 40
10
SCH. 80
26
ASTM A234 GR. WPBW ,

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2 24
ASTM A234 GR WPB WPBW

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ASTM -105 3000#

SCH. 80
ASTM A-105, ,

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150# ,
2 24
150# ,
150#
ASTM A515 GR. 70
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( PS-06)
1.
775 F.
2. CG Flexite-Super
1000F.
TP304.
3. ( )
200 PSIG

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10, 40 (20, 30,40) 20 160 (60, 80,
100, 120, 140, 160). 40 STD 1/8
10 . 80 XS 1/8 8
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5 10 . 80
, 2
1996 Bechtel Corp.
5-1
Section 5
Pipe Sizes and Materials
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(ASTM)
(ASME). ASTM A106
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A106 B.
ASTM A53 -
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A53 A106. 53
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S A106.

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5-2
1996:Rev.2
, 8 . 18
, 304L . 316L
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. ASTM A358
( 8 ). ASTM A409
( 5S) (
10S) .

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ASTM A335 .

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1996:Rev.2
5-3
Section 5
Pipe Sizes and Materials
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1996:Rev.2
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1996:Rev.2
5-5
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, 2
1996 Bechtel Corp.
6-1
Section 6
Pipe Joints and Bending
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1996:Rev.2
Section 6

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National Pipe Taper (NPT- ).
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1996:Rev.2
6-3
Section 6
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1996:Rev.2
Section 6

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90 45 .
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6-8 - 180
180 , 6-8
180 .
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6-9 -
6-10 -
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1996:Rev.2
6-5
Section 6
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6-6
1996:Rev.2
Section 6
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6-17 -

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1996:Rev.2
6-7
Section 6
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6-20 -
6-19 -
6-8
1996:Rev.2
Section 6
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6-21 -

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3000 6000 psi.

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6-22 -

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(TBE).

6-23 -
1996:Rev.2
6-9
Section 6
, . 6-24
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90

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2-

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1996:Rev.2
Section 6

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6-1 - 4

150 psi
300 psi
10
600 psi
10 3/4
900 psi
11 1/2
1500 psi
12 1/4
,

(psi).

(), 25 psi 2500 psi.

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4
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1996:Rev.2
6-11
Section 6
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1996:Rev.2
Section 6
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6-29 -

6-28
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300 lb ,
4 .
1996:Rev.2
6-13
Section 6
6-30 -
6-31 -
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1996:Rev.2
Section 6
300 . , ,
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1996:Rev.2
6-15
Section 6
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6-1
1: 25%
2: 50%
3: 100%
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4: 150%
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5: 200%
: 200%

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6-16
1996:Rev.2
Section 6
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1996:Rev.2
6-17
Section 6
6-34,
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6-35 -
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6-36 -

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2-12
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6-18
1996:Rev.2
Section 6
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6-36.
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1996:Rev.2
6-19
Section 6

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1996:Rev.2
Section 6
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1996:Rev.2
6-21
Section 6

6-1
12
16
6-22
1996:Rev.2
Section 6

6-1
20
24
1996:Rev.2
6-23
Section 6
6-2
.:
. 1
:
:

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1 (25%
):
2 (50%
):
3 (100%
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:

A

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6-24
1996:Rev.2
Section 6
FORM T_FLANGE.DOT 1996:REV.0
1996:Rev.2
6-25
Section 6

6-3

1/2"
5/8"
3/4"
7/8"
1"
1 1/8"
1 1/4"
1 3/8"
1 1/2"
1 5/8"
1 3/4"
1 7/8"
2"
2 1/4"
2 1/2"
2 3/4"
3"
3 1/4"
3 1/2"
3 3/4"
4"
13
11
10
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
( .)
0.1257
0.2018
0.302
0.419
0.551
0.728
0.929
1.155
1.405
1.680
1.980
2.304
2.652
3.423
4.292
5.259
6.324
7.487
8.749
10.109
11.567

(A1/A2)
0.641
0.658
0.683
0.697
0.702
0.732
0.757
0.778
0.795
0.810
0.823
0.834
0.844
0.861
0.874
0.885
0.895
0.902
0.909
0.915
0.921
,
:
1/2" 1": , UNC NC
1 1/8" 4": 8 , 8N
6-26
1996:Rev.2
Section 6

6-3
()
1/2"
5/8"
3/4"
7/8"
1"
1 1/8"
1 1/4"
1 3/8"
1 1/2"
1 5/8"
1 3/4"
1 7/8"
2"
2 1/4"
2 1/2"
2 3/4"
3"
3 1/4"
3 1/2"
3 3/4"
4"
30,000 PSI
.
.
()
(-)
4257
30
5780
60
9060
100
12570
160
16530
245
21840
355
21870
500
34650
680
42150
800
50400
1100
59400
1500(*)
69120
2000(*)
79560
2200(*)
102690
3150(*)
123760
4400(*)
157770
5920(*)
189720
7720(*)
224610
262470
303270
347010
-
45,000 PSI
.
()
(-)
6386
45
10170
90
13590
150
18855
240
24795
368
32760
533
41805
750
51975
1020
63225
1200
75600
1650
89100
2250(*)
103680
3000(*)
119340
3300(*)
154035
4770(*)
193140
6600(*)
236655
8880(*)
284580
11580(*)
336915
393705
454905
520515
-
60,000 PSI
. .
() (-)
8514
60
13560
120
18120
200
25140
320
33060
490
43680
710
55740
1000
69300
1360
84300
1600
100800
2200
118800
3000(*)
138240
4000(*)
159120
4400(*)
205380
6360(*)
257520
8800(*)
315540
11840(*)
379440
15440(*)
449220
524940
606540
694020
-
:
1.

;

2.
:
a.
30,000 PSI: 0.0010 IN/IN
b.
45,000 PSI: 0.0015 IN/IN
c.
60,000 PSI: 0.0020 IN/IN
3.
,

. ASTM A307
SA564, GR. 630 (17-4PH).
4.
30,000,000 PSI
1996:Rev.2
6-27
Section 6
,
6-4
-

:
S = E * e/L
: S = (psi)
E = (30,000,000 psi)
e = ()
L = ()
:

,
0.001 . 10%
.
,
:
L*S
E
, , (e/L /),
:
e
e
L
S
E

6-3.
,

:
6-28
1996:Rev.2
Section 6
eTOTAL = (S/E) * {l1 + (A1/A2) * l2}

:
eTOTAL = ()
S = ,
A1 (psi)
E = (30,000,000 psi)
l1 = ()
l2 = ()
A1/A2 =
( )
1
, S = 45,000 psi
= 30,000,000 psi
A1/A2 = 0.702 ( 6-3)
l1 = 2
l2 = 4
eTOTAL =
45,000 psi
30,000,000 psi
* {2" + (0.702) * (4")}
eTOTAL = 0.00721
:
, 0.009 ,
, 56,156 psi 25% , .
1996:Rev.2
6-29

.
.
:
(NPS)
/.

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,
.

( 20F - 100F).
- CWP.
.
.

.
WOG, , , (Cold Water,
Oil or Gas).
7-1 -
100F

150
425 psi
300
1100 psi
600
2175 psi
900
3250 psi
1500
5400 psi
2500
1996 Bechtel Corp.

150, 300, 600, ..

. (psi)
( 800 F)
.
600
600
850 F.

,
1000 F,

170
Page 2 of 11
7-1,
(psig) (F).
-,
.
1996 Bechtel Corp.
Page 3 of 11

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250 ,
450 F, 800 .
.
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8 .
AISI 304
316.
:
(ASTM A216, Grade WCB)

(ASTM A217, C5 WC9)
304 (ASTM A351, CF8)
316 (ASTM A351, CF8M)
(ASTM A126) (ASTM B61 and B62)
(ASTM A105 A181)

(ASTM A182, F5, F11 F22)
(ASTM A182, F-304, F-316 F-347)

.

1/2 36
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1996 Bechtel Corp.
Page 4 of 11
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ASTM ANSI,
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(MSS).
:
ANSI B2.0
1996 Bechtel Corp.
Page 5 of 11
ANSI B16.1
ANSI B16.5 -
ANSI B16.10 ,
ANSI B16.20
ANSI B16.21
ANSI B16.34 ,
ANSI/ASTM A181 ,
;
ANSI/ASTM A182 ,
,
MSS SP-25 ,
NISS SP-45
API 593
API 594 ()
API 595
API 597
API 599
API 600
API 602
API 603 150
API 604
API 606 ( )
API 609 150 psig 150 F.
API 6D -

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1996 Bechtel Corp.
Page 6 of 11
, ()
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1996 Bechtel Corp.
Page 7 of 11

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1996:Rev.2
10
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10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
1996:Rev.2
Wt =
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2.05
2.48
3.60
4.40
5.10
6.30
5.89
7.86
9.50
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10.78
13.11
11.78
16.30
19.96
23.77
31.48
39.86
36.97
50.30
63.20
55.54
74.70
87.10
76.33
98.60
112.30
98.70
114.30
129.60
123.80
141.70
159.30
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191.80
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5.77
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248.60
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11'
11'
12'
12'
12'
13'
13'
13
14
15
14
16
16
14
18
20
15
20
22
15
22
24
16
24
25
19
24
26
19
24
27
19
24
28
19
24
28
18
23
28
18
23
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10-5
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Br =
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1996:Rev.2
11
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1996 Bechtel Corp.
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1996:. 2
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12- 1
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1996:. 2
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120 ksi
105 ksi
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12-11
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1996:Rev.2
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1996:Rev.2
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1996:Rev.2
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1996 Bechtel Corp.
14-1
Section 14
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Leak Testing
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Leak Testing
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Leak Testing
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1996:Rev.2
14-7
Section 14
Leak Testing
14-1

:
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AM
:
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PM
AM
PM
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:
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14-8
1996:Rev.2
Leak Testing
Section 14
FORM T_HYDRO.DOT 1996:REV.0
14-2
1996:Rev.2
14-9
Section 14
Leak Testing
14-2
:
1. 18 GBD78 = 350 PSIG
= 1.5 x 350 PSIG = 525 PSIG
,
= (1.5 x 350 PSIG) + (63 FT HEAD x 0.4327 PSI/FT) = 553 PSIG
= 974 PSIG (18); 1100 PSIG (1/2, 3/4, & 1 )
2. 10 GCD24 = 400 PSIG
= 1.5 x 400 PSIG = 600 PSIG
,
= (1.5 x 400 PSIG) + (20 FT HEAD x 0.4327 PSI/FT) = 609 PSIG.
= 912 PSIG (10 ); 925 PSIG (1/2, 3/4, & 1 ).
3. 10 GCD24
18 GBD78 :

609 PSIG 25 4-1/2 :
(1.5 x 400 PSIG) + (20 FT x 0.4327 PSI/FT @ 70 F) - (25.375 FT x 0.4327 PSI/FT
@ 70 F) = 598 PSIG.

.
4. : ,
GCD24 (609 PSIG).
5. : ,
GBD78 (553 PSIG).
6. : 598 PSIG + (72 FT x 0.4327 PSI/FT) = 629 PSIG
7. 1000 PSIG.
8. : 625 PSIG x 106% + (2 FT HEAD x 0.4327 PSI/FT @
70 F) = 664 PSIG.
9. : 598 PSIG + (56 FT HEAD x 0.4327 PSI/FT) = 622 PSIG.
10. :
= 1.5 x 598 PSIG = 797 PSIG.
= 4 x 598 PSIG = 2392 PSIG.
0 - 1000 PSIG 5 PSIG
1/4%
11. :
609 PSIG A - (25.375 FT x 0.4327 PSI/FT) = 598 PSIG.
600 PSIG - ,

14-10
1996:Rev.2
Leak Testing
Section 14
14-3

.:
:
:
FORM T_VLV_LU.DOT 1996:REV.0
1996:Rev.2
14-11
Section 14
Leak Testing

14-4
A =
B =
C =
D =
t =
d =
P = (psig)
S =
:
1.
A-36, S=12,600 PSI
A-285 GR. C, S=18,350 PSI
A-570 GR. 36, S=16,300 PSI
t=d
3 P
x
16 S
: , 1,7 .
36,
1,4.
A285 C
t,
100
300
500
700
1000
1500
2000
41/2
11/2
27/8
51/8
35/8
51/4
61/8
6 /16
8 /2
1 /2
11 /2
105/8
11/2
125/8
10
123/4
11/2
14
12
15
11/2
151/2
18
161/4
11/2
161/2
20
23
11/2
173/4
11/8
A =
14-12
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6 /4
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B =
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11/8
11/4
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11/8
11/4
11/2
11/8
13/8
15/8
17/8
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15/8
17/8
21/4
25/8
11/2
13/4
21/8
21/2
27/8
C =
1996:Rev.2
15
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15-18
1996:Rev.2
15
15-2
:
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FORM T_ALIGN2.DOT 1996:REV.
1996:Rev.2
15-19
16

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1996 Bechtel Corp.
16-1
Section 16
Pumps
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17

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. :
18 oF, . ,
.

. ,
.

.

. ,
.

,
, ,
.
1996:Rev.2
24-13
24
, ,
.

.

,
. .
.
,

.
, .

, .
. ,
. ,
.
,
, ,
.
, ,
. .
, ,
, ,
, , .

.

,

, ,
, . ,
,
.

,
, ,
. , ,
,
,
24-14
1996:Rev.2
24
. ,
.
- , .
,
.
, 50 %,
.
, 60 %.

( ) ,
.
.
, ,
.
, ,
,
. , ,
.
, , ,
.
, ,
,
.

.
,
,
.

. -
.
:
, 0 6. ,
. , .
,
.
, ,
.
1996:Rev.2
24-15
24
.
, ,
.

.
,
, , .
, ,
,
285 .
, ,
.
, ,
.
.
,
, , , .

, ,
.
:

.
, .
,
, .
.
.
275
. ,
, , ,
.
,
400 .
.

,
.
, ,
24-16
1996:Rev.2
24
. .
.
3 , ,
.

160 .

, , ,
.
, 250
.
,
250 ,

.
.
,
180 .

.
175 .

. ,
. , ,
, ,
.
. ,
, ,
.
,
, . ,

-100 300 .
-20 450 .
, ,
.

,
,
, .
.
, . ,
, ,
. ,
1996:Rev.2
24-17
24
, ,
.
,
.
,

.
.
.

. ,
, . ,
, , ,
.
,
.
.
0.003
. , .
, , ,
.
, .
,
, .
,
.
,
, ,
,
.

. 750
, 1050
.
, , .

.
,
.

.
, ,
. , ,
24-18
1996:Rev.2
24
, . ,
,
,
. ,
.

, , ,
.
,
, .
,
.
:
,
.

,
.
. ,
, .
.
,
,
. ,
.
,
, .
.
,
.
,
,
, .
.
.

,
, , , .
,
.
1996:Rev.2
24-19
24
.
.
, ,
, .
, ,
,
.
,
.
, ,
.
.
,
.
, , ,
.
,

.
, .
, ,
, .

.
.
,
, ,
.

,
, .
,
,

.
24-20
1996:Rev.2
24
,
,
. ,
.
1996:Rev.2
24-21
25

,
:
Alkaline Cleaning ( )
.
Alloy Steel ( ) ,
, , .
, > 0,60%, > 1,65% / >
0,60%, .
Anchor () ,
.
Angular Alignment ( ) ,

. ,
, .
Annealing () (. ).
Ash Handling ( ) ,
.
Austenitic Stainless Steel ( ) - ,
-- ,
() .
,
. ,
.
2xx 3xx. .
Austenite () () ,
-.
Average Wall ( ) . .
Bevel () ,
.
Billet () ;
,
.
Bloom () .
, , ,
225 .. .
Bright Anneal ( )
(. ).
1996 Bechtel Corp.
25-1
25
Brinell Hardness ( ) (ASTM E10).

(ksi)
.
Cable Tray ( ) ,
.
Camber ()
.
Carbide () , ;
.
Carbide Precipitation ( )
, 427871oC ( ).
Carbon Steel ( ) ,
, , .
Carburizing ( )

, .

.
Cementite () , .
Charpy Impact Test ( ) ,
(ASTM E23).
Check Analysis ( )
. ,
.
Chloride Stress Cracking ( )
.
.
Cladding () ,
. ,
.
Cleanness ()
.
Clinkers () , ,
.
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion ( )
, ,

.
25-2
1996:Rev.2
25
Cold Alignment ( ) , ,
.
Cold Drawing ( ) ,

. , ,
,
.
Cold Working ( )
.
Combination Support ( ) ,
, .
Conduit ()
.
Condensate () ,
, ().
.
Conditioning () (, ,
..). ,
(, , ).
, .
Corrosion () .
Corrosion Resistance ( )
.
Coupling Gap ( ) ,
.
-. ,
, ,
.
Creep Strength () ,

.
.
Critical Temperature ( ) ,
. ,

( 600oC ).
Deaerator () ,
.
Deadweight Analyzed Piping ( )
93 o, ,
1996:Rev.2
25-3
25
, , , ,
.
Decarburization ()
, .

.
Density () ,
.
Dimensions () O.D. . ,
, .
I.D. . , O.D.
.
, , / .
O.D., I.D. ,
. () .
1,5 1,61 .
.
.
,
. , ,
.
, (
) .
Demineralized Water ( ) (Grade A/ A) ,
. ,

:
pH 25 oC
6,0 8,0
< 0,15 ppm ( )
< 0.10 ppm ( )
25 oC
< 2.0 /
Ductility () .

.
Duplex Steel ( ) /
/ , ,
.
,
,
.
25-4
1996:Rev.2
25
Dye Penetrant Inspection ( )

, , .
Eccentricity ()
.
.
Eddy Current ( )
( )
.
Elastic Limit ( ) ,

.
Electric Furnace Process ( ) ,
.
,
, .
Electric Resistance Welded Tubing (, ) ,
,
. ,
,
.
Elongation () ,
(ASTM E8).
.
Endurance Limit ( ) ,
.
.
, 107.
Equalizing or Reinforcing Rings ( ) ,
.
,
.
Etch Test ( )
, , .
Expansion Joint () ,
,
.
Expediting Reports ( ) ,
.
External Cover ( )
.
1996:Rev.2
25-5
25
Extrusion () ,
( ),
.
.
Face Runout ( )
.
Fatigue Limit ( ) ( )
Ferrite () , BCC
(- ); -.
Ferritic Stainless Steels ( ) ,
, ,
(BCC) .
: .
.
4.
Ferritic Steel ( ) . :
A-53 A-106, A-335, .
Feedwater ( ) , .
Ferrous ( ) , ,
, , , , ,
.
Filtered Air ( ) ,
10 .
Finish ()
.
Finish Machine Size ( )

.
.
,
.
Flexible Coupling ( ) ,
.
,
, ,
.
Flushing ()
.
Fly-Ash () ,
.
25-6
1996:Rev.2
25
Foreign Material ( )
, , ,
.
Forging () ,
, ,
.
Fracture Strength ( )
, , ,
.
Fracture Toughness ( ) - (Kc)
, ,
, .
Full Anneal ( ) (.
).
Gages, Gauges () () .
, (USS),
(GSG), (BWG).
Galvanic Corrosion ( ) ,
().
,
().
Grain Size ( ) ,
(ASTM E112).
,
. ,
-,
, 927C.
,
.
Gantry Crane ( ) ,
.
Guide () .
Hanger/Support (/) ,
, , /
.
Hardenability () ( )
.
Hardness () .

(ASTM E10), (ASTM E18) (ASTM E92).
1996:Rev.2
25-7
25
Heat Treatment ()
.
.
:
Age Hardening ( ) ,
,
. .
.
( ).
.
Air Hardening ( ) ,
.
Annealing () ,

.
:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) /
(e)
(f)
Bright Anneal ( )
,
.
Drawing () , .
Full Anneal ( )
.
Isothermal Anneal ( )
, ,
- .
Normalize () ,
38F
.
Quenching ()
.
Soft Anneal ( )
677F - 732F.
,
.
Solution Anneal ( )
,
, ,
.
.
Stabilizing Anneal ( ) ,
, .
25-8
1996:Rev.2
25

, ( ).
.
Stress Relieving ( ) ,
, , ,
, ..
, .
.
, (-)
.
Tempering ()
( )
.
Hot Alignment ( ) ,
10% .
.
,
.
Hot Finished Seamless Tubing ( ) ,

.
Hot Rolled ERW Tubing ( ) ,
,
.
Hot Working ( ) ,
. .
Huey Test ( ) .
48- 65%
.
/.
.
- ,

.
Hydrostatic Test ( )

, ,
.
Impact Testing ( )
,
(ASTM E23).
, ,
. , , ,
-.
1996:Rev.2
25-9
25
Inaccessible Area ( ) ,
,
,
.
Inclusions () , , ,
, .
Induction Heating ( )
.
Ingot () ,
.
Intergranular Corrosion ( ) ,
, - ,
,
.
Internal Sleeve ( ) ,

.
Internal Soundness ( )
, ,
.
Isophase Bus ( ) ,
.
Isothermal Anneal ( ) . .
Izod Impact Test ( ) .
Jominy Test ( ) ,
,
(ASTM A255).
Killed Steel ( ) , ,
() , .
, ,
.
Ladle () ,
.
Ladle Analysis ( ) ,
.
Laminations () , ,
,
.
25-10
1996:Rev.2
25
Lap () ,
,
.
Lateral Expansion ( )
.
.
Limit Stops and Rods ( ) ,
.
Loops () ,

.
Machinability () ,
.
.
Machining ( )
.
Macroetch () ,
, , , , , , ,
..
. ,
, ,
.
Magnetic Center ( ) ,
. -
.
,
. ,
.
Magnuflux Test (- )

( ),
. ,
.
Malleability () ,
.
.
Mandrel () - (1) ,
. - (2) ,
.
Maraging ( )
.
: .
1996:Rev.2
25-11
25
( )
.
Martensite () ,
(Ms).
.
. , .
Material Test Report ( ) ,
-,
.
McQuaid-Ehn Test ( -)
,
927F . 8
- 5 8
, 5 .
Mechanical Cleaning ( )
: , , , ,
, .
Mechanical Properties ( ) ,
,
; ,
, , .
, ..
Mechanical Tubing ( )
, ,
.
.
,
.
Metallography () ,
,
, ,
.
Metric System of Measurements ( )
, ,
.
:
= 1 /1000000;
= 1 /1000;
= 1 /100;
= 1 /10;
= 10;
= 100;
= 1000;
= 1000000.
25-12
1996:Rev.2
25
,
, .
. (,
, ), ( , ,
), ( , ,
). .
1966 .
Microcleanliness ()
, .
Micro-Etch ()
.
.
Minimum Wall ( ) .
Modulus of Elasticity ( ) ,
, ,
.
MCC ()
- .
, .
Non-Destructive Testing ( )
.
, , ,
, , ,
.
Non-Ferrous ( ) : , ,
, , .
Notch Brittleness ( )
.
Notch Sensitivity ( )
, .
Offset Length ( ) ,
(,
), .
Oil-Free Air ( )
, ,
,
1 ppm ( ).
Orifice () ,
.
1996:Rev.2
25-13
25
Ovality ()
.
.
Oxidation ()
. , ,
.
Oxide () ,
.
Parallel (Offset) Alignment ( ) ,

.
, , .
Particulate Matter ( ) ,
, , ,
.
Passivate ()

.

10-20%. .
Pearlite () .
Pitting Corrosion ( ) ,
.
Photomicrograph () ,
,
.
Physical Properties ( ) ,
. , ,
.
Pickling () , ,
,
.
Piercing () ,
,
.
Pit () .
Pitting ( ) ,
.
Plane Strain Fracture Toughness ( )
.
25-14
1996:Rev.2
25
Plenum ( ) ,
.
Pneumatic Test ( )

, .
Porosity () ,
, , ,
.
Positive Material Identification (
) ,
, .
Post Weld Heat ( )
.
, (
).
Pressure Tubing ( )
.
Profilometer () , .

(
) .
Purge Connections ( ) ,

.
Pyrometer () ,
.
Quenching () . .
Random Length ( ) ,
.
Recrystallization ()
,
.
, ,
.
Reduction of Area ( ) ,
.
, .
Relay ()
, ,
, .
1996:Rev.2
25-15
25
Restraint () ,
. - ,
, .
Rimmed Steel ( ) , ,
. .
Rim Runout ( )
.
Rockwell Hardness ( ) (ASTM E18).
Rust () , .
, ,
.
Scale () , .
Seam () - , .
Segregation () - ,
.
Semi-Killed Steel ( ) , ,
,
.
Sensitization ()
. ,
, .
Service Water ( )
.
Shear Value ( )
.
, .
, .
, .
Soft Anneal ( ) . .
Specification () , ,
,
, , , ,
, .
Stabilizing Elements ( ) ,
,
. (,
) ,
.
: 321, 347 348.
25-16
1996:Rev.2
25
Stress Corrosion Cracking ( )

.
.
.
Strip () - A flat-rolled steel product which serves as the raw material for welded tubing.
Structural ( )
.
Sump () , .
Swaged () ,
, , .
Tap Water ( ) , -
.
Tempering () . .
Tensile Strength ( )
,
.
. ASTM E6
E8.
Terminal Point ( ) ,
.
.
Thermal Analyzed Piping ( )
93 oF,
, .
Thermal Conductivity ( ) ,
.
Thermal/Deadweight Analyzed Piping ( /
) - 93 oF,
0,1"
.
Thermal Expansion ( )
.
, , .
Thermocouples () ,
.
Tie Rods () ,
.
Tolerance () .
1996:Rev.2
25-17
25
Torsion () ,
.
Toughness ()
.
Transformation Temperature ( ) ,
.
.
Transverse Tension Test ( )
.
Traveling Racks ( ) ,
Screens/Trash
.
Ultimate Strength ( ) . .
Ultrasonic Testing ( )
,
, .
Upsetting () ,
.
Vacuum Breakers ( ) ,
.
Vickers Hardness Test ( ) (ASTM
E92).
Water Box ( ) ,
.
Work Hardening ( )
(. ).
Yield Point ( ) ,
.
Yield Strength ( ) ,
.
0,2%.
25-18
1996:Rev.2
26

:
,
, 400 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611
ASTM, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, : 215-299-5585, :
215-977-9679
, Ingersoll-Rand Corporation,
Woodcliff Lake, NJ
, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1221 Avenue of The
Americas, New York, N.Y. 10020, : 212-512-2000

, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1221 Avenue of The Americas, New York, N.Y.
10020, : 212-512-3549, FAX: 212-512-3150
, Standardization Document Order Desk, Bldg. 4, Section D,
700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, : 215-697-2179, FAX: 215-697-2978
, Crane
,
Carrier Air Conditioning, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1221 Avenue of The Americas, New
York, N.Y. 10020
HILTI Corporation, , P.O. Box 21148, Tulsa, OK
74121, : 800-879-7000, FAX: 800-879-7000
TT Grinnell
Lokring, , 396 Hatch Drive, Foster
City, CA 94404, : 415-578-9999, FAX: 415-578-0216
-
, , - , 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY
10017, : 212-705-7722, : 212-705-7674
, , McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1221
Avenue of The Americas, New York, N.Y. 10020
,
, 99 Canal Center Plaza, Suite 222, Alexandria, VA 22314, : 703-683-6422, :
703-549-4838
Navco,
(NAVCO), c/o Basic Engineers, P.O. Box 15238, Pittsburgh, PA 15238,
: 412-826-1900
1996 Bechtel Corp.
26-1
26
Phillips Driscopipe, Inc., , P.O. Box 833866, 2929 North Central Expressway, Suite 300, Richardson, Texas 75083, 800-527-0662,
: 214-783-2689
, Tube Turns, Chemetron
Corporation, P.O. Box 32160, Louisville, KY 40232
, Grinnell Supply Sales Co., Marketing/Design
Services, Providence, RI 02903
, 1 2, Syentek Book, P.O. Box 277, Cotati,
California 94928
. , McGraw-Hill Book Company,
1221 Avenue of The Americas, New York, N.Y. 10020

, Pennwell Publications, 1250 South Grove Avenue, Suite 302,
Barrington, Illinois, 60010-5066, : 708-382-2450, : 708-382-2977
, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1221 Avenue of The Americas, New York, N.Y.
10020, : 609-426-5667, : 609-426-7635

- ( ) , McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1221
Avenue of The Americas, New York, N.Y. 10020
Steam Book Crane
, 1 2,
, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
Stockham, Box 10326, Birmingham, Alabama 35202 : 205-5926361
Swagelok, Crawford Fitting, 29500 Solon Road,
Solon, Ohio, 44139
,
, P.E., McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1221 Avenue of The Americas, New York,
N.Y. 10020
Victaulic, , P.O. Box 31, Easton,
PA 18044-0031, : 215-559-3300, : 215-250-8817
Henry Vogt Machine,
(), P.O. Box 1918, Louisville, Kentucky 40201-1918, : 502-634-1500, : 502-6340549,
Ladish
Yarway
26-2
1996:Rev.2

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BECHTEL CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS

1996 Bechtel Corp.

1996 Bechtel Corp.

1996 Bechtel Corp.

Corporate Piping/Mechanical Procedures

Corporate Piping/Mechanical Procedures

1996 Bechtel Corp.

1996 Bechtel Corp.

Duties and Responsibilities

Duties and Responsibilities

1996 Bechtel Corp.

Duties and Responsibilities

Duties and Responsibilities

Duties and Responsibilities

) -672, GR B70 SCH

, ASTM -106, WALL

ASTM A234 GR. WPBW ,

ASTM A234 GR WPB WPBW

ASTM -105 3000#

ASTM A515 GR. 70

, ASTM A-193 GR. B7

1996 Bechtel Corp.

Pipe Sizes and Materials

Pipe Sizes and Materials

1996 Bechtel Corp.

Pipe Joints and Bending

Pipe Joints and Bending

Pipe Joints and Bending

Pipe Joints and Bending

Pipe Joints and Bending

Pipe Joints and Bending

Pipe Joints and Bending

Pipe Joints and Bending

Pipe Joints and Bending

Pipe Joints and Bending

Pipe Joints and Bending

Pipe Joints and Bending

Pipe Joints and Bending

Pipe Joints and Bending

Pipe Joints and Bending

Pipe Joints and Bending

Pipe Joints and Bending

Pipe Joints and Bending

Pipe Joints and Bending

Pipe Joints and Bending

Pipe Joints and Bending

Pipe Joints and Bending

Pipe Joints and Bending

Pipe Joints and Bending

FORM T_FLANGE.DOT 1996:REV.0

Pipe Joints and Bending

Pipe Joints and Bending

Pipe Joints and Bending

Pipe Joints and Bending

eTOTAL = (S/E) * {l1 + (A1/A2) * l2}

* {2" + (0.702) * (4")}

1996 Bechtel Corp.

1996 Bechtel Corp.

(ASTM A216, Grade WCB)

(ASTM A105 A181)

1996 Bechtel Corp.

1996 Bechtel Corp.

1996 Bechtel Corp.