Manpower Utilization Manpower utilization includes two sub-categories, including both quantity and quality for manpower.

Higher labour quantity and quality will represent higher competition for national economy. The higher labour quantity can have higher productivity, including both labour force participation and weekly working hours (Arthur, 1994; Dyer and Reeves, 1995).1 Labour quality is calculated by enrollment ratios or literacy rates, however, enrollment ratios represent investment levels in human capital, and literacy is a stock variable2 (Hanushek and Zhang, 2006; Benhabib and Spiegel, 1994). Not only the enrollment rate, have we also considered the pupil teacher ratio for each education level (Black and Smith, 2006). The indexes of labour quality (primary, secondary and tertiary education) are calculated from their enrollment ratio divided by pupil teacher rate. Since the higher enrollment ratio can indicate the higher education quality (Marginson, 2006). In contrast to enrollment ratio, the lower pupil teacher ratio can have higher education quality (Black and Smith, 2006).