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5.1 The Classification of Microorganisms
5.1 The Classification of Microorganisms
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Sandera 2011
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Learning objective: 1.1 Understanding the classification of microorganisms Learning outcomes: (a) List the characteristics of various types of microorganisms (b) Classify microorganisms into bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses and algae. (c) Describe the characteristics of each group of microorganisms
1.1 classification of microorganisms 1 Microorganisms are tiny living things that are invisible to be seen by the naked eye. 2 The study of microorganisms is known as microbiology. Microorganisms are also known as microbes. Microorganisms can only be seen microscope
1.1 classification of microorganisms Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 1723)'s discovery of microorganisms in 1675, in Holland, using a microscope of his own design.
3 Microorganisms are divided into five main groups based on their characteristics, namely (a)Bacteria The classification are based (b)Fungi on their (c) Protozoa (a) Size (b) Shape (bentuk) (d)Viruses (c) Methods of reproduction (e)Algae (d) Nutrition
(e) Habitat
Bacteria
Make up the largest number among the five groups of microorganisms Unicellular (singled-cell) organisms Very small in size (0.2 - 10 mm) Shape :- can be classified into 4 groups based on their shapes: (a) Cocci spherical (coccus) (b) Bacilli - rod-shaped (bacillus) (c) Spirilla - spiral-shaped (spirillum) (d) Vibrios - comma-shaped (vibrio) Some bacteria have fine, long structures called flagella to help them move
Bacteria
Vibrio (comma)
Bacteria
Bacillus
Coccus
Spirillum Vibrio
Bacteria
Nutrition:- parasitic (feed on living organisms) or saprophytic (feed on dead organisms) Methods of reproduction:- asexually by binary fission (belahan dedua) or sexually by conjugation
Bacteria
Habitat:- Can be found anywhere (damp habitat, air, water, soil, plants, animals & human beings) Special characteristic:- will form a spore in unsuitable environment (extreme temperature, drought or scarcity of food)
Viruses
y Viruses are non-living things coz they do not carry out life processes activity such as respiration, digestion or excretion (criteria for living things). They do not have nucleus, cell membrane or cytoplasm y Smallest microorganisms y Can only be seen through electron microscope y Size:- 0.02 - 0.4 Qm 1 Qm = 1/1000 mm
Viruses y Shape :- have various shapes, such as spherical, rectangular, rod-shaped or tadpole- shaped or indefinite shapes
Polio virus
Bacteriophage T4 virus
HIV virus
Influenza/Flu virus
Viruses y Nutrition:- Live as parasite (parasitic) y Methods of reproduction:- can only reproduce within a living cell. Reproduces themselves in the host cells & multiply very quickly
Viruses y Habitat:- can only live in living cells (host) such as bacteria, animals, plants or human beings y Special characteristic:- will form crystals (hablur) when they are out of living cells
Fungi y Similar to plant but do not have chlorophyll, roots, stems or leaves y Unicellular or multicellular organisms y Various sizes (10 - 100 mm) y Shape :- have a variety of shapes. Some are like a ball, have long filament (hyphae) and some are oval-shaped
Yeast
Mucor
Fungi yNutrition:- parasitic (tinea) and saprophytic (mucor) y Methods of reproduction:- asexually by spore formation (pembentukkan spora) or budding (pertunasan) & Bud (Tunas) sexually by conjugation Budding
Yeast
Sporangium
Mucor (Kulapuk)
Protozoa y Largest unicellular microorganisms y Size:- 5 - 250 mm y Shape :- have various shapes, such as oval & round. Some with indefinite shapes E.g. :- Amoeba (not fixed shape) Paramecium ( shoe sole @ slipper)
Amoeba
Paramecium
Protozoa y Some of them move by pseudopodia, flagella or cillia y Nutrition:- parasitic (plasmodium) and saprophytic (amoeba & paramecium ) Methods of reproduction:- asexually by binary fission spore formation or budding & sexually by conjugation
Amoeba
Paramecium
Plasmodium
Protozoa y Habitat:Can be found in damp places such as soil & bark of tree, fresh water (amoeba @ paramecium), body fluid of living things (plasmodium)
Algae y Algae are simple plants with chlorophyll but do not have roots, stems or leaves y Unicellular or multicellular aquatic plants y Various sizes, range from very small to very big in size (1 - 100 000 mm)
Chlamydomonas
Euglena
Algae y Shape :- have a variety of shapes. Some are rounds (pleurococcus @ chlmydomonas) for unicellular, filamentous (spirogyra), ribbon-like or plate-like shapes for multicellular
Spirogyra
Pleurococcus
Algae y Shape Nutrition:- autotrophic (carry out photosynthesis) / autotrophs y Methods of reproduction:- asexually by binary fission, fragmentation or spore formation & sexually by conjugation
Algae y Habitat:- can be found in damp areas that receive sunlight such as soil & fresh water, salt water, damp soil or on the damp bark trees y Special characteristic:- have chloroplast (can produce their own food)