Red blood cells (RBCs) contain an iron bearing protein called hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin molecules contain amino acid chains and are responsible for the carrying and transportation of oxygen from the blood.

 Glycosylated or Glycosylation the attachment of a blood glucose molecule to hemoglobin. When blood sugar rises, a glucose molecule would attach itself to hemoglobin inside an erythrocyte, the hemoglobin is now called glycosylated or glycated hemoglobin (glycohemoglobin).

 Denoted as HbA1c. Normal range 4% 8%.

Denoted as HbA1c. Normal range: 4% 6.5/ 7%.

 Once hemoglobin is glycosylated, it remains that way for the entire life span of a RBC. sugar level for a longer period glycosylated hemoglobin levels.

Frequent/ Persistent Hyperglycemia HbA1c

Indicates the average plasma glucose concentration over two (2) to three (3) months

About 2 3 weeks

The International Diabetes Federation and American College of Endocrinology HbA1c below 48 mmol/mol (6.5%). American Diabetes Association HbA1c below 53 mmol/mol (7.0%) for most patients.