:

6.1

,
.

.
.
,
. , , .
..,
, ,
. , , ,
, ,
, , .

6.2

, .
v o (t ) = v 1 (t ) v 2 (t ) = ( Vo1 sin 1t ) ( Vo 2 sin 2 t )
(6-1)

1
(6-2)
Vo1 Vo 2 [cos(1 2 )t - cos( 1 + 2 )t ]
2
,
,
, .
v o (t ) =

v1(t)
Vo1

v1 ( t ) v 2 (t )

v1 (t )
t

v 2 (t )
v 2 (t)
Vo2

.6.1

, .5.36, ,
.
, .
, , (switching
mixers). , , , (
), , MOS . , , ( ),
, BJT . , ,

.
, .
V
Vo1

f1

Vo 2

f2

Vo1
2
f 2 f1

Vo 2
2
f 2 + f1

.6.2 )
)

(6-2) ,
, .
,

. , ,
, .

6.3

.
AD633, .6.3.
X1

+ Vs

Vs

X2

A
1
10V

Y1

3
+

1
Y2

AD633

.6.3

,
V( w ) =

[V ( x1) V ( x 2)] [V ( y1) V ( y 2)]

+ V( z )
10

(6-3)

10, (scale factor),

. Vz, , (DC offset).
.
.
,
,





,

6.1:
.6.4, AD633,
x1 y1,
w.
1

VOFF = 0
VAMPL = 10
FREQ = 1k

0
V2

1
2
3
4
6

8
V+

V1
V1

1
V+

X1
X2
Y1
Y2
Z

15Vdc

OUT

0
R1
AD633J/AD

V2

10k

VOFF = 0
VAMPL = 10
FREQ = 40k

V-

U2

15Vdc

2 V-

.6.4 SPICE

.6.5, 6.6 6.7, .
V( x1)
10V

.6.5 x1, f=1 KHz

V( y1)
10V

.6.6 y1, , f=40 KHz

10V

.6.7 , w=0.1*x1*y1

MATLAB
%Signal multiplier
t=0:1e-6:1e-3;
x1=10*sin(2*pi*1000*t);y1=10*sin(2*pi*40000*t);
w=0.1*x1.*y1;
plot (t,x1,t,y1,t,w);
xlabel('Time,sec');ylabel('Volt');

6.4

, , ,
, . ,
, , ,
. , ,
, ,
, , .
,
.
, , (modulated),
, . ,
, (modulation), ,
,
.
, ,
, (carrier).
.
,
, .
,
.

6.4.

. .
,
v c (t ) = Voc sin( c t + )
(6-4)
:
Voc ,
, , , AM,
(Amplitude Modulation).
(ct+),
, ,

, (angle modulation). ,
,
c, ,
, FM, (Frequency Modulation), , ,
, (Phase Modulation).

. .
6.4. ,

, , , .

. , ,
,
. , ,
.5.37, , , ,
v c (t ) = Voc sin c t

v m (t ) = Vom sin m t
, ,
v AM (t ) = ( Voc + Vom sin m t ) sin c t

(6-5)

v m (t )
Vom
t
)
v c (t )
Voc

)
.6.8 )
)

Voc + Vom
Voc

vm (t )

Voc Vom

v c (t )

( AM )
t
.6.9

, (5-51), .6.9.
(5-51) ,
v AM (t ) = Voc (1 + k sin m t ) sin c t
(6-6)
, k=Vom/Voc Voc .
k100 , , k=0,5,
50%. 100%, (Vom>Voc),
, , , ,
.
.
(5-52) ,
1
v AM (t ) = Voc [sin c t + k[cos( c + m )t + cos(c m )t )]]
(6-7)
2
(6-7) , , (.6.10),
, (c+m) (cm). , ,
.
, (.6.2), ,
.

V
Voc

Vom

fm

fc

V
Voc

Vom
2
)

fc fm

Vom
2
fc + fm

.6.10
) )

, (frequency band), ,
.
,
, , ,
.

6.4

. ,
, .
,
, , ,
v o (t ) = k v i (t ) 2
, vi(t) ,
m,
c , ,
v o ( t ) = k [ Vm sin m t + Vc sin c t ]2

v o ( t ) = k [( Vm sin m t ) 2 + ( Vc sin c t ) 2 ] + 2k[( Vm sin m t ) ( Vc sin c t )]

V 1
Vm 1
Vm cos 2( m t ) + ( c Vc cos 2( c t )] + 2k[( Vm sin m t ) ( Vc sin c t )]
2 2
2 2
1
1
v o (t ) = k [VDC Vm cos 2( m t ) Vc cos 2( c t )] + 2k[( Vm sin m t ) ( Vc sin c t )]
2
2

v o (t ) = k [(

, ,
,
, , ,
, . , ,
,
,

v o (t ) = 2k ( Vm sin m t ) ( Vc sin c t )

(6-8)

, ,
.
MOS , , ,
,
i D = ( v GS VT ) 2
,
v GS = VGS + v c v m
, MOS , ,
.
BJT ,
v BE
VT

i C = I se
, , . ,
,
v BE = VBE + v c v m

, BJT , ,
.

6.6

.6.11,
, ,
v BE = VBE + k ( v c v m )
, ,
VBE + k ( v c v m )
VT

i C = I se
, , ,
. LC
, ,
, ,
. , ,
. ,
. , ,
.6.11 .
, R .

VCC

5Vdc

0
TX1

OUT

C1
R1
50k

RL
1k

1n

0
Rs

C2

1k

1u

Q1

IN

BC547C
CE

R3
50

VOFF = 0
VAMPL = 30m
FREQ = 1.568meg

vc

vm

1u

VOFF = 0
VAMPL = 30m
FREQ = 2k
R2
20k

RE
3k

.6.11 ,

.6.11, SPICE,
.6.12.
.6.11 ,

.
400mV

200mV

0V

-200mV

-400mV
4.0ms
V(OUT)

4.2ms

4.4ms

4.6ms

4.8ms

5.0ms

5.2ms

5.4ms

5.6ms

Time

.6.12 .6.11
SPICE

6.2:
, 6.1,
AD633,
, ,
.6.13.

10

VOFF = 7
VAMPL = 3
FREQ = 1k

1
2
3
4
6

0
V2

1
V+
15Vdc

X1
X2
Y1
Y2
Z

OUT

V-

V1
V1

V+

U2

R1
AD633J/AD

V2

10k

VOFF = 0
VAMPL = 10
FREQ = 30k

15Vdc

2 V-

.6.13
12V

8V

4V

0V

-4V

-8V

-12V
29.6ms
V(OUT)

30.0ms

30.4ms

30.8ms

31.2ms

31.6ms

32.0ms

32.4ms

32.8ms

Time

.6.14

, , SPICE
.6.14.
MATLAB
%Amplitude Modulation
t=0:1e-6:2e-3;
x1=(7+3*sin(2*pi*1000*t));y1=10*sin(2*pi*40000*t);
w=0.1*x1.*y1;
plot (t,w);
xlabel('Time,sec');
ylabel('Volt');

MATLAB. , , SPICE,
7 V .

11

6.7

, ,
, .
, ,
.
. .5.40,
.

Antenna
5pW

RF _ amp

Filter

83dBm

c o

Detector

Audio _ amp

1mW

o
Tuning

IF _ amp
AGC

0dBm

Local
Oscillator

.6.15

c, ,
, RF, (Radio
Frequency amplifier). RF , ,
, .
,
.
,
, .
, , ,
, IF, (Intermediate Frequency),
(c-),
.
, ..,
455 Hz. ,
800 KHz, 1255 KHz.
RF
.
, (heterodyning or mixing).
IF IF , (VGA),
,
.
, (AGC),
6.??.. IF
, .
IF , , , .
IF , (detector or
demodulator),
.
.
12

, ,
.

6.8

.
.6.16.
D, , .6.17.
C1 , , ,
, . ,
, ,
, , C1.
R1

v AM

va

C2

C1

vo
R2

.6.16

C2, ,
R2 .
.6.17.
,
,
, . .6.18
.
, - .
C1 , ,
C2.
, ,
AGC
.

13

v AM
t

va

vo

t
.6.17

R1

C2

v AM

vo

R2
C1

.6.18

14

6.3 -
.6.19 ,
. , IF
1,568 MHz,
.
VCC

5Vdc

0
TX1

C1

R8
1n

R1
30k

C6
50n

1k

R4
10k

R5

C5

100k

OUT
10u

Rs

C2

1k

50n

Q1

IN

Q2

C3
BC547C

BC547C
50n

R3
V6

50

VOFF = 0
VAMPL = 10m
FREQ = 1.568meg

CE
R9
10u

10k

V7
VOFF = 0
VAMPL = 10m
FREQ = 2k RE
4k

R2
20k

R7
R6
20k

C4
10u

1k

.6.19 IF
100mV

50mV

0mV

-50mV

-100mV

-150mV
500.0ms
V(OUT)

500.2ms

500.4ms

500.6ms

500.8ms

501.0ms

501.2ms

501.4ms

501.6ms

501.8ms

502.0ms

Time

.6.20 .5.45

, , , ,
2 KHz. C6
, , C5 .
. .6.21
, - .
,
2, , .
,
. .

15

V+

V-

2
15Vdc

15Vdc

VOFF = 0
VAMPL = 10
FREQ = 30k

AD633J/AD

V2

8
V+

X1
X2
Y1
Y2
Z

R2
W

OUT

7
1k

V-

V+

1
2
3
4
6

X1
X2
Y1
Y2
Z

C1
1u

AD633J/AD

R1
10k

1
2
3
4
6

U2

V-

V1
VOFF = 7
VAMPL = 3
FREQ = 1k

1
U1

.6.21 -

3 ,5 V

1 ms

V(OUT)

3V

.6.22 .6.21
, , .6.22.

6.9

, , ,
FM, (Frequency Modulation). FM,
, , , ,

(t) = c + Vm cos m t = c + d cosm t

(6-9)

, c , m
d=Vm
.
,
v c (t ) = Voc sin (t)

16

(6-10)

, (t) , , , , (t) = d/dt , ,

t
t

= (t)dt = ( c + d cos m t)dt = c t + d sin m t

0
0
m
= c t + m sin m t

(6-11)
m=

d
m

(6-12)

FM.
(6-12) (6-10), ,

v c (t ) = Voc sin( c t + m sin m t )

(6-13)

5
4
3
2

Volt

1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1
sec

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2
-3

x 10

.6.23
MATLAB

% Frequency Modulation
t=0:1e-6:2e-3;
v=5*sin(2*pi*10000*t+5*sin(2*pi*1000*t));
plot (t,v);
xlabel('sec');
ylabel('Volt')

,
fcfm, fc2fm, fc3fm,. , .
.6.24
.

17

m = 0 ,5
fc
)

m=2
fc
)
.6.24 FM

,
,
(6-14)
N = m+1
, FM , ,
, ,
.

F
:

F :

, (interference)
FM

18

.
,
,
.
,
,
-
-
-
-
-
- ,
-
,
, ,
.
.

.

,
, ,
, .
,
.
MATLAB, ,
.

19