2109 - 101 Engineering Materials

(Properties of Materials)


()

1.
1.1 (Stress)
1.2 (Strain and Deformation)
1.3 (Stress-Strain Relationship)
1.4 (Creep)
1.5 (Toughness)
1.6 (Fatigue)
1.7 (Hardness)
2. (Thermal Properties)
2.1 (Heat Resistance)
2.2 Thermal Conductivity and Emissivity
2.3 Thermal Stress and Expansion
3. (Chemical Properties)
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2 Cathodic Anodic Area
3.2 Oxidation
3.3 Water Absorption
4. (Electrical Properties)
4.1 Electrical Conductivity ()
4.2 Insulation and Dielectric Properties
5. (Other Properties)

2-1
2-1
2-3
2-4
2-9
2-10
2-14
2-16
2-17
2-18
2-18
2-19
2-20
2-20
2-20
2-21
2-24
2-24
2-24
2-24
2-25
2-25

2-1

2
(Properties of Materials)

1. (Mechanical Properties)
2. (Thermal Properties)
3. (Chemical Properties)
4. (Electrical Properties)
5. (Other Properties)
1.
(Hardness) (Strength)
(Ductility)

1.1 (Stress)

2-2

= (Stress) (Pa, 1 Pa = 1N/m2) kgf/mm2

psi (lbf/in2)
= N kgf lbf
= : m2 mm2 in2
3

1. (Tensile Stress)
2.1a

b) (Compression)

a) (Tension)

C) (Shear)
2.1

2. (Compressive Stress)
2.1b

3. (Shear Stress)
2.1c
(Shear Force) A

2-3

1.2 (Strain and Deformation)

(Strain) (Deformation)
()
2

1. (Elastic Deformation or
Elastic Strain)

,

2. (Plastic Deformation or
Plastic Strain)


(Elastic Limit)
(Elastic Behavior)
(Plastic Deformation)
2


2
1. (Linear Strain)
2.2

e=

e
L
L
o

L
L
o

= ( L Lo )
= Gage Length

2-4

2.2 (Linear Strain)

2.3 (Shear Strain)

2. (Shear Strain)
( )

=

a
h

a
h

= tan (Radian )
= (Displacement)
=
=

1.3 (Stress-Strain Relationship)

- (Stress-Strain Curve) (Tensile Test)
2.4
-
(Brittleness and Ductility)

2-5

(Formability)

2.4 - (Stress-Strain Curve) (Yield Point)

(Tension Test)

2.4

ASTM (American Society of Testing and Materials), BS (British Standards), JIS
(Japanese Industrial Standards) . ()

-
( A)
- (Hooks law)
A (Proportional
Limit) (Elastic Behavior)

2-6

( B)
(Elastic limit)
(Permanent Deformation or Offset)
(Plastic Deformation)
(Low Carbon
Steel) ()
C C (Yield Point)
(Yield Stress) Yield Strength Yield Strength

0.10 - 0.20% (Original Gage
Length) 2.5

(Proof Stress) 0.1 0.2% offset 2.5

2.5 -

2-7

( D) Ultimate Strength
(Tensile Strength)
(Fracture)

(Strength)

( E)
(Fracture)
(Rupture Strength) D

(Cold Work)
2.6a
(Brittle Materials)
2.6 b

(a)
(b)
2.6 -

-
(Yield Strength)

2-8

1. (Ductility) (Percentage
Elongation) (Reduction of Area)
L L
(%El) = f o 100%
Lo

L f =
L o =

(%R.A.) =

Ao Af
100%
Ao

=
=

Ao
Af

%El
(%El )
( , Brittle)

Modulus of elasticity (E) Youngs Modulus Stiffness

2. Modulus of Elasticity or Stiffness

E=

PL
AL

ksi (1 ksi=1000 psi) kgf/mm2 GPa

()
Shear Modulus Modulus of
Rigidity (G)
G=

Ph
=
Aa

E G
(Stiffness, Rigidity) E G
E G E G

2-9

2.1 E G

2.1 E G

Aluminium
alloy

Copper
Steel (plain carbon and
low alloys)
Stainless Steel (18.8)
Titanium
Tungsten

Modulus of
elasticity 106
psi
10.5

Shear
Modulus
106 psi
4.0

16.0
29.0

6.0
11.0

28.0
17.0
58.0

9.5
6.5
22.8

1.4 (Creep)




3 2.7

2.7

2-10

(OA) OA
( )
Modulus of elasticity (E)
I (AB) II (BC)
Creep
Minimum Creep Rate III (CD)
D
3
2.8

2.8 Creep Curve Condition

3 2

2-11

1.5 (Toughness)

(Toughness)
Modulus of Toughness -
2.9 Modulus of Toughness

2.9 a b

(a)

2-12

(b)
2.9 Modulus of Toughness

2-13

2.10 Charpy Izod

(Impact Test) Impact Energy Impact Toughness
(Dynamic

2-14

Impact Force) 2 Charpy Impact Test Izod Impact Test

2 2.10
2



Impact Energy ft-lbf Joule

V, U

Charpy Izod Charpy test

Izod

Impact Energy
Impact Energy 2.11
Impact Transition Temperature (ITT) Impact Transition Temp.

Impact energy

ITT ITT
ITT ( 2.11)

(Brittle Fracture) (Ductile Fracture) 50:50
ITT ( Fracture Appearance Transition Temperature - FATT)
Impact Energy
Impact Energy
Impact Energy ITT (ITT
Ductility Transition Temperature) 20 J
Charpy V-Notch ( V)

2-15

2.11 Impact Transition Temperature

(-)

1.6 (Fatigue)
(Ultimate Strength)
Fatigue



2
(Stress Concentration)


( 106
)

Fatigue Strength

Endurance Limit

(Cycles)

2-16

2.12 S-N Curve

Endurance Limit 2.12 (a)
Endurance Limit 2.12 (b)
Endurance limit Endurance limit
Endurance limit
25-50%

Endurance Limit Fatigue Strength

(a)

(b)
2-12 S-N Curve (a) Endurance Limit
(b) Endurance Limit

2-17

1.7 (Hardness)
(penetration) (Abrasion)

1. (Brinell Hardness Test)

10 .
3000 . 500 . 30
(Indentation)
(Brinell Hardness Number)
Bhn =

Bhn

(D / 2) D D2 d 2

= Brinell Hardness Number /

=
D
= (Indenter)
d
=


P

2. (Rockwell Hardness Test)

10 . 60-100 .

2-18

3. (Vickers Hardness Test)

5-120 .
Vickers Hardness Number (VHN) Diamond-Pyramid Hardness (DPH)

DPH =

18544
.
F
2
D

= (.)
D = (mm)
1.8544 2 sin (/2) = = 136

F

2.2
Comparison of Hardness Value
Brinell
Vicke Rockwel
rs
l
Material
Impressi BHN Pyram
Scale
Shore
on
id
dia, mm
Numb C
B
er
Soft brass
60
61
Mild Steel
5.2
131
131
74
20
Soft
Chisel
3.95
235
235
22 99
34
Steel
White
Cast
3.00
415
437
44 14
57
Iron
4
Nitride
2.25
745
1050 65
100
Surface

2. (Thermal Properties)

2-19

2.1 (Heat Resistance)

Transition Transformation Temperature (Point)

(Phase Equilibrium
Diagram)

(Softening Point) Crystalline Materials (

)
(Softening)
(Decompose)


Transition Point (
)

2.2 Thermal Conductivity and Emissivity

(Conduction)
Thermal Conductivity (K) K
Fourier
( )
(Thermal Gradient = )

2-20

K
Q=

Q
K

t1
t2
L

KA t t
1 2
L

= (Btu/hr W)
= coefficient of thermal conductivity (Btu/hr-ft-F W/m-K)
= (F K)
= (F K)
= (ft m)
= (ft2 m2)

K (K )

K K

(K )
K
()
(Radiation)
Emissivity
Emissivity Ideal
Black Body Ideal Black Body

2.3 Thermal Stress and Expansion
( 5%)
()
Thermal Stress

2-21

Thermal Expansion Coefficient

in/in/F cm/cm/C
Thermal Expansion Coefficient

Softening Point
Coefficient of Expansion

2-22

3. (Chemical Properties)
3.1 (Corrosion)

,

2

(Media)
Media ( ) Media
Media
( 1
)

3.1.1

2

1. Chemical Corrosion

(Organic Solvent)

2. Electrochemical

Corrosion

2.13
Electrolyte 2

Anodic Zone (
Cathodic Zone) Cathodic
Corrosion Media
(Oxygen-Absorption Process) H2 (Hydrogen Evolution Process)
Cathode

2-23

2.13

3.1.2 Cathodic Anodic Area 3

1. Composition Couples 2

Screw Bolt Tinplate
Anodic Cathodic Anodic
Galvanic Series 2.3 Anode
Cathode

Zn
Galvanic Series 2

Composition Coupling
Cathodic Protection Galvanic Series ( Mg, Zn)
Mg Zn
Mg Zn

2-24

2. Stress Couple

(Cold Work) Anodic Area

3. Concentration Couples Corrosive Media

Media (O2 )
Anodic

2-25

2.3 Galvanic series of some commercial metals

and alloys in seawater
Noble or
cathodic

Active or

Platinum
Gold
Graphite
Titanium
Silver
Chlorimet 3 (62 Ni, 18 Cr, 18 Mo)
Hastelloy C (62 Ni, 17 Cr, 15 Mo)
18-8 Mo stainless steel (passive)
18-8 stainless steel (passive)
Chromium stainless steel 11-30% Cr.
(passive)
Inconel (passive) (80 Ni, 13 Cr, 7 Fe)
Nickel (passive)
Silver solder
Monel (70 Ni, 30 Cu)
Cupronickels (60-90 Cu, 40-10 Ni)
Bronzes (Cu-Sn)
Copper
Brass (Cu-Zn)
Chlorimet 2 (66 Ni, 32 Mo, 1 Fe)
Hastelloy B (60 Ni, 30 Mo, 6 Fe, 1
Mn)
Inconel (active)
Nickel (active)
Tin
Lead
Lead-in solders
18-8 Mo stainless steel (active)
18-8 stainless steel (active)
Ni-Resist (high Ni cast iron)
Chromium stainless steel, 13% Cr
(active)
Cast iron
Steel or iron
2024 aluminum (4.5 Cu, 1.5 Mg, 0.6
Mn)
Cadmium

2-26

anodic

Commercially pure aluminum (1100)

Zinc
Magnesium and magnesium alloys

3.2 Oxidation
O2
Oxidation Oxide Film
Oxidation
Oxide Film Oxide Film (Porous)
Oxidation Oxide Film Al
Oxidation Oxidation

Oxidized Oxygen
Oxidation Aging O2 Elasticity

Aging

3.3 Water absorption

4. Electrical Properties

4.1 Electrical Conductivity ()

3
semiconductor

2-27

ohm-centimeter ohm-inch
100
International Annealed Copper Standard (IACSS)
1.7241 microohm-cm 68F (20C)

4.2 Insulation and Dielectric Properties

Dielectric Strength
Dielectric Strength
(Insulating Quality) Electric Stress
Breakdown Breakdown Electric Stress Voltage
(volts/mil)
Dielectric Constant
Capacitor

5. Other Properties

1. Magnetic Properties
2. Polymers

3.