VARIASI IKLIM

emilya nurjani

Variation in Climate Climates are not constant. On what time scales does climate vary? What contributes to variation on different time scales?

Variation in Climate
Short term:
Annual Variation seasonality (tilt in axis)

The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is where two Hadley cells meet near the equator. The location of the ITCZ varies during the year as the region where sunlight hits the earth most directly moves, and also is influenced by the distribution of land masses.

Variation in Climate
Medium term: Variation in solar output spot activity 11 year cycle in sun

Variation in Climate
L - O - N - G term: 1. Precession of the Earth around its axis

Variation in Climate
L - O - N - G term: 2. Changes in the tilt of the Earth s axis

Variation in Climate
L - O - N - G term: 3. Changes in the eccentricity of Earth s orbit

Variation in Climate
Milankovich cycles variations due to changes in Earth s orbit and axial tilt have different time scales. Eccentricity Precession

Tilt

Variation in Climate
L - O - N - G term: 4. Continental drift

Variation in Climate
L - O - N - G term: 5. Changes in average solar output Stars like our sun increase output as they age. The solar constant (energy reaching the Earth from the sun) may have been 30% smaller early in the Earth s history. Faint Sun Paradox: Why isn t the Earth frozen?

Variation in Climate
L - O - N - G term: 6. Changes in atmospheric chemistry Gases vary in their greenhouse effect. The earth may have been warmer early in its history because of a higher concentration of carbon dioxide (an important greenhouse gas).