Describe the role of placental villi in gaseous exchange Has large surface area; for diffusion; of oxygen from

mother / to fetus and of carbon dioxide from fetus / to mother , two blood supplies very close to one another.

Describe how structure of sperm enable it to reach the ovum Has tail help swimming Mitochondria which provide energy Streamlined, light,small The blood supply of the mother and the fetus are separate. Suggest three reasons why this is important for the fetus. Large difference in pressure between two (blood) systems; Bloods could be of different blood groups; Reduces risk of transfer of pathogens/correct named example; Reduces risk of transfer of toxic materials/drugs; Allows bloods to have different compositions/red blood cells; Function of the placenta Transfer of food materials eg glucose fom mother to fetus Transfer of oxygen from mothers blood to fetal blood; Carbon dioxide from fetus to mother; Urea from fetus to mother; Acts as barrier to bacteria/toxins drugs; Production of progesterone; Apart from avoiding infections, describe two other ways that a pregnant mother can help her baby develop healthily 1 eating a balanced / varied diet; 2 extra iron / calcium / protein in diet: 3 not smoking (tobacco); 4 not drinking (alcohol); 5 not taking drugs; 6 checks with health team; 7 taking exercise / antenatal exercises

Describe the role of oestrogen in controlling the menstrual cycle. 1 stimulates repair of the, uterus lining / endometrium ; 2 stimulates growth / thickening, of uterus lining / endometrium ; 3 ready for, implantation / receive egg or embryo ; 4 inhibits release of FSH ; 5 stops, production / release, of more eggs ; 6 stimulates release of LH ; 7 (stimulates / causes) change in cervical mucus ;

Describe the roles of progesterone during menstrual cycle and during pregnancy thickens / maintains, endometrium / lining of, uterus / womb ; prepares (endometrium) for implantation ; prevents menstruation / stops menstrual cycle in pregnancy ; promotes development / maintains, blood vessels / glands (in endometrium) ; prevents FSH secretion / inhibits LH ; prevents follicle development ; prevent muscle contraction of uterus wall