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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines
of
EssentialMedicines
16thlist,March2009
Statusofthisdocument
ThisisareprintofthetextontheWHOMedicineswebsite
http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/en/index.html
Thepublishedmaterialisbeingdistributedwithoutwarrantyofanykind,eitherexpressedorimplied.The
responsibilityfortheinterpretationanduseofthemateriallieswiththereader.InnoeventshalltheWorldHealth
Organizationbeliablefordamagesarisingfromitsuse.
16thedition
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList(revisedMarch2009)
ExplanatoryNotes
Thecorelistpresentsalistofminimummedicineneedsforabasichealthcaresystem,listingthemost
efficacious,safeandcosteffectivemedicinesforpriorityconditions.Priorityconditionsareselectedonthe
basisofcurrentandestimatedfuturepublichealthrelevance,andpotentialforsafeandcosteffective
treatment.
Thecomplementarylistpresentsessentialmedicinesforprioritydiseases,forwhichspecializeddiagnostic
ormonitoringfacilities,and/orspecialistmedicalcare,and/orspecialisttrainingareneeded.Incaseofdoubt
medicinesmayalsobelistedascomplementaryonthebasisofconsistenthighercostsorlessattractivecost
effectivenessinavarietyofsettings.
Thesquareboxsymbol()isprimarilyintendedtoindicatesimilarclinicalperformancewithina
pharmacologicalclass.Thelistedmedicineshouldbetheexampleoftheclassforwhichthereisthebest
evidenceforeffectivenessandsafety.Insomecases,thismaybethefirstmedicinethatislicensedfor
marketing;inotherinstances,subsequentlylicensedcompoundsmaybesaferormoreeffective.Wherethere
isnodifferenceintermsofefficacyandsafetydata,thelistedmedicineshouldbetheonethatisgenerally
availableatthelowestprice,basedoninternationaldrugpriceinformationsources.Notallsquareboxesare
applicabletomedicineselectionforchildrenseethesecondEMLcfordetails.
Therapeuticequivalenceisonlyindicatedonthebasisofreviewsofefficacyandsafetyandwhenconsistent
withWHOclinicalguidelines.Nationallistsshouldnotuseasimilarsymbolandshouldbespecificintheir
finalselection,whichwoulddependonlocalavailabilityandprice.
Theasymbolindicatesthatthereisanageorweightrestrictiononuseofthemedicine;detailsforeach
medicinecanbefoundinTable1.
Wherethe[c]symbolisplacednexttothecomplementarylistitsignifiesthatthemedicine(s)require(s)
specialistdiagnosticormonitoringfacilities,and/orspecialistmedicalcare,and/orspecialisttrainingfor
theiruseinchildren.
Wherethe[c]symbolisplacednexttoanindividualmedicineorstrengthofmedicineitsignifiesthatthere
isaspecificindicationforrestrictingitsusetochildren.
ThepresenceofanentryontheEssentialMedicinesListcarriesnoassuranceastopharmaceuticalquality.It
istheresponsibilityoftherelevantnationalorregionaldrugregulatoryauthoritytoensurethateach
productisofappropriatepharmaceuticalquality(includingstability)andthatwhenrelevant,different
productsareinterchangeable.
ForrecommendationsandadviceconcerningallaspectsofthequalityassuranceofmedicinesseetheWHO
Medicineswebsitehttp://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_assurance/en/index.html.
Medicinesanddosageformsarelistedinalphabeticalorderwithineachsectionandthereisnoimplication
ofpreferenceforoneformoveranother.Standardtreatmentguidelinesshouldbeconsultedforinformation
onappropriatedosageforms.
ThemaintermsusedfordosageformsintheEssentialMedicinesListcanbefoundinAnnex1.
Definitionsofmanyofthesetermsandpharmaceuticalqualityrequirementsapplicabletothedifferent
categoriesarepublishedinthecurrenteditionofTheInternationalPharmacopoeia
http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/pharmacopoeia/en/index.html.
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
1. ANAESTHETICS
1.1 General anaesthetics and oxygen
halothane
Inhalation.
ketamine
Injection:50mg(ashydrochloride)/mlin10mlvial.
nitrousoxide
Inhalation.
oxygen
Inhalation(medicinalgas).
thiopental
Powderforinjection:0.5g;1g(sodiumsalt)inampoule.
Injectionforspinalanaesthesia:0.5%(hydrochloride)in
4mlampouletobemixedwith7.5%glucosesolution.
Injection:1%;2%(hydrochloride)invial.
lidocaine
Injectionforspinalanaesthesia:5%(hydrochloride)in
2mlampouletobemixedwith7.5%glucosesolution.
Topicalforms:2%to4%(hydrochloride).
Dentalcartridge:2%(hydrochloride)+epinephrine1:80000.
lidocaine+epinephrine(adrenaline)
Injection:1%;2%(hydrochloride)+epinephrine1:200000invial.
ComplementaryList
Injection:30mg(hydrochloride)/mlin1mlampoule.
ephedrine
(Foruseinspinalanaesthesiaduringdelivery,topreventhypotension).
1.3 Preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures
atropine
diazepam
Injection:1mg(sulfate)in1mlampoule.
Injection:5mg/mlin2mlampoule.
Tablet:5mg.
morphine
Injection:10mg(sulfateorhydrochloride)in1mlampoule.
promethazine
Oralliquid:5mg(hydrochloride)/5ml.
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Tablet:200mg;400mg.
a
>3 months.
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WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
Oralliquid:125mg/5ml.
Suppository:100mg.
paracetamol*
Tablet:100mgto500mg.
*Notrecommendedforantiinflammatoryuseduetolackof
provenbenefittothateffect.
ComplementaryList[c]
Suppository:50mgto150mg.
acetylsalicylicacid*
Tablet:100mgto500mg.
*Foruseforrheumaticfever,juvenilearthritis,Kawasakidisease.
Tablet:15mg(phosphate)[c];30mg(phosphate).
Injection:10mg(morphinehydrochlorideormorphinesulfate)
in1mlampoule.
morphine
Oralliquid:10mg(morphinehydrochlorideormorphine
sulfate)/5ml.
Tablet:10mg(morphinesulfate).
Tablet(prolongedrelease):10mg;30mg;60mg(morphine
sulfate).
Tablet:100mg.
Tablet:100mg;150mg(asphosphateorsulfate).
ComplementaryList
azathioprine
Tablet:50mg.
methotrexate
Tablet:2.5mg(assodiumsalt).
penicillamine
Solidoraldosageform:250mg.
sulfasalazine
Tablet:500mg.
Oralliquid:2mg/5ml [c].
Tablet:4mg(hydrogenmaleate).
a
>1 year.
dexamethasone
Injection:4mgdexamethasonephosphate(asdisodiumsalt)in
1mlampoule.
epinephrine(adrenaline)
Injection:1mg(ashydrochlorideorhydrogentartrate)in
1mlampoule.
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WHOModelList
hydrocortisone
prednisolone
16thedition(March2009)
Powderforinjection:100mg(assodiumsuccinate)invial.
Oralliquid:5mg/ml[c].
Tablet:5mg;25mg.
Powder.
4.2 Specific
Injection:200mg/mlin10mlampoule.
acetylcysteine
Oralliquid:10%[c];20%[c].
atropine
Injection:1mg(sulfate)in1mlampoule.
calciumgluconate
Injection:100mg/mlin10mlampoule.
deferoxamine
Powderforinjection:500mg(mesilate)invial.
dimercaprol
Injectioninoil:50mg/mlin2mlampoule.
Tablet:250mg.
DLmethionine*
*Willbereviewedforpossibledeletion.
methylthioniniumchloride
(methyleneblue)
Injection:10mg/mlin10mlampoule.
naloxone
Injection:400micrograms(hydrochloride)in1mlampoule.
penicillamine
Solidoraldosageform:250mg.
potassiumferrichexacyanoferrate(II)
2H20(Prussianblue)
Powderfororaladministration.
sodiumcalciumedetate
Injection:200mg/mlin5mlampoule.
sodiumnitrite
Injection:30mg/mlin10mlampoule.
sodiumthiosulfate
Injection:250mg/mlin50mlampoule.
5. ANTICONVULSANTS/ANTIEPILEPTICS
Oralliquid:100mg/5ml.
carbamazepine
Tablet(chewable):100mg;200mg.
Tablet(scored):100mg;200mg.
diazepam
Gelorrectalsolution:5mg/mlin0.5ml;2mland4mltubes.
lorazepam
Parenteralformulation:2mg/mlin1mlampoule;4mg/mlin
1mlampoule.
Injection:500mg/mlin2mlampoule;500mg/mlin
10mlampoule.
magnesiumsulfate*
*Foruseineclampsiaandseverepreeclampsiaandnotforother
convulsantdisorders.
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EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
Injection:200mg/ml(phenobarbitalsodium).
phenobarbital
Oralliquid:15mg/5ml(phenobarbital).
Tablet:15mgto100mg(phenobarbital).
Capsule:25mg;50mg;100mg(sodiumsalt).
Injection:50mg/mlin5mlvial(sodiumsalt).
Oralliquid:25mgto30mg/5ml.*
phenytoin
Tablet:25mg;50mg;100mg(sodiumsalt).
Tablet(chewable):50mg.
*Thepresenceofboth25mg/5mland30mg/5mlstrengthson
thesamemarketwouldcauseconfusioninprescribingand
dispensingandshouldbeavoided.
Oralliquid:200mg/5ml.
valproicacid(sodiumvalproate)
Tablet(crushable):100mg.
Tablet(entericcoated):200mg;500mg(sodiumvalproate).
ComplementaryList
Capsule:250mg.
ethosuximide
Oralliquid:250mg/5ml.
6. ANTI-INFECTIVE MEDICINES
6.1 Anthelminthics
6.1.1 Intestinal anthelminthics
albendazole
Tablet(chewable):400mg.
levamisole
Tablet:50mg;150mg(ashydrochloride).
mebendazole
Tablet(chewable):100mg;500mg.
Tablet(chewable):500mg.
niclosamide*
*Niclosamideislistedforusewhenpraziquanteltreatmentfails.
praziquantel
Tablet:150mg;600mg.
Oralliquid:50mg(asembonate)/ml.
pyrantel
Tablet(chewable):250mg(asembonate).
6.1.2 Antifilarials
ivermectin
Tablet(scored):3mg;6mg.
ComplementaryList
diethylcarbamazine
Tablet:50mg;100mg(dihydrogencitrate).
Powderforinjection:1ginvial.
suraminsodium*
*Willbereviewedforpossibledeletion.
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EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
Tablet:600mg.
triclabendazole
Tablet:250mg.
ComplementaryList
Capsule:250mg.
oxamniquine*
Oralliquid:250mg/5ml.
*Oxamniquineislistedforusewhenpraziquanteltreatmentfails.
6.2 Antibacterials
6.2.1 Beta Lactam medicines
amoxicillin
Powderfororalliquid:125mg(anhydrous)/5ml;250mg
(anhydrous)/5ml[c].
Solidoraldosageform:250mg;500mg(anhydrous).
amoxicillin+clavulanicacid
Oralliquid:125mgamoxicillin+31.25mgclavulanicacid/5ml
AND250mgamoxicillin+62.5mgclavulanicacid/5ml[c].
Tablet:500mg+125mg.
ampicillin
Powderforinjection:500mg;1g(assodiumsalt)invial.
benzathinebenzylpenicillin
Powderforinjection:900mgbenzylpenicillin(=1.2millionIU)
in5mlvial[c];1.44gbenzylpenicillin(=2.4millionIU)in5ml
vial.
benzylpenicillin
Powderforinjection:600mg(=1millionIU);3g(=5millionIU)
(sodiumorpotassiumsalt)invial.
cefalexin[c]
Powderforreconstitutionwithwater:125mg/5ml;
250mg/5ml.
Solidoraldosageform:250mg.
Powderforinjection:1g(assodiumsalt)invial.
cefazolin*a
*Forsurgicalprophylaxis.
a
>1 month.
Capsule:400mg.
cefixime*
*Onlylistedforsingledosetreatmentofuncomplicatedano
genitalgonorrhoea.
Powderforinjection:250mg;1g(assodiumsalt)invial.
ceftriaxone*a
*Donotadministerwithcalciumandavoidininfantswith
hyperbilirubinemia.
a
Capsule:500mg;1g(assodiumsalt).
cloxacillin
Powderforinjection:500mg(assodiumsalt)invial.
Powderfororalliquid:125mg(assodiumsalt)/5ml.
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EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
Powderfororalliquid:250mg(aspotassiumsalt)/5ml.
phenoxymethylpenicillin
Tablet:250mg(aspotassiumsalt).
Powderforinjection:1g(=1millionIU);3g(=3millionIU)in
vial.
procainebenzylpenicillin*
*Procainebenzylpenicillinisnotrecommendedasfirstline
treatmentforneonatalsepsisexceptinsettingswithhigh
neonatalmortality,whengivenbytrainedhealthworkersin
caseswherehospitalcareisnotachievable.
ComplementaryList
Powderforinjection:250mgpervial.
cefotaxime*[c]
*3rdgenerationcephalosporinofchoiceforuseinhospitalized
neonates.
ceftazidime
Powderforinjection:250mgor1g(aspentahydrate)invial.
Powderforinjection:250mg(asmonohydrate)+250mg(assodium
salt);500mg(asmonohydrate)+500mg(assodiumsalt)invial.
imipenem*+cilastatin*
*Onlylistedforthetreatmentoflifethreateninghospitalbased
infectionduetosuspectedorprovenmultidrugresistantinfection.
Meropenemisindicatedforthetreatmentofmeningitisandislicensed
foruseinchildrenovertheageof3months.
Oralliquid:200mg/5ml.
*OnlylistedforsingledosetreatmentofgenitalChlamydia
trachomatisandoftrachoma.
Capsule:250mg.
Oilysuspensionforinjection*:0.5g(assodiumsuccinate)/mlin
2mlampoule.
chloramphenicol
*Onlyforthepresumptivetreatmentofepidemicmeningitisin
childrenolderthan2years.
Oralliquid:150mg(aspalmitate)/5ml.
Powderforinjection:1g(sodiumsuccinate)invial.
Oralliquid:250mg/5ml[c].
ciprofloxacin
SolutionforIVinfusion:2mg/ml[c].
Tablet:250mg(ashydrochloride).
Oralliquid:25mg/5ml[c];50mg/5ml[c].
doxycyclinea
Solidoraldosageform:50mg[c];100mg(hydrochloride).
aUse in children <8 years only for life-threatening infections when no
alternative exists.
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WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
Powderforinjection:500mg(aslactobionate)invial.
erythromycin
Powderfororalliquid:125mg/5ml(asstearateorethyl
succinate).
Solidoraldosageform:250mg(asstearateorethylsuccinate).
gentamicin
Injection:10mg;40mg(assulfate)/mlin2mlvial.
Injection:500mgin100mlvial.
metronidazole
Oralliquid:200mg(asbenzoate)/5ml.
Suppository:500mg;1g.
Tablet:200mgto500mg.
nitrofurantoin
spectinomycin
Oralliquid:25mg/5ml[c].
Tablet:100mg.
Powderforinjection:2g(ashydrochloride)invial.
Injection:
sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim
80mg+16mg/mlin5mlampoule;
80mg+16mg/mlin10mlampoule.
Oralliquid:200mg+40mg/5ml.
Tablet:100mg+20mg;400mg+80mg.
Oralliquid:50mg/5ml[c].
trimethoprima
Tablet:100mg;200mg.
a
>6 months.
ComplementaryList
Capsule:150mg.
clindamycin
Injection:150mg(asphosphate)/ml.
Oralliquid:75mg/5ml[c].
vancomycin
Powderforinjection:250mg(ashydrochloride)invial.
Capsule:50mg;100mg.
dapsone
Tablet:25mg;50mg;100mg.
rifampicin
Solidoraldosageform:150mg;300mg.
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EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
Oralliquid:25mg/ml[c].
Tablet:100mgto400mg(hydrochloride).
Tablet:400mg+150mg.
ethambutol+isoniazid+pyrazinamide
Tablet:275mg+75mg+400mg+150mg.
+rifampicin
ethambutol+isoniazid+rifampicin
Tablet:275mg+75mg+150mg.
Oralliquid:50mg/5ml[c].
isoniazid
Tablet:100mgto300mg.
Tablet(scored):50mg.
Tablet:
isoniazid+pyrazinamide+rifampicin 75mg+400mg+150mg.
150mg+500mg+150mg(Forintermittentusethreetimes
weekly).
Tablet:
isoniazid+rifampicin
75mg+150mg;150mg+300mg.
60mg+60mg(Forintermittentusethreetimesweekly).
150mg+150mg(Forintermittentusethreetimesweekly).
Oralliquid:30mg/ml[c].
Tablet:400mg.
pyrazinamide
Tablet(dispersible):150mg.
Tablet(scored):150mg.
Capsule:150mg.*
rifabutin
*ForuseonlyinpatientswithHIVreceivingproteaseinhibitors.
rifampicin
Oralliquid:20mg/ml[c].
Solidoraldosageform:150mg;300mg.
streptomycin
Powderforinjection:1g(assulfate)invial.
ComplementaryList
Reservesecondlinedrugsforthetreatmentofmultidrugresistanttuberculosis(MDRTB)shouldbe
usedinspecializedcentresadheringtoWHOstandardsforTBcontrol.
EML 16
amikacin
Powderforinjection:100mg;500mg;1ginvial.
capreomycin
Powderforinjection:1ginvial.
cycloserine
Solidoraldosageform:250mg.
ethionamide
Tablet:125mg;250mg.
kanamycin
Powderforinjection:1ginvial.
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16thedition(March2009)
Tablet:200mg;400mg.
ofloxacin*
*Levofloxacinmaybeanalternativebasedonavailabilityand
programmeconsiderations.
Granules:4ginsachet.
paminosalicylicacid
Tablet:500mg.
6.3 Antifungal medicines
Vaginalcream:1%;10%.
clotrimazole
Vaginaltablet:100mg;500mg.
Capsule:50mg.
fluconazole
Injection:2mg/mlinvial.
Oralliquid:50mg/5ml.
Oralliquid:125mg/5ml[c].
griseofulvin
Solidoraldosageform:125mg;250mg.
Lozenge:100000IU.
nystatin
Oralliquid:50mg/5ml[c];100000IU/ml[c].
Pessary:100000IU.
Tablet:100000IU;500000IU.
ComplementaryList
amphotericinB
Powderforinjection:50mginvial.
Asdeoxycholateorliposomal.
Capsule:250mg.
flucytosine
Infusion:2.5gin250ml.
potassiumiodide
Saturatedsolution.
Powderforinjection:250mg(assodiumsalt)invial.
Tablet:200mg.
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16thedition(March2009)
6.4.2 Antiretrovirals
Basedoncurrentevidenceandexperienceofuse,medicinesinthefollowingthreeclassesofantiretrovirals
are included as essential medicines for treatment and prevention of HIV (prevention of mothertochild
transmission and postexposure prophylaxis). The Committee emphasizes the importance of using these
products in accordance with global and national guidelines. The Committee recommends and endorses
the use of fixeddose combinations and the development of appropriate new fixeddose combinations,
including modified dosage forms, nonrefrigerated products and paediatric dosage forms of assured
pharmaceuticalquality.
Scoredtabletscanbeusedinchildrenandthereforecanbeconsideredforinclusioninthelistingoftablets,
providedadequatequalityproductsareavailable.
6.4.2.1 Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Oralliquid:100mg(assulfate)/5ml.
abacavir(ABC)
Tablet:300mg(assulfate).
Bufferedpowderfororalliquid:100mg;167mg;250mgpackets.
didanosine(ddI)
Capsule(unbufferedentericcoated):125mg;200mg;250mg;
400mg.
Tablet(bufferedchewable,dispersible):25mg;50mg;100mg;
150mg;200mg.
Capsule:200mg.
Oralliquid:10mg/ml.
emtricitabine(FTC)*a
*FTCisanacceptablealternativeto3TC,basedonknowledgeof
thepharmacology,theresistancepatternsandclinicaltrialsof
antiretrovirals.
a
>3 months.
Oralliquid:50mg/5ml.
lamivudine(3TC)
Tablet:150mg.
Capsule:15mg;20mg;30mg.
stavudine(d4T)
Powderfororalliquid:5mg/5ml.
tenofovirdisoproxilfumarate(TDF)
Tablet:300mg(tenofovirdisoproxilfumarateequivalentto
245mgtenofovirdisoproxil).
Capsule:100mg;250mg.
Oralliquid:50mg/5ml.
zidovudine(ZDVorAZT)
SolutionforIVinfusioninjection:10mg/mlin20mlvial.
Tablet:300mg.
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16thedition(March2009)
Oralliquid:50mg/5ml.
nevirapine(NVP)
Tablet:200mg.
6.4.2.3 Protease inhibitors
Selection of protease inhibitor(s) from the Model List will need to be determined by each country after
considerationofinternationalandnationaltreatmentguidelinesandexperience.Ritonavirisrecommended
foruseincombinationasapharmacologicalbooster,andnotasanantiretroviralinitsownright.Allother
proteaseinhibitorsshouldbeusedinboostedforms(e.g.withritonavir).
Solidoraldosageform:100mg;150mg;300mg.
atazanavira
indinavir(IDV)
>25 kg.
Solidoraldosageform:400mg(assulfate).
Capsule:133.3mg+33.3mg.
lopinavir+ritonavir(LPV/r)
Oralliquid:400mg+100mg/5ml.
Tablet(heatstable):100mg+25mg;200mg+50mg.
Oralliquid:400mg/5ml.
ritonavir
Solidoraldosageform:100mg.
Tablet(heatstable):25mg;100mg.
Solidoraldosageform:200mg;500mg.
saquinavir(SQV)a
>25 kg.
FIXED-DOSE COMBINATIONS
efavirenz+emtricitabine*+tenofovir
Tablet:600mg+200mg+300mg.
*FTCisanacceptablealternativeto3TC,basedonknowledgeof
thepharmacology,theresistancepatternsandclinicaltrialsof
antiretrovirals.
emtricitabine*+tenofovir
Tablet:200mg+300mg.
*FTCisanacceptablealternativeto3TC,basedonknowledgeof
thepharmacology,theresistancepatternsandclinicaltrialsof
antiretrovirals.
lamivudine+nevirapine+stavudine
lamivudine+nevirapine+
zidovudine
EML 16
Tablet:150mg+200mg+30mg.
Tablet(dispersible):
30mg+50mg+6mg[c];60mg+100mg+12mg[c].
Tablet:30mg+50mg+60mg[c];150mg+200mg+300mg.
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lamivudine+zidovudine
16thedition(March2009)
Tablet:30mg+60mg[c];150mg+300mg.
Solidoraldosageform:200mg;400mg;600mg.
*Forthetreatmentofviralhaemorrhagicfeversonly.
Tablet:500mg(furoate).
a
>25 kg.
Injection:500mgin100mlvial.
metronidazole
Oralliquid:200mg(asbenzoate)/5ml.
Tablet:200mgto500mg.
Powderforinjection:50mginvial.
Asdeoxycholateorliposomal.
Solutionforintramuscularinjection:750mgofparomomycin
basepresentasthesulfate.
Injection:100mg/ml,1vial=30mlor30%,equivalentto
approximately8.1%antimonyin5mlampoule.
*Tobeused(a)incombinationwithartesunate50mgOR
(b)maybeusedaloneforthetreatmentofP.vivax,P.ovaleand
P.malariaeinfections.
Oilyinjection:80mg/mlin1mlampoule.
artemether*
*Foruseinthemanagementofseveremalaria.
Tablet:20mg+120mg.
artemether+lumefantrine*
Tablet(dispersible):20mg+120mg[c].
*Notrecommendedinthefirsttrimesterofpregnancyorin
childrenbelow5kg.
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16thedition(March2009)
Injection:ampoules,containing60mganhydrousartesunicacid
withaseparateampouleof5%sodiumbicarbonatesolution.
Foruseinthemanagementofseveremalaria.
artesunate*
Rectaldosageform:50mg[c];200mgcapsules(forprereferral
treatmentofseveremalariaonly;patientsshouldbetakentoan
appropriatehealthfacilityforfollowupcare)[c].
Tablet:50mg.
*Tobeusedincombinationwitheitheramodiaquine,mefloquine
orsulfadoxine+pyrimethamine.
Oralliquid:50mg(asphosphateorsulfate)/5ml.
chloroquine*
Tablet:100mg;150mg(asphosphateorsulfate).
*ForuseonlyforthetreatmentofP.vivaxinfection.
Capsule:100mg(ashydrochloride).
doxycycline*
Tablet(dispersible):100mg(asmonohydrate).
*Foruseonlyincombinationwithquinine.
Tablet:250mg(ashydrochloride).
mefloquine*
*Tobeusedincombinationwithartesunate50mg.
Tablet:7.5mg;15mg(asdiphosphate).
primaquine*
*OnlyforusetoachieveradicalcureofP.vivaxandP.ovale
infections,givenfor14days.
Injection:300mgquininehydrochloride/mlin2mlampoule.
quinine*
Tablet:300mg(quininesulfate)or300mg(quininebisulfate).
*Foruseonlyinthemanagementofseveremalaria,andshouldbe
usedincombinationwithdoxycycline.
Tablet:500mg+25mg.
sulfadoxine+pyrimethamine*
*Onlyincombinationwithartesunate50mg.
6.5.3.2 For prophylaxis
Oralliquid:50mg(asphosphateorsulfate)/5ml.
chloroquine*
Tablet:150mg(asphosphateorsulfate).
*ForuseonlyincentralAmericanregions,foruseforP.vivax.
Solidoraldosageform:100mg(ashydrochloride).
doxycyclinea
>8 years.
Tablet:250mg(ashydrochloride).
mefloquinea
Tablet:100mg(ashydrochloride).
proguanil*
*Foruseonlyincombinationwithchloroquine.
EML 16
page - 13
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
Tablet:25mg.
sulfadiazine
Tablet:500mg.
Injection:
sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim
80mg+16mg/mlin5mlampoule;
80mg+16mg/mlin10mlampoule.
Oralliquid:200mg+40mg/5ml[c].
Tablet:100mg+20mg;400mg+80mg[c].
ComplementaryList
pentamidine
Tablet:200mg;300mg.
*TobeusedforthetreatmentofTrypanosomabruceigambiense
infection.
Powderforinjection:1ginvial.
suraminsodium*
*Tobeusedforthetreatmentoftheinitialphaseof
Trypanosomabruceirhodesienseinfection.
Medicinesforthetreatmentof2ndstageAfricantrypanosomiasis
Injection:200mg(hydrochloride)/mlin100mlbottle.
eflornithine*
melarsoprol
nifurtimox*
*TobeusedforthetreatmentofTrypanosomabruceigambiense
infection.
Injection:3.6%solution,5mlampoule(180mgofactive
compound).
Tablet:120mg.
*Onlytobeusedincombinationwitheflornithine,forthe
treatmentofTrypanosomabruceigambienseinfection.
Tablet:100mg.
nifurtimox
Tablet:30mg;120mg;250mg.
7. ANTIMIGRAINE MEDICINES
7.1 For treatment of acute attack
acetylsalicylicacid
Tablet:300mgto500mg.
ibuprofen[c]
Tablet:200mg;400mg.
paracetamol
EML 16
Oralliquid:125mg/5ml[c].
Tablet:300mgto500mg.
page - 14
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
Tablet:20mg;40mg(hydrochloride).
Concentrateforinjection:50mg/mlin1mlampoulefororgan
transplantation.
Tablet:100mgto300mg.
asparaginase
Powderforinjection:10000IUinvial.
bleomycin
Powderforinjection:15mg(assulfate)invial.
Injection:3mg/mlin10mlampoule.
calciumfolinate
Tablet:15mg.
carboplatin
Injection:50mg/5ml;150mg/15ml;450mg/45ml;600mg/60ml.
chlorambucil
Tablet:2mg.
Powderforinjection:500mginvial.
cyclophosphamide
Tablet:25mg.
cytarabine
Powderforinjection:100mginvial.
dacarbazine
Powderforinjection:100mginvial.
dactinomycin
Powderforinjection:500microgramsinvial.
daunorubicin
Powderforinjection:50mg(ashydrochloride)invial.
doxorubicin
Powderforinjection:10mg;50mg(hydrochloride)invial.
Capsule:100mg.
etoposide
Injection:20mg/mlin5mlampoule.
EML 16
fluorouracil
Injection:50mg/mlin5mlampoule.
hydroxycarbamide
Solidoraldosageform:200mg;250mg;300mg;400mg;500mg;
1g.
ifosfamide
Powderforinjection:1gvial;2gvial.
mercaptopurine
Tablet:50mg.
page - 15
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
Injection:100mg/mlin4mland10mlampoules.
mesna
Tablet:400mg;600mg.
Powderforinjection:50mg(assodiumsalt)invial.
methotrexate
Tablet:2.5mg(assodiumsalt).
procarbazine
Capsule:50mg(ashydrochloride).
vinblastine
Powderforinjection:10mg(sulfate)invial.
vincristine
Powderforinjection:1mg;5mg(sulfate)invial.
dexamethasone
Injection:4mgdexamethasonephosphate(asdisodiumsalt)in
1mlampoule.
Oralliquid:2mg/5ml[c].
hydrocortisone
prednisolone
tamoxifen
Powderforinjection:100mg(assodiumsuccinate)invial.
Oralliquid:5mg/ml[c].
Tablet:5mg;25mg.
Tablet:10mg;20mg(ascitrate).
Tablet:100mg+10mg;250mg+25mg.
Tabletequivalentto60mgiron+400microgramsfolicacid
(Nutritionalsupplementforuseduringpregnancy).
folicacid
Tablet:1mg;5mg.
hydroxocobalamin
Injection:1mgin1mlampoule.
EML 16
page - 16
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
Injection:1000IU/ml;5000IU/ml;20000IU/mlin1mlampoule.
Injection:1mg/ml[c];10mg/mlin5mlampoule.
phytomenadione
Tablet:10mg.
protaminesulfate
Injection:10mg/mlin5mlampoule.
warfarin
Tablet:1mg;2mg;5mg(sodiumsalt).
ComplementaryList[c]
heparinsodium
Injection:1000IU/ml;5000IU/mlin1mlampoule.
protaminesulfate
Injection:10mg/mlin5mlampoule.
warfarin
Tablet:0.5mg;1mg;2mg;5mg(sodiumsalt).
Injectablesolution:6%.
*Polygeline,injectablesolution,3.5%isconsideredasequivalent.
Dried.
factorIXcomplex(coagulation
factors,II,VII,IX,X)concentrate
Dried.
Intramuscularadministration:16%proteinsolution.*
Intravenousadministration:5%;10%proteinsolution.**
humannormalimmunoglobulin
Subcutaneousadministration:15%;16%proteinsolution.*
*Indicatedforprimaryimmunedeficiency.
**IndicatedforprimaryimmunedeficiencyandKawasakidisease.
Tablet:50mg;100mg.
glyceryltrinitrate
Tablet(sublingual):500micrograms.
isosorbidedinitrate
Tablet(sublingual):5mg.
verapamil
Tablet:40mg;80mg(hydrochloride).
EML 16
Tablet:50mg;100mg.
page - 17
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
Injection:250micrograms/mlin2mlampoule.
digoxin
Oralliquid:50micrograms/ml.
Tablet:62.5micrograms;250micrograms.
epinephrine(adrenaline)
Injection:100micrograms/ml(asacidtartrateorhydrochloride)in
10mlampoule.
lidocaine
Injection:20mg(hydrochloride)/mlin5mlampoule.
Injection:2.5mg(hydrochloride)/mlin2mlampoule.
verapamil
Tablet:40mg;80mg(hydrochloride).
ComplementaryList
Injection:50mg/mlin3mlampoule(hydrochloride).
amiodarone
Tablet(HCI):100mg;200mg;400mg(hydrochloride).
12.3 Antihypertensive medicines
amlodipine
Tablet:5mg.
atenolol
Tablet:50mg;100mg.
enalapril
Tablet:2.5mg;5mg.
Powderforinjection:20mg(hydrochloride)inampoule.
Tablet:25mg;50mg(hydrochloride).
hydralazine*
hydrochlorothiazide
*Hydralazineislistedforuseintheacutemanagementofsevere
pregnancyinducedhypertensiononly.Itsuseinthetreatmentof
essentialhypertensionisnotrecommendedinviewofthe
availabilityofmoreevidenceofefficacyandsafetyofother
medicines.
Oralliquid:50mg/5ml.
Solidoraldosageform:12.5mg;25mg.
Tablet:250mg.
methyldopa*
*Methyldopaislistedforuseinthemanagementofpregnancy
inducedhypertensiononly.Itsuseinthetreatmentofessential
hypertensionisnotrecommendedinviewoftheavailabilityof
moreevidenceofefficacyandsafetyofothermedicines.
ComplementaryList
sodiumnitroprusside
Powderforinfusion:50mginampoule.
Oralliquid:50micrograms/ml.
Tablet:62.5micrograms;250micrograms.
enalapril
EML 16
Tablet:2.5mg;5mg.
page - 18
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
Injection:10mg/mlin2mlampoule.
furosemide
Oralliquid:20mg/5ml[c].
Tablet:40mg.
hydrochlorothiazide
Oralliquid:50mg/5ml.
Solidoraldosageform:25mg.
ComplementaryList
dopamine
Injection:40mg/ml(hydrochloride)in5mlvial.
Tablet:100mg.
ComplementaryList
streptokinase
Powderforinjection:1.5millionIUinvial.
Tablet:5mg;10mg;20mg;40mg.
*Foruseinhighriskpatients.
Creamorointment:6%+3%.
miconazole
Creamorointment:2%(nitrate).
sodiumthiosulfate
Solution:15%.
ComplementaryList
seleniumsulfide
Detergentbasedsuspension:2%.
Aqueoussolution:0.5%.
(gentianviolet)
Tincture:0.5%.
neomycinsulfate+bacitracin
Ointment:5mgneomycinsulfate+250IUbacitracinzinc/g.
potassiumpermanganate
Aqueoussolution:1:10000.
Cream:1%.
silversulfadiazinea
>2 months.
Creamorointment:0.1%(asvalerate).
a
calaminelotion
Lotion.
hydrocortisone
Creamorointment:1%(acetate).
EML 16
page - 19
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
Solution:5%.
Creamorlotion:5%.
coaltar
Solution:5%.
dithranol
Ointment:0.1%to2%.
fluorouracil
Ointment:5%.
podophyllumresin
Solution:10%to25%.
salicylicacid
Solution:5%.
urea
Creamorointment:10%.
Lotion:25%.
a
>2 years.
Cream:5%.
permethrin
Lotion:1%.
14. DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS
14.1 Ophthalmic medicines
fluorescein
Eyedrops:1%(sodiumsalt).
tropicamide
Eyedrops:0.5%.
Injection:140mgto420mgiodine(assodiumormeglumine
salt)/mlin20mlampoule.
bariumsulfate
Aqueoussuspension.
iohexol
Injection:140mgto350mgiodine/mlin5ml;10ml;20ml
ampoules.
ComplementaryList
bariumsulfate[c]
Aqueoussuspension.
meglumineiotroxate
Solution:5gto8giodinein100mlto250ml.
Solution:5%(digluconate);20%(digluconate)(needstobediluted
priortouseforcordcare)[c].
ethanol
Solution:70%(denatured).
polyvidoneiodine
Solution:10%.
EML 16
page - 20
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
15.2 Disinfectants
chlorinebasecompound
Powder:(0.1%availablechlorine)forsolution.
chloroxylenol
Solution:4.8%.
glutaral
Solution:2%.
16. DIURETICS
amiloride
Tablet:5mg(hydrochloride).
Injection:10mg/mlin2mlampoule.
furosemide
Oralliquid:20mg/5ml[c].
Tablet:10mg[c];20mg[c];40mg.
hydrochlorothiazide
Solidoraldosageform:25mg.
mannitol
Injectablesolution:10%;20%.
spironolactone
Tablet:25mg.
ComplementaryList[c]
hydrochlorothiazide
Tablet(scored):25mg.
mannitol
Injectablesolution:10%;20%.
spironolactone
Oralliquid:5mg/5ml;10mg/5ml;25mg/5ml.
Tablet:25mg.
Ageappropriateformulationsanddosesincludinglipase,proteaseand
amylase.
Oralliquid:equivalentto550mgmagnesiumoxide/10ml.
Powderfororalliquid:20mg;40mgsachets.
Solidoraldosageform:10mg;20mg;40mg.
Injection:25mg/mlin2mlampoule.
ranitidine
Oralliquid:75mg/5ml.
Tablet:150mg(ashydrochloride).
Oralliquid:0.5mg/5ml;2mg/5ml.
Solidoraldosageform:0.5mg;0.75mg;1.5mg;4mg.
EML 16
page - 21
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
Injection:5mg(hydrochloride)/mlin2mlampoule.
metoclopramidea
Tablet:10mg(hydrochloride).
a
Not in neonates.
Injection:2mgbase/mlin2mlampoule(ashydrochloride).
Oralliquid:4mgbase/5ml.
ondansetrona
Solidoraldosageform:Eq4mgbase;Eq8mgbase;Eq24mg
base.
a
>1 month.
Suppository:500mg.
Tablet:500mg.
ComplementaryList
Retentionenema.
hydrocortisone
Suppository:25mg(acetate).
(theonlyappliestohydrocortisoneretentionenema).
17.4 Laxatives
senna
Tablet:7.5mg(sennosides)(ortraditionaldosageforms).
oralrehydrationsalts
glucose:
sodium:
chloride:
potassium:
citrate:
osmolarity:
glucose:
sodiumchloride:
potassiumchloride:
trisodiumcitratedihydrate+:
75mEq
75mEqormmol/L
65mEqormmol/L
20mEqormmol/L
10mmol/L
245mOsm/L
13.5g/L
2.6g/L
1.5g/L
2.9g/L
+trisodiumcitratedihydratemaybereplacedbysodium
hydrogencarbonate(sodiumbicarbonate)2.5g/L.However,asthe
stabilityofthislatterformulationisverypoorundertropical
conditions,itisonlyrecommendedwhenmanufacturedfor
immediateuse.
Powderfordilutionin200ml;500ml;1L.
EML 16
page - 22
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
Tablet:in10mgperunitdosageforms.
*Inacutediarrhoeazincsulfateshouldbeusedasanadjunctto
oralrehydrationsalts.
*Theroleofthisitemhasbeenquestionedanditscontinued
inclusiononthelistwillbereviewedatthenextmeetingofthe
ExpertCommittee.
Tablet:100micrograms.
hydrocortisone
Tablet:5mg;10mg;20mg.
18.2 Androgens
ComplementaryList
testosterone
Injection:200mg(enantate)in1mlampoule.
18.3 Contraceptives
18.3.1 Oral hormonal contraceptives
ethinylestradiol+levonorgestrel
Tablet:30micrograms+150micrograms.
ethinylestradiol+norethisterone
Tablet:35micrograms+1mg.
levonorgestrel
Tablet:30micrograms;750micrograms(packoftwo);1.5mg.
Injection:5mg+25mg.
medroxyprogesteroneacetate
Depotinjection:150mg/mlin1mlvial.
norethisteroneenantate
Oilysolution:200mg/mlin1mlampoule.
Tworodlevonorgestrelreleasingimplant,eachrodcontaining
75mgoflevonorgestrel(150mgtotal).
EML 16
page - 23
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
18.4 Estrogens
Tablet:10micrograms;50micrograms.
ethinylestradiol*
*Thepublichealthrelevanceand/orcomparativeefficacyand/or
safetyofthisitemhasbeenquestionedanditscontinuedinclusion
onthelistwillbereviewedatthenextmeetingoftheExpert
Committee.
Tablet:2.5mg;5mg.
insulininjection(soluble)
Injection:40IU/mlin10mlvial;100IU/mlin10mlvial.
intermediateactinginsulin
Injection:40IU/mlin10mlvial;100IU/mlin10mlvial
(ascompoundinsulinzincsuspensionorisophaneinsulin).
metformin
Tablet:500mg(hydrochloride).
ComplementaryList[c]
metformin
Tablet:500mg(hydrochloride).
Tablet:50mg(citrate).
18.7 Progestogens
Tablet:5mg.
norethisterone*
*Thepublichealthrelevanceand/orcomparativeefficacyand/or
safetyofthisitemhasbeenquestionedanditscontinuedinclusion
onthelistwillbereviewedatthenextmeetingoftheExpert
Committee.
ComplementaryList
Tablet:5mg.
medroxyprogesteroneacetate*
*Thepublichealthrelevanceand/orcomparativeefficacyand/or
safetyofthisitemhasbeenquestionedanditscontinuedinclusion
onthelistwillbereviewedatthenextmeetingoftheExpert
Committee.
Tablet:25micrograms[c];50micrograms;100micrograms
(sodiumsalt).
potassiumiodide
Tablet:60mg.
propylthiouracil
Tablet:50mg.
ComplementaryList[c]
EML 16
Lugolssolution
Oralliquid:about130mgtotaliodine/ml.
potassiumiodide
Tablet:60mg.
propylthiouracil
Tablet:50mg.
page - 24
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
19. IMMUNOLOGICALS
19.1 Diagnostic agents
AlltuberculinsshouldcomplywiththeWHORequirementsforTuberculins(Revised1985).WHOExpert
CommitteeonBiologicalStandardization.Thirtysixthreport.(WHOTechnicalReportSeries,No.745,
1987,Annex1).
tuberculin,purifiedproteinderivative
Injection.
(PPD)
19.2 Sera and immunoglobulins
AllplasmafractionsshouldcomplywiththeWHORequirementsfortheCollection,Processingand
QualityControlofBlood,BloodComponentsandPlasmaDerivatives(Revised1992).WHOExpert
CommitteeonBiologicalStandardization.Fortythirdreport.(WHOTechnicalReportSeries,No.840,1994,
Annex2).
antiDimmunoglobulin(human)
Injection:250microgramsinsingledosevial.
antitetanusimmunoglobulin(human) Injection:500IUinvial.
Injection.
antivenomimmunoglobulin*
*Exacttypetobedefinedlocally.
diphtheriaantitoxin
Injection:10000IU;20000IUinvial.
rabiesimmunoglobulin
Injection:150IU/mlinvial.
19.3 Vaccines
SelectionofvaccinesfromtheModelListwillneedtobedeterminedbyeachcountryafterconsiderationof
international recommendations, epidemiology and national priorities. The list below details the vaccines
forwhichthereiseitherarecommendationfromtheStrategicAdvisoryGroupofExpertsonImmunization
(SAGE) (http://www.who.int/immunization/sage_conclusions/en/index.html) and/or a WHO position
paper (http://www.who.int/immunization/documents/positionpapers/en/index.html). This site will be
updated as new position papers are published and contains the most recent information and
recommendations.
AllvaccinesshouldcomplywiththeWHORequirementsforBiologicalSubstances.
BCGvaccine
choleravaccine
diphtheriavaccine
hepatitisAvaccine
hepatitisBvaccine
Haemophilusinfluenzaetypebvaccine
influenzavaccine
Japaneseencephalitisvaccine
measlesvaccine
meningococcalmeningitisvaccine
mumpsvaccine
EML 16
page - 25
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
pertussisvaccine
pneumococcalvaccine
poliomyelitisvaccine
rabiesvaccine
rotavirusvaccine
rubellavaccine
tetanusvaccine
typhoidvaccine
varicellavaccine
yellowfevervaccine
Injection:5mg(chloride)/mlin2mlampoule.
neostigmine
Injection:500microgramsin1mlampoule;2.5mg(metilsulfate)
in1mlampoule.
Tablet:15mg(bromide).
Injection:50mg(chloride)/mlin2mlampoule.
suxamethonium
Powderforinjection(chloride),invial.
vecuronium[c]
Powderforinjection:10mg(bromide)invial.
ComplementaryList
Injection:1mgin1mlampoule.
pyridostigmine
Tablet:60mg(bromide).
vecuronium
Powderforinjection:10mg(bromide)invial.
Ointment:3%W/W.
gentamicin
Solution(eyedrops):0.3%(sulfate).
tetracycline
Eyeointment:1%(hydrochloride).
Solution(eyedrops):0.5%(sodiumphosphate).
Solution(eyedrops):0.5%(hydrochloride).
a
EML 16
page - 26
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
Tablet:250mg.
pilocarpine
Solution(eyedrops):2%;4%(hydrochlorideornitrate).
timolol
Solution(eyedrops):0.25%;0.5%(asmaleate).
21.5 Mydriatics
Solution(eyedrops):0.1%;0.5%;1%(sulfate).
atropine* a
*[c]ORhomatropineORcyclopentolate.
a
>3 months.
ComplementaryList
epinephrine(adrenaline)
Solution(eyedrops):2%(ashydrochloride).
Injection:200micrograms(hydrogenmaleate)in1mlampoule.
oxytocin
Injection:10IUin1mlampoule.
ComplementaryList
misoprostol
Tablet:200micrograms.*
*Formanagementofincompleteabortionandmiscarriage.
Vaginaltablet:25micrograms.
mifepristone*misoprostol*
Wherepermittedunder
nationallawandwhere
culturallyacceptable.
Tablet200mgtablet200micrograms.
*Requiresclosemedicalsupervision.
Immediatereleasecapsule:10mg.
Parenteralsolution.
Oralliquid:25mg(hydrochloride)/5ml.
Tablet:100mg(hydrochloride).
fluphenazine
EML 16
Injection:25mg(decanoateorenantate)in1mlampoule.
page - 27
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
haloperidol
16thedition(March2009)
Injection:5mgin1mlampoule.
Tablet:2mg;5mg.
ComplementaryList[c]
Injection:25mg(hydrochloride)/mlin2mlampoule.
chlorpromazine
Oralliquid:25mg(hydrochloride)/5ml.
Tablet:10mg;25mg;50mg;100mg(hydrochloride).
Injection:5mgin1mlampoule.
haloperidol
Oralliquid:2mg/ml.
Solidoraldosageform:0.5mg;2mg;5mg.
Tablet:25mg(hydrochloride).
fluoxetine
Solidoraldosageform:20mg(presentashydrochloride).
ComplementaryList[c]
fluoxetinea
Solidoraldosageform:20mg(presentashydrochloride).
a
>8 years.
Tablet(scored):100mg;200mg.
lithiumcarbonate
Solidoraldosageform:300mg.
valproicacid
Tablet(entericcoated):200mg;500mg(sodiumvalproate).
Tablet(scored):2mg;5mg.
24.4 Medicines used for obsessive compulsive disorders and panic attacks
clomipramine
Capsule:10mg;25mg(hydrochloride).
Chewinggum:2mg;4mg.
Transdermalpatch:5mgto30mg/16hrs;7mgto21mg/24hrs.
ComplementaryList
Concentratefororalliquid:5mg/ml;10mg/ml(hydrochloride).
methadone*
Oralliquid:5mg/5ml;10mg/5ml.
*Thesquareboxisaddedtoincludebuprenorphine.Themedicines
shouldonlybeusedwithinanestablishedsupportprogramme.
EML 16
page - 28
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
Inhalation(aerosol):50micrograms(dipropionate)perdose;
100micrograms(dipropionate)perdose(asCFCfreeforms).
budesonide[c]
Inhalation(aerosol):100microgramsperdose;200micrograms
perdose.
epinephrine(adrenaline)
Injection:1mg(ashydrochlorideorhydrogentartrate)in
1mlampoule.
ipratropiumbromide
Inhalation(aerosol):20micrograms/metereddose.
Inhalation(aerosol):100micrograms(assulfate)perdose.
Injection:50micrograms(assulfate)/mlin5mlampoule.
Metereddoseinhaler(aerosol):100micrograms(assulfate)per
dose.
salbutamol*
Oralliquid:2mg/5ml.
Respiratorsolutionforuseinnebulizers:5mg(assulfate)/ml.
Tablet:2mg;4mg(assulfate).
*Oralsalbutamoltreatmentshouldonlybeconsideredwhen
inhaledasthmatherapyisnotfeasible.
Seesection17.5.1.
potassiumchloride
Powderforsolution.
26.2 Parenteral
glucose
Injectablesolution:5%(isotonic);10%(hypertonic);
50%(hypertonic).
Injectablesolution:4%glucose,0.18%sodiumchloride
(equivalenttoNa+30mmol/L,Cl30mmol/L).
glucosewithsodiumchloride
Injectablesolution:5%glucose,0.9%sodiumchloride(equivalent
to150mmol/LNa+and150mmol/LCl);5%glucose,0.45%
sodiumchloride(equivalentto75mmol/LNa+and75mmol/L
Cl)[c].
Solution:11.2%in20mlampoule
(equivalenttoK+1.5mmol/ml,Cl1.5mmol/ml).
potassiumchloride
sodiumchloride
EML 16
Solutionfordilution:7.5%(equivalenttoK1mmol/mland
Cl1mmol/ml)[c];15%(equivalenttoK2mmol/mland
Cl2mmol/ml)[c].
Injectablesolution:0.9%isotonic(equivalenttoNa+154mmol/L,
Cl154mmol/L).
page - 29
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
Injectablesolution:1.4%isotonic(equivalenttoNa+167mmol/L,
HCO3167mmol/L).
sodiumhydrogencarbonate
Solution:8.4%in10mlampoule(equivalenttoNa+1000mmol/L,
HCO31000mmol/L).
sodiumlactate,compoundsolution
Injectablesolution.
26.3 Miscellaneous
waterforinjection
2ml;5ml;10mlampoules.
ascorbicacid
Oralliquid:400IU/ml.
cholecalciferol*[c]
Solidoraldosageform:400IU;1000IU.
*Ergocalciferolcanbeusedasanalternative.
Oralliquid:250micrograms/ml(10000IU/ml).
ergocalciferol
Solidoraldosageform:1.25mg(50000IU).
Capsule:200mg.
iodine
Iodizedoil:1ml(480mgiodine);0.5ml(240mgiodine)in
ampoule(oralorinjectable);0.57ml(308mgiodine)indispenser
bottle.
nicotinamide
Tablet:50mg.
pyridoxine
Tablet:25mg(hydrochloride).
Capsule:50000IU;100000IU;200000IU(aspalmitate).
Oraloilysolution:100000IU(aspalmitate)/mlinmultidose
dispenser.
retinol
Tablet(sugarcoated):10000IU(aspalmitate).
Watermiscibleinjection:100000IU(aspalmitate)in
2mlampoule.
riboflavin
Tablet:5mg.
sodiumfluoride
Inanyappropriatetopicalformulation.
thiamine
Tablet:50mg(hydrochloride).
ComplementaryList
calciumgluconate
Injection:100mg/mlin10mlampoule.
Topical:2%,inalcohol.
budesonide
Nasalspray:100microgramsperdose.
ciprofloxacin
Topical:0.3%drops.
Nasalspray:0.05%.
xylometazolinea
EML 16
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
Injection:20mg/ml(equivalentto10mgcaffeinebase/ml).
Oralliquid:20mg/ml(equivalentto10mgcaffeinebase/ml).
ComplementaryList
ibuprofen
Solutionforinjection:5mg/ml.
Solutionforinjection:
prostaglandinE
ProstaglandinE1:0.5mg/mlinalcohol.
ProstaglandinE2:1mg/ml.
surfactant
Suspensionforintratrachealinstillation:25mg/mlor80mg/ml.
EML 16
page - 31
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
>25kg
>3months
>2years
Hydrocortisonepreferredinneonates
>1month
>41weekscorrectedgestationalage
>1year
>25kg
>8years(exceptforseriousinfectionse.g.cholera)
>3yearsor>10kg
>3months
>8years
>3months(exceptIVformforpatentductusarteriosus)
>5kgor>3months
Notinneonates
>1month
>25kg
>2months
Notinpretermneonates
>6months
>3months
EML 16
page - 32
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
Term
Solidoraldosageform
Tablets
Tablets(qualified)
Definition
Referstotabletsorcapsulesorothersoliddosageformssuchasmelts
thatareimmediatereleasepreparations.Itimpliesthatthereisno
differenceinclinicalefficacyorsafetybetweentheavailabledosage
forms,andcountriesshouldthereforechoosetheform(s)tobelisted
dependingonqualityandavailability.
Thetermsolidoraldosageformisneverintendedtoallowanytypeof
modifiedreleasetablet.
Refersto:
uncoatedorcoated(filmcoatedorsugarcoated)tabletsthatare
intendedtobeswallowedwhole;
unscoredandscored*;
tabletsthatareintendedtobechewedbeforebeingswallowed;
tabletsthatareintendedtobedispersedordissolvedinwateror
anothersuitableliquidbeforebeingswallowed;
tabletsthatareintendedtobecrushedbeforebeingswallowed.
Thetermtabletwithoutqualificationisneverintendedtoallowany
typeofmodifiedreleasetablet.
Referstoaspecifictypeoftablet:
chewabletabletsthatareintendedtobechewedbeforebeing
swallowed;
dispersibletabletsthatareintendedtobedispersedinwateror
anothersuitableliquidbeforebeingswallowed;
solubletabletsthatareintendedtobedissolvedinwateroranother
suitableliquidbeforebeingswallowed;
crushabletabletsthatareintendedtobecrushedbeforebeing
swallowed;
scoredtabletsbearingabreakmarkormarkswheresubdivisionis
intendedinordertoprovidedosesoflessthanonetablet;
sublingualtabletsthatareintendedtobeplacedbeneaththetongue.
Thetermtabletisalwaysqualifiedwithanadditionalterm(in
parentheses)inentrieswhereoneofthefollowingtypesoftabletis
intended:gastroresistant(suchtabletsmaysometimesbedescribedas
entericcoatedorasdelayedrelease),prolongedreleaseoranother
modifiedreleaseform.
Scoredtabletsmaybedividedforeaseofswallowing,provideddoseisawholenumberoftablets.
page - 33
EML 16
*
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
Term
Capsules
Capsules(qualified)
Granules
Oralpowder
Oralliquid
16thedition(March2009)
Definition
Referstohardorsoftcapsules.
Thetermcapsulewithoutqualificationisneverintendedtoallowany
typeofmodifiedreleasecapsule.
Thetermcapsulewithqualificationreferstogastroresistant(such
capsulesmaysometimesbedescribedasentericcoatedorasdelayed
release),prolongedreleaseoranothermodifiedreleaseform.
Preparationsthatareissuedtopatientasgranulestobeswallowed
withoutfurtherpreparation,tobechewed,ortobetakeninorwith
wateroranothersuitableliquid.
Thetermgranuleswithoutfurtherqualificationisneverintendedto
allowanytypeofmodifiedreleasegranules.
Preparationsthatareissuedtopatientaspowder(usuallyassingle
dose)tobetakeninorwithwateroranothersuitableliquid.
Liquidpreparationsintendedtobeswallowedi.e.oralsolutions,
suspensions,emulsionsandoraldrops,includingthoseconstitutedfrom
powdersorgranules,butnotthosepreparationsintendedfororomucosal
administratione.g.garglesandmouthwashes.
Oralliquidspresentedaspowdersorgranulesmayofferbenefitsinthe
formofbetterstabilityandlowertransportcosts.Ifmorethanonetype
oforalliquidisavailableonthesamemarket(e.g.solution,suspension,
granulesforreconstitution),theymaybeinterchangedandinsuchcases
shouldbebioequivalent.Itispreferablethatoralliquidsdonotcontain
sugarandthatsolutionsforchildrendonotcontainalcohol.
Term
Injection
Injection(qualified)
Injection(oily)
Intravenousinfusion
Definition
Referstosolutions,suspensionsandemulsionsincludingthose
constitutedfrompowdersorconcentratedsolutions.
Routeofadministrationisindicatedinparentheseswhererelevant.
Theterminjectionisqualifiedby(oily)inrelevantentries.
Referstosolutionsandemulsionsincludingthoseconstitutedfrom
powdersorconcentratedsolutions.
EML 16
page - 34
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
Modeof
administration
Totheeye
Topical
Rectal
Vaginal
Inhalation
Termtobeused
Eyedrops,eyeointments.
Forliquids:lotions,paints.
Forsemisolids:cream,ointment.
Suppositories,gelorsolution.
Pessariesorvaginaltablets.
Powderforinhalation,pressurizedinhalation,nebulizer.
EML 16
page - 35
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
Index
abacavir(ABC) ........................................................ 10
acetazolamide.......................................................... 27
aceticacid................................................................. 30
acetylcysteine ............................................................ 3
acetylsalicylicacid .................................... 1,2,14,19
aciclovir ................................................................ 9,26
albendazole................................................................ 4
alcuronium............................................................... 26
allopurinol ........................................................... 2,15
aluminiumdiacetate............................................... 20
aluminiumhydroxide ............................................ 21
amidotrizoate .......................................................... 20
amikacin....................................................................... 8
amiloride .................................................................. 21
amiodarone ................................................................ 18
amitriptyline ............................................................ 28
amlodipine............................................................... 18
amodiaquine............................................................ 12
amoxicillin ................................................................. 5
amoxicillin+clavulanicacid ................................... 5
amphotericinB....................................................... 9,12
ampicillin ................................................................... 5
antiDimmunoglobulin(human) ......................... 25
antitetanusimmunoglobulin(human)................. 25
antivenomimmunoglobulin ................................. 25
artemether................................................................ 12
artemether+lumefantrine ..................................... 12
artesunate................................................................. 13
ascorbicacid ............................................................ 30
asparaginase............................................................... 15
atazanavir................................................................. 11
atenolol............................................................... 17,18
atropine ............................................................ 1,3,27
azathioprine ........................................................... 2,15
azithromycin.............................................................. 6
bariumsulfate ......................................................... 20
BCGvaccine............................................................. 25
beclometasone ......................................................... 29
benzathinebenzylpenicillin .................................... 5
benznidazole............................................................ 14
benzoicacid+salicylicacid ................................... 19
benzoylperoxide..................................................... 20
benzylbenzoate....................................................... 20
benzylpenicillin......................................................... 5
betamethasone......................................................... 19
biperiden .................................................................. 16
bleomycin................................................................... 15
budesonide ........................................................ 29,30
bupivacaine................................................................ 1
caffeinecitrate ......................................................... 31
EML 16
calaminelotion ........................................................ 19
calciumfolinate.......................................................... 15
calciumgluconate ............................................... 3,30
capreomycin ................................................................. 8
carbamazepine..................................................... 3,28
carboplatin ................................................................. 15
cefalexin...................................................................... 5
cefazolin...................................................................... 5
cefixime....................................................................... 5
cefotaxime .................................................................... 6
ceftazidime ................................................................... 6
ceftriaxone.................................................................. 5
charcoal,activated..................................................... 3
chlorambucil............................................................... 15
chloramphenicol........................................................ 6
chlorhexidine ........................................................... 20
chlorinebasecompound ........................................ 21
chloroquine .......................................................... 2,13
chloroxylenol ........................................................... 21
chlorphenamine......................................................... 2
chlorpromazine ................................................. 27,28
cholecalciferol .......................................................... 30
choleravaccine ........................................................ 25
ciclosporin.................................................................. 15
ciprofloxacin ........................................................ 6,30
clindamycin ................................................................. 7
clofazimine................................................................. 7
clomifene .................................................................... 24
clomipramine........................................................... 28
clotrimazole ............................................................... 9
cloxacillin ................................................................... 5
coaltar ...................................................................... 20
codeine.................................................................. 2,23
condoms ................................................................... 23
coppercontainingdevice....................................... 23
cyclophosphamide ...................................................... 15
cycloserine.................................................................... 8
cytarabine................................................................... 15
dacarbazine ................................................................ 15
dactinomycin.............................................................. 15
dapsone ...................................................................... 7
daunorubicin.............................................................. 15
deferoxamine ............................................................. 3
dexamethasone.............................................. 2,16,21
dextran70................................................................. 17
diaphragms .............................................................. 23
diazepam.......................................................... 1,3,28
didanosine(ddI) ...................................................... 10
diethylcarbamazine ...................................................... 4
digoxin...................................................................... 18
page - 36
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
diloxanide ................................................................ 12
dimercaprol ............................................................... 3
diphtheriaantitoxin................................................ 25
diphtheriavaccine .................................................. 25
dithranol................................................................... 20
DLmethionine .......................................................... 3
dopamine.................................................................... 19
doxorubicin................................................................ 15
doxycycline.......................................................... 6,13
efavirenz(EFVorEFZ)........................................... 11
efavirenz+emtricitabine+tenofovir ................... 11
eflornithine .............................................................. 14
emtricitabine(FTC)................................................. 10
emtricitabine+tenofovir........................................ 11
enalapril ................................................................... 18
ephedrine...................................................................... 1
epinephrine(adrenaline) ....................... 2,18,27,29
ergocalciferol ........................................................... 30
ergometrine.............................................................. 27
erythromycin ............................................................. 7
estradiolcypionate+medroxyprogesterone
acetate .................................................................. 23
ethambutol................................................................. 8
ethambutol+isoniazid............................................. 8
ethambutol+isoniazid+pyrazinamide+
rifampicin .............................................................. 8
ethambutol+isoniazid+rifampicin....................... 8
ethanol...................................................................... 20
ethinylestradiol ....................................................... 24
ethinylestradiol+levonorgestrel .......................... 23
ethinylestradiol+norethisterone.......................... 23
ethionamide.................................................................. 8
ethosuximide................................................................ 4
etoposide .................................................................... 15
factorIXcomplex(coagulationfactors,
II,VII,IX,X)concentrate..................................... 17
factorVIIIconcentrate............................................... 17
ferroussalt ............................................................... 16
ferroussalt+folicacid ........................................... 16
fluconazole................................................................. 9
flucytosine.................................................................... 9
fludrocortisone ........................................................ 23
fluorescein................................................................ 20
fluorouracil .......................................................... 15,20
fluoxetine ................................................................. 28
fluphenazine............................................................ 27
folicacid ................................................................... 16
furosemide ......................................................... 19,21
gentamicin ........................................................... 7,26
glibenclamide .......................................................... 24
glucose...................................................................... 29
glucosewithsodiumchloride ............................... 29
EML 16
16thedition(March2009)
glutaral...................................................................... 21
glyceryltrinitrate..................................................... 17
griseofulvin ................................................................ 9
Haemophilusinfluenzaetypebvaccine .................. 25
haloperidol............................................................... 28
halothane.................................................................... 1
heparinsodium ....................................................... 17
hepatitisAvaccine.................................................. 25
hepatitisBvaccine................................................... 25
humannormalimmunoglobulin................................ 17
hydralazine .............................................................. 18
hydrochlorothiazide ................................... 18,19,21
hydrocortisone................................... 3,16,19,22,23
hydroxocobalamin .................................................. 16
hydroxycarbamide...................................................... 15
ibuprofen........................................................ 1,14,31
ifosfamide ................................................................... 15
imipenem+cilastatin................................................... 6
indinavir(IDV) ........................................................ 11
influenzavaccine..................................................... 25
insulininjection(soluble)....................................... 24
intermediateactinginsulin.................................... 24
intraperitonealdialysissolution
(ofappropriatecomposition) ................................. 27
iodine ........................................................................ 30
iohexol ...................................................................... 20
ipratropiumbromide.............................................. 29
isoniazid ..................................................................... 8
isoniazid+pyrazinamide+rifampicin .................. 8
isoniazid+rifampicin ............................................... 8
isosorbidedinitrate ................................................. 17
ivermectin .................................................................. 4
Japaneseencephalitisvaccine................................ 25
kanamycin.................................................................... 8
ketamine ..................................................................... 1
lamivudine(3TC) .................................................... 10
lamivudine+nevirapine+stavudine................... 11
lamivudine+nevirapine+zidovudine ................ 11
lamivudine+zidovudine....................................... 12
levamisole .................................................................. 4
levodopa+carbidopa ............................................. 16
levonorgestrel .......................................................... 23
levonorgestrelreleasingimplant .......................... 23
levothyroxine........................................................... 24
lidocaine ............................................................... 1,18
lidocaine+epinephrine(adrenaline)...................... 1
lithiumcarbonate .................................................... 28
lopinavir+ritonavir(LPV/r).................................. 11
lorazepam................................................................... 3
Lugolssolution ......................................................... 24
magnesiumhydroxide ........................................... 21
magnesiumsulfate.................................................... 3
page - 37
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
mannitol ................................................................... 21
measlesvaccine ....................................................... 25
mebendazole.............................................................. 4
medroxyprogesteroneacetate ......................... 23,24
mefloquine ............................................................... 13
meglumineiotroxate .................................................. 20
melarsoprol.............................................................. 14
meningococcalmeningitisvaccine ....................... 25
mercaptopurine.......................................................... 15
mesna......................................................................... 16
metformin ................................................................ 24
methadone.................................................................. 28
methotrexate .......................................................... 2,16
methyldopa.............................................................. 18
methylrosaniliniumchloride(gentianviolet) ..... 19
methylthioniniumchloride(methyleneblue)....... 3
metoclopramide ...................................................... 22
metronidazole ..................................................... 7,12
miconazole............................................................... 19
mifepristone ............................................................... 27
misoprostol ................................................................ 27
morphine................................................................ 1,2
mumpsvaccine ....................................................... 25
naloxone ..................................................................... 3
neomycinsulfate+bacitracin................................ 19
neostigmine ............................................................. 26
nevirapine(NVP).................................................... 11
niclosamide................................................................ 4
nicotinamide............................................................ 30
nicotinereplacementtherapy(NRT).................... 28
nifedipine ................................................................. 27
nifurtimox ................................................................ 14
nitrofurantoin ............................................................ 7
nitrousoxide.............................................................. 1
norethisterone ......................................................... 24
norethisteroneenantate.......................................... 23
nystatin....................................................................... 9
ofloxacin....................................................................... 9
omeprazole .............................................................. 21
ondansetron............................................................. 22
oralrehydrationsalts ....................................... 22,29
oxamniquine ................................................................ 5
oxygen ........................................................................ 1
oxytocin.................................................................... 27
paminosalicylicacid ................................................... 9
pancreaticenzymes.................................................... 21
paracetamol ......................................................... 2,14
paromomycin .......................................................... 12
penicillamine............................................................ 2,3
pentamidine ............................................................... 14
permethrin ............................................................... 20
pertussisvaccine ..................................................... 26
EML 16
16thedition(March2009)
phenobarbital............................................................. 4
phenoxymethylpenicillin ......................................... 6
phenytoin ................................................................... 4
phytomenadione ..................................................... 17
pilocarpine ............................................................... 27
pneumococcalvaccine............................................ 26
podophyllumresin ................................................. 20
poliomyelitisvaccine .............................................. 26
polyvidoneiodine ................................................... 20
potassiumchloride.................................................. 29
potassiumferrichexacyanoferrate(II)2H20
(Prussianblue) ...................................................... 3
potassiumiodide .................................................... 9,24
potassiumpermanganate....................................... 19
praziquantel........................................................... 4,5
prednisolone .................................................. 3,16,26
primaquine............................................................... 13
procainebenzylpenicillin......................................... 6
procarbazine............................................................... 16
proguanil.................................................................. 13
promethazine............................................................. 1
propranolol .............................................................. 15
propylthiouracil ...................................................... 24
prostaglandinE.......................................................... 31
protaminesulfate .................................................... 17
pyrantel ...................................................................... 4
pyrazinamide............................................................. 8
pyridostigmine ........................................................... 26
pyridoxine ................................................................ 30
pyrimethamine ........................................................ 14
quinine...................................................................... 13
rabiesimmunoglobulin .......................................... 25
rabiesvaccine........................................................... 26
ranitidine .................................................................. 21
retinol........................................................................ 30
ribavirin.................................................................... 12
riboflavin .................................................................. 30
rifabutin...................................................................... 8
rifampicin ............................................................... 7,8
ritonavir.................................................................... 11
rotavirusvaccine ..................................................... 26
rubellavaccine......................................................... 26
salbutamol................................................................ 29
salicylicacid............................................................. 20
saquinavir(SQV)..................................................... 11
seleniumsulfide ......................................................... 19
senna ......................................................................... 22
silversulfadiazine ................................................... 19
simvastatin ............................................................... 19
sodiumcalciumedetate............................................ 3
sodiumchloride ...................................................... 29
sodiumfluoride....................................................... 30
page - 38
EssentialMedicines
WHOModelList
16thedition(March2009)
sodiumhydrogencarbonate ................................. 30
sodiumlactate ......................................................... 30
sodiumnitrite ............................................................ 3
sodiumnitroprusside................................................. 18
sodiumstibogluconateor meglumine
antimoniate ......................................................... 12
sodiumthiosulfate .............................................. 3,19
spectinomycin ........................................................... 7
spironolactone ......................................................... 21
stavudine(d4T) ....................................................... 10
streptokinase .............................................................. 19
streptomycin.............................................................. 8
sulfadiazine.............................................................. 14
sulfadoxine+pyrimethamine ............................... 13
sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim .................... 7,14
sulfasalazine........................................................... 2,22
suraminsodium..................................................... 4,14
surfactant................................................................... 31
suxamethonium ...................................................... 26
tamoxifen ................................................................... 16
tenofovirdisoproxilfumarate ............................... 10
testosterone ................................................................ 23
tetanusvaccine ........................................................ 26
tetracaine.................................................................. 26
tetracycline ............................................................... 26
thiamine.................................................................... 30
thiopental ................................................................... 1
timolol....................................................................... 27
triclabendazole .......................................................... 5
trimethoprim ............................................................. 7
tropicamide .............................................................. 20
tuberculin,purifiedproteinderivative(PPD)..... 25
typhoidvaccine ....................................................... 26
urea ........................................................................... 20
valproicacid......................................................... 4,28
vancomycin .................................................................. 7
varicellavaccine ...................................................... 26
vecuronium.............................................................. 26
verapamil ........................................................... 17,18
vinblastine.................................................................. 16
vincristine .................................................................. 16
warfarin .................................................................... 17
waterforinjection ................................................... 30
xylometazoline ........................................................ 30
yellowfevervaccine ............................................... 26
zidovudine(ZDVorAZT) ..................................... 10
zincsulfate ............................................................... 23
EML 16
page - 39