File 400

Gio vin : Thy Kim Sn Page 44 1/16/2012
(1)
sin cos 2 cos
4
t t m t m
_
+

,
cos
4 2
m
t
_

,
.
Phng trnh c nghim khi v ch khi :
2 2 m
Do iu kin m > 0 ta c :
2 0 < m
.
V d 6 : Trn on [ ] 0;1
phng trnh sau c bao nhiu nghim
( ) ( )
2 4 2
8 1 2 8 8 1 1 x x x x +
Li gii
V [ ] 0;1 x
nn tn ti gc
0;
2
1
]
sao cho sin x
Ta c phng trnh :
( ) ( )
2 4 2
8sin 1 2sin 8sin 8sin 1 1 +
8sin .cos 2 .cos 4 1 (*)
Nhn thy cos 0 khng l nghim ca phng trnh (*)nn nhn hai v ca phng trnh cho
cos 0 0;
2
,
ta c :
8sin .cos cos 2 .cos 4 cos sin8 cos sin8 sin
2

_

,

8 2
2
8 2
2
k
m
,

( )
2
18 9
;
2
14 7
k
k m
m

V
0;
2
,
suy ra cc nghim : sin
18
x

;
5
sin
18
x

; sin
14
x

;
5
sin
14
x

.
V d 7 : Cho hai phng trnh
( ) ( )
( ) 3 2 2 2 1 3 1
x x
+ + v
( )
( ) 2 1 2cos 2
9
x

+
Gi s x l nghim ca ph.trnh (1). Ch. minh rng, khi x cng l nghim ca phng
trnh (2) .
Li gii
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
1
3 2 2 2 1 3 2 1 3
2 1
x x x
x
+ + + +
+
t
( )
2 1 2
x
t + vi t > 0. Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh :
2 3
1 1
4 3 4 3
2 2
t t t
t
+ .
Xt ( ) 1;1 t
, t ( ) cos , 0; t
ta c
3
1 1 2
4cos 3cos cos3
2 2 9 3
k
t +
V ( ) 0;
nn
5 7
; ;
9 9 9

' )

suy ra
1 2 3
5 7
cos ; cos ; cos
9 9 9
t t t

V phng trnh bc ba c ba nghim nn ta khng xt nghim ( ) 1;1 t
. Mt khc
2
5
cos 0
9
t

< v
3
7
cos 0
9
t

< do nghim ca phng trnh (1) l :
1
cos
9
t

( )
2 1 2cos
9
x

+ .
Vy nu x l nghim ca phng trnh (1) th x cng l nghim ca phng trnh (2).
V d 8 : Gii phng trnh
2
2 2
1
x
x
x
+
Li gii
iu kin :
1 x >
t
1
; (0; )
cos 2
x

. Thu c phng trnh mi c dng lng gic nh sau :

1 1
2 2 sin cos 2 2 sin cos
cos sin

+ +
t :
sin cos 2 cos
4
t

_
+

,

iu kin :
1 2 t
2
1
sin .cos
2
t

Ta c phng trnh :
2
2 2 t t t

2
2
2 2 0 2
1
2
t
t t t
t

2 0; 2.
4 2
t x

_

,

V d 9 : Gii phng trnh sau
( ) ( )
2
3 3
2
2 1
1 1 1 1
3 3
x
x x x

1
+ + +
1
]
Li gii
iu kin :
1 x
Vi
[ 1; 0] x
: th
( ) ( )
3 3
1 1 0 x x +
(ptvn)
[0;1] x
ta t : cos , 0;
2
x t t
1

1
]
. Khi phng trnh tr thnh:
1 1
2 6 cos 1 sin 2 sin cos
2 6
x t t t
_
+ +

,

Vy phng trnh c nghim :
1
6
x
.
V d 10 : Gii phng trnh sau
3
6 1 2 x x +
Li gii
Lp phng 2 v ta c:
3 3
1
8 6 1 4 3
2
x x x x
Xt :
1 x
, t [ ]
cos , 0; x t t . Khi ta c
5 7
cos ; cos ; cos
9 9 9
S

' )

m
phng trnh bc 3 c ti a 3 nghim vy cng chnh l tp nghim ca phng trnh.
2
2
1
1
1
x
x
_
+

,
=1
Li gii
iu kin :
1 x >

Ta c th t
1
, ;
sin 2 2
x t
t
_

,
Khi ( )
2
cos 0
1
1 cot 1
1
sin sin 2
2
t
t
t t

Phng trnh c nghim : ( )

2 3 1 x +
.
V d 12 : .Gii phng trnh
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2 2 1
x
x
x
x x x
+
+
+ +
Li gii
iu kin :
0, 1 x x t
Ta c th t : tan , ;
2 2
x t t
_

,
Khi ta c phng trnh: ( )
2
2sin cos 2 cos 2 1 0 sin 1 sin 2sin 0 t t t t t t +
Kt hp vi iu kin ta c nghim
1
3
x
.
Sau y l xt m rng thm v d v lng gic ha gii h phng trnh
V d 1 : Xc nh b 3 h s (x,y,z) tha mn h phng trnh :
'
+
+
+
x x z z
z z y y
y y x x
2
2
2
2
2
2
Li gii
( 0,0,0 ) l mt nghim ca h ; nhn xt
1 , , t z y x
H tng ng vi
'
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
z
z
x
y
y
z
x
x
y
S c mt cc v phi ca cc phng trnh lin h n cng thc lng gic
2
2tan
tan 2
1 tan
t
2 4
tan
1

k
x
x
+
t
( )
tan2
tan4 tan tan8 / tan 1
7
tan8
y
n
z n Z
x
'
Ngim ca h l
7
4
tan ,
7
2
tan ,
7
tan
n
z
n
y
n
x
V d 2 : Gii h phng trnh
'
+ +
,
_
,
_
,
_
+
1
1
5
1
4
1
3
z x y z x y
z
z
y
y
x
x
Li gii
Lu :
'

d c n g , ,
0 , ,
z y x
z y x
v nu x,y,z l 1 nghim th (-x,-y,-z) cng l nghim (do tnh cht i
xng ) xt x, y, z > 0
S xut hin cc biu thc
z
z
y
y
x
x
1
,
1
,
1
+ + +
dng chung l
1
u
u
+ t
,
_
< <
2
, , 0 : , tan , tan , tan

k z y x
S dng nh l hm s sin

V d 3 : Tm gi tr ca tham s m d h phng trnh sau c nghim
'
+

2 3
0 1
2
m m m x y
y x
Li gii
iu kin :
1 x
t x = cos
h pht :
( )
'
( * ) 3 2 c o s s i n
s i n
m m
y

iu kin h cho c nghim (*) c nghim t/m kin sin
> 0.
Bi tp t rn luyn
Bi 1 : Gii phng trnh
2
2
2 1
2
1 2 1
x
x x

+
.
Bi 2 : Gii phng trnh sau
3 2 3 2
(1 ) 2(1 ) x x x x + .
Bi 3 : Tm gi tr ca m phng trnh c nghim
2
1 1
1
m
x
x
+
.
Bi 4 : Gii v bin lun phng trnh theo tham s a ( a > 0 )
2
2 4
x x
a a +
.
Bi 5 : Phng trnh sau c bao nhiu nghim
3 2
4 3 1 x x x
.
Bi 6 : Gii phng trnh sau
2 2 2 x x + +
.
2
2
5
1
2 1
x x
x
+ +
+
.
Bi 8 : Tm m phng trnhsau c nghim
(4 3) 3 (3 4) 1 1 0 m x m x m + + + .
Bi 9 : Cho ng trn c phng trnh ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
: 1 2 2 C x y + . Tm ( )
0 0
; M x y
thuc
ng trn sao cho
0 0
x y +
nh nht.
Bi 10 : Cho phng trnh
3
3 1 0 x x + . Chng minh rng phng trnh c ba nghim
1 2 3
; ; x x x

v tha iu kin
2 2
1 2 2 3
2 ; 2 x x x x + + .
2 2
1 1
1
2 2
x x
a a
a a
_ _ +

, ,
vi tham s ( ) 0;1 a
.
2
1 (1 ) 1
3
x x x x + + .
Bi 13 : Gii cc h phng trnh sau
2
2
2
2
2
2
x y yx
y z zy
z x xz

'
.
Bi 14 : Gii cc h phng trnh sau
2 2
1
3
( )(1 4 )
2
x y
x y xy
+
'
+
.
Bi 15 : Gii cc phng trnh sau
1)
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
x x
x x
x x
+
+ + +
+

2)
( )
2 2
1 1 1 2 1 x x x + +
3)
3
3 2 x x x +
.
I. H phng trnh lng gic :
1. H phng trnh lng gic mt n :
H phng trnh ny thng xut hin khi gii mt phng trnh lng gic c bit. Vi
cc phng trnh ny, ta qui vic gii 1 phng trnh lng gic v mt h phng trnh lng
gic c bn. Ta s xt cc v d sau minh ha :
V d : Gii phng trnh
( ) sin3 cos 4 2 1 x x +
.
Li gii
Ta c
sin3 1
cos 4 1
x
x
x

'
v th ( )
( )
( )
sin3 1 2
1
cos 4 1 3
x
x

'
T (2) ta c ( )
2
3 2
2 6 3
x k x k k

+ +
T (3) ta c 4 2
2
x k x k

Vy nghim ca (1) l 2
2
x k
+ .
2. H phng trnh nhiu n :
Ta xt cc v d sau minh ha cho cc h phng trnh lng gic nhiu n c bn, n gin
V d 1 : Gii h phng trnh lng gic
( )
( )
2
1
3
sin sin 3 2
x y
x y

+
'
.
Li gii
Ta c : ( ) ( )
2
2 2
3
3 3
1 2
3
2sin cos 3 cos 1
2. cos 3
2 2 2
2 2
x y
x y x y
x y x y x y
x y

+
+ +

' ' '
+

( ) ( )
2 2
3
3
4 2
3
x k
x y
k k
x y k y k
+

' '

.
V d 2 : Gii h phng trnh
( )
( )
1
sin cos 1
4
3tan tan 2
x y
x y
'
.
Li gii
iu kin : ( ) ,
2
x y k k
+
Ta c : ( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
sin 1 1 sin cos
sin cos
4
1 2
4
1
3
sin
3sin cos sin cos sin cos
2
4
x y x y
x y
y x
x y y x y x

' ' '

( )
2
2
, 2
6
5
2
6
x y k
k m y x m
y x m
+ +
+
'
( )
( )
( )
2
2
,
2
3
6
x k m x y k
k m
y k m
y x m
+ +

' '
+ +

+

( )
( )
( )
2
6 2
,
5 2
2
6 3
x k m x y k
k m
y x k y k m

+ + +

' '

+ + +

.
II. Phng trnh lng gic khng mu mc :
Dng 1 : Tng hai s hng khng m
Nu
0 0
0
0
A B
A B
A B

'
+
V d 1 : gii phng trnh sau

( )
2 2
4cos 3tan 4 3 cos 2 3 tan 4 0 1 x x x x + + + .
Li gii
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
1 2cos 3 3 tan 1 0 x x + +

( )
3
cos
2
1
tan
3
2
6
x
x
x k k
'
+
( )
2
8cos 4 .cos 2 1 cos3 1 1 x x x +
Li gii
( ) ( ) 1 4cos 4 1 cos 4 1 1 cos3 0 x x x + + +

( )
( )
2
2cos 4 1 1 cos3 0
1
cos 4
2
cos3 1
2
2
3
x x
x
x
x k k
+ +

'
t +
Dng 2 : Phng php i lp
Nu
A M B
A B M
A B

'
V d 1 : gii phng trnh

( )
4 4
sin cos sin cos 1 x x x x +
Li gii
( )
2 2
1 sin cos sin cos x x x x +

( )
( )
2
2
cos 2 sin cos
cos 2 0
cos 2 1 2 sin cos
cos 2 0
sin 2 2 sin2
cos 2 0
sin 2 0 cos 2 1
cos 2 1
2
x x x
x
x x x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x k k
'
+
'

'
t

+
Vi bi ton trn, ta cng c th gii cch dng bt ng thc. Bn oc th tm hiu xem!
V d 2 : gii phng trnh
( ) ( )
2
cos 2 cos 4 6 2sin3 1 x x x +
Li gii
( )
2 2
1 4sin 3 sin 6 2sin3 x x x +
Do
2
sin 3 1 x v
2
sin 1 x nn
2 2
4sin 3 sin 4 x x
Do sin3 1 x nn6 2sin3 4 x +
Nn du = ca (1) xy ra ( )
2
2
2
sin 3 1
sin3 1
sin 1 2
2 sin 1
sin3 1
x
x
x x k k
x
x

+
' '
III. Bi tp tng hp :
Bi 1 : gii cc phng trnh sau
1.
3
5sin 4 cos
6sin 2cos
2cos 2
x x
x x
x
.
2.
1 cos 4 sin4
2sin 2 1 cos 4
x x
x x
+
.
3.
2
1
sin
8cos
x
x
.
4.
2
cot tan 4sin 2
sin2
x x x
x
+ .
5.
2
osx(2ssinx+3 2) os 1
1
1 sin 2
c c x
x

+
.
6. 2(2sin 1) 4(sinx-10-cos(2x+ ) sin (2x+ )
4 4
x

.
7.
3( os2x+cotg2x)
2(1 sin 2 )
cot 2 os2x
c
x
g x c
+
.
8. ( )
4 4
1
sin cos 3 cos 6
4
x x x + .
9.
4 4
5
sin cos
3 3 8
x x
+ .
10.
sin 3 cos 2 cos 2 3sin2 x x x x + + +
.
Bi 2 : Tm s a dng nh nht tha ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
cos 2 sin 0 1 a a a
1
+
]
.
Bi 3 : Cho phng trnh ( ) ( )
2
2sin 1 2cos 2 2sin 3 4cos x x x m x + +
a) Gii phng trnh khi m = 1.
b) nh m phng trnh c ng hai nghim tha 0 x .
Bi 4 : Gii v bin lun theo m phng trnh ( ) cos cos 2 cos 2 1 ax bx a b x + +
.
Bi 5 : nh m phng trnh ( )
2
2
3
3tan tan cot 1 0
sin
x m x x
x
+ + + c nghim.
Bi 6 : Tm mi cp x, y tha mn
2
2 2
2 2
1 1 1
cos sin 12 sin
2 cos sin
x x y
x x
_ _
+ + + +

, ,
.
Bi 7 : Tm cc s x, y thuc khong ( ) 0;
tha h
cot cot
5 8 2
x y x y
x y

'
+
.
Bi 8 : nh tham s hai phng trnh sau tng ng
a) ( ) 2cos cos 2 1 cos 2 cos3 1 x x x x + +
v ( ) ( ) ( )
2
4cos cos3 cos 4 1 cos 2 2 x x a x a x + +
b) ( ) sin 2 2 2cos 2 sin 1 a x x a x + +
v ( )
2
2sin cos 2 sin2 2 sin cos 1 2 x x x b b x x + + + + +
.
1.
3
1
4 3 0
2
x x .
2.
3
3 1 0 x x +
.
3.
3 2
8 24 6 1 0 x x x + +
.
4.
3
9 6 0 x x
.
5.
5 3
32 40 10 1 0 x x x +
.
6.
( ) ( )
2 2
1
32 1 2 1 1 x x x
x
+ .
7.
4 2
6 1 0 x x +
.
8.
5 3
5 4 2 0 x x x +
.
9.
1 1 4 3
1 1 1 1 1 x x x
+
+
10.
2
2
1 2 1
1 2
2
x x
x
+

.
1.
2
sinx+ 3cosx+ 2
sinx+ 3cosx+1

.
2.
8 8 2
17
sin cos cos 2
16
x x x +
3. sin 4 cos 4 1 4 2 sin
4
x x x
_
+

,
.
4.
2 2 2
1
sin sin 3 sin sin 3
4
x x x x + .
5.
2cos 2 sin10 3 2 2cos 28 sin x x x x + +
.
6. ( ) sin cos 2 2 sin3 x x x + .
7.
1 cos 1 cos
4sin
cos
x x
x
x
+ +
.
8. cos 2sin 2 cos3 1 2sin cos3 x x x x x + + .
9.
6
3cos 4sin 6
3cos 4sin 1
x x
x x
+ +
+ +
.
10.
3 3
sin cos
cos 2
2cos sin
x x
x
x x
+
.
Bi 11 : gii cc h phng trnh sau y
1.
2
3 2
9sin 5sin sin 2 17cos 11 0
5cos 3sin 8cos 1 0
x x x x
x x x
+
'
+
.
2.
2
2
sin cos cos
cos sin sin
x x y
x x y

'

.
3.
tan cot 2sin
4
tan cot 2sin
4
y x y
y y x
_
+ +

,
'
_
,
.
4.
sin sin 2
cos cos 2
x y
x y
'
+
5.
1
sin cos sin cos
2
3
2sin 2 sin2
2
x x y y
x y
+ +
'
.
6.
sin 7cos 0
5sin cos 6
x y
x x

'

.
7.
1
sin sin
2
cos 2 cos 2 2
x y
x y
'
.
8.
2 2 2
cos cos cos 1
cos cos cos 1
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ +
+ +
'
+ +
.
9.
tan tan 1 tan tan
cos 2 3 cos 2 1
y x x y
y x
+
'
+
.
10.
( )
2
2 cos 2 cos 2 1 cos 0
x y
x y x

'
+ +
.
Bi 12 : Cho h phng trnh
2
2
sin tan
tan sin
x m y m
y m x m
+
'
+

a) Gii h khi m = 1
b) Tm m h c nghim.
Bi 13 : Tm m h phng trnh sau c nghim
1
sin sin
2
cos 2 cos 2
x y
x y m
'
.
Bi 14 : Gii v bin lun theo m cc h phng trnh sau
a)
( ) ( )
2
2 cos 2 cos 2 1 4cos
x y m
x y x y

'
+ +
.
b)
( )
2
2 cos 2 cos 2 1 4cos 0
x y a
x y m

'
+
.
1.
sin3 sin
sin 2 cos 2
1 cos 2
x x
x x
x
.
2.
2
sin 2sin 2 2sin 1 x x x +
3. ( ) ( ) sin3 cos 2 2sin3 cos3 1 sin2 2cos3 0 x x x x x x + + .
4. tan t an2 sin3 cos 2 x x x x + .
5.
13 14
cos sin 1 x x +
.
6. ( ) cos 2 cos 6 4 sin 2 1 0 x x x + .
7.
3 3 4
sin cos 2 sin x x x +
.
8.
2 2
sin 2 sin sin 2 sin x x x x + +
.
9.
cos 2 1 sin2 2 sin cos x x x x + + +
.
10.
2 2
cos 4cos 2 sin 3 0 x x x x x + +
.
1. 2cos sin 1 x x .
2.
1
cot tan
sin
x x
x
+ .
3.
1 1
cos 1 cos3 1 1
cos cos3
x x
x x
+ .
4.
2 2
3cot 4cos 2 3 cot 4cos 2 0 x x x x + +
.
5.
2 2
15
sin 3 tan 3 3sin3 2 3 t an3 0
4
x x x x + + .
6.
3 2
cos cos 2sin 2 0 x x x + +
.
7. sin tan 2
2
x
x + .
8.
2 3 2 3
tan tan tan cot cot cot 6 x x x x x x + + + + +
.
9. ( ) ( ) 2 tan sin 3 cot cos 5 x x x x + .
10. ( )
2
5
3sin 4sin sin 8cos 4
2 2 2
x
x x x

_ _
+ + +

, ,
.
Bi 17 : nh tham s cc phng trnh sau y c nghim
1.
6 6
sin cos sin 2 x x a x +
.
2.
6 6
2 2
os sin
2 . 2
os sin
c x x
mtg x
c x x
+
.
3.
2 2
4cos sin cos 3sin x x x m + +
.
4.
2 2
3sin sin cos 4cos 0 x m x x x +
.
5. ( ) tan cot 2 sin 2 cos 2 x x m x x + + .
Bi 18 : Tm cc tr ca cc hm s sau
1.
2 cosx
y
sinx+cosx-2
+
2.
2 2
3sin 4sin cos cos 2 y x x x x + +
Bi 19 :
a) Gii phng trnh 3cos cos 2 cos3 1 2sin sin 2 x x x x x + +
b) Tm m phng trnh ( ) ( )
2
cos3 4 8 sin 7 4 cos 8 4 0 m x m x m x m + + +
tng
ng vi phng trnh cu a)
1. tan5 t an3 x x .
2.
2 sin 2 2 cos 2
2cos 2 2sin 2
x x
x x
+ +
+ +
.
3.
( )
2
2 3 cos 2sin
2 4
0
2cos 1
x
x
x
_

,
.
4.
( )
( )
cos cos 2sin 3sin sin 2
1
2sin 1
x x x x x
x
+ + +
.
5.
cos 2 3cot 2 sin4
2
cot 2 cos 2
x x x
x x
+ +
.
6.
4 4
sin cos 1 1
cot 2
5sin 2 2 8sin 2
x x
x
x x
+
.
7.
3
3sin3 3 cos9 1 4sin 3 x x x +
.
8.
3 3
4sin cos3 4cos sin3 3 3 cos 4 3 x x x x + +
.
9.
2 2
sin 2sin cos 3cos 3 0 x x x x + +
.
10.
3 2 3
4sin sin cos 3sin 3cos 0 x x x x x +
IV. Mt s phng trnh lng gic trong thi i hc nm 2002 n nay :
Bi 1 (Khi A 2002) Tm nghim thuc ( ) 0; 2
ca phng trnh
os3 sin3
5 cos 2 3
1 2sin 2
c x x
sinx x
x
+ _
+ +

+
,
Bi 2 (Khi B 2002) Gii phng trnh
2 2 2 2
sin 3 cos 4 sin 5 cos 6 x x x x
Bi 3 (Khi D 2002) Tm [ ] 0;14 x
l nghim ca phng trnh
cos3 4cos 2 3cos 4 0 x x x +
Bi 4 (D b 1 2002) Xc nh m phng trnh
( )
4 4
2 sin cos cos 4 2sin 2 0 x x x x m + + +
c t nht mt nghim thuc
0;
2
1
1
]

Bi 5 (D b 2 2002) Gii phng trnh
4 4
sin cos 1 1
cot 2
5sin2 2 8sin 2
x x
x
x x
+

( )
2
4
4
2 sin 2 sin3
tan 1
cos
x x
x
x
+
2
tan cos cos sin 1 tan tan
2
x
x x x x x
_
+ +

,
Bi 8 (D b 5 2002) Cho phng trnh
( )
2sin cos 1
1
sin 2cos 3
x x
a
x x
+ +
+
(a l tham s)
a) Gii phng trnh khi
1
3
a
b) Tm a phng trnh c nghim
2
1
sin
8cos
x
x

Bi 10 (Khi A 2003) Gii phng trnh
2
cos 2 1
cot 1 sin sin2
1 tan 2
x
x x x
x
+
+
2
cot tan 4sin 2
sin2
x x x
x
+
Bi 12 (Khi D 2003) Gii phng trnh
2 2 2
sin tan cos 0
2 4 2
x x
x
_

,
Bi 13 (Khi A D b 1 2003) Gii phng trnh
( ) 3 tan tan 2sin 6cos 0 x x x x + +
( )
2
cos 2 cos 2tan 1 2 x x x +
Bi 15 (Khi B D b 1 2003) Gii phng trnh
6 2
3cos 4 8cos 2cos 3 0 x x x + +
( )
2
2 3 cos 2sin
2 4
1
2cos 1
x
x
x
_

,
Bi 17 (Khi D D b 1 2003) Gii phng trnh

( )
( )
2
cos cos 1
2 1 sin
sin cos
x x
x
x x
+
+
2cos 4
cot tan
sin2
x
x x
x
+
( )
2
5sin 2 3 1 sin tan x x x
( ) ( ) 2cos 1 2sin cos sin2 sin x x x x x +
( ) sin sin2 3 cos cos 2 x x x x + +
1 sin 1 cos 1 x x +
( )
3 3
4 sin cos cos 3sin x x x x + +
1 1
2 2 cos
cos sin 4
x
x x
_
+

,
sin4 sin 7 cos3 cos 6 x x x x
( ) sin2 2 2 sin cos 5 0 x x x +
2 2
cos 3 cos 2 cos 0 x x x
1 sin cos sin 2 cos 2 0 x x x x + + + +
4 4
3
sin cos cos sin 3 0
4 4 2
x x x x
_ _
+ +

, ,
Bi 30 (Khi A D b 1 2005) Tm nghim trn khong ( ) 0;
ca phng trnh
2 2
3
4sin 3 cos 2 1 2cos
2 4
x
x x
_
+

,
3
2 2 cos 3cos sin 0
4
x x x
_

,
3
2 2 cos 3cos sin 0
4
x x x
_

,
2
2
cos 2 1
tan 3tan
2 cos
x
x x
x
_
+

,
3 sin
tan 2
2 1 cos
x
x
x
_
+

+
,
sin 2 cos 2 3sin cos 2 0 x x x x + +
( )
6 6
2 cos sin sin cos
0
2 2sin
x x x x
x
+

cot sin 1 tan tan 4
2
x
x x x
_
+ +

,
cos3 cos 2 cos 1 0 x x x +
3 3
2 3 2
cos3 cos sin3
8
x x xin x
+

2sin 2 4sin 1 0
6
x x
_
+ +

,
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2sin 1 tan 2 3 2cos 1 0 x x x +
( ) ( ) cos 2 1 cos 2 sin cos 0 x x x x + +
3 3 2
cos sin 2sin 1 x x x + +
3 2
4sin 4sin 3sin 2 6cos 0 x x x x + + +
( ) ( )
2 2
1 sin cos 1 cos sin 1 sin2 x x x x x + + + +
2
2sin 2 sin 7 1 sin x x x +
2
sin cos 3 cos 2
2 2
x x
x
_
+ +

,
1 1 7
4sin
3 sin 4
sin
2
x
x
x
_
+

_ ,

,
3 3 2 2
sin 3 cos sin cos 3sin cos x x x x x x
( ) 2sin 1 cos 2 in2 1 2cos x x s x x + + +
Lng gic l mt nhnh ca ton hc gii quyt cc gc, tam gic v cc hm lng
gic nh sin, cosin, tang v cotang. N c mt s quan h vi hnh hc, mc d ngi ta vn cn
cha thng nht l lin quan ny nh th no mt cch chnh xc; i vi mt s ngi th lng
gic ch l mt phn ca hnh hc.
Lch s
Ngun gc ca lng gic c tm thy trong cc nn vn minh ca ngi Ai
Cp, Babylon v nn vn minh lu vc sng n c i t trn 3000 nm trc. Cc nh ton hc
n c i l nhng ngi tin phong trong vic s dng tnh ton cc n s i s s dng
trong cc tnh ton thin vn bng lng gic. Lagadha l nh ton hc duy nht m ngy nay
ngi ta bit s dng hnh hc v lng gic trong tnh ton thin vn hc trong cun sch
ca ng Vedanga Jyotisha, phn ln cc cng trnh ca ng b tiu hy khi n b ngi
nc ngoi xm lc.
Nh ton hc Hy Lp Hipparchus vo khong nm 150 TCN bin son bng lng
gic gii cc tam gic.
Mt nh ton hc Hy Lp khc, Ptolemy vo khong nm 100 pht trin cc tnh ton
lng gic xa hn na.
Nh ton hc ngi Silesia l Bartholemaeus Pitiscus xut bn cng trnh c nh
hng ti lng gic nm 1595 cng nh gii thiu thut ng ny sang ting Anh v ting Php.
Mt s nh ton hc cho rng lng gic nguyn thy c ngh ra tnh ton cc ng
h mt tri, l mt bi tp truyn thng trong cc cun sch c v ton hc. N cng rt quan
trng trong o c. NICHOLAS PUTNAM Alabama
Lng gic ngy nay
C nhiu ng dng ca lng gic. C th c th ni n nh l k thut ca php o c
tam gic c s dng trong thin vn o khong cch ti cc ngi sao gn, trong a l o
khong cch gia cc mc gii hay trong cc h thng hoa tiu v tinh. Cc lnh vc khc c s
dng lng gic cn c thin vn (v v th l c hoa tiu trn i dng, trong ngnh hng
khng v trong v tr), l thuyt m nhc, m hc, quang hc, phn tch th trng ti
chnh, in t hc, l thuyt xc sut, thng k, sinh hc, chiu chp y hc (cc loi chp ct
lp v siu m), dc khoa, ha hc, l thuyt s (v v th l mt m hc), a chn hc, kh
tng hc, hi dng hc v nhiu lnh vc ca vt l, o c t ai v a hnh, kin trc, ng
m hc, kinh t hc, khoa cng trnh v in, c kh, xy dng, ha my tnh, bn hc, tinh
th hc v.v.
M hnh hin i tru tng ha ca lng gic- lng gic hu t, bao gm cc khi
nim "bnh phng sin ca gc" v "bnh phng khong cch" thay v gc v di - c
tin s Norman Wildberger trng i hc tng hp New South Wales ngh ra.
V lng gic
Hai tam gic c coi l ng dng nu mt trong hai tam gic c th thu c nh vic
m rng (hay thu hp) cng lc tt c cc cnh tam gic kia theo cng t l. iu ny ch c th
xy ra khi v ch khi cc gc tng ng ca chng bng nhau, v d hai tam gic khi xp ln
nhau th c mt gc bng nhau v cnh i ca gc cho song song vi nhau. Yu t quyt
nh v s ng dng ca tam gic l di cc cnh ca chng t l thun hoc cc gc tng
ng ca chng phi bng nhau. iu c ngha l khi hai tam gic l ng dng v cnh di
nht ca mt tam gic ln gp 2 ln cnh di nht ca tam gic kia th cnh ngn nht ca tam
gic th nht cng ln gp 2 ln so vi cnh ngn nht ca tam gic th hai v tng t nh vy
cho cp cnh cn li. Ngoi ra, cc t l di cc cp cnh ca mt tam gic s bng cc t l
di ca cc cp cnh tng ng ca tam gic cn li. Cnh di nht ca bt k tam gic no s
l cnh i ca gc ln nht.
Tam gic vung
S dng cc yu t ni trn y, ngi ta nh ngha cc hm lng gic, da vo tam
gic vung, l tam gic c mt gc bng 90 hay /2 radian), tc tam gic c gc vung.
Do tng cc gc trong mt tam gic l 180 hay radian, nn gc ln nht ca tam gic
vung l gc vung. Cnh di nht ca tam gic nh th s l cnh i ca gc vung v ngi
ta gi n l cnh huyn.
Ly 2 tam gic vung c chung nhau mt gc th hai A. Cc tam gic ny l ng dng,
v th t l cacnh i, b, ca gc A so vi cnh huyn, h, l nh nhau cho c hai tam gic. N
s l mt s nm trong khong t 0 ti 1 v n ch ph thuc vo chnh gc A; ngi ta gi n
l sin ca gc A v vit n l sin (A) hay sin A. Tng t, ngi ta cng nh
ngha cosin ca gc A nh l t l ca cnh k, a, ca gc Aso vi cnh huyn, h, v vit n l
cos (A) hay cos A.
sin
a
A
h
v cos
b
A
h
y l nhng hm s quan trng nht trong lng gic; cc hm s khc c th c

nh ngha theo cch ly t l ca cc cnh cn li ca tam gic vung nhng chng c th biu
din c theo sin v cosin. l cc hm s nh tang,sec, cotang v cosec.
tan
cos
sinA a
A
A b
v
cos
cot
sin
A b
A
A a

1
sec
cos
h
A
A b
v
1
c
sin
h
sxA
A a

Cc hm lng gic nh trn ni c nh ngha cho cc gc nm trong khong t
0 ti 90 (0 ti /2 radian). S dng khi nimvect cho ng trn n v, ngi ta c th m
rng chng c cc i s m v dng (xem thm hm lng gic).
Khi cc hm sin v cosin c lp thnh bng (hoc tnh ton bng my tnh hay my
tnh tay) th ngi ta c th tr li gn nh mi cu hi v cc tam gic bt k, s dng cc quy
tc sin hay quy tc cosin. Cc quy tc ny c th c s dng tnh ton cc gc v cnh cn
li ca tam gic bt k khi bit mt trong ba yu t sau:
1. ln ca hai cnh v gc k ca chng
2. ln ca mt cnh v hai gc
3. ln ca c 3 cnh.
Hm lng gic
Trong ton hc ni chung v lng gic hc ni ring, cc hm lng gic l cc hm
ton hc ca gc, c dng khi nghin cu tam gic v cc hin tng c tnh cht tun hon.
Cc hm lng gic ca mt gc thng c nh ngha bi t l chiu di hai cnh catam
gic vung cha gc , hoc t l chiu di gia cc on thng ni cc im c bit trn vng
trn n v. Nhng nh ngha hin i hn thng coi cc hm lng gic l chui s v hn
hoc l nghim ca mt s phng trnh vi phn, iu ny cho php hm lng gic c th c
i s l mt s thc hay mt s phc bt k.
Cc hm lng gic khng phi l cc hm s i s v c th xp vo loi hm s siu
vit. Mt s dng th hm lng gic:
th hm sin
th hm cos
th hm tan
th hm sec
th hm cosec
Cc hm lng gic c bn
Ngy nay, chng ta thng lm vic vi su hm lng gic c bn, c lit k trong
bng di, km theo lin h ton hc gia cc hm.
Hm Vit tt Lin h
Sin sin
Cos cos
Tang tan
Cotang cot
Sec sec
Cosec
csc
(hay cosec)
Trong lch s, mt s hm lng gic khc c nhc n, nhng nay t dng l:
versed sine (versin = 1 cos)
exsecant (exsec = sec 1).
Xem thm bi ng thc lng gic bit thm rt nhiu lin h khc na gia cc hm
lng gic.
Lch s
Nhng nghin cu mt cch h thng v vic lp bng tnh cc hm lng gic c cho
l thc hin ln u bi Hipparchus Nicaea (180-125 TCN), ngi lp bng tnh di ca
cc cung trn (c gi tr bng gc, A, nhn vi bn knh, r) v chiu di ca dy cung tng ng
(2r sin(A/2)). Sau , Ptolemy (th k 2) tip tc pht trin cng trnh trn trong quynAlmagest,
tm ra cng thc cng v tr cho sin(A + B) v cos(A + B). Ptolemy cng suy din ra c
cng thc na-gc sin(A/2)
2
= (1 cos(A))/2, cho php ng lp bng tnh vi bt c chnh xc
cn thit no. Nhng bng tnh ca Hipparchus v Ptolemy nay b tht truyn.
Cc pht trin v lng gic tip theo din ra n , trong cng
trnh Siddhantas (khongth k 45), nh ngha hm sin theo na gc v na dy cung.
Quyn Siddhantas cng cha bng tnh hm sin c nht cn tn ti n nay (cng vi cc gi tr
1 cos), cho cc gc c gi tr t 0 n 90 cch nhau 3.75 .
Cng trnh n gio ny sau c dch v pht trin thm bi ngi Rp. n th k
10, ngi Rp dng c 6 hm lng gic c bn (trong tc phm Abu'l-Wefa), vi cc bng
tnh hm sin cho cc gc cch nhau 0.25 , vi chnh xc n 8 ch s thp phn sau du
phy, v bng tnh hm tan.
T sin m ngy nay ta dng xut pht t ch La tinh sinus ("vnh" hay "gp"), dch nhm
t ch Phn jiva (hay jya). Jiva (vn c c y l ardha-jiva, "na-dy cung", trong
quyn Aryabhatiya th k 6) c chuyn t sang ting Rp l jiba (), nhng b nhm
thnh t khc, jaib () ("vnh"), bi cc dch gi chu u nh Robert Chester v Gherardo
Cremona trong quyn Toledo (th k 12). S nhm ln ny c th l do jiba () v jaib (
) c vit ging nhau trong ting Rp (nhiu nguyn m b thiu trong bng ch ci
Rp).
Cc cng trnh u tin ny v cc hm lng gic u c pht trin trong nghin cu
thin vn. C l quyn sch u tin ch tp trung nghin cu v lng gic l De triangulis
omnimodus (1464) v Tabulae directionum ca Regiomontanus (14361476). Quyn Tabulae
directionum ni v hm tang.
Quyn Opus palatinum de triangulis ca Rheticus, mt hc tr ca Copernicus, l quyn
sch u tin nh ngha cc hm lng gic bngtam gic vung thay v dng vng trn n v,
km theo bng tnh 6 hm lng gic c bn. Cng trnh ny c hon thin bi hc tr ca
Rheticus l Valentin Otho nm 1596.
Quyn Introductio in analysin infinitorum (1748) ca Euler tp trung miu t cch tip
cn gii tch n cc hm lng gic, nh ngha chng theo cc chui v tn v gii thiu "Cng
thc Euler" e
ix
= cos(x) + i sin(x). Euler dng cc k hiu vit tt sin., cos., tang., cot., sec.,
vcosec. ging ngy nay.
nh ngha bng tam gic vung
C th nh ngha cc hm lng gic ca gc A, bng vic dng nn mt tam gic vung cha
gc A. Trong tam gic vung ny, cc cnh c t tn nh sau:
Cnh huyn l cnh i din vi gc vung, l cnh di nht ca tam gic vung, h trn
hnh v.
Cnh i l cnh i din vi gc A, a trn hnh v.
Cnh k l cnh ni gia gc A v gc vung, b trn hnh v.
Mt tam gic vung lun cha mt gc 90 (/2 radian), c k hiu l C trong hnh ny. Gc
A v B c th thay i. Cc hm lng gic th hin mi lin h chiu di cc cnh v ln cc
gc ca tam gic vung.
Dng hnh hc clit, tng cc gc trong tam gic l pi radian (hay 180
0
). Khi
Hm nh ngha Biu thc
Sin Cnh i chia cho cnh huyn
Cos Cnh k chia cho cnh huyn
Tang Cnh i chia cho cnh k
Cotang Cnh k chia cho cnh i
Sec Cnh huyn chia cho cnh k
Cosec Cnh huyn chia cho cnh i
nh ngha bng vng trn n v
Cc hm lng gic cng c th c nh ngha bng vng trn n v, mt vng trn c bn
knh bng 1 v tm trng vi tm ca h ta . nh ngha dng vng trn n v thc ra cng
da vo tam gic vung, nhng chng c th nh ngha cho cc mi gc l s thc, ch khng
ch gii hn gia 0 v Pi/2 radian. Cc gc ln hn 2 hay nh hn 2 quay vng trn ng
trn.
Dng i s
Vng trn n v v mt s im c bit ng vi mt s gc c bit.
Vng trn n v l mi im (x, y) trn mt phng ca hnh hc phng tha mn:
x
2
+ y
2
= 1
Gi gc l gc gia ng thng ni tm h ta v im (x,y) trn vng trn v
chiu dng ca trc x ca h ta x-y, cc hm lng gic c th c nh ngha l:
Hm nh ngha
sin() y
cos() x
tan() y/x
cot() x/y
sec() 1/x
csc() 1/y
Khi cc gc quay trn vng trn, hm sin, cos, sec v cosec tr nn hm tun
hon vi chu k 2 radian hay 360 :
y l gc, mt s thc bt k; k l mt s nguyn bt k.
Tang v Cotang tun hon vi chu k radian hay 180 .
Dng hnh hc
Mi hm lng gic u c th c dng ln bng phng php hnh hc trn mt vng
trn n v c tm O.
Hnh v bn cho thy nh ngha bng hnh hc v cc hm lng gic cho gc bt k
trn vng trn n v tm O. Vi l na cung AB
Hm
nh
ngha
Ch thch
sin() AC nh ngha ln u gii thiu trong lch s bi ngi n
cos() OC
tan() AE
ng tip tuyn vi ng trn ti A, ngha ny mang li cho ci tn
"tan" ca hm, xut pht t ting La tinh l "tip tuyn"
cot() AF
sec() OE
ng ct vng trn, ngha ny mang li cho ci tn "secant" ca hm,
xut pht t ting La tinh l "ng ct vng trn"
csc() OF
versin() CD versin() = 1 cos()
exsec() DE exsec() = sec() 1
Theo hnh v, d thy sec v tang s phn k khi tin ti /2 (90
), cosec v cotang phn k khi tin ti 0. Nhiu cch xy dng tng t c th c thc
hin trn vng trn n v, v cc tnh cht ca cc hm lng gic c th c chng minh
bng hnh hc.
nh ngha bng chui
Hm sin (xanh lam) c xp x bng chui Taylor bc 7 (mu hng).
Dng hnh hc v cc tnh cht ca gii hn hm s, c th chng minh rng o
hm ca hm sin lhm cos v o hm ca hm cos l tri du ca hm sin. C th dng chui
Taylor phn tch hm sin v cos ra chui, cho mi gc x o bng gi tr radian thc. T hai
hm ny c th suy ra chui ca cc hm lng dng cn li.
Cc ng thc bn di y cho bit chui Taylor ca cc hm lng gic. Chng c th
dng lm nh ngha cho hm lng gic. Chng c dng trong nhiu ng dng, nh chui
Fourier), v l thuyt ca chui v hn c th c xy dng t nn tng h thng s thc, c
lp vi hnh hc. Cc tnh cht nh kh vi hay lin tc c th c chng minh ch t nh ngha
bng chui.
Trong bng di, quy c:
E
n
l s Euler th n
U
n
l s ln/xung th n
Hm nh ngha C th
sin(x)
cos(x)
tan(x)
cot(x)
sec(x)
csc(x)
Trn trng s phc
T nh ngha bng chui, c th chng minh rng cc hm sin v cos l phn
o v phn thc ca hm m ca s o:
Vi i l n v o, cn bc hai ca -1.
Lin h ny c pht hin ln u bi Euler v cng thc ny c gi l cng thc
Euler. Trong gii tch phc, nu v vng trn n vtrn mt phng phc, gm cc im z = e
ix
,
cc mi lin h gia s phc v lng gic tr nn r rng. V d nh cc qu trnh miu t bi
hm m phc c tnh cht tun hon.
Cng thc trn cng cho php m rng hm lng gic ra cho bin phc z:
Trong trng hp c bit, z = x, mt s thc
nh ngha bng phng trnh vi
C hai hm sin v cos tha mn phng trnh vi phn
Cc hm ny l cc hm tri du ca vi phn bc hai ca chng.
Trong khng gian vect hai chiu V cha tt c cc nghim ca phng trnh vi phn
trn, sin l hm duy nht tha mn iu kin bin y(0) = 0 v y(0) = 1, cn cos l hm duy nht
tha mn iu kin bin y(0) = 1 v y(0) = 0. Hai hm ny li c lp tuyn tnh trong V, chng
to thnh h c s cho V.
Thc t cch nh ngha ny tng ng vi vic dng cng thc Euler. Phng trnh vi
phn khng ch c th c dng nh ngha sin v cos m cn c th c dng chng
minh cc ng thc lng gic cho cc hm ny.
Hm tan l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh vi phn phi tuyn sau:
vi iu kin bin y(0) = 0. Xem [1] cho mt chng minh ca cng thc ny.
Cc phng trnh trn ch ng khi bin s trong cc hm lng gic l radian. Nu dng
n v o gc khc, bin s thay i bng qua mt nhn t k. V d, nu x c tnh bng , k
s l:
Lc :
v vi phn ca hm sin b thay i cng nhn t ny:
Ngha l hm s phi tha mn:
V d trn cho hm sin, iu tng t cng xy ra cho hm lng gic khc.
Cc nh ngha khc
Hm sin v cos, v cc hm lng gic khc suy ra t hai hm ny, c th c nh
ngha l hm s v c trong nh l sau:
Tn ti duy nht cp hm s v c trn trng s thc tha mn:
1. s(x)
2
+ c(x)
2
= 1
2. s(x+y) = s(x)c(y) + c(x)s(y)
3. c(x+y) = c(x)c(y) - s(x)s(y)
4. 0 < xc(x) < s(x) < x cho mi 0 < x < 1
y .
Min xc nh v min gi tr
Cc hm s lng gic trn trng s thc c min xc nh v min gi tr c tng kt trong
bng sau:
Hm Min xc nh Min gi tr
sin R (ton b trc s thc) [-1, 1]
cos R [-1, 1]
tang
R/{/2 + k|k nguyn} (cc s thc khc /2 + k, vi k l cc s
nguyn)
R
cotang R/{k|k nguyn} (cc s thc khc k, vi k l cc s nguyn) R
Phng php tnh
Vic tnh gi tr s cho cc hm lng gic l bi ton phc tp. Ngy nay, a s mi
ngi c th dng my tnh hay my tnh b ti khoa hc tnh gi tr cc hm ny. Di y
trnh by vic dng bng tnh trong lch s tra gi tr cc hm lng gic, k thut tnh ngy
nay trong my tnh, v mt s gi tr chnh xc d nh.
Trc ht, vic tnh gi tr cc hm lng gic ch cn tp trung vo cc gc nm, v d,
t 0 n /2, v gi tr ca cc hm lng gic cc gc khc u c th c suy ra bng tnh
cht tun hon v i xng ca cc hm.
Trc khi c my tnh, ngi ta thng tm gi tr hm lng gic bng cch ni suy t
mt bng tnh sn, c chnh xc ti nhiu ch s thp phn. Cc bng tnh ny thng c
xy dng bng cch s dng cc cng thc lng gic, nh cng thc chia i gc, hay cng
thc cng gc, bt u t mt vi gi tr chnh xc (nh sin(/2)=1).
Cc my tnh hin i dng nhiu k thut khc nhau (Kantabutra, 1996). Mt phng
php ph bin, c bit cho cc my tnh c cc b tnhs thp phn, l kt hp xp x a thc (v
d chui Taylor hu hn hoc hm hu t) vi cc bng tnh sn u tin, my tnh tm n
gi tr tnh sn trong bng nh cho gc nm gn gc cn tnh nht, ri dng a thc sa gi tr
trong bng v gi tr chnh xc hn. Trn cc phn cng khng c b s hc v l gc, c th
dng thut ton CORDIC (hoc cc k thut tng t) tnh hiu qu hn, v thut ton ny ch
dng ton t chuyn v v php cng. Cc phng php ny u thng c lp sn trong
cc phn cng my tnh tng tc x l.
i vi cc gc c bit, gi tr cc hm lng gic c th c tnh bng giy v bt
da vo nh l Pytago. V d nh sin, cos v tang ca cc gc l bi ca /60 radian (3 ) c
th tnh c chnh xc bng giy bt.
Mt v d n gin l tam gic vung cn vi cc gc nhn bng /4 radian (45 ).
Cnh k b bng cnh i a v c th t a = b = 1. Sin, cos v tang ca /4 radian (45 ) c th
tnh bng nh l Pytago nh sau:
Nn:
Mt v d khc l tm gi tr hm lng gic ca /3 radian (60 ) v /6 radian (30 ),
c th bt u vi tam gic u c cc cnh bng 1. C 3 gc ca tam gic bng /3 radian (60
). Chia i tam gic ny thnh hai tam gic vung c gc nhn /6 radian (30 ) v /3
radian (60 ). Mi tam gic vung c cnh ngn nht l 1/2, cnh huyn bng 1 v cnh cn li
bng (3)/2. Nh vy:
Hm lng gic nghch o
Cc hm lng gic tun hon, do vy tm hm nghch o, cn gii hn min ca
hm. Di y l nh ngha cc hm lng gic nghch o:
Gii hn min nh ngha
-/2 < y < /2 y = arcsin(x) khi v ch khi x = sin(y)
0 < y < y = arccos(x) khi v ch khi x = cos(y)
-/2 < y < /2 y = arctan(x) khi v ch khi x = tan(y)
-/2 < y < /2 v y 0 y = arccot(x) khi v ch khi x = cot(y)
0 < y < v y /2 y = arcsec(x) khi v ch khi x = sec(y)
-/2 < y < /2 v y 0 y = arccsc(x) khi v ch khi x = csc(y)
Cc hm nghch o c th c k hiu l sin
1
hay cos
1
thay cho arcsin v arccos. Vic
dng k hiu m c th gy nhm ln vi hm m ca hm lng gic.
Cc hm lng gic nghch o cng c th c nh ngha bng chui v hn:
Chng cng c th c nh ngha thng qua cc biu thc sau, da vo tnh cht chng
l o hm ca cc hm khc.
Cng thc trn cho php m rng hm lng gic nghch o ra cho cc bin phc:
Tnh cht v ng dng
nh lut sin v nh lut cos c th cchng minh bng vic chia i tam gic thnh
haitam gic vung.
Cc hm lng gic c v tr quan trng trong lng gic hc. Bn ngoi lng gic hc,
tnhtun hon ca chng c ch cho vic m phng cc chuyn ng sng nh sng in
t haym thanh. Mi tn hiu u c th c phn tch thnh tng (v hn) ca cc hm sin v
cos ng vi nhiu tn s; y l tng ch o ca phn tch Fourier, dng gii quyt
cc bi ton iu kin bin v phng trnh o hm ring.
Cc tnh cht quan trng nht ca cc hm lng gic trong lng gic hc c th hin
ba nh l:
nh l sin
nh l sin pht biu cho bt k mt tam gic no:
C th chng min nh l ny bng cch chia i tam gic thnh hai tam gic vung, ri
dng nh ngha ca hm sin. (sinA)/a l nghch o ca ng knh ng trn i qua ba
im A, B v C. nh l sin c th dng tnh di ca mt cnh khi bit di hai cnh
cn li ca tam gic. y l bi ton hay gp trong k thut tam gic, mt k thut dng o
khong cch da vo vic o cc gc v cc khong cch d o khc.
nh l cos
nh l cos l mt kt qu m rng ca nh l Pytago:
nh l ny cng c th c chng minh bng vic chia tam gic thnh hai tam gic
vung. nh l ny c th c dng tm cc d liu cha bit v mt tam gic nu bit
ln hai cnh v mt gc.
Nu gc trong biu thc khng c quy c r rng, v d nh hn 90, th s c hai
tam gic tha mn nh l cos, ng vi hai gc C nm trong khong t 0 n 180 cng cho mt
gi tr cos C.
nh l tan
nh l tan pht biu l:
Cho n gi pht ny,nh tm lng nhit thnh ch dn ca cc thy c, chng em
hon thnh chuyn u tin ca mnh. Du cn nhiu thiu st trong qu trnh bin son
nhng tp th nhm mong rng, n s mang li mt s kin thc b ch v kh nng gii phng
trnh lng gic.
Xin chn thnh cm n
Nhm bin tp lp 10 Ton
Nin kha 2009-2012

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Gio vin : Thy Kim Sn Page 44 1/16/2012

. Thu c phng trnh mi c dng lng gic nh sau :

Phng trnh c nghim : ( )

iu kin h cho c nghim (*) c nghim t/m kin sin

Gio vin : Thy Kim Sn Page 53 1/16/2012

V d 1 : gii phng trnh sau

V d 1 : gii phng trnh

Gio vin : Thy Kim Sn Page 59 1/16/2012

Bi 17 (Khi D D b 1 2003) Gii phng trnh

Bi 37 (Khi B 2006) Gii phng trnh

y l nhng hm s quan trng nht trong lng gic; cc hm s khc c th c

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