A self-study reference and practice book for intermediate students TEES Beymer Maroy, SECOND EDITION Ea] CAMBRIDGE qj: UNIVERSITY PRESSPUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OFTHE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE ‘The Pite Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY YRESS ‘The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 47 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alaeén 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterftont, Cape Town 8001, South Africa hep://wrorw cambridge org © Cambridge University Press 1985, 1994 First published 1985 Fourth printing (with amendments) (986 “Twenty-first printing 1993 Second edition 1994 Sixteenth printing 2003 Printed in Great Britain by BemmoseBuoth, Decby A cailayue record for this book is avilable fio the Bash Libary Copyright The law allows a reader to make a single copy of part of a book for purposes of private study. It does not allow the copying of entire books or the making of mulsple copies of extracts, Written permission for any such copying must always be obiained from the publisher in advance. ‘Ausgaben fir den Ernst Klet Verlag Snug Dusseldorf Leipaig ISBN 3-12-533683-X (mit Antworten) ISBN 3-12-533684-8 (ohne Ancworten)CONTENTS Thanks vii To the student viii To the teacher ix Present and past Auaee Present continuous (J am doing) Present simple (Ido) Present continuous and present simple (1) (Iam doing and I do) Present continuous and present simple (2) (Lam doing and I do) Past simple i did) Past continuous (I was doing) Present perfect and past 7 8 9 10 WW 12 13 14 as 16 17 18 Present perfect (1) {I have done) Present perfect (2) (I have done} Present perfect continuous {I have been doing) Present perfect continuous and simple (I have been doing and I have done} How long have you (been)...? ‘When... and How long...? For and since Present perfect and past (1} (I have done and I did) Present perfect and past (2) (I have done and I did) Past perfect (I had done) Past perfect continuous (I had been doing) Have and have got Used to (do) Future 19 20 2 22 23 24 25 Present tenses (1 am doing / 1 do) for the future (Cm) going to (do) Will/shall (1) ‘Will/shall (2) Lwill and I'm going to ‘Will be doing and will have done ‘When I do /When I've done When and if Modals 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Can, could and (be) able to Could (do) and could have (done) Must and can’t ‘May and might (1) May and might (2) Must and have to ‘Must mustc’t needn't Should (1) Should (2)35 Had better It’s time... 36 Can / Could / Would you...? etc. (Requests, offers, permission and invitations) Conditionals and ‘wish? 37 Hfldo... and If I did... 38 Itknew.... [wish I knew... 39 If Thad known... I wish I had known... 40 Would 1 wish...would Passive 41 Passive (1) (is done / was done) 42. Passive (2) (befheen/being done} 43. Passive (3) 44° Tis said that... He is said to... (be) supposed to... 45 Have something done Reported speech A6& Reported speech (1) (He said that...) 47 Reported speech (2) Questions and auxiliary verbs 48 Questions (1) 49 Questions (2) (Do you know where...? / She asked me where...) 50 Auxiliary verbs (haveldofcan etc.) think so / Thope so etc. 51 Question tags (do you? isn’t it? ete.) -ing and the infinitive 52." Verb + -ing (enjoy doing / stop doing etc.) 53. Verb + to... (decide to do / forget to do etc.) 54 Verb + (object) + to... (I want (you) to do etc.) 55 Verb + -ing or to... (1) (remember/regret etc.) $6 Verb + -ing or to... (2) {try/need/help) 57 Verb + -ing or toss. (3) (like / would like ete.) 58 Prefer and would rather 59 Preposition (inffor/about etc.) + -ing 60. Belget used to something (I’m used to...) 61 Verb + preposition + -ing (succeed in -ing / accuse somebody of -ing etc.) 62 63 64 Adicctive + to... 69. To... {afraid to do} and preposition + -ing (afraid of -ing} 66 See somebody do and see somebody doing 67 ing clauses (Eceling tired, I went to bed early.) ++ (purpose) Articles and nouns 68 Countable and uncountable nouns (1) 69 Countable and uncountable nouns (2) 70 Countable nouns with a/an and some 71 Afan and the72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87, 88 89 20 aL 92 93 94 aS 96 oF 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 ‘The (1) The (2) (School / the school) The (3) (Children / the children} The (4) (The giraffe / the telephone / the piano etc. the + adjective) Names with and without the (1) Names with and without the (2) Singular and plural Noun + noun (a tennis ball / a headache etc.} ~'s (the girl’s name) and of... (the name of the book) Pronouns and determiners A friend of mine My own house On my own / by myself Myselffyourself/themselves etc. There... and i Some and any No/none/any Much, many, little, few, a lot, plenty All/all of most/most of no / none of etc. Both/both of neither / neither of either / either of All, every and whole Each and every Relative clauses Relative clauses (1} ~ clauses with who/that/which Relative clauses (2}~ clauses with or without who/thavwhich Relative clauses (3) - whose/whom/where Relative clauses (4) ‘extra information’ clauses (1} Relative clauses (5) - ‘extra information’ clauses (2) -ing and -ed clauses (the woman talking to Tom, che boy injured in the accident) Adjectives and adverbs Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed (boring/bored etc.) Adjectives: word order (a nice new house} Adjectives after verbs (You look tired) Adjectives and adverbs (1) (quick/quickly) Adjectives and adverbs (2) (well/fast/late, hard/hardly) So and such Enough and too Quite and rather Comparison (1} ~ cheaper, more expensive etc. Comparison (2) Comparison (3) —as...as/ than Superlatives — the longest / the mast enjoyable etc. Word order (1) — verb + object; place and time Word order (2) — adverbs with the verb Re Ac ae110 Still, yet and already Any more / any longer / no longer 111 Even Conjunctions and prepositions 112 Although / though / even though In spite of / despite 113 In case 114 Unless As long as and provided/providing 115 As reason and time}, 116 Like and as 117 Asif 118 For, during and while 419 By and until By the tim: Prepositions 120 Avonsin (time) 121 Ontime/in time At the end / in the end 122. Infation (place) (1) 123 In/ation (place) (2) 124 InJat/on (place) (3) 125 To/aviniinto 126 Onvin/at (other uses) 127 By 128 Noun + preposition (reason for, cause of etc.) 129 Adjective + preposition (1) 130 Adjective + preposition (2) 131 Verb + preposition (1) at and to 132 Verb = preposition (2) about/for/offatter 133. Verb + preposition (3) about and of 134 Verb + preposition (4} offfor/from/on 135 Verb + preposition {5) in/intoAwith/tofon 136 Phrasal verbs (get up / break down / fill in etc.) Appendix 1 Regular and irregular verbs 274 Appendix 2 Present and past tenses 276 Appendix 3. The future 277 Appendix 4 Modal verbs (can/could/willvvould etc.) 278 Appendix 5 Short forms (Pm/you've/didn’t etc.) 279 Appendix 6 Spelling 280 Appendix 7 American English 282 Additional exercises 284 Study guide 301 Key to Exercises 310 Key to Additional exercises 340 Key to Study guide 343 Index 344 SinceTHANKS I would like to thank all the students and teachers who used the material that made up the original edition of this book. In particular, am grateful to my former colleagues at the Swan School of English, Oxford, for all their interest and encouragement. I would also like to thank Adrian du Plessis, Alison Baxter, Barbara Thomas and Michael Swan for their help with the original edition. Regarding this new edition, I would like to express my thanks to: Jeanne McCatten for her help and advice throughout the preparation of the project Alison Silver, Geraldine Mark, Peter Donovan, Ruth Carim and Nick Newton of Cambridge University Press Gerry Abbot, Richard Fay. Clare West and Pam Murphy for their comments on the manuscript Sue André and Paul Heacock for their help with the appendix on American English Amanda MacPhail for the illustrations viiviii TO THE STUDENT This book is for students who want help with English grammer. Ir is written for you to use without a teacher. ‘The book will be useful for you if you are not sure of the answers to questions like these: ‘What is the difference between I did and I have done? When do we use will for the future? ‘What is the structure after I wish? ‘When do we say used to do and when do we say used to doing? ‘When do we use the? ‘What is the difference between like and as? These and many other points of English grammar are explained in the book and there are exercises on each point. Level The book is intended mainly for intermediate students (students who have already studied the basic grammar of English). It concentrates on those structures which intermediate students want to use but which often cause difficulty. Some advanced students who have problems with grammar will also find the book useful. The book is sot suitable for elementary learners. How the book is organised There are 136 units in the book. Each unit concentrates on a particular poine of grammar. Some problems (for example, the present perfect or the use of the) are covered in more than one unit. For a list of units, see the Contents at the beginning of the book. Each unit consists of two facing pages. On the left there are explanations and examples; on the right there are exercises. At the back of the book there is a Key for you to check your answers to the exercises (page 310}, ‘There are also seven Appendices a the back of the book (pages 274-283). These include irregular verbs, summaries of verb forms, spelling and American English. Finally, there is a detailed Index at the back of the book (page 344. How to use the book The units are not in order of difficulty, so it is not intended that you work through the book from beginning to end. Every learner has different problems and you should use this book to help you with the grammar that yor find difficult. It is suggested thar you work in this ways Use the Contents and/or Index to find which unit deals with the point you are interested in. If you are not sure which units you need to study, use the Study guide on page 301. Study the explanations and examples on the left-hand page of the unit you have chosen, Do the exercises on the right-hand page. Check your answers with the Key. If your answers are not correct, study the left-hand page again to see what went wrong. You can of course use the book simply as a reference book without doing the exercises. Additional exercises At the back of the book there are Additional exercises (pages 284-300). ‘These exercises bring together some of the grammar points from a number of different units. For example, Exercise 14 brings together grammar points from Units 26~40. You can use these exercises for extra practice after you have studied and practised the grammar in the units concerned.TO THE TEACHER English Grammar in Use was written as a self-study grammar book but teachers may also find it useful as additional course material in cases where further work on grammar is necessary. ‘The book will probably be most useful at middle- and upper-intermediate levels {where all or nearly all of the material will be relevant), and can serve both as a basis for revision and as a means for practising new structures. It will also be useful for some more advanced students who have problems with grammar and need a book for reference and practice. The book: is not intended to be used by elementary learners. The units are organised in grammatical categories (Present and past, Articles and nouns, Prepositions exc.}. They are not ordered according to level of difficulty, so the book should not be worked through from beginning to end. It should be used selectively and flexibly in accordance with the grammar syllabus being used and the difficulties students are having. The book can be used for immediate consolidation or for later revision or remedial work. It might be used by the whole class or by individual students needing extra help. The left- hand pages (explanations and examples) are written for the student to use individually but they may of course be used by the teacher as a source of ideas and information on which to base a lesson. The student then has the left-hand page as a record of what has been taught and can refer to it in the future. The exercises can be done individually, in class or as homework. Alternatively (and additionally), individual students can be directed to study certain units of the book by themselves if they have particular difficulties not shared by other students in their class. This new edition of English Grantmar in Use contains a set of Additional exercises (pages 284-300}. These exercises provide ‘mixed? practice bringing together grammar points from a aumber of different units. A ‘classroom edition’ of English Grammar in Use is also available. It contains no key and some teachers might therefore prefer it for use with their students.English Grammar in Use Second Edition While this is a completely new edition of English Grammar in Use, the general structure and character of the original book remain the same. The main changes from the original are: «There are new units on compound nouns (Unit 79), there and it (Unit 83), each and every (Unit 90) and by (Unit 127). «Some units have been redesigned, for example Unit 73 (school or the school) and Unit 94 (relative clauses 4}. * Some of the material has been reorganised. For example, Units 3-4 (present continuous and present simple) and Units 68-69 (countable and uncountable nouns} correspond to single units in the original edition. The material in Units 131-135 (verb + preposition} has been completely rearranged. * Some of the units have been reordered and nearly all units have a different number from the original edition. A few units have been moved to different parts of the book. For example, Unit 35 (had better and it's time...) is the new rewritten version of the original Unit 65. * On the left-hand pages, many of the explanations have been rewritten and many of the examples have been changed. * Many of the original exercises have been either modified or completely replaced with new exercises. * There is a new section of Additional exercises at the back of the book (see To the student), «In the edition with answers there is a new Study guide to help students decide which units to study (see To the student). The Study guide is only in the edition with answers. * There are two new appendices on future forms and modal verbs. The other appendices have been revised.Present continuous (Iam doing) Study this example situation: Ann is in her car. She is on her way to work. She is driving to work. This means: she is driving now, at the time of speaking, The action is not finished. Anifisfare -ing is the present continuous: Tam (Tm) driving hefshelit is (=he’setc,) | working welyouthey are (= we're ere.) | doing etc. Lam doing something = P’'m in the middle of doing somethings Pve started doing it and I haven't finished yet. Often the action is happening at the time of speaking: © Please don’t make so much noise. I’m working. (riot ‘I work’) "Where's Margaret?* ‘She's having a bath.’ (not ‘she has a bath’) Let’s go out now. It isn’t raining any more. (not ‘it doesn’t rain’) (at a party} Hello, Jane. Are you enjoying the party? (ot ‘do you enjoy’) I'm tired. I'm going to bed now. Goodnigh eose Bur the action is not necessarily happening at the time of speaking, For example: Tom and Ann are talking in a café, Tom says: Tom is not reading the book at the time of speaking, He means that he has started ic but not finished it yet. He is in the middle of reading it. Some more examples: © Catherine wants to work in Italy, so she is learning Italian, (but perhaps she isn’t learning Italian exacely at the time of speaking) © Some friends of mine are building their own house. They hope it will be finished before next summer. We use the present continuous when we talk about things happening in a period around now (for example, today / this week / this evening etc.): © "You're working hard today.” “Yes, Ihave a lot to do.’ (nor ‘you work hard today") © ‘Is Susan working this week? ‘No, she’s on holiday.” We use the present continuous when we talk about changes happening around now: © ‘The population of the world is rising very fast. (0% ‘rises') © Is your English getting be:ter? (not ‘does your English get better’) Prosnt continucus and present simple > Present continuous for the future > EEREUNIT EXERCISES 1 Complete the sentences with one of the following verbs in the correct form: come get happen look make start stay try worl “You ‘rewerking... hard today? ‘Yes, Thave a lot to do” I for Christine. Do you know where she is? Tran dark. Shall [turn on the light? They haven't got anywhere to live at the moment. They friends until they find somewhere. 5 ‘Are you ready, Ann” ‘Yes, . 6 Have you got an umbrella? Ir. "to rain. 7 You... ‘owe. lot of noise. Could you be quieter? I 8 Why arc all these people here? What se with Rene . to concentrate, Use the words in brackets to complete the questions, 1 «..e.Gelln.working... this week?” ‘No, he’s on holiday.’ (Colin/work) 2 Why . . at me like that? What’s the matter? (yow/look} 3 ‘Jenny is a student at university.’ ‘Is she? What : wu? (shefstudy) 4. “10 the radio or can I turn it off? (anybodyilisten) 5 How is your English? .. better? (it/get} Put the verb into the correct form. Sometimes you need the negative (I'm not doing etc.). 1 Pmtired. I 'm.aelng... (go) to bed now. Goodnight! 2. We can go out now. It...en't-raining... (rain) any more. 3 ‘How is your new job?” ‘Not so good at the moment. I... very much.’ 4 Catherine phoned me Jast night. She’s on holiday in France. She ... (have) a great time and doesn’t want to come back. 5 want to lose weight, so this week I... (eat) lunch, 6 Angela has just started evening classes. She... (learn) German. 7 Ithink Paul and Ann have had an argument. They . (speak) t0 each other. . (enjoy) it Read this conversation between Brian and Sarab. Put the verbs into the correct form. saRatt: Brian! How nice to see you! What it} . (youldo) these days? BRIAN: [23 train) to be a supermarket manager. saasi: Really? What's it like? (3) .. {yowenjoy) it? > BRIAN: T's all right. What about you? sarant: Well, actually 1 4%. Tes) But Em very busy. 16) BRIAN: (7). sanatt: No, some friends of mine (3 (nov/work) at the moment _. (try) to find a job but it’s not easy. .. (decorate) my flat. (youdo) it alone? so (help) me. Complete the sentences using one of these verbs: get change rise fall increase You don’t have 10 use all the verbs and you can use a verb more than once. 1 The population of the world ...e.tieing.. very fast 2 Ken is still il bue he ses _. better slowly. 3 The world . Things never stay the same. 4 The cost of living .. -Erety year things ar¢ more expensive 5 The economic situation is already very bad and it worse.Present simple (I do) Study this example situation: Alex is a bus driver, but now he is in bed asleep. So: He is not driving a bus. (He is asleep.) but He drives a bus. (He is a bus driver.) Drive(s}work(s}/doles} etc. is the present simple: liwelyoulthey _drivefwork/do etc. he/shelit _driveshworks/does etc. ‘We use the present simple to talk about things in general. We are not thinking only about now. We use it to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly, or that something is true in general. It is not important whether the action is happening at the time of speaking: © Nurses look after patients in hospitals, © Lusually go away at weekends. © The earth goes round the sun, Remember that we say: he/she/it -s. Don’t forget the s: © Iwork... but He works... ‘They teach... but My sister teaches... For spelling (-s or -es}, see Appendix 6. We use dofdoes to make questions and negative sentences: do | Uwelyouhey SORE | | Tavelyouthey | don's | Work does | hehe Soy helshefit | doesn'e | <2 I come from Canada, Where do you come from? “Would you like a cigarette?” ‘No, thanks. I don’t smoke.” ‘What does this word mean? (ot ‘What means this word?*) © Rice doesn’t grow in cold climates. In the following examples do is also the main verb: © “What do you do?’ {= What's your job?} ‘I work in a shop.’ © He's so lazy. He doesn’t do anything to help me. {of “He doesn’t anything’) We use the present simple when we say how often we do things: © I get up at 8 o'clock every morning, (nict ‘I'm getting?) How often do you go to the dentist? (not ‘How often are you going?’) Ann doesn’t drink tea very often. Tn summer John usually plays tennis once or twice a week. I promise / 1 apologise etc. Sometimes we do things by saying something. For example, when you promise to do something, you can say ‘I pro ."; when you suggest something, you can say ‘I suggest...’ We use the present simple (promise/suggest ctc.) in sentences like this: © promise I won't be late. (0? ‘I'm promising’) © What do you suggest Ido? ‘I suggest that you...” In the same way we say: | apologise... / advise... /Tinsist... / agree... / Trefuse... etc. Present simple and present continuous {IGE Present simple for the future > EGE)unit EXERCISES Complete the sentences using one of the following: cause(s} lose(s) drink(s) live(s} open(s) speaks} takels) place 1 Ann ..epeaks... German very well. 4 Bad driving .. many accidents. 2 Inever coffee. 5 My parents ina very 3. The swimming pool .... at small flat. 9 o'dock and at 18.30 6 The Olympic Games every day. every four years. Put the verb into the correct form. 1 Jane ..dogen't.drink... (not/drink) tea very often. 2. What time... _ {the banks / close) in Britain? 3 WHEE soso . .. (Martinfcome} from?” ‘He’s Scottish.” 4 What (youldo)?” ‘Pm an electrical engineer.” SF Tenn . (take) me an hour to get to work, How long. (ivtake) you? 6 Lin (play) the piano but I... snvnninewoms (nOtplay} very well. 7 Idon’t understand this sentence. What (his word/mean}? Use one of the following verbs to complete these sentences. Sometimes you need the negative: believe eat flow ge grow make rise tell translate 1 The earth ..gee8.. round the sun. 7 An interpreter .. 2 Rice ..dagen't grow... in Britain, language into another. from one 3 The sun.. 8 A liar is someone who 4 Bees the truth. J Vegetarians 9 The River Amazon....... seseuee INTO. 6 Anatheist the Atlantic Ocean. Ask Liz questions about herself and her family. 1 You know that Liz plays tennis. You want to know how often. Ask her. How often ...42.you play. tennis? 2 Perhaps Liz’s sister plays tennis too. You want to know. Ask Liz. . your sister .. 3 You kaow that Liz reads a newspaper every day. You want to know which one, Ask her. 4. You kaow that Liz’s brother works. You want to know what he ‘does. Ask Liz. 5 You know that Liz goes to the cinema a lot. You want to know how often. Ask her. 6 You don't know where Liz's mother lives. Ask Liz. Complete using one of the following: apologise Linsist Ipromise recommend Feuggest 1 It’s.a nice day... suaeet.... we go out for a walk. 2. [won't tell anybody what you said 3. (in a restaurant) You must let me pay for the meal. . 4 for what I said about you. It wasn’t true and 1 shoulda’ t have said ir. oe ite 5. The new restaurant in Hill Street is very good,Present continuous and present simple (1) (Lam doing and I do) Study the explanations and compare the examples: Present continuous (Iam doing) Use the continuous for something that is happening at or around the time of speaking. The action is not finished. Present simple (I do) Use the simple for things in general or things that happen repeatedly. © The water is boiling. Can you tura it off? © Listen to those people. What language are they speaking? © Let's go out. It isn’t raining now. © ‘Don’t disturb me. I'm busy." ‘Why? What are you doing?” © Tm going to bed now. Goodnight! © Maria is in Britain at the moment. She's learning English. Use the continuous for a temporary situation: © Pm living with some friends until I find a flat. © ‘You're working hard today.” gota lot to do.’ “Yes, Pve See Unit 1 for more information. Tanidoiig: = - Ido > past now future | past now future © Water boils at 100 degrees celsius. Excuse me, do you speak English? e It doesn’t rain very much in summer. What do you usually do at weekends? What do you do? (= What's your job?) Lakways go to bed before midnight. Most people learn to swim when they are children. Use the simple for a permanent situation: eee0e © My parents live in London. They have lived there all their lives. © John isn’t lazy. He works very hard most of the time. See Unit 2 for more information. Lalways do and I’m always doing Usually we say ‘T always do something? (=I do it every time): ® always go to work by car. (not ‘P'm always going’) You can also say ‘Pm always doing something’, but this has a different meaning. For example: =oO0 | 've lost my key again. ['m always losing things. ‘Pm always losing things’ does not mean that I lose things every time, It means that I lose things too ofter, ‘ more often than normal. “You're always -ing’” means that you do something very often, more often than the speaker thinks is normal or reasonable. © You're always watching television. You should do something more active. © John is never satisfied. He’s always complaining. Present continuous and simple (2) TIED Present tenses for the future ~ ERGSEHUNIT EXERCISES 3 Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct the verbs that are wrong. 1 Water boils at 100 degrees celsius. RIGHT. RONG: is boiling ‘2 The water boils. Can you turn it off? 3 Look! That man tries to open the door of your car. 4 Can you hear those people? What do they talk about? J The moon goes round the earth, 6 Imust go now. It gets late. 7 Tusually go to work by car. 8 ‘Hurry up! It’s time to leave.’ ‘OK, T come.’ 9. Thear you've got a new job. How do you get on? Put the verb in the correct form, present continuous or present simple. 1 Let’s go out. It ..ten’t raining... (not/rain) now. 2 Julia is very good at languages. She .. peaks. (speak) four languages very well. 3 Hurry vl Brecyhody svownnese (Wait) for you. 4 . (you/listen) to the radio?” ‘No, you can turn it off 34 (you/listen) to the radio every day?” ‘No, just occasionally.” 6 The River N le (flow) into the Mediterranean. 7 Look at the river. It . (flow) very fast today - mnch faster than usual. 3 We usually ... (grow) vegetables in our garden but this year we onnenn (not/grow) any. 9 ‘How is your English?” ‘Not bad. It .. improve) slowly.” 10 Ron is in London at the moment. He 6.0.0. . (stay) at the Park Hotel. He falwaysstay) there when he's in London. tt Can we ¢ stop wang ‘soon? I... Ms (start) to feel tired. 12 ‘Can you drive?” ‘T.. (learn). My father {teach) me.” 13 Normally 1... ‘ish) work at 5.00, but this week T St .. (work) until 6.00 to earn a bit more money. 14 My parents (live) in Bristol. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else, Where... (yous arentsive)? 15 Sonia (look) for a place to live. She... (stay) with her sister until she finds somewhere. 16 “What (your father/do}?" “He's an architect but he . (nov/work) at the moment.’ . (enjoy) parties bur I... 17 (ata party) Usually 1 {aovenjoy) this one very much. 18 The train is never late. It. 19 Jimis very untidy. He falways/leave) on time. .. falways/leave) his things all over the place. Finish B’s sentences, Use always -ing (see Section B). 1 a: I'm afraid I've lost my key again. 3: Not again! .. You're always losing your key. . 2 a: The car has broken down again. & That car is useless! It 3 &: Look! You've made the same mistake again. 3: Ohno, not again! 1 4 &: Oh, P've left the lights on again. 3: Typical! You... smhe Present continuous and present simple (2) (Lam doing and I de) ‘We use continuous tenses only for actions and happenings (they are eating / it is raining etc.). Some verbs (for example, know and like} are not action verbs. You cannot say ‘Lam knowing’ or “they are liking’; you can only say ‘I know’, ‘they like’. The following verbs are not normally used in continuous tenses: Tike love hate want need _ prefer know realise suppose mean understand believe remember belong contain _consist_ depend __ seem © Pm hungry. I want something to eat. (not ‘Pm wanting’) ® Do you understand what I mean? © Ann doesn’t seem very happy at the moment. When think means ‘believe’, do not use the continuous: © What do you think (= believe) will happen? (not ‘what are you thinking”) but @ You look serious. What are you thinking about? {= What is going on in your mind?) © I'm thinking of giving up my job. (= Lam considering} When have means ‘possess’ etc., do or use the continuous {sec Unit 17): © We're enjoying our holiday. We have a nice room in the hotel. (not ‘we're having’) but © We're enjoying our holiday. We're having a grcat time. See hear smell taste We normally use the present simple (of continuous) with these verbs: © Do you see that man over there? (not ‘are you seeing’) @ This room smells. Let’s open a window. We often use can + see/hear/smell/taste: @ Listen! Can you hear something? But you can use the continuous with see (Pm seeing) when the meaning is ‘having a meeting with’ (especially in the future — see Unit 19A): © Pm seeing the manager tomozrow morning. He is selfish and He is being selfish The present continuous of be is I am being / he is being / you are being etc. Pm being = “I'm behaving / P'm acting’, Compar: © [can’t understand why he’s being so selfish. He isn’t usually lilce that. {being selfish = behaving selfishly at the moment) but © He never thinks about other people. He is very selfish. (not ‘he is being’) {= he is selfish generally, not only at the moment) ‘We use amfisfare being to say how somebody is behaving. It is not usually possible in other sentences: @ It’s hot today. (not “it is being hot’) © Sarah is very tired. (not ‘is being tired”) Look and feel Yon can nse the present simple or continuous when you say how somebody looks or feels now: © You look well today. or You're looking well today. © How do you feel now? or How are you feeling now? but Cusually feel tired in the morning, (not ‘'m usually feeling’) Present continuous and simple (1) > [EJ Have > Present tenses for the future ~EXERCISES unt Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong, 1 I'mseeing the manager tomorrow morning, 2 Tmfeeling hungry. Is there anything to cat? 3 Are yon believing in Gad? 4 This sauce is great, It's tasting really good. 5 Lmthinking this is your key. Am I right? RIGHT. Look at the pictures. Use the words in brackeis to make sentences. (You should also study Unit 3 before you do this exercise.) Type Znot seem 7 very happy today) ‘ou don't seem very happy today. GSN (har / you / do?) 3 | {who /this umbrella / belong to?) abe a 6 (Can you ring me back in half an hour? (have / dinner) Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple. 1 Are you hungry? . Pe you want... something to eat? (you/want} 2 Jill is interested in politics but she... 3 Don’t put the dicti 4 Don't put the dictionary away. T $ Who is that man? What .. 6 Who is that man? Why so 7 George says he’s 80 years old but nobody .. 8 She told me her name but I 91. 10 1. it very often. (not/use) 11 Lused to drink a lot of coffee but these days I... sn con mainly of nitrogen and oxygen. (consist) TD Ait oe corennn __ of selling my car. (think) “» you should sell your car. (think) toa political party. (not/belong) it. (use) it. (need) 2 (hefwant} at us? {heflook) him, (believe) it now. (novremember} Would you be interested in buying it? You tea. (prefer) Complete the sentences using the most suitable form of be. Sometimes you must use the simple (amvisfare} and sometinees the continuous is more suitable (anvis/are being). 1 Tean't understand why ..he!@ being. so selfish. He isn’t usually like that. 2 Jack Sos 3 You'll like Jill when you meet her. She 4 Normally you are very sensible, so why 5 Why isn’t Sarah at work today? very nice to me at the moment. I wonder why. .~ very nice. source 80 Silly about this matter? ill?Gis Past simple (I did) Study this example: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian musician and composer. He lived fom 1756 to 1791, He started composing at the age of five and wrote more than 600 pieces of music. He was only 35 years old when he died. Lived/started/wrote/was/died are all past simple. Page j Very often the past simple ends in -ed (regular verbs): © I work in a travel agency now. Before that I worked in a shop. © We invited them to our party but they decided not to come. © The police stopped me on my way home last night. © She passed her examination because she studied very hard. For spelling (stopped, studied etc.), see Appendix 6. But many verbs are irregular. The past simple does not end in -ed, For example: write 3 wrote © Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music. see saw © We saw Rose in town a few days ago. go > went © Lwent to the cinema three times last week. shut = shut © It-was cold, so I shut the window. For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1. In questions and negatives we use did/didn’t + infinitive (enjoy/see/go etc.}: T| enjoyed you | enjoy? 1 enjoy she | saw did | she | see? she | didn’t | see they | went they | go? they s0 © 4s: Did you go out last night? Yes, went to the cinema but I didn’t enjoy the film much. © ‘When did Mr ‘Thomas die?” ‘About ten years ago.’ © They didn’t invite her to the party, so she didn’t go. © ‘Did you have time to write the letter?” ‘No, I didn’t.” Be careful when do is the main verb in the sentence: © What did you do at the weekend? (not ‘what did you at the weekend’) © Ididn’t do anything. (not ‘I didn’t anything’) The past of be (amis/are) is was/were: Uhelshefit _was/wasn’t was Ihefshefit? wefyou/they were/weren’t were we/you/they? Note that we do not use did in negatives and. questions with was/were: © Twas angry because they were late. © Was the weather good when you were on holiday? © They weren’t able to come because they were so busy. © Did you go out last night or were you too tired? Past simple and past continuous — EG] Past simpie and present periact — EITEEEunit EXERCISES 5 | Read what Sharon says about a typical working day: Tusually ger up at 7 o'clock and have a big breakfast. | walk co work, which takes me about half an hour. I stare work at 8.45. L never have loach. 1 finish work at 5 o'clock. U'm always tired when I get home. I usually cook a meal in the evening. I don’t usually go out. 1 yo to bed at about 11 o’elock. Lalways sleep well. Yesterday was a typical working day for Sharon. Write what she did or didn't do yesterday. 1 ..She.got.up at 7 o'clock... 7 sonnuee at $ O'CLOCK. 2 She rar a big breakfast. 8 con fired when » home 3 She 9 owas a meal yesterday evening. 4it to get to work. 10 out yesterday evening. 5 at 8.45. 11 at 11 o'clock. 6 lunch, 12 well last night. Put one of these verbs in each sentence: buy catch cost drink fall hurt sell spend teach throw win write 1 Mozart rate... more than 600 pieces of music. 2. ‘How did you learn to drive? ‘My father .....u:smeoee. Me? 3 We couldn’t afford to keep our cat, $0 We uesenncnnnon it 4 Twas very thirsty. foa.cuossnsen the water very quickly. 5 Paul and T played tennis yesterday. He's much better than me, so he 6 Don down the stairs this morning and sw his leg. 7 Tim sun the ball to Sue, who . vit. 8 Ann a lot of money yesterday, She w.risinnimenmnn a dress which suns £100. A friend has just come back from holiday. You ask him about it. Write your questions. 1 {where/go?) ,.Where did you go? 6 (how/travel?} 2 igo alone?) . 7 the weather / fine?) 3 (food/good?} se 4 ibow long / stay there?) 8 (what / do in the evenings?) 5 (stay ata hotel?) ” 9 (meet anybody interesting?) Complete the sentences. Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative. 1 It was warm, so T..t00k.. off my coat. {take} 2 The film wasn’t very good. I ...didn’t.enjoy.. it very much, (enjoy) 3 [knew Sarah was very busy, $0 I sesesnecnrnnnnesnninn hee, (disturb) 4 Twas very tired, $0 I aon: .. to bed early. (go} 5 The bed was very uncomfortable. I. a very well. (sleep) 6 Sue wasn’t hungry, so she ... ... anything, (eat) 7 We went to Kate’s house but she .. a at home. (be) 8 Irwas a funny situation but nobody .. . 9 The window was open and a bird into the zoom, (fly) 10 The hotel wasn’t very expensive. It . seocnines ery much, (cost) {1 Twas in a hurry, 80D onmssnnn: time to phone you. (have) 12 Irwas hard work carrying the bags. They ... . vo. vety heavy. (be) (laugh) 1OTT (} Past continuous (I was doing) Study this example situation: ‘Yesterday Karen and Jim played tennis. They began at 10 o’elock and finished at 11.30. So, at 10.30 they were playing tennis. They were playing = ‘they were in the middle of playing’. They had not finished playing. Was/were -ing is the past continuous: playing doing working etc, Vhelshefit was welyowthey were ‘We use the past continous to say that somebody was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this time but had not finished: Istarted doing 1 finished doing + L was doing res past past now © This time last year I was living in Brazil. © What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night? © I waved to her but she wasn’t looking. Compare the past continuous (1 was doing) and past simple (I did): Past continuous (in the middle of an action} © Iwas walking home when I met Dave (= in the middle of walking home} © Ann was watching television when the phone rang. Past simple {complete action) © Iwalked home after the party last night. {= all the way, completely) © Ann watched television a lot when she was ill last year. ‘We often use the past simple and the past continuous together to say that something happened in the middle of something else: © Tom burnt his hand when he was cooking the dinner. © I saw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading a book. © While I was working in che garden, I hurt my back. But we use the past simple to say that one thing happened after another: © Twas walking along the road when I saw Dave. So I stopped and we had a chat. Compare: ®@ When Karen arrived, we were having dinner, (= We had already started dinner before Karen arrived.) © When Karen arrived, we had dinner. (= First Karen arrived and thea we had dinner.) There are some verbs (for example, know/want/believe} that are not normally used in the continuous (see Unit 4A): © We were good friends. We knew each other well. (not ‘we were knowing’) © Iwas enjoying the party but Chris wanted to go home. (not ‘was wanting’)uner EXERCISES 6 What were you doing at the following times? Write one sentence as in the examples, ‘The past continuous is not always necessary (see the second example). 1 (at 8 o'clock yesterday evening) .....was. having dinner. with. come friends... 2 (at 5 o'clock last Saturday) ...was. tral 3 (at 10.15 yesterday morning)... 4 (at 4.30 this morning)... $ (av7.45 yesterday evening) .. 6 (half an hour ago} Use your own ideas to complete these sentences, Use the past continuous, 1 Tom burnt his hand when he....wae.caeking.the.dinnen... 2 The doorbell rang while I. | 3 We saw an accident while we 4 Mary fell asleep while she 5 The television was on but nobody... Put the verbs into the correct form, past continuous or past simple. 1 of 1..84M... see) Sue intown veones (meet) Tom I. «»- (eyele) home yesterday but she and Ann at the airport a few yesterday when suddenly a .. (novsee) me. weeks ago. They sense MAM ecaninnnvanen (SEP) OU She (look) (go) to Berlin and I into the road in front of me. I the other way. (go) to Madrid. .- (go) quite fast We voovnunmnvnnes have} a” — but luckily T. chat While WE cneneenenene [manage) to stop in time and (wait) for our flights. conten (BOUBIE} him, Put the verbs into the correct form, past continuous or past simple. 1 Jane ...was. waiting . (wait) for me when | arrived. (arrive). 2 (you/do) this time yesterday?’ ‘Iwas asleep.” 3 -» {you/go} out last night?” ‘No, T was too tired.” 4 ‘Was Carol at the party last night?” ‘Yes, she a (wear} a really nice dress.” ... (you/drive) when the accident... se .. (happen)? (take) a photograph of me while L (not/look}.. 7 We were ina very difficult position. We ..u...m:mnumunnnanee (NOVKMOW) What 10 do. 8 Thaven’e seen Alan for ages. When I last {see} him, he st (try) to find a job in London. 9 (walk) along the street when suddenly I {hear) foorsteps behind me. . Somebody . . (follow) me. I was frightened and I .» (start) to run, 10 When I was young, I csnnmsoniennnnensn (Want) to be a bus driver. 13,rsd Present perfect (1) (I have done) Study this example situation: Tomi is looking for his key. He can’t find it. He has lost his key. “He has lost his key" = He lost it and he still hasn't got it. Haveshas lost is the present perfect simple: Uweltheylyou have (= I’ve etc.} jished he/shefit has (= he’s etc.) lone te The present perfect simple is have/has + past participle. The past participle often ends in -ed (Finished/decided ete.), but many important verbs are irregular (lost/done/beea/written etc.}. For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1. When we use the present perfect there is always a connection with row. The action in the past has a result now: © ‘Where’s your key?” ‘I don’t know. Pye lost it? (I haven’t got it now) © He told me his name but P’ve forgotten it. (I can’t remember it now) © ‘Is Sally here?” ‘No, she’s gone ont.’ (she is out now) © I can’t find my bag. Have you seen it? (do you know where it is #010?) ‘We often use the present perfect to give new information or to announce a recent happening: © Ow! I've cut my finger. © The road is closed. There’s been (= there has been) an accident. © (from the news) 'The police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery. You can use the present perfect with just, already and yet: Just = ‘a short time ago’: ‘© “Would you like something to eat?” ‘No, thanks. I’ve just had lunch.” © Hello. Have you just arrived? We use already to say that something happened sooner than expected (see also Unit 10D): © ‘Don’t forger to post the letter, will you?" ‘I've alzeady posted it,” © “What time is Mark leaving?” ‘He's already gone,” Yet = ‘until now’ and shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences (see also Unit 110C}: © Has it stopped raining yet? © [ve written the letter but I haven't posted it yet. Note the difference between gone (to) and been (to): © Jim is away on holiday. He has gone to Spain. (= he is there xow or on his way there) © Jane is back home from holiday now. She has been to Italy. {= she has now come back from Italy) For been (t0) see also Units 8 and 125B. Present perfect > Present perfect continuous > Present perfect and pest > ‘American English +UNIT ERCISES 7 (ou are writing a letter to a friend. In the letter you give news about yourself and other people. Use the words given to make sentences. Use the present perfect. ar Chris, Lots of things have happened since I last wrote to you. 1 T/ buy fa new car ...ve.beuaht.a.new, ‘2 my father / start /a new isb 3 I/give up / smoking .... 4 Charles and Sarah / go / to Brazil. § Suzanne / have / a baby... Read the situations and write sentences. Choose one of the following: itive break goup grow improve ese “Mike is looking for his key. He can’t find it... He hae loet /2 Margaret can’t walk and her leg is in plaster, She . '3 Maria's English wasn’t very good. Now it is much berter 4 Tim didn’t have a beard last month. Now he has a beard. This morning I was expecting a letter. Now Ihave it. 6 Last week the bus fare was 80 pence. Now it is 90. ... ‘Complete B's sentences, Use the verb in brackets + just/already/yet (as shown). 8 iN “Would you like something to eat?) (No. thanks. Tied had. lunch. (justhave) Do you know where Julia is?| | Yes, 1. . her. (just/see) What time is David leaving?) | Heo... (already/leave} What's in the newspaper today?| | I don’t know. I sen {not/read/yet} Is Ann coming to the cinema with us?) | No, she the film. (alzeady/see) . (justarrive) (novitell/yet) Are your friends here yet?| | Yes, they . What does Tim think about your plan?| |[..... ‘Read the situations and write sentences with just, already of yet. ‘I After iunch you go to see’a friend at her house. She says ‘Would you like something to eat?” You say: No, thank you. .. veJust.had lunch... (have lunch) (2, Joe goes out, Five minutes later, the phone rags and dhe ale says "Can Capea to Joe?” You say: I’m afraid {go out) 3. You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away. You say: Wait a minute! ..... inot/finish) 4 You are going to a restaurant this evening. You phone to reserve a table. Later your friend says ‘Shall I phone to reserve a table?” You says Noy ws. senna its (do) 5 You know that a friend of yours is Tooking for a job. Perhaps she has been successful. Ask her. You says . 2 (find) 6 Ann went to the bank, but a few minutes ago she returned. Somebody aks ‘Te Ann sil at che bank? You say: No, . = (come back) Put in been or gone. i Jimis on holiday. He's ..gane... to Iraly. 2 Hello! P've just ..to the shops. I've bought lots of things. 3 Alice isn’t here at the moment, She’S seu ..to the shop to get a newspaper. 4 Tom has out. He'll be back in about an hour. 5 “Are you going to the bank? ‘No, I've already to the bank.”ria 3) Present perfect (2) (I have done) LS) Study this example conversation: DAVE: Have you travelled a lot, Jane? JANE: Yes, P've been to lots of places. DAVE: Really? Have you ever been to China? JANE: Yes, Pve been to China twice. DAvE: What about India? Jans: No, I haven’t been to India. past now Jane's We (a period until now) When we talk about a period of time that continues from the past until now, we use the present perfect (have been / have travelled etc.). Here, Dave and Jane are talking about the places Jane has visited in her life (which is a period that continues until now}. © Have you ever eaten caviar? (in your life) ® We've never had a car. ® ‘Have you read Hamlet?” ‘No, | haven’t read any of Shakespeare’s plays.” © Susan really loves that film. She’s seen it eight timest © What a boring film! It’s the most boring film I’ve ever seen. In the following examples too the speakers are talking about a period that continues until now (recently / in the last few days / so far J since breakfast etc.): © Have you heard from George recently? © Pye met a lot of people in the last few days. © Everything is going well. We haven’t had any problems so far. © Pm hungry. I haven't eaten anything since breakfast. (= from breakfast until now) © Ie’s nice to see you again, We haven't seen each past other for a long time. ~-recently -- in the Inst few days ~ since breakfast ~ 13) We use the present perfect with today / this morning / this evening etc. when these periods are not finished av the time of speaking {see also Unit 14B}: @ I’ve drunk four cups of coffee today. (perhaps Pll drink more before today is finished) © Have you had a holiday this year (yet)? © [haven't seen Tom this morning. Have you? today © Ron hasn’t worked very hard this term. past HOW [5) Note that we say ‘It’s the first time something has happened? (present perfect). For example: Don is having a driving lesson. He is very nervous and unsure because it is his first lesson. © e's the first time he has driven a car. (not ‘drives?) or He has never driven a car before. This le the first tine Wve driven a car. © Linda has lost her passport again. It’s the second time this has happened. (not ‘happens") © This.is a lovely meal. It’s the first good meal I've had for ages. (not ‘I have’) © Bill is phoning his girlfriend again. That’s the third time he’s phoned her this evening. Present perfect > Present perect + for/since » EIZESEEIES Present perfect and past > [IIEEEEEES American English >ERCISES foi are asking somebody questions about things he or she has done. Make questions from the rds in brackets. (ever / ride / horse?) .. (ever/ be / California?) .. (ever / run / marathon?) (ever/ speak / famous person?) 5 (always / live / in this own?) § (most beautiful place / ever / visit?) What .. (Cmplete B’s answers. Some sentences are positive and some negative. Use a verb from this list: be cat happen have mest play read see see try 1 ‘What's George's sister like? | (Tve no idea. ..ve.never met. her. 2 How is Amy these days? | | I don’t know. [.. .» her recently. 3 Are you hungry? | | Yes. I.. 4 Can you play chess? | | Yes, but 3 Did you enjoy your holiday? Yes, it’s the best holiday... for a long time. untr 8 6 ‘What's that book like? | | I don’t know. 7 Is Brussels an interesting place? | | Pve no idea. 8} Mike was late for work again today. | | Again? He....... every day this week. 9 Do you like caviar? | | I don’t know. 10 | The car broke down again yesterday. | | Not again! That's the second time ... this week. Who's that woman by the door? | [I don't know. .. before. Complete these sentences using today / this year / this term etc. saw Tom yesterday but ....| haven't Tread a newspaper yesterday but T today. Last year the company made a profit but this year Tracy worked hard at school last term but It snowed a lot last winter but .. 6 One football team won a lot of games last season but we 'Read the situations and write sentences as shown in the examples. Jack is driving a car but he’s very nervous and not sure what to do. You ask: .. Have you driven.a car. before?... He says: ..No. this is the first time I've driven a car. 2 Len is playing tennis, He’s not very good and he doesn’t know the rules. ‘You ask: Have jo, this is the first... Sue is ri ding a horse. She doesn’t look very confident or comfortable.Present perfect continuous (I have been doing) Ithas been raining. Study this example situation: Is it raining? No, but the ground is wet. It has been raining. Havefhas been -ing is the present perfect continuous: Vweltheylyou have (=Tveetc.) | hoon (rr he/sbefit has (= he’s etc.) playing ete. ‘We use the present perfect continuous for an activity that has recently stopped or just stopped. ‘There is a connection with now: ® You're out of breath. Have you been running? (you're out of breath now) Paul is very tired. He’s been working very hard, (he’s tired 010} Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing? i ve been talking to Carol about the problem and she thinks that... It has been raining for two hours. Study this example situation: still raining. How long has it been raining? Ithas been raining for two hours. ‘We often use the present perfect continuous in this way, especially with how long, for... and since... . The activity is still happening (as in this example) or has just stopped, | It is raining now. It began raining two hours ago and it is | | How long have you been learning English? (you're still learning English} Tim is still watching television. He’s been watching tclevision all day. Where have you been? Pve been looking for you for the last half hour. George hasn’t been feeling well recently. You can use the present perfect continuous for actions repeated over a period of time: © Debbie is a very good tennis player. She’s been playing since she was cight. © Every morning they meet in the same café. They've been going there for years. Compare I am doing (see Unit 1) and I have been doing: Tam doing Thave been doing present continuous present perfect continous now now © Don’t disturb me now. Pm working. © ve been working hard, so now I'm going to have a rest. © We need an umbrella. It’s raining, © ‘The ground is wet. It’s been raining, ® Hurry up! We're waiting. © We've been waiting for an hour. Present perfect simple and continuous --EIESDSIN Present perfect + forisince » EERSTEUNIT EXERCISES 9 What have these people been doing or what has been happening? They have been shopeina. Boe His re BD Now it 1 Write a question for each situation. 4 John looks sunburnt. You ask; {you / sit in the sun?) .. ave you been sitting in the sun? 2 You have just arrived to meet a friend who is waiting for you, You ask: (you / wait / long?) They '3 You meet a friend in the street. His face and hands are very dirty. You ask: (what / you/ do?) 4 A friend of yours is now living in Baker Street, You want to know ‘How long...2” You ask: (how long / you / live / in Baker Street?) . 5 A friend tells you about his job — he sells computers. You want to know ‘How long... You ask: {how long / you / sell / computers?) id the situations and complete the sentences. The rain started two hours ago. It's still raining now. It .. has been.raining... for two hours. ‘We started waiting for the bus 20 minutes ago. We're still waiting now. We... for 20 minutes. I started Spanish classes in December. I’m still learning Spanish now. qT. since December. Ann began looking for a job six months ago. She’s still looking now. sn _ for six months. 5 Mary started working in London on 18 January. She’s still working there now. since 18 January. 16 Years ago you started writing to a penfriend. You stil write to each other regularly now. We.. .. for years. Put the verb into the present continuous {Iam -ing etc.) or present perfect continuous (I have -ing efc.), . . (learn) English for two years. Hello, Tom. T . .. (look! for you all morning. Where have you been? Why (youflook} at me like that? Stop We always go 10 Ireland for our holidays, We ves su.nsoneoonsansonnninn thete for years. Tan your advice. ‘Is Ann on holiday this week?” ‘No, she w..sosssessnnennne soos (WORK). Sarah is very tired. She 7 “(work) very hard recently (go) think) about what you said and I've decided to take(pe 10 is Study these example situations: Present perfect continuous and simple (Ihave been doing and I have done) Ann’s clothes are covered in paint. She has been painting the ceiling. Has been painting is the present perfect continuous. ‘We are interested in the activity. It does not matter whether something has been finished or not, In this example, the activity (painting the ceiling) has not been finished, A el ASS ‘The ceiling was white. Now it is blue. She has painted the ceiling. Has painted is the present perfect simple. Here, che impoztant thing is chat something, has been finished. ‘Has painted? is a completed action. We are interested in the result of the activity (the painted ceiling}, not in the activity itself. Compare these examples: © My hands are very dirty. P've been repairing the car. © She's been smoking too much recently. She should smoke less. @ It’s nice to see you again. What have you been doing since we last met? © Where have you been? Have you been playing tennis? © The car is OK again now. I've repaired it. © Somebody has smoked all my cigarettes. "The packet is empty. © Where's the book I gave you? What have you done with it? © Have you ever played tennis? ‘We use the continuous to ask or say bow long (for an activity that is still happening): © How long have you been reading that book? © Mary is still writing letters. She’s been writing letters all day. © They've been playing tennis since 2 o'clock, ‘We use the simple to ask or say how much, how many or how many times (completed actions}: © How many pages of that book have you read? © Mary has written ten letters today. © They've played tennis three times this week. There are some verbs (for example, know/like/believe) that are normally not used in the continuous: © I've known about it for a long time. (not ‘T’'ve been knowing’) For a list of these verbs, see Unit 44. Present perfect simple + Present perfect 1 how fongifor/since > [TIERIBIZ Present perfect continuousuntr EXERCISES 10 Read the situations and write two sentences using the words in brackets. 1. Tom started reading a book two hours ago. He is still reading it and now he is on page 53. (read / for two hours) ...He.has.been reading for. two hours.. (read / 53 pages so far) .... He hae. read.93. pages eo far. 2 Linda is from Australia. She is travelling round Europe at the moment. She began her tour three months ago. (travel / for three months) She (visie / six countries so far) 3 Jimmy is a tennis player. He began playing tennis when he was ten years old. This year he is national champion again - for the fourth time. {win / the national championship four times) :_ (play / tennis since he was ten)... . 4 When they left college, Mary and Sue started making films rs together. They still make films. {make / ten films since they left college] They {make / films since they left college) For each situation, ask a question using the words in brackets, 1 You have a friend who is learning Arabic. You ask: {how long / learn / Arabic?) .. How.long have you been learning Arable?. 2 You have just arrived to mect a friend, She is waiting for you. You ask: {bow long / wait?) . 3. You see somebody fishing by the river. You ask: (how many fish / catch?) . . 4 Some friends of yours are having a party next week. You ask: (how many people / invite?) § A friend of yours is a teacher. You as {how long / teach?) 6 You meet somebody who is a writer. You ask: {how many books / write?) veunnsnteni {how long / write / books?) a... 7 A friend of yours is saving money to go on holiday. You asl (how long / save?) . . (how much money / save?) Put the verb into the more suitable form, present perfect sirtple (Ihave done etc.) or continuous {have been doing etc.). 1 Where have you been? 2 Lookt Somebody 3. You look tited. .. 4s . $ ‘Jane is away on holiday.” “Oh, 6 My brother is an actor. He..... 7 ‘Sorry 'mlate.’ ‘That's all right. T 8 9 0 -voulay) tennis? .. {break} that window. " (you/work) hard? . 5 youlererhvor in ina factory? ‘No, never? she? Where (she/go}? (appear) in several films. {not/wait) long” ‘sit still raining? ‘No, it {lose} my address book. .. read} the book you lent me buc I. o fstop). . (you/see) it anywhere? . (read) the book you lent me, so you can have it back now.Cris 11 How long have you (been)...? Study this example situation: Bob and Alice are married. They got married exactly 20 years ago, so today is their 20th wedding anniversary. They have been married for 20 years. We say: They are married. (present) but How long have they been married? (present perfect) (not ‘How long are they married?”) ‘They have been married for 20 years. (not ‘They are married for 20 years’) We use the present perfect to talk about something that began in the past and still continues now. Compare the present and the present perfect: © Amy is in hospital. but She has been in hospital since Monday. (not ‘Amy is in hospital since Monday’) © We know each other very well. but We have known each other for a long time. (tot ‘we know’) ® Are you waiting for somebody? but How long have you been waiting? Thave been doing something (present perfect continuous) and I am still doing it (or have just stopped)’: © I’ve been learning English for a long time. {not ‘I am learning’) © Sorry P'm late. Have you been waiting long? ® It’s been raining since I got up this morning. ‘The action can be a repeated action: ® ‘How long have you been driving?” ‘Since I was 17. started doing something in the past Lhaye done (simple) or I have been doing (continuous) The continuous is more usual with how long, since and for (see also Unit 10B): © ve been learning English for a long time. (not usually ‘ve learnt’) You can normally use either the continuous or simple with live and work: © John has been living / has lived in London for a long time. © How long have you been working / have you worked here? But we use the simple with always: © John has always lived in London. (not ‘has always beea living’) You can use the continuous or the simple for actions repeated over a long period: © Pve been collecting / I've collected stamps since I was a child. Some verbs (for example, know/like/believe) are not normally used in the continuous: © How long have you known Jane? (not ‘have you been knowing’) © I've had a pain in my stomach since T got up this morning. For a list of these verbs, see Unit 4A, For have see Unit 17. We use the present perfect simple in negative sentences like these: ® Thayen’t seen Tom since Monday. (= Monday was the last time I saw him) © Jane hasn’t phoned me for two weeks. (= the last time she phoned was two weeks ago) Presont perteot continuous + For and since >unit EXERCISES 11 Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct them if they are wrong. 1 Bob is a friend of mine. | know him very well. ... RIGHT... 2 Bob is a friend of mine. I know him for a long time. .. WRONG:.I"ve known, bit, 3 Sue and Alan are married since July. 4 The weather is awful. It’s raining again. § The weather is awful. I's raining all day. 6 like your house. How long are vou living there? 7 Graham is working in a shop for the last few months... 8 T'm going to Paris tomorrow. Fm staying there until next Friday... 9 ‘Do you still smoke? ‘No, I gave it up. Ldon’t smoke for years.” 10 That’s a very old bicycle. How long do you have it? ....... Read the situations and write questions from the words in brackets. 1 John tells you that his mother is in hospital. You ask hims {how long / be / in hospital?} .. How long has your mother been In hospital. 2 You meet a woman who tells you that she teaches English. You ask her: (how long / teach / English?) .. 3 You know that Jane is a good friend of Carol ip You ask Jani {how long / know / Carol?) 4 Your friend’s brother went to Australia some time ago and he's still there. You ask your friend: (how long / be /in Australia?) 1.0. 5 Tim always wears the same jacket. It's a very old jacket. You ask him: (how long / have J that jacket?) on... 6 You are talking to a friend about Alan. Alan now works at the airport. You ask your frien (how long f work / at the airport?) . 7 A friend of yours is having driving lessons. You ask him: (how long / have / driving lessons?).... 8 You meet somebody on a train, She tells you that she lives in Glasgow. You ask her: {always / live /in Glasgow?) .. }. Complete B’s answers to A’s questions. a Ae aA 1 Amy is in hospital, isn’t she?] { Yes, she ...ha. been... in hospital since Monday. 2 Do you see Ann very often?| | No, I. havan’t seen. her for three months. 3 Is Margaret married?| | Yes, she — married for ten years. 4 Are you waiting for me?| | Yes, T for the last half hour, 5 You know Linda, don’t you? | | Yes, we son ... each other for ages. 6 Do you still play tennis? | | No, T onsen tennis for years, 7 Is Jim watching TV?| | Yes, he ...... TV all evening. 8 Do you watch TV a lot?} | No, I . 9 Have you got a headache?| | Yes, I 10 George is never ill, is he?| | No, he ... i ‘Are you feeling ill? | Yes, I. DR Sue lives in London, doesn’t] | Yes, she she?| | last few years. 13 |Do you still go to the cinema a lot?| | No, 1. et ... to the cinema for ages. 14 ‘Would you like to go to New! | Yes, 1. sonsnnnininineanes tO BO tO New York. York one day? | | {use always/want) TV for a long time. -. a headache all morning. .-ill since Y've known hima. ill since I got up. in London for the 23When...? and How long...? For and since Compare When...? (+ past simple} and How long...? (+ presentt perfect): ‘a: When did it start raining? : It started raining an hour ago / at 1 o’clack. B: A: How long has it been raining? t Tes been raining for an hour / since 1 o’clock. ‘A: When did Joe and Carol first meet? 8: They first met along time ago / when they were at school. A: How long have Joe and Carol known each other? ®: They've known each other for a long time. since they were at school. ‘We use both for and since to say how long something has been happening. We use for when we say a period of time (two hours, six weeks etc,}: © D've been waiting for two hours. ‘We use since when we say the star? of a period (8 o’clock, Monday, 1985 etc.): @ T’ve been waiting since 8 o'clock. for two hours since 8 o'clock two hours ago~ 8 o'clock — for since two hours a week 8 o'clock 1977 20 minutes 50 years Monday Christmas five days a long time 12 May lunchtime six months ages April they were at school @ Sally's been working here for six months. (not ‘since six months’) © [haven't seen Tom for three days. mot ‘since three days’) © Sally’s been working here since April. (© from April until now) © Thaven’t seen Tom since Monday. {= from Monday until now) Itis possible to leave out for (but not usually in negative senteaces}: © They’ve been married (for) ten years. (with or without for} © They haven't had a holiday for ten years. (you must use for) We do not use for + all... {all day / all my life etc.): © ve lived here all my life. (not ‘for all my life’) ‘We say ‘It’s (a long time / two years etc.) since something happened’: © It’s two years since I last saw Joe. (= I haven't seen Joe for two years / the last time I saw Joe was two years ago) © It’s ages since we went to the cinema. (= We haven't been to the cinema for ages) The question is How long is it since...? © How long js it since you last saw Joe? (= When did you last see Joe?) ® How long js it since Mrs Hill died? (= When did Mrs Hill die?) How tong have you (been)... >UNIT EXERCISES 12 Write questions with how long ard when. 1 Ws raining. thow long ?} .. How long has. it. been ralning?, (when?) ..When did it start raining? 2 Kate is learning Italian, thow long / learn?) {when / start / learn?) 3 Tknow Martin. thow long / know?) {when / first / meet? 4 Bob and Alice are married. thow long?) .. {when?} . | Read the situations and complete the sentences beginning in the way shown. 1 {ls raining now. It’s been raining since lunchtime.) It started raining at, oe 2 {Ann and Tare friends. We first met years ago.} We've ...krlown.each other for years... 3 {Mark is ill. He became ill on Sunday.) He has .......... 7 sevasesnnsamane 4 (Mark is ill. He became ill a few days ago.) He has 5 (Sarah is married. She’s been married for two years.) She got % (You've got a camera. You bought it ten years ago.) [’ve ... 7 (Sue has been in France for the last three weeks.) She went 8 {You're working in a hotel. You started in June.) I've Pat in for or since. 1 It's been raining ..singe.. lunchtime. 6 Please hurry up! We've been waiting 2 Tom's father has been doing the same job. sonenen aM HOUR, 20 years. 7 Kevin has been looking for a job 3 Have you been learning English cue he left school, along time? 8 The house is very dirty. We haven't 4 Sarah has lived in London .. cu 1985. cleaned it ages. 5 . Christmas, the weather 9 [haven't had a good meal... has been quite good. last Tuesday. Write B’s sentences using the words in brackets. 1 a: Do you often go on holiday? B: (no! five years) ...No, [haven't had a holiday for five years, \2 a: Do you often cat in restaurants? B: (no ages) No, I 3 a: Do you often see Sarah? FB: (no/ about a month} No, ... 4 a: Do you often go to the cinema? B: (no fa long time)... Now write B’s answers again. This time use It's. 5 uy...Ne..it's five years gince | had a holiday, 6 @ No, it’s a 7 (3) No, 8 a.Present perfect and past (1) (I have done and I did) Study this example situation: "Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find it. 8 He has lost his key. {present perfect) This means thar he doesn’t have his key now. ‘Ten minutes later: Now Tom has found his key. He has it now. Sz Has he lost his key? (present perfect) = Na, he hasn’t. He has found it. X) Did he lose his key? (past simple) x Yes, he did. He lost his key (past simple) but now he has found it. (present perfect} ‘The present perfect is a present tense. It always tells us something about now. “Tom has lost his key’ = he doesn’t have his key ov (see Unit 7). ‘The past simple tells us only about the past. If somebody says “Tom lost his key’, we don’t know whether he has it now or not. We only know that he lost it at some time in the past. Two more examples: © Jack grew a beard but now he has shaved it off. (so he doesn’t have a beard 10} @ They went out after Innch and they've just come back. (s0 they are back now) Do not use the present pesfect if there is no conneetion with the present (for example, things that happened a long time ago): @ The Chinese invented printing. (not “have invented’) © How many plays did Shakespeare write? (not ‘has Shakespeare written’) © Beethoven was a great composer. (not ‘has been’) Compare: © Shakespeare wrote many plays. © My sister is a writer. She has written many books. (she sé#ll wrives books) We use the present perfect to give new information (see Unit 7). But if we continue to talk about it, we normally use the past simple: © A; Ow! Ive burnt myself. 3: How did you do that? (not ‘have you done”) I picked up a hot dish. (not ‘have picked’) Look! Somebody has ilk on the carpet. ‘Well, it wasn’t me, I didn’t do it. (rot ‘hasn’t been...haven't done’) A: Twonder who it was then. (not ‘who it has been’) Past simple > (TE Present perfect » (IIBEZO) Present perfect and past (2) -> RIEREN American English > ESETTERunit ERCISES 13 What bas happened in these situations? Jack had a beard. Now he hasn't got a beard. ..He.hae.ehaved eff hie. beard. 2. Linda was here five minutes ago. Now she’s in bed, She . The temperature was 25 degrees. Now it is only 17. The temperature The light was off. Now it is on. Somebody - °5 The tree was only three metres high. Now it is four. The t£¢@ vos... The plane was on the runway a few minutes ago. Now itis in the air ‘The plane... Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form, present perfect or past simple. ‘1 ‘Where's your key?’ ‘I don’t know. 1'¥e leet. it (lose) 2 .. very tired, so I lay down on the bed and went fo sleep. (be) 3 Mary : to Australia for a while but she’s back again now. (go) 4 Where's Ken? He ww sons. OUt. He'll be back in about an hour.” (go) 5 [did German at schoo! but T ..sosnssoninnessninnuosanine MOS OF it. (fOBEt) 6 Tmeant to phone Diane last night but I . (forget) Tha seonconene @ Headache earlier but I feel fine now. {have} 8 Look! There's an ambulance over there. There . .. an accident. (be) 9 They're still building the new road. They . not/finish) '10 ‘Is Helen still here?” ‘No, she....... out.’ (just/go) 1 The pice oo three people but later they let them go. (arrest) 12 Ann... “me het addeess but I'm afraid L.. _ it, (give, lose} 13 Where's my bike? Ie outside the house. It ! (be, disappear} 114 What do you think of my English? Do you think I... 2 (improve) ‘Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong. 1 Do you know about Sue? She’s given up her job. ..RIGHT. | 2 The Chinese have invented printing. ... WRONG:.The Chinese. Invented... 3. How many plays has Shakespeare written? 4 Have you read any of Shakespeare’s plays? ... | 5 Aristotle has been a Greek philosopher. ' 6 Ow! Eve cut my finger. Ie’s bleeding. ... 7 My grandparents have got married in London. 8 Where have you been born? ...... 9 Mary isn’t at home. She’s gone shopping. 10 Albert Einstein has been the scientist who has developed the theory of relativity. (Section C) Put the verb into the most suitable form, present perfect or past simple. 1 A: Look! Somebody ..has.spilt... spill) coffee on the carpet. B: Well, it ..waem't... (not/be) me. I...dldn’t.d@... (notdo) it. 2 a: Ben... (break) his leg. Really? How ... . {that/happen}? a: He (fall) offa ladder. (3 a: Your hair looks nice. ....sunnsnm:nnnsnnnnsenann S¥Ouhave} a haircut? & Yes. a: Who (CUE HE oc sounssainsnassnnins (FOUEO) to’ the hairdresser? 8: No, a friend of mine .... .. (do) it for me.cnt af) Present perfect and past (2) (I have done and I did) Do not nse the present perfect (Ihave done) when you talk about a finished time (for example, yesterday / ten minutes ago / in 1985 / when I was a child). Use a past tense: ‘The weather was nice yesterday. (not ‘has been nice’) ‘They arrived ten minutes ago. (vot ‘have arrived’) Tate a lot of sweets when I was a child. (not ‘have eaten’) A: Did you see the news on television last night? (nat ‘Have you seen’) B: No, I went to bed early. (sot ‘have gone’) Use a past tense to ask When...? or What time...2: © When did they arrive? (nat “have they arrived’) © What time did you finish work? Compare: Present perfect © Tom has lost his key. He can't get into the house. We are thinking of the present result of the action: Tom doesn’t have his key now. Here, we are not thinking of the past action. Past simple © Tom lost his key yesterday. He couldn’t get into the house. Here, we are thinking of the action in the past. We don’t know from this sentence whether Tom has his key now. Compare present perfect and past: Present perfect (have done) © Pve done a lot of work today. We use the present perfect for a period of time that continues from the past until now. For example, today, this week, since 1985. | confined Past simple (did) © I did a lot of work yesterday. We use the past simple for a finished time in the past. For example, yesterday, last week, from 1985 to 1991. [finished 5 past @ It hasn’t rained this week. © Have you seen Ann this morning? {it is still morning) ® Have you seen Ann recently? ® [don’t know where Annis. [haven't seen her. (= I haven't seen her recently) © We've been waiting for an hour. (we are still waiting now) @ Tan lives in London. He has lived there for seven years. © Thave never played golf. (in my life) The present perfect always has a connection with now. See Units 7-12. past now © Ic didn’t rain last week. © Did you sce Ann this morning? {it is now afternoon or evening) © Did you see Ann on Sunday? © 4: Was Ann at the party on Sunday? don’t think so. I didn’t see her. © We waited (or were waiting) for an hour, {we are no longer waiting) © lan lived in Scotland for ten years. Now he lives in London, © I didn’t play golf when I was on holiday last summer. The past simple tells us only about the past. See Units 56. Present perfect and past (1) ->unr EXERCISES 14 Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong. 1 Eve lost my key. I can’t find it anywhere. ...RIGHT.. 2 Have you scen the news on television last night? 3 I've bought a new car. Do you want to see it? 4 I've bought a new car last week. § Where have you been yesterday evening?.... 6 Jenny has left school in 1991. 7 Ym looking for Mike. Have you seen him? .... 8 I'm very hungry. haven't eaten anything today... 9 Diane hasn’t been at work yesterday. oc. 10 When has this book been published? ... “Make sentences from the wards in brackets, Use the present perfect or past simple. 1 {it/not/ rain / this week}... hastlt.ralned thie week, 2 {the weather / be / cold / recently} ‘The weather . 3 fief cold / last week} Te ss 4 (I not / read / a newspaper yesterday) | 5 (If not / read / a newspaper today) {Aan / earn / a lot of money / this year) {she /not f earn / so much / last year) {you / have /a holiday recently?) 6 7 8 Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple. 1 Tdon’t know where Amy is, ..Have.you,seen. {yow/sce) her? 2 When I son (get) home Last night, I vw (be) very tired and [on - {go} straight to bed. 3 Your car looks very clean. sons (youAwash) it? 4 Gorge ann (novbe} very well last week. 5. Mr Clarke (work} in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up. 6 Molly lives in Dublin. She . (live) there alll her life. Tmo (you/go) to the cinema last night?” ‘Yes, but it ~ the a mistake. The film (be) awful? seonnsinen (die) 30 years ago. I se ene 8 My grandfather {never/meet) him. 9 Tdon’t know Carol's husband... Cnesefmeethim) 10 a: Is your father at home? m: No, Ym abrid he : -» {go) out. a: When exactly... w{he/go) out?” B: About ten minutes ago. 11 A: Where do you live? 1: In Boston. 8: How long usu. . {youflive) there? _B: Five years. A: Where on .. (yowlive) before that? b: In Chicago. as And how Jong... {youllive) in Chicago? n: Two years. Write sentences about yourself using the ideas in brackets. 1 (something you haven't done today) ....haven’t.eaten any.frult tedayn... 2 {something you haven’t done today) 3 (something you didn’t do yesterday) a. .usmounnuennnnnnnn 4 (something you did yesterday evening) .... 5 (something you haven't done recently) ... 6 (something you've done a lot recently)Past perfect (I had done) Study this example situation: At 10.30 © Half an © Sarah went to a party last week. Paul went to the party hour later too but they didn’t see each other. Paul went home at 10.30 and Sarah arrived at 11 o’clock. So: When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul wasn’t there. He had gone home. Had gone is the past perfect (simple): gone seen finished ete. Ywelthey/you (=Pdete.) heishesie | had (= he'd etc.} pauL Saga ‘The past perfect simple is had + past participle (gone/seen/finished etc.). For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1. Sometimes we talk about something that happened in the past: ® Sarah arrived at the party. This is the starting point of the story. Then, if we want to talk about things that happened before this time, we use the past perfect (had © When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home. Some more examples: © When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat. © Karen didn’t want to come to the cinema with us because she had already seen the film. © At first I thonght I'd done the right thing, but I soon realised that ’d made a serious mistake. © ‘The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. He hadn't flown before. / He had never flown before. Had done (past perfect) is the past of have done (present perfect). Compare: present perfect past perfect have done > had done > past Tow past HOW © Who is that woman? P’ve never seen her | @ I didn’t know who she was. I'd never seen before, her before, (= before that time) © We aren’t hungry. We've just had lunch. | © We weren't hungry. We'd just had lunch. © The house is dirty. They haven’t cleaned | @ The house was dirty. They hadn't cleaned it for weeks. it for weeks. Compare the past perfect (Thad done) and past simple (I did}: © "Was Tom at the party when you arrived?” ‘No, he had already gone home.’ but ‘Was Tom there when you arrived?” ‘Yes, but he went home soon afterwards." © Ann wasn’t at home when I phoned. She was in London. but Ann had just got home when I phoned. She had been in London. Past perfect continuous -> [IGEXERCISES 15 ‘Read the situations and write sentences from the words in brackets. 4 You went to Jill's house but she wasn’t there. (she / go / out) .. he had gone. out, “2 You went back to your home town after many years. It wasn’t the same as before. {it change fa lot)... 3 Tinvited Rachel to the party but she couldn't come. + (she / arrange / to do something else) 4 You went to the cinema last night. You arrived at the cinema late. (the film / already / begin)... . 5 Twas very pleased to see Tim again after such a long time. (L/ not / see / him for five years)... . 6 Toffered Sue something to eat but she wasn’t hungry. (she /just/ have / breakfast)... "Read the situations and write sentences ending with before. Use the verb given in brackets. 1 The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. It was his first flight. (fly) .. He.had never flown before. or He hadn't flown before 2 Awoman walked into the room. She was a complete stranger to me. (see) 1 .. before. 3 Simon played tennis yesterday. He wasn't very good at it because it was his first game. (play) He 4 Last year we went ro Denmark. It was out first time there (be) We Use the sentences on the left to complete the paragraphs on the right. These sentences are in the order in which they happened — so (1} happened before (2), (2) before (3) etc. But your paragraph begins with the underlined sentence, so sometimes you need the past perfect. 1) Somebody broke into the office We arrived at work in the morning and dusing the night. found that somebody .. had broker... into ) Wearrived at work in the morning, | the office during the night. So we .. 0) We called the police. 2 q) Annwent out. Tiried to phone Ann this morning but @) Litied to phone her this morning. no answer. She .. 3) There was no answer. ont, 3) Jim came back from holiday a few met Jim a few days ago. He ... days ago. . o) Lmet him the same day. He i He looked very well. 4 ui Kevin wrote to Sally many times. Yesterday Kevin ... @| She never replied to his letters. He very surprised. He | Yesterday he had a phone call from her. He was very surprised. ... many times but she Put the verb:into the correct form, past perfect (Ihad done etc.) or past sintple (I did etc.).. 1 ‘Was Tom at the party when you arrived?” ‘No, he ...had.gane... (go) home’ 2 Lek very tired when I got home, so 1. " {go} straight to bed. 3 The house was very quiet when T got home. Everybody... {go} to bed. 4 Sorry P'm late, The car (break) down on my way here. 5 We were driving along the road when we... (see) a car which, (break] down, so we (stop) to see if we could help.1/5) Past perfect continuous (had been doing) Study this example situation: Yesterday morning I got up and looked ovt of the window. ‘The sun was shining but the ground was very wer. Ichad been raining. It. was not raining when I looked out of the windows the sun was shining. But it had been raining before. That’s why the ground was wet. Had been -ing is the past perfect continuous: doing Yesterday morning vwevourney |, ]ierdes he/sherit | P24] or ecc.)| Been | working playing exc. Some more examples: © When the boys came into the house, their clothes were dirty, their hair was untidy and one of them had a black eye. They'd been fighting. © Iwas very tired when I arrived home. I'd been working hard all day. ‘You can say that something had been happening for a period of time before something else happened: © Our game of tennis was interrupted. We'd been playing for about half an hour when it started to rain very heavily, © Ken gave up smoking two years ago. He'd been smoking for 30 years. Had been -ing (past perfect continuous) is the past of have been -ing (present perfect continuous). ‘Compare: present perfect continuous past perfect continuous Thave been -ing Thad been -ing | past now past Wow © Thope the bus comes soon, P've been © Ac last the bus came. I'd been waiting waiting for 20 minutes. (before now) for 20 minutes. (before the bus came} @ He's out of breath, He has been © He was out of breath. He had been running. running. Compare had been doing and was doing (past continous}: © Te wasn’t raining when we went out. The sun was shining, But it had been raining, so the ground was wet. © Ann was sitting in an armchair watching television. She was tired because she'd been working very hard. Some verbs (for example, know and want) are not normally used in the continuous: ® We were good friends, We had known each other for years. (ot ‘had been knowing’) For a list of these verbs, see Unit 4A. Prosont portoct continuous + (fMSE} Past perfect simple ~ EESUNIT EXERCISES 16 Read the situations and make sentences from the words in brackets. 1 Lwas very tired when I arrived home. (L/ work / hard all day) ..had been working hard 2 The two boys came into the house. They had a football and they were both very tired. (they f play football) soe a 3. There was nobody in the room but there was a smell of cigarettes. {somebody / smoke / in the room) ... 4 Ann woke up in the middle of the nigh She was frightened and didnt know where she was, (she / dream) .. 5 When I got home, Mike was sitting in front of the TV. He had just turned it off, the # watch J TV) ssn . Read the situations and complete the sentences, 1 We played tennis yesterday, Half an hour after we began playing, it started to rain. We ..had, been playing for half an hour... when ...lt.etart 2 Thad arranged to meet Tom in a restaurant. I arrived and waited for him. After 20 minutes I suddenly realised that I was in the wrong restaurant. I se for 20 minutes when I... 3. Sarah got a job in a factory. Five years later the factory closed down. | Atthe time the factory 7 . Sarah vss sovnnmnnsn there for five years. 4 Twent to-a concezt last week. The orchestra began playing, After about ten minutes ¢ man in the audience suddenly becan showing The ochestta es wee WET oe csernsn eee 5 This time make your ovm sentence Tbegan walking along the road. I... 8 Put the verb into the most suitable form, past continuous (I was doing), past perfect (Thad done) or past perfect continuous (had been doing). 1 Iewas very noisy next door. Our neighbours ...vere having... (have) a party. 2. We were good friends. We ...hiad known. (know} each other for a long time. 3 John and I went for a walk. I had difficulty keeping up with him because he _ (walk} so fast. 4 Mary was sitting on the ground. She was out of breath, She «ou. (run). 5 When I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table with their mouths full. They (eat). 6 When | arrived, everybody was sitting round the table and talking, Their mouths were (ear). empty but their stomachs were full. They .. 7 Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. He contact lens. 8 When | arrived, Kate... .. (look) for his for me. She was rather annoyed with me because I was late and she - _ wait) for a very long time. 9 Twas sad when I sold my car. | (have) it for a very long time. 10 We were extremely tired at the end of the journey. We soon {trawl} for more than 24 hours. owrs ivi Have and have got Have and have got (= possess, own etc.) ‘We often use have got rather than have alone, So you can say: @ We've gota new car. or We have a new car. @ Ann has got two sisters. or Ann has two sisters. We use have got or have for illnesses, pains exc.: @ ve gotaheadache. or Thavea headache. In questions and negative sentences there are three possible forms: Have you got any money? Thaven’t got any money. Do you have any money? I don’t have any money. Have you any money? (less usual} | Lhaven’t any money. (less usual) Has she got a car? She hasn’t got a car. Does she have a car? She doesn’t have a car. Has she 2 car? (less ustal) She hasn't a car. (less usual) ‘When have means ‘possess etc., you cannot use continuous forms (is having / are having etc.): @ Ihave / I've got a headache. (rot ‘I’m having’) For the past we use had (usually without ‘gov’: Aun had long fair hair when she was a child. (not ‘Ann had got’) In past questions and negative sentences we normally use did/didn’t: Did they have a car when they were living in London? @ I didn’t have a watch, so I didn’t know the time. Ann had long fair hair, didn’t she? Have breakfast / have a bath / have a good time etc. Have {but not ‘have gor’) is also used for many actions and experiences. For example: breakfast / dinner /a cup of coffee / a cigarette etc. a bath / a shower / a swim /a rest / a party / a holiday / a nice time etc. an accident / an experience / a dream etc. a look (at something) / a chat (with somebody) a baby (= give birth to a baby) difficalty / trouble / fan have @ Goodbye! I hope you have a nice time. © Mary had a baby recently. ‘Have got’ is not possible in these expressions. Compal © L usually have a sandwich for my lunch. (have but @ Pve got some sandwiches. Would you like one? cat” ~ not ‘have gor’) In these expressions, have is like other verbs. You can use contiauous forms (is having / are having etc.) where suitable: @ Thad a postcard from Fred this morning, He’s on holiday. He says he's having a wonderful time. (not ‘he has a wonderful time’) © The phone rang while we were having dinner. (not ‘while we had’) In questions and negative sentences we normally use dofdoes/ © Idon't usually have a big breakfast, (rot ‘I usually haven't’) @ What time does Ann have lunch? (not ‘has Ann lunch’) © Did you have any difficulty finding somewhere to live? American English > TESTAUNIT EXERCISES 17 Write negative sentences with have. Some are present (can’t) and some are past (couldn't), T Tean’t make a phone call. (any change} _... haven't. get.any.change... Icouldn’t read the notice. (my glasses)... 'f have my glasees, 3 can’t climb up onto the roof. fa ladder} 1. ns 4 Wecouldn’t visit the museum. (enough time) We... 5 He couldn't find his way to our house. (a map} 6 She can’t pay her bills. (any money) 7 They can’t get into the house. (a key) =8 Icouldn’t take any photographs. (a camera) Complete these questions with have, Some are present and some are past. 1 Excuse me, ...have you get... a pen I could borrow? ‘Why are you holding your face like thar? .... soossuninecnen toothache? see a bicycle when you were a child? Bnet the time, please? “Yes, it’s ten past seven? 5. When you did the exam, .... .-» time to answer all the questions? Inced a stamp for this letter, . one? 7 ‘Ie started to rain while I was walking home. ‘Did #2 cscsseosernesnsnnon an umbrella?” In this exorcise you have to write sentences about yourself. Choose four of the following things {or you cart choose something else): acar abicycle amoped aguitar computer acamera adrivinglicence a job adog /a cat (or another animal) Have you got these things now? Did you have them ten years ago? Write twvo sentences each time using ve got / I haven’t got and [had / I didn’t have. now ten years ago (or five if you're too young) tye. gota cai I didn't, have.a.car. | Complete these sentences. Use an expression from the list and put the verb into the correct form where necessary. fevetineh have a swim have a nice time have a chat have a cigarette have a rest have a good flight have a baby havea shower have a party have a look 1 [don’t eat much during the day. I never have lunch. 2 David likes to keep fit, so he _. every day. 3 We an last Saturday. It was great — we invited lots of people. 4 Excuse me, can I at your newspaper, please? 3 Where's Jim?” He waren ee .~ in his room. He's very tired.” & Imet Ann in the supermarket yesterday, We stopped and. 7 Thaven’t seen you since you came back from holiday. . 8 Suzanne one croonnnn 8 few weeks ago, It’s her second child. 9 Tdon’t usually smoke but I was feeling very nervous, so T 10 The phone rang but I couldn’t answer it because I... 11 You meet Tom at the airport. He bas just arrived. You say: Hello, Tom. sn cnt 35cin 18 Used to (do) Study this example situation: A few years ag0 Dennis stopped smoking two years ago. He doesn’t smoke any more. But he used to smoke. He used to smoke 40 cigarettes a day. “Hie used to smoke’ = he smoked regulacly for some time in the past, but he doesn't smoke now. He-was a smoker, but now he ist’ Veg RO, Al past 2 years ago now “Something used to happen’ = something happened regularly in the past but no longer happens: @ Tused to play tennis a lot but I don’t play very often now. @ Diane used to travel a lot. These days she doesn’t go away so often. © ‘Do you go to the cinema very often?’ “Not now, but [ used to,’ (= I used to go...) ‘We also use used to... for something that was true but is not true any more: © This building is now a furniture shop. It used to be a cinema. © Lused to think he was unfriendly but now I realise he’s a very nice person: © U've started drinking coffee recently. Inever used to like it before. @ Janet used to have very long hair when she was a child. ‘Lused to do something’ is past. There is no present form. You canvot say ‘I use to do*. To talk about the present, use the present simple (I do}. Compare: past heusedtosmoke weusedtolive there used to be present he smokes we live there is © We used to live in a small village but now we live in London. @ There used to be four cinemas in the town. Now there is only one. The normal question form is did (you) use to. @ Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child? ‘The negative form is didn’t use to... . (used not to... is also possible} @ Tdidn’t use to like him. (or T used not to like him.) Compare I used to do and I was doing (sce Unit 6): © [used to watch TV a lot. (= ] watched TV regularly in the past, but I no longer do this) @ I was watching TV when the phone rang. (= | was in the middle of watching TV) Do not confuse T used to do and Lam used to doing (sce Unit 60). The structures and meanings are different: © Tused to live alone. (= lived alone in the past but I no Jonger live alone) © 1am used to living alone. {= I live alone and I don’t find it strange or new because I've been living alone for some time) Would {= used to) > (IEE) Be’get used to (doing) something > (EGET. EXERCISES | Complete these sentences with use(d) to, .. +4 suitable verb. 1 Dennis gave up smoking two years ago. He ...used to emoke... 40 cigarettes a day. 2 Lit.. Nottingham. 4 Trarely eat ice cream now but I. $ Jim vues @ motorbike, but last year she sold it and bought a car. 3 We came to live in Manchester a few years ago. We... in it when I was a child. .. my best friend bue we aren't friends any longer. 6 Ironly takes me about 40 minutes to get to work since the new road was opened, It more than an hour. 7 There 8 When you lived in London, a hotel opposite the station but it closed a long time ago to the theatre very often? 2 Brian changed bis lifestyle. He stopped doing some things ard started doing other things: studying hard He stopped | going to bed early running three miles every morning smoking going out in the evening spending a lot of money ‘He started Write sentences about Brian with used to and didn’t use to. 1. He.used to study hard. 2. .He.didn't use to smoke... ce 5 6 Compare what Carol said five years ago and what she says today: 3 FIVE YEARS AGO. Tm a hotel receptionist. Ttravel a lot, Y Live got lots of Iplay the piano. friends. NX Ym very lazy. ff 3} Tnever read Ldoa'stke 77> SPREE cheese. ee drink tea. Igo toa lor of patties. Tre got a dog. TODAY My dog died two years ago. Teat lots of cheese now. Tread a newspaper every day now. T Work very hard these days io —~ ey ___ Thaven’r been 10 {don't know many Bgl ~ a party for ages people these days. ——~“) Lhaven’t played I work in a bookshop oy the piano for years I don’t go away much Tea’s great! these days. [like it now. Now write sentences about how Carol has changed. Use used to / didn’t use to / never used to in the first part of your sentence. 1 ...Phe used to travel.a lob. but ..she. doesn't. go away.much. these. days. 2 She used 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ‘1 . but .. . but .. . but » but .. but... bat ... but but... UE ss nnansnin UNIT 18 37tae 19 Present tenses (lam doing /1I do) for the future Present continuous (1am doing) with a future meaning Study this example situation: This is Tom's diary for next week. He is playing tennis on Monday afternoon. He is going to the dentist on Tuesday morning. He is having dinner with Ann on Friday. In all these examples, Tom has already decided and arranged to do these things, | Use the present continuous to say what you have already arranged to do. Do not use the present simple (I do}: © A: What are you doing on Saturday evening? (sot ‘what do you do’) ?’m going to the theatre. (not ‘I go’) @ A: What time is Cathy arriving tomorrow? 8: At 10.30, Pm meeting her at the station © I'm not working tomorrow, so we can go out somewhere. @ [an ist’t playing football on Saturday. He’s hurt his leg. *(I’'m) going to (do)’ is also possible in these sentences: @ What are you going to do on Saturday evening? But the present continuous is more natural for arrangements, See also Unit 20B. Do not use will to talk about what you have arranged to do: @ What are you doing this evening? (not ‘what will you do’) © Alex is getting married next month, (not ‘will get’) Present simple (I do) with a future meaning We use the present simple when we talk about timetables, programmes etc. (for example, for public transport, cinemas ezc.): © The traia leaves Plymouth at 11.30 and arrives in London at 14.45. © What time does the film begin? © kes Wednesday tomorrow. ‘You can use the present simple for people if their plans are fixed like a timetable: © I start my new job on Monday. © What time do you finish work tomorrow? But the continuous is more usval for personal arrangements: @ What time are you meeting Ann tomorrow? (not ‘do you meet’) Compare: @ What time are you leaving tomorrow? bué @ What time does the train leave tomorrow? 4. P’m going to the cinema this evening. but © The film starts at 8,15 (chis evening). ('m) going to “EEDA «Will [FEY Present simple atter whendt ete. -EEZEunr EXERCISES 1 9 A friend of yours is planning to go on holiday soon. You ask her about ber plans. Use the words in brackets to make your questions. 1 [ (wherelgo?) Where are vou aah Seotland. ®& 2 | (bow long/stay2) .. Ten days. 3 | (when/ga?) Next Friday. 4 | (gofalone?) No, with a friend of mine. 5 | (travel/by cas No, by train, 6 | fwhere/stay?) Ina hotel, Toms wants you to visit Bim but you are very busy, Look at your diary for the next few days and explain to bim why you can’t come, ‘Tom: Can you come on Monday evening? YOU: Sorry but ..l'm playing volleyball, Tom: What about Tuesday evening then? YoU: No, not Tuesday Di.essmnn secseee 2) Tom: And Wednesday evening? you: sonst Tom: Well, are you free on Thursday? you: I'm afraid not. .0) = 3 “4 Have you arranged to do anything at these times? Write (true) sentences about yourself. 1 (this evening) ...'m going out thie evening. or... not. delng anything, this evening... or 1 2 (tomorrow morning) I... 3 (tomorrow evening) ... 4 (next Sunday} os S (choose another day or time) 't. know what doing this evening. Put the verb into the more suitable form, present continuous or present simple. 1 TL 'mgoing... (go} to the theatre this evening. 2 ..Rore.the film begin. {the film / begin} at 3.30 or 4.30? 3 We (have) a party next Saturday. Would you like to come? 4 The art exhibition .. {open} on 3 May and . {finish} on 15 July. 5 La .. (Bot/go) out this evening. 1... . (stay) at home. 6« (you/do) anything tomorrow morning?” ‘No, I'm free. Why?” 7 We (go) toa concert ronight. It. ses (begin) at 7.30. 8 You are on the train to London ared you ask another passenger: Excuse me, What time cs {this train / get) to London? 9 You are talking to Ann: cronies (G0) t0 tOWN. sronsenwinnninns (¥OUwOme) with me? (come) to see us tomorrow. She... (travel) (arrive) at 10.15. 1. meet) her at the station. UW Decrnmnnsnnns .. (notluse) the car this evening, so you can have it. 12 You and a friend are watching television. You say: T'm bored with this programme. When .... {itffinish}?cri 741) (I’m) going to (do) [§) ‘1am going to do something’ = I have already decided to do it, I intend to do it: "There’s a film on television tonight. Are you going to watch it? No, I'm tired, Pm going to have an early night. ¢ a: [hear Ruth has won some money. What is she going to do with it? She's going to buy a new car. Have you made the coffee yet? * Pim just going to make it. {just = right at chis moment) © This food looks horrible. I’m not going to eat it. 13) Tam doing and I ain going to do ‘We normally use Lam doing [present cordinuous) when we say what we have arranged to do — for example, arranged to meet somebody, arranged to go somewhere (sce Unit 19A): @ What time are yon meeting Ann this evening? © P'm leaving tomorrow. P've got my plane ticket. “Lam going to do something’ = I've decided to do it (but perhaps not arranged to do it}: © “The windows are dirty.’ ‘Yes, I know. I’m going to clean them later.’ (= I've decided to clean them but I haven’t arranged to clean them) @ T've decided not to stay here any longer. Tomorrow I’m going to look for somewhere else to stay. Often the difference is very small and either form is possible. TE) You can also say that ‘something is going to happen’ in the future. For example: “The man cant see where he's walking, There is a hole in £ front of him. He is going to fall into the hole. When we say that ‘something is going to happen’, the situation now makes us believe this. The man is walking towards the hole now, so he is going to fall into it. situation now future happening — m= © © Look at those black clouds! It’s going to rain, (the clouds are there now) © [feel terrible. I think I'm going to be sick. {I feel terrible now) HY) ‘Iwas going to (do something)’ = I intended to do it but didn’t do it: 4 We were going to travel by train but then we decided to go by car instead. @ A: Did Peter do the examination? : No, he was going to do it but he changed his mind. © Lwas just going to cross the road when somebody shouted ‘Stop? You can say that something was going to happen (but didn’t happen): © [thought it was going to rain but then the sun came out. Tam doing for the future » Iwill andi'm going to > EES)UNIT EXERCISES 20 Answer the questions. You are going to do all these things but you haven't done them yet. Use going to and the word(s) in brackets. Have you cleaned the car? { (tomorrow} Not yet. I'm going te. clean.It.remernow.. Have you phoned Sally?} | (later) Not yet... °3| Have you done the shopping?| | (this afternoon} Not yet. ( 6 ‘A Have you read the paper? | (after dinner) Not q Have you had dinner?) | ust) senses Write a question with going to for each situation. "1 Your friend has won some money. You ask: (what / do with it?} What are you going te. de.with it? 2 Your friend is going to a party tonight. You as (what / wear?) :3 Your friend has just bought a new table. You as (where / put it?}.. Your friend has decided to have a party. You ask: (who / invite?) “Read the situations and complete the dialogues. Use going to. 1 You have decicled to write some letters this evening. FREND: Are you going ont this evening? YOU: No, ..l'm.going ta write. come letters... '2 You are a smoker but you have decided to give it up soon. FRIEND: Smoking is very bad for you. you: Tknow. . 3 You have been offered a job but you have decided not to take it. FUEND: I hear you've been offered a job. you: That's right, but 4 You are in a restaurant, The food is awfal and you've decided to complain. FRIEND: This food is awful, isn’t it? your Yes, it's disgusting, | What is going to happen in these situations? Use the words in brackets, 1 There are a lot of black clouds in the sky. (rain) _..¥'s.aelna.te.rain. 2 Its §.30. Jack is leaving his house. He has to be at work at 8.45 but the journey sakes 30 minutes. (late) He son 3 There is 2 hole in the bottom of the boat. A lot of water is coming in chrough the hole, (sink] The boat 4 Emma is driving, There is very ie peo left in the tank. Tae nearest petrol station is a long way away. {run out) She . Complete the sentences with washwere going to + one of these verbs: giveup have phone play eravel 1 We. .were going te.travel.. by train bur then we decided to go by car instead. 2 We... ovum tennis yesterday but it rained all day. B Toone . Jim, but I decided to write him a leer instead. 4 When I last saw Tim, he -onsisnannvennsenn his job but in the end he decided not to. 5 We come, so we cancelled it .»@ party last week but some of our friends couldn'tcite 21 Will/shall (1) We use I'll (= I will) when we decide to do something at the time of speaking: ® Oh, Pve left the door open. Pl go and shut it. © ‘What would you like to drink?” ‘Tl have an orange juice, please.” ® ‘Did you phone Ruth?” ‘Oh no, I forgot. P'll phone her now.’ You cannot use the present simple (I do / [go etc.) in these sentences: @ Till go and shut the door. (no! ‘I go and shue’) We often use I think PIL... and I don’t think P © [feel a bit hungry. I think P'll have something to eat. @ Idon’e think I'll go our tonight. P'm too tired. In spoken English the negative of will is usually won’t (= will not): © Ican see you're busy, so I won’t stay long. Do not use will to talk about what you have alzeady decided or arranged to do (see Units 19-20): © I'm going on holiday next Saturday. (nof ll go") © Are you working tomorzow? (zot ‘will you work’) We often use will in these situations: Offering to do something © That bag looks heavy. Pll help you with it. (not ‘I help’) Agreeing to do something © 4: You know that book I lent you. Can I have it back if you've finished with it? 3: Of course. Pl give it to you this afternoon. (not ‘I give’) Promising to do something Thanks for lending me the money. I'll pay you back on Friday. (ror ‘I pay") © T won't tell anyone what happened. I promise. Asking somebody to do something (Will you...?) © Will you please be quiet? I’m trying to concentrate. © Will you shut the door, please? You can use won't to say that somebody refuses to do something: @ T've tried to advise her but she won't listen, (= she refuses to listen} © The cat won't start. I wonder what's wrong with it. (= the car ‘refuses’ to start) Shall I...? Shall we...2 Shall is used mostly in the questions shall I...? / shall we...? ‘We use shalllI...? / shall we...? to ask somebody's opinion (especially in offers or suggestions): © Shall T open the window? (= do you want me to open the window?) @ I’ve got no money. What shall I do? (= what do you suggest?} © ‘Shall we go?” ‘Just a minute. Pm not ready yet." © Where shall we go this evening? Compare shall I...? and will you...?: @ Shall I shut the door? (= do you want me to shut it?) © Will you shut the door? (=I want you to shut it) witlshall (2) Iwill ard'm going to> [ESTUNIT EXERCISES 91 Complete the sentences with Vll « a suitable verb. 1 Tm too tired to walk home. I think ..l!l.get... a taxi. 2 ‘e's a bie cold in this room.’ ‘Is it? - 3 ‘We haven’t got any milk.’ ‘Ob, haven't we? “ 4 Do you want me to do the washing-up?” ‘No, it’s all right. § ‘Idon’t know how to use this computer” ‘OK, sete 6 ‘Would you like tea or coffee?” 6. uosne on» Coffee, please, 7 ‘Goodbye! Have a nice holiday,” ‘Thanks. you a postcard.” 8 Thank you for lending me your camera. it back to you on Monday, OK? 9 ‘Are you coming with us?” ‘No, I think . on the heating then.” and get some.” yor . here, Read the situations and write sentences with 1 think I'l... or I don’t think Pl... . 1 Itsabit cold. You decide to close the window. You says... think I. elose the window, 2 You are feeling tired and it’s quite lace. You decide to go to bed. You say: Think. assis suns seo “ 3 A friend of yours offers you a lift in his car but you decide to walk. You say: Thank you but... ete . on 4 You arranged to play tennis today. Now you decide that you don’t want to play. You say: I don’t think ... vs onsen 5. You were going to go swimming, Now you decide that you don’t want to go. Which is correct? (If necessary, study Units 19-20 first.) 1 ‘Did you phone Ruth?’ ‘Oh no, | forgot. Lphene/ I'll phone her now.” (Pll phone is correct) 2 [can’t meet you tomorrow afternoon. Pm playing / Fil pley tennis, (I'm playing és correct) ‘Lmeet/ TU meet you outside the hotel in half an hour, OK? ‘Yes, that’s fine? ‘Ineed some money.’ ‘OK, I'mlending /T'll lend you some. How much do you need?” Tm having / [ll have a party next Saturday. I hope you can come. ‘Remember to buy a newspaper when you go out.’ ‘OK. Ldon't forget / Lwon’t forget.’ What time dogs your train leave / will your train leave tomorrow? Tasked Sue what happened but she doesn’t tell / won't tell me. “Are you doing / Will you do anything tomorrow evening?’ ‘No, I'm free. Why? 10 Idon’t want to go out alone. Do you come / Will you come with me? ‘U1 He's a secret between us. I promise I don’ tell /T won't tell anybody. What do you say in these situations? Write sentences with shall I...? or shall we...? 4 You and a friend want to do something this evening but you dow't know what. You ask your friend. .. What. shall we do thie evening? . 2 You try on a jacket ina shop. You are not sure whether to buy it or not. You ask a friend for advice... ecsemamanasns ss eteetesennsnisis soe sernuateneeee EP 3 Is Ann’s birthday next week. You want to give her a present but you don’t know what. You ask a friend for advice. What ...... so seneseeannnenea enna ee 4 You anda friend are going on holiday together but you haven't decided where. You ask WM eL. a eeceennanninsesenst . . esate . 5 You and a friend are going out. You haven't decided whether to go by car or to walk. You ask him/her. sossene see OF sesesn secsenennine 6 Your friend wants you to phone later. You don’t now what time to phone. You asle hinvher. ....... ee Re 43isle 773 Will/shall (2) We do not use will to say what somebody has already arranged ot decided to do in the future: ® Ann is working next week. (not ‘Ann will work’) @ Are you going to watch television this evening? (not ‘will you watch’) For ‘I’m working...’ and ‘Are you going to...?”, see Units 19-20. But often, when we talk about the future, we are ot talking about what somebody has decided to do. For example: cHRis: Do you think Ana will pass the exam? jor: Yes, she'll pass easily. “She'll pass’ does nof mean ‘she has decided to pass’. Joe is saying what he knows or thinks will happen. He is predicting the future, ‘When we predict a future happening or situation, we use will/won't. ill has been away a long time, When she returns, she'll find a lot of changes. © ‘Where will you be this time next year?” ‘Til be in Japan,” © That plate is very hot. If you touch it, you'll burn yourself. © Tom won't pass the examination. He hasn’t worked hard enough for it. © When will you know your exam results? We often use will ("l) with: probably © I'll probably be home late this evening. Texpect © Ihaven’t seen Carol today. I expect she'll phone this evening. (Pm) sure © Don’t worry about the exam. I'm sure you'll pass. () think © Do you think Sarah will like the present we bought her? {) don’t think © I don’t think the exam will be very difficult. wonder © Lwonder what will happen. After (I} hope, we generally use the present: © [hope Carol phones this evening. © [hope it doesn’t rain tommorrow. Generally we use will to talk about the future, but sometimes we use will to talk about now, For example: © Don’t phone Aun'now. She'll be busy. {= I know she'll be busy now) Ishall... / we shall... Normally we use shall only with I and we. You can say I shall or I will {PIl), we shall or we will (we'll) © I shall be tired this evening. (or I will be...) © We shalll probably go to Scotland for our holiday. (or We will probably go...) In spoken English we normally use I'l and we'll: ® We'll probably go to Scotland. The negative of shall is shall not or shan’t: © I shan’t be here tomorrow. (or Iwon’t be...) Do not use shall with he/she/it/you/they: © She will be very angry. {cot ‘she shalll be’) Wilvshall (1) > EXEEZE twill andtm going to > [ETIZE} Will be doing /will have done FTSETI American English +UNIT NERCISES 99 Which form of the verb is correct for more natural) in these sentences? The verbs are underlined. 1 Ann isn’t free on Saturday. Shetllwork / She's working, (She’s working is correct) °2 LLgo/I'm going to a party tomorrow night. Would you like to come too? 3 Tthink Jane will get /is getting the job. She has a lot of experience. 4 [can’t meet you this evening. A friend of mine will come / is coming to see me. 5a: Have you decided where to go for your holidays? & Yes, we will go/ we are going to Italy. § There's no need to be afraid of the dog. It won’t hurt /It isn’t busting you. Complete the sentences with will (ll) + one of these verbs: be be come get like look = meet pass 1 Don’t worry about your exam. I’m sure you ‘ll page... 2. Why don’t you try on this jacket? It ow nice on you. 3 You must meet George sometime. I think you soowee hime 4 Tes raining. Don’t go out. You _ wet. 5 They've invited me to their house. They seman 6 Goodbye. I expect we again before long. 7 I've invited Sue to the party but I don’t think she 8 Twonder whete I... onmnsancns 20 years from now. offended if I don’t go. Put in will (’ll) or won't. be very long. 2. There’s no need to take an umbrella with you. It rain. 3 Ifyou don’t eat anything now, yOu ....4.01.0u-man be humgey later. 4 Pm sorry about what happened yesterday. Ir... happen again. S § I've got some incredible news! You .- never believe what's happened. Don’t ask Margaret for advice. She .... .. know what to do. Where will you be at these times? Write true sentences about yourself. Use one of these: Pilbe... or Lexpect Pl be... or V'll probably be... or I don’t know where I'l be. or Pm not sure, I might be... (For might see Unit 30.) 1 {next Monday evening at 7.45) 2 {at S o'clock tomorrow morning) 3 (at 10.30 tomorrow morning} 4 (next Saturday afternoon at 4.15} 5 (this time next year) | Write questions using do you think...will...? + one of these verbs: be back cost finish get married happen Hee rain 1 Pve bought Mary a present. ...Pe.you.think ehe'll ike. it. 2 The weather doesn’t look very good. Do you 3 The meeting is still going on. When do you 4 My car needs to be repaired. How much.... 5 Sally and David are in love. Do ... 6 ‘Tm going out now.’ ‘OK. What time 7 The future situation is uncertain. WhatTwill and P’'m going to Future actions Study the difference between will and going to: Sue is talking to Helen: will ('l}: We use will when we decide to do something at the time of speaking. The : Thar’s a great idea. speaker has not decided before. The party Wellinke low ofpeosle) anew idea, i [a> suB, HELEN ‘past ow future Later that day, Helen meets Dave: going to: We use (be} going to when we have already decided to do something. Helen had already decided to invite lots of people before she spoke to Dave. Sue and [have decided to have a party. We' decision before Tim going t0.. HELEN past note Future Compare: © ‘George phoned while you were out.” ‘OK. I'll phone him back.’ but © ‘George phoned while you were out,” “Yes, [know. P'm going to phone hiin back.” © ‘Annis in hospital.” “Ob really? I didn’t know. I'll go and visit her.” but © ‘Annis inbiospital.” ‘Yes, 1 know. P'm going to visit her tomorrow.” Future happenings and situations (predicting the future) Sometimes there is not much difference between will and going to. For example, you can say: ® [think the weather will be nice later. © I think the weather is going to be nice later. ‘When we say ‘something is going to happen’, we know (or think} this becanse of the situation now. For example: © Look at those black clouds. It’s going to rain, (not ‘it will rain’ — we can see the clouds now} © T feel terrible. I think I'm going to be sick. (not “I think Pll be sick’ ~ I feel terrible now) Do nor use will in situations like these. (See also Unit 20C.} In other situations, itis safer to use will: © Tom will probably arrive at about 8 o'clock. © Tthink Ann will like the present we bought for her. tm going to FD} win > ESEUNIT NERCISES 23 iplete the sentences using will (‘ll or going to. 1 A: Why are you turning on the television? B: .l'm going te wateh .. the news. (I/watch) ‘Oh, lve just realised. I haven't got any money. > & Haven't you? Well, don’t worry. ‘3 a: ['ve got a headache. Have you? Wait there and .. you some. (Vlend) .. an aspizin for you. (I/get) 4a: Why are you iting that bucket with water? ... the car. (l/wash) Pve decided to repaint this room. Ob, have you? What colour cman ‘Where are you going? Are you going shopping? e5,. -+~. Something for dinner. (I/buy) .. it? {you/paint) 7 as Tdon’t know how co use this camera. 5: Is quite casy. you. (Ushow} What would you like to eat? Br son a sandwich, please. (I/have) 9 4: Did you post that letter for me? Oh, Pm sorry. I completely forgot. cocoa it now. (Udo) Io he ceiling in this room doesn’t look very safe, does it? No it looks 8 if osu soon down, {itffall) Has George decided what to do when he leaves school? B: Ob, yes. Everything is planned. and then so . aa .. a holiday for a few weeks “'a computer programming course. {he/have, he/do} Read the sitwations and complete the sentences using will Cll} or going to. 1 The phone rings and you answer. Somebody wants to speak to Jim. CALLER: Hello. Can T speak to Jim, please? you: Just a moment. him. (Wget) 2 Isa aice day. You've decided to sit in the garden. Before going outside, you tell your friend. you: The weather's too nice to stay indoors. . in the garden. (Usit} srEND: That’s a good idea. I think vn YOU. (Ifjoin) 3. Your friend is worried because she has lost an important letter. you: Don’t worry about the letter. I'm sure .... consents (yOuMfind) FRIEND: I hope so. 4 There was a job advertised in the paper recently. Ar first you were interested but then you decided not to apply. sIEND: Have you decided what co do about that job that was advertised? you: Yes, for it. (Inot/apply) You and a friend come home very late, Other people in the house are asleep. Your friend is noisy. you: Shhh! Don’t make so much noise... everybody up. (you/wake} John has to go to the airport to catch a plane tomorrow morning. JOHN: Ann, I need somebody to take me to the airport tomorrow morning ANNE That’s no problem, css you, (Itake) What time is your flight? JOHN: 10.50. ANNE OK. con Later that day, Joe offers to take John to the airport Jos John, do you want me to take you to the airport? JOEN: No thanks, Joe. footnvnisiniiuiinananinnnnace MC, (Annitake) .. at about 9 o’clock then. (wefleave)Cis ra Will be doing and will have done Study this example situation: Kevin loves football and this evening there is a big football match on television. The match begins at 7.30 and ends at 9.15. Paul wants to see Kevin the same evening and wants to know what time to come to his house. PAUL: Is it all right if I come at about 8,30? KEVIN: No, P'l be watching the foothall then. raul: Well, what about 9.30? KEVIN: Fine, The match will have finished by then. ‘Lwill be doing something’ (future continous} = I will be in the middle of doing something. The football match begins at 7.30 and ends at 9.15. So during this time, for example at 8.30, Kevin will be watching the match. Another example: © I'm going on holiday on Saturday. This time next week Ill be lying on a beach or swimming in the sea. Compare will be (do}ing and will (do): @ Don’t phone me between 7 and 8. We'll be having dinner then, @ Let's wait for Mary to arrive and then we'll have dinner. Compare will be -ing with other continuous forms: At 10 o'clock yesterday, Sally was in her office. She was working, (past) It's 10 o’clock now. She is in her office. She is working. (present) At 10 o'clock tomorrow, she will be in her office. She will be working. We also use will be doing in a different way: to talk about complete actions in the future: @ A: If you see Sally, can you ask her to phone me? : Sure. Pll be seeing her this evening, so I'll tell her then. © What time will your friends be arriving tomorrow? In these examples will be -ing is similar to the present con 1uous for the future. (See Unit 194.) You can use Will you be -ing...? to ask about somebody's plans, especially if you want something or want them to do something, For example: © A: Will you be passing the post office when you're out? Probably. Why? Ineed some stamps. Could you get me some? Will you be using your bicycle this evening? 3: No. Do yon want to borrow it? We use will have (done) {future perfect) to say that something will already be complete. Kevin's football match ends at 9.15. So after this time, for example at 9.30, the match will have finished. Some more examples: @ Sally always leaves for work at 8.30 in the morning, so she won’t be at home at 9 o'clock. She'll have gone to work. © We're late, The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema. Compare will have (done) with other perfect forms: © Ted and Amy have been married for 24 years. (present perfect) Next year they will have been married for 25 years. ‘When their first child was born, they had been married for three years. (past perfect) By then / by the time >UNIT EXERCISES a4 Read about Colin. Then you have to tick (¢) the sentences which are true. In each group of sentences at least one is true. ‘Colin goes to work every day. He leaves home at 8 o’clock and arrives at work at about 8.45. He starts work immediately and continnes until 12.30 when he has lunch (which takes about half an hour). He starts work again at 1.15 and goes home at exactly 4,30. Every day he follows the same routine and tomorrow will be no exception. ay At 7s a he'll be leaving the house b he'll have left the house ¢ he'll be at home # ‘atig” d he'll be having breakfast 7 At 12.45 a@ he'll have lunch © he'll be having lunch c he'll have finished his lunch d he'll have started his lunch At 8.15 __ @ he'll be leaving the house b he'll have left the house ¢ hell have arrived at worl d he'll be arriving at work At 4 o'clock a he'll have finished work & he'll finish work ¢ he'll be working dhe won't have finished work 3 At915 6 At 44s a he'll be working @ he'll leave work 5 he'll start work & he'll be leaving work ¢ he'll have started work ¢ he'll have left work. d he'll be arriving at work d he'll have arrived home ‘Put the verb into the correct form, will be (do}ing or will have (done). 1 Don’t phone me between 7 and 8. ¢. having... (wefhave) dinner then. 2 Phone me after 8 o'clock. sone (We/finish) dinner by then. “3 Tomorrow afternoon we're going to play tennis from 3 o'clock until 4.30. So at 4 o'clock, os . (wefplay) tennis. 4A: Can we meet tomorrow afternoon? : Not in the afternoon... ssanen (svork). 5 Bhas to go to a meeting which begins at 10 o'lock. It will last about an hour, A: Will you be free at 11.302 &: Yes, soonsiansn (the meeting/finish} by that time. 6 Tom is on holiday and he is spending his money very quickly. If he continues like this, cvs» {hefspend) all his money before the end of his holiday. 7 Chuck came to Britain from the USA nearly three years ago. Next xt Monday it wll be exactly three years. So on Monday, ... cen (heMbe} in Britain for exactly three years. 8 Do you think scum ««. (youstill/do) the same job in ten years? time? 9 Jane is from New Zealand. She is travelling around Europe’at the momeat, So far she has travelled about 1,000 miles. By the end of the trip, . (she/travel) moze than 3,000 miles, 10 HF you need to contact Mey ..rnsuesisnunsenonn (Ustay) at the Lion Hotel until Friday. TU At sarc (you/see) Laura tomorrow? &: Yes, probably. Why? 4: 1 borrowed this book from her. Can you give it back to her? 49When I do / When I’ve done When and if Study these examples: ‘A: What time will you phone me tomorrow? 8: Pll phone you when I get home from work. ‘Tl phone you when I get home from work’ is a sentence with two parts: the main part: ‘Pll phone you’ and the when-part: ‘when I get home from work (tomorrow/’ ‘The time in the sentence is future (*tomarrow”] but we use a present tense (get) in the when- part of the sentence, ‘We do ot use will in the when-part of the sentence: © We'll go out when it stops raining. (vot Swhen it will stop’) ‘© When you are in London again, you must come and see us. (not ‘when you will be’) ® (said to a child) What do you want to be when you grow up? (not ‘will grow’) The same thing happens after: while before after as soon.as’ until or till © I'm going to read a lot of books while I’m on holiday. {rt0# ‘while I will be’) © Pm going back home on Sunday. Before I go, I'd like to visit the museum. © Wait here until (or till) come back. You can also use the present perfect (have done) after when / after / until / as soon as: © Can I borrow that book when you've finished it? © Don’t say anything while Ian is here. Wait until he has gone. Itis often possible to use the present simple or the present perfect: ® [’ll come as soon as | finish. or T'll come as soon as I’ve finished. ® You'll fee! better after you have or You'll feel better after you’ve had something to eat. something to eat. But do not use the present perfect if two things happen together. The present perfect shows that one thing will be complete before the other (so the two things do not happen together). Compare: © When I've phoned Kate, we can have dinner. (= First P'll phone Kate and after that we can bave dinner.) but © When I phone Kate this evening, I'll invite her to the party. {rf ‘when Pve phoned’) (dn this example, the two things happen together.) After if, we normally use the present simple (if I do /if I see ete.) for the future: © Te’s raining hard. We'll get wet if we go out. (not ‘if we will go’) © Huzry up! If we don't hurry, we'll be late, ‘Compare when and ‘We use when for things which aze sure to happent © P’m going shopping this afternoon. {for sure) When I go shopping, Pll buy some food. We use if (not ‘when’ for things that will possibly happen: © I might go shopping this afternoon. (it’s possible) If | go shopping, Pll buy some food. © Ifit is raining this evening, I won't go out. (not ‘when it is raining’) © Don’t worry if Pm late tonight. (wot ‘when I'm late’) ® If they don’t come soon, I'm not going to wait. (not ‘when they don’t come’) it > ATSRFEEY «= Even itjwhen— [GBEEE] Unless ~- {TENT