3G UMTS

ABSTRACT
Third generation (3G) is an evolution of todays digital cellular systems. High-speed data capabilities will provide an array of services not available to todays users. These services should be available wherever subscribers roam not just in their home network. 3G will offer mobile subscribers new high-speed and multimedia wireless data Services such as video, file transfer, e-mail, web browsing, video-conferencing, and so on. One of the main characteristics of the 3G evolution will be its integration with the Internet. The higher bandwidths will enable a wide variety of services. Universal Mobile Telephone System: A 3G specification for mobile telephony, based on WCDMA technology, part of the ITUs IMT-2000 family of standards for 3G mobile networks. Cellular mobile telecommunications and the World Wide Web are growing at an exciting pace. In the year 1999 both GSM and the Internet reached more than 200 million registered users globally. Thus, it may be expected that users will demand the combination of mobility and multi-media services in a foreseeable period. Multi-media content increases and differentiates with the changing information society, and an even richer variety of audio, visual, and text-based information will be required in the future. UMTS, the Universal Mobile Telecommunications Sys-tem, a member of the IMT-2000 family of third-generation systems, will provide these services. UMTS standardization has set a new paradigm of timely market-driven standardization in a global partnership of standardization bodies. In this paper, we have included UMTS architecture, interference, services, security etc.

TABLE OF CONTENT
1. BACKGROUND.....................................................................................................5 2. WHAT IS UMTS?...................................................................................................6 3. A Better Understanding of 3G UMTS.....................................................................6 4. Hierarchical cell structure........................................................................................9 5. UMTS Network Architecture .................................................................................9 6. UMTS Interfaces ..................................................................................................22 7. NETWORK DEVELOPMENT.............................................................................25 8. Data rate.................................................................................................................26 9. Spectrum................................................................................................................27 10. Operation modes....................................................................................................27 11. Services..................................................................................................................31 12. UMTS Location Based Services ...............................................................................................................................33 13. Conclusion.............................................................................................................40

BACKGROUND
Current forecasts indicate that demand for wireless access to global telecommunication will reach one billion users by year 2010. Exceeding the likely no. of wired or fixed access lines further if internet access, which has been doubling every year since 1988 continuous to grow at this level the existing fix network, will be eclipsed in the every near future. The emerging internet environment urgently required support for symmetric interactive multimedia traffic based on high-speed packet data transport such rapidly service requirements driven by global users of telecommunications would dramatically change the telecommunication service and the underlying networks in the 21st century. The underlying vision for emerging mobile and personal communication services for the new century is to enable communication with the person at any time at any place and in any form with a paradigm shift from current focus on voice and low speed data services to high-speed data and multimedia services. The current second generation digital mobile and personal communication system are based on national and regional standard that are optimized for region or countrys specific regulatory and operating environment. They are therefore enable to interoperate with each other and can provide mobility only within that radio environment as well as within geographical regions in which specific standard is operational . Efforts are therefore underway at international as well as regional\national levels to define the so-called third generation telecommunication that will meet the coming needs of telecommunications subscribers. It is well recognized that international and global standard for mobile telecommunication are needed, not only to ensure seamless global mobility and service delivery but also for integrating wire line and wireless networks to provide telecommunication services to transparently to the users this global standards must be flexible enough to meet local needs and to allow current national\regional systems to evolve smoothly towards the third generation systems. The international telecommunication union (ITU), the unite nation organizations responsible for global telecommunication standard has been working since 1986 toward developing an international standard for wireless access to worldwide telecommunication infrastructure this standard known as IMT2000 for international mobile telecommunication 2000 where 2000 indicates target availability date as well as operational radio frequency band (2000MHz) range for standards. IMT-2000 is intended to form the basis for third-generation (3G) wireless systems, which will consolidate todays diverse and incompatible mobile environments into a seamless radio and network infrastructure capable to offering a wide range of telecommunication services on a global scale. Within the ITU, the radio aspects for IMT-2000, especially the selection of radio transmission technology (radio interface) and spectrum usage, are addressed in the radio communication sector (ITU-R), whereas the network aspects, which include definition of network signaling interfaces, services, numbering and identities, quality of service, security, and operations and management for IMT-2000, are

addressed by the Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU-T). The specifications are captured in the so-called ITU Recommendations (voluntary standards), which provide the essential backbone for worldwide telecommunications. Work is also under way in regional\national standards forums like ETSI (Europe), the TIA and T1 committees (North America), and TTC (Japan) on third-generation wireless systems that complement and provide inputs and direction to the IMT-2000 activities in the ITU.

WHAT IS UMTS?
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is the European vision of a third generation mobile communication system. It is designed to continue the global success of the European second-generation mobile communication system GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) which had, in December 1998, about 100 million customers and 300 operators worldwide. UMTS is one of the Third Generation (3G) mobile systems being developed within the ITU's IMT-2000 framework. It is a realization of a new generation of broadband multi-media mobile telecommunications technology. The coverage area of service provision is to be world wide in the form of FLMTS (Future Land Mobile Telecommunications Services and now called IMT2000). The coverage will be provided by a combination of cell sizes ranging from 'in building' Pico Cells to Global Cells provided by satellite, giving service to the remote regions of the world. The UMTS is not a replacement of 2nd generation technologies (e.g. GSM, DCS1800, CDMA, DECT etc.), which will continue to evolve to their full potential.

A Better Understanding of 3G UMTS

Third Generation (3G) cellular technology promises a mobile and fixed wireless environment that allows international roaming and high speed access to a variety of services including voice communication, multi-media information, commerce, entertainment and basic computing. Building on earlier 2G technologies, telecom network designers face a major challenge in understanding the myriad of industry standards that underlie 3G today. 3G clearly marks an important a major step forward in the evolution of telecommunications network technology. Taking evolution as the watchword and recognizing that 3G has many roots in earlier technologies, one useful way to understand 3G is to apply a concept from evolutionary biology called cladistics. Cladistics is a method of analyzing evolutionary relationships to construct a family tree. The objective is to discover key relationships by determining primitive and derived characteristics. Primitive characteristics are inherited from a common ancestor and are the attributes that belong to all members of a group. Derived characteristics are the advanced traits that can be found only in some members of a group. The study of cladistics may also give clues to future evolutionary relationships.

Figure 1 is a simple cladistics diagram that shows the evolution of the transportation industry. In this diagram, the primitive characteristic is wheels; a characteristic that all members of the group share. There are two derived or advanced characteristics in this group; three members (the automobile, airplane and space shuttle) have engines while two members (the airplane and space shuttle) have wings.

The focus of cladistics is to determine differentiating (or derived) features. For 3G technology however, we must also be concerned about how the common (or primitive) features are changing over time. Accordingly, we might note that wheels, engines and wings have undergone improvements over time: Wings > cloth > Engine > internal combustion Wheels > wood > rubber > belted > radial metal> > jet. composites Chemical

When we look at 3G UMTS technology, we can see origins from 2G (GSM) and 2.5G (GPRS and EDGE). In Figure 2, the primitive characteristic is GSM; a common base of technology that all members of the group support. There are three derived characteristics GPRS, EDGE and UMTS , which are progressively supported by 2.5G, 2.5G+, and 3G as shown.

If we focus on just the 3G-UMTS world as in Figure 3, we can see how the technical specifications and standards are evolving. It should be noted that the 3GPP organization has the primary responsibility for setting standards for 3G UMTS and that new technical standards and revisions are being issued every 3 months!

On a much more detailed level, the important primitive characteristics for Release 99, Release 4 and Release 5, as well, as how some of the derived characteristics have been improved from 3GPP release to 3GPP release. Unlike the evolutionary patterns and processes spanning billions of years revealed in biological cladistics, todays telecommunications technologies are evolving at an explosive and ever faster rate. The specifications for 3G network technologies are complex and subject to revision several times a year. 3G networks must comply with these rapidly evolving standards while supporting the legacy infrastructures. By taking a cladistics approach, network designers have a valuable intellectual tool for making sense of the complexity of the emerging 3G environment, and meeting the challenge of designing, building and testing the 3G networks for tomorrow.

Hierarchical cell structure

UMTS will offer global radio coverage and worldwide roaming. For that purpose, the URAN will be built in a hierarchical way in layers of varying coverage. A higher layer will cover a larger geographical area than a lower layer. In the highest layer there will be satellites covering the whole planet, the lower layers form the UMTS terrestrial radio access network UTRAN. They are divided into macro-, micro- and Pico layer. Each layer is divided into cells. The lower the hierarchical level, the smaller the cells. Smaller cells allow for a higher user-density. Therefore macro cells are used for land-wide coverage, additional micro cells are installed in areas with higher population density and Pico cells in buildings and for so called "hot spots" (e.g. airports, railway stations

UMTS Network Architecture

UMTS is a network consisting of two main elements connected over a standard interface, called Iu. These two elements are: UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network). This is composed of Node B, which is equivalent to the GSM BTS and the Radio Network Controller (RNC), which is equivalent to the GSM BSC. A novelty with the UTRAN concept is the existence of a new modulation scheme: the Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and W-CDMA. This mode offers the highest efficiency within a single system whatever the conditionswide area, urban, indoor coverage from outdoor, indoor, and so on. One carrier use 5 MHz. The Core Network. This is the equivalent of the GSM NSS. There are two options for the implementation of 3G and the evolution of the GSM Core Network:

 ATM based architecture: this R'99 architecture may reuses in some cases the twodomain architecture of GSM/GPRS, with: Iu-PS (Packet Switched) interface instead of Gb on the packet domain Iu-CS (Circuit Switched) interface instead of A on the circuit domain

Transport Independent and multimedia architecture: this R'00 architecture is in line with the Next Generation Networks architecture and introduces separation of control and user planes. It also integrates multimedia capabilities. UMTS Incorporates enhanced GSM Phase 2+ Core Networks with GPRS and CAMEL. This enables network operators to enjoy the improved cost-efficiency of UMTS while protecting their 2G investments and reducing the risks of implementation. In UMTS release 1 a new radio access network UMTS terrestrial radio access network (UTRAN) is introduced. UTRAN, the UMTS radio access network (RAN), is connected via the Iu to the GSM Phase 2+ core network (CN). The Iu is the UTRAN interface between the radio network controller (RNC) and CN; the UTRAN interface between RNC and the packet-switched domain of the CN (IuPS) is used for PS data and the UTRAN interface between RNC and the circuit-switched domain of the CN (IuCS) is used for CS data. "GSMonly" mobile stations (MSs) will be connected to the network via the GSM air (radio) interface (Um). UMTS/GSM dual-mode user equipment (UE) will be connected to the network via UMTS air (radio) interface (Uu) at very high data rates (up to almost 2 Mbps). Outside the UMTS service area, UMTS/GSM UE will be connected to the network at reduced data rates via the Um. Maximum data rates are 115 kbps for CS data by HSCSD, 171 kbps for PS data by GPRS, and 553 kbps by EDGE. Handover between UMTS and GSM is supported, and handover between UMTS and other 3G systems (e.g., multicarrier CDMA [MC CDMA]) will be supported to achieve true worldwide access. Figure 1 Transmission Rate

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The public land mobile network (PLMN) described in UMTS incorporates three major categories of network elements:

GSM Phase 1/2 core network elements: mobile services switching center (MSC), visitor location register (VLR), home location register (HLR), authentication center (AC), and equipment identity register (EIR) GSM Phase 2+ enhancements: GPRS (serving GPRS support node [SGSN] and gateway GPRS support node [GGSN]) and CAMEL (CAMEL service environment [CSE]) UMTS specific modifications and enhancements, particularly UTRAN

Network Elements from GSM Phase 1/2

The GSM Phase 1/2 PLMN consists of three subsystems: the base station subsystem (BSS), the network and switching subsystem (NSS), and the operations support system (OSS). The BSS consists of the functional units: base station controller (BSC), base transceiver station (BTS), transcoder, and rate adapter unit (TRAU). The NSS consists of the functional units: MSC, VLR, HLR, EIR, and the AC. The MSC provides functions such as switching, signaling, paging, and interMSC handover. The OSS consists of operation and maintenance centers (OMCs), which are used for remote and centralized operation, administration, and maintenance (OAM) tasks. Figure 2 UMTS Phase 1 Network

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Network Elements from GSM Phase 2+

GPRS The most important evolutionary step of GSM toward UMTS is GPRS. GPRS introduces PS into the GSM CN and allows direct access to packet data networks (PDNs). This enables highdata rate PS transmission well beyond the 64 kbps limit of ISDN through the GSM CN, a necessity for UMTS data transmission rates of up to 2 Mbps. GPRS prepares and optimizes the CN for highdata rate PS transmission, as does UMTS with UTRAN over the RAN. Thus, GPRS is a prerequisite for the UMTS introduction. Two functional units extend the GSM NSS architecture for GPRS PS services: the GGSN and the SGSN. The GGSN has functions comparable to a gateway MSC (GMSC). The SGSN resides at the same hierarchical level as a visited MSC (VMSC)/VLR and therefore performs comparable functions such as routing and mobility management. CAMEL CAMEL enables worldwide access to operator-specific IN applications such as prepaid, call screening, and supervision. CAMEL is the primary GSM Phase 2+ enhancement for the introduction of the UMTS virtual home environment (VHE) concept. VHE is a platform for flexible service definition (collection of service creation tools) that enables the operator to modify or enhance existing services and/or define new services. Furthermore, VHE enables worldwide access to these operator-specific services in every

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GSM and UMTS PLMN and introduces location-based services (by interaction with GSM/UMTS mobility management). A CSE and a new common control signaling system 7 (SS7) (CCS7) protocol, the CAMEL application part (CAP), are required on the CN to introduce CAMEL.

Network Elements from UMTS Phase 1

As mentioned above, UMTS differs from GSM Phase 2+ mostly in the new principles for air interface transmission (WCDMA instead of time division multiple access [TDMA]/frequency division multiple access [FDMA]). Therefore, a new RAN called UTRAN must be introduced with UMTS. Only minor modifications, such as allocation of the transcoder (TC) function for speech compression to the CN, are needed in the CN to accommodate the change. The TC function is used together with an interworking function (IWF) for protocol conversion between the A and the IuCS interfaces. UTRAN The UMTS standard can be seen as an extension of existing networks. Two new network elements are introduced in UTRAN, RNC, and Node B. UTRAN is subdivided into individual radio network systems (RNSs), where each RNS is controlled by an RNC. The RNC is connected to a set of Node B elements, each of which can serve one or several cells. Figure 3 UMTS Phase 1: UTRAN

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Existing network elements, such as MSC, SGSN, and HLR, can be extended to adopt the UMTS requirements, but RNC, Node B, and the handsets must be completely new designs. RNC will become the replacement for BSC, and Node B fulfills nearly the same functionality as BTS. GSM and GPRS networks will be extended, and new services will be integrated into an overall network that contains both existing interfaces such as A, Gb, and Abis, and new interfaces that include Iu, UTRAN interface between Node B and RNC (Iub), and UTRAN interface between two RNCs (Iur). UMTS defines four new open interfaces:

Uu: UE to Node B (UTRA, the UMTS WCDMA air interface Iu: RNC to GSM Phase 2+ CN interface (MSC/VLR or SGSN) o Iu-CS for circuit-switched data o Iu-PS for packet-switched data Iub: RNC to Node B interface Iur: RNC to RNC interface, not comparable to any interface in GSM

The Iu, Iub, and Iur interfaces are based on ATM transmission principles. The RNC enables autonomous radio resource management (RRM) by UTRAN. It performs the same functions as the GSM BSC, providing central control for the RNS elements (RNC and Node Bs). The RNC handles protocol exchanges between Iu, Iur, and Iub interfaces and is responsible for centralized operation and maintenance (O&M) of the entire RNS with access to the OSS. Because the interfaces are ATMbased, the RNC switches ATM cells between them. The users circuit-switched and packet-switched data coming from IuCS and IuPS interfaces are multiplexed together for multimedia transmission via Iur, Iub, and Uu interfaces to and from the UE. The RNC uses the Iur interface, which has no equivalent in GSM BSS, to autonomously handle 100 percent of the RRM, eliminating that burden from the CN. Serving control functions such as admission, RRC connection to the UE, congestion and handover/macro diversity are managed entirely by a single serving RNC (SRNC). If another RNC is involved in the active connection through an interRNC soft handover, it is declared a drift RNC (DRNC). The DRNC is only responsible for the allocation of code resources. A reallocation of the SRNC functionality to the former DRNC is possible (serving radio network subsystem [SRNS] relocation). The term controlling RNC (CRNC) is used to define the RNC that controls the logical resources of its UTRAN access points.

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Figure 4 RNC Functions

Node B Node B is the physical unit for radio transmission/reception with cells. Depending on sectoring (omni/sector cells), one or more cells may be served by a Node B. A single Node B can support both FDD and TDD modes, and it can be co-located with a GSM BTS to reduce implementation costs. Node B connects with the UE via the WCDMA Uu radio interface and with the RNC via the Iub asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) based interface. Node B is the ATM termination point. The main task of Node B is the conversion of data to and from the Uu radio interface, including forward error correction (FEC), rate adaptation, WCDMA spreading/dispreading, and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation on the air interface. It measures quality and strength of the connection and determines the frame error rate (FER), transmitting these data to the RNC as a measurement report for handover and macro diversity combining. The Node B is also responsible for the FDD softer handover. This micro diversity combining is carried out independently, eliminating the need for additional transmission capacity in the Iub. The Node B also participates in power control, as it enables the UE to adjust its power using downlink (DL) transmission power control (TPC) commands via the inner-loop power control based on uplink (UL) TPC information. The predefined values for innerloop power control are derived from the RNC via outer-loop power control.

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Figure5. Node B Overview

UMTS UE The UMTS UE is based on the same principles as the GSM MSthe separation between mobile equipment (ME) and the UMTS subscriber identity module (SIM) card (USIM). Figure 6 shows the user equipment functions. The UE is the counterpart to the various network elements in many functions and procedures. Figure 6 UE Functions

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wcdma

The main principle of Spread Spectrum

communication is that the bandwidth occupancy is much higher than usual. Because of this much larger bandwidth the power spectral density is lower, in the channel the signal just looks like noise. The Spreading is done by combining the data signal with a code (code division multiple access) which is independent of the transmitted data message. A number of advantages are:

As the signal is spread over a large frequency-band, the Power Spectral Density is getting very small, so other communications systems do not suffer from this kind of communications. However the Gaussian Noise level is increasing. Random Access can be dealt with, as a large number of codes can be generated a large number of users can be permitted. The maximal number of users is interference limited. Security: without knowing the spreading code, it is (nearly) impossible to recover the transmitted data. Fading rejection: as a large bandwidth is used the system is less susceptible to distortions. There are a couple of Spread Spectrum Techniques which can be used. The most famous one is Direct-Sequence (DS) also well-known is Frequency-Hopping (FH). A combination of these two (DS/FH) offers a lot of advantages over the other two and will be the basis of the proposed system.

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Direct Sequence
Direct Sequence is the most famous Spread Spectrum Technique. The data signal is multiplied by a Pseudo Random Noise Code (PN-code). A PN-code is a sequence of chips valued -1 and 1 (polar) or 0 and 1 (non-polar). The number of chips within one code is called the period of this code. A PN-code is a noiselike code with certain properties. Several classes of binary (2-phase) PN-codes exist: M-sequences (base), Gold-codes and Kasami-codes. There exists also 4-phase codes , these aren't taken into account yet. A PN-code can be created by means of one or more shiftregisters. When the length of such a shiftregister is , in general the following can be said about the period N N = 2^n -1 In the most simple case a complete PN-code is multiplied with a single data bit (see figure, in this example N=7). The bandwidth of the data signal is now multiplied by a factor N this factor is said to be the processing gain.

So the resulting bandwidth is large, The Power Spectral Density has the shape of a SINc^2-function in case of using a m-sequence as PN-code. When using another PNcode (such as a Kasami-code) the shape of the PSD is different. As the total power doesn't change during spreading, the Power Spectral Density decreases, it is even possible that the resulting PSD sinks below the noise level. Direct Sequence spreading can be seen as a form of BPSK-modulation, just multiplying a signal by +1or-1. In the receiver, the received signal is again multiplied by the same (synchronized) PNcode, since this operation removes the PN-code we are left with the initial data-signal.

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As despreading is the same operation as spreading a possible jammer-signal in the radio channel is spread before the data-detection is done. Also this jammer won't cause us any problems, see figure:

The main Problem with Direct Sequence is the Near-Far effect. If there are more then one users active, the transmitted power of non-reference users is suppressed by a factor dependent on the (partial) cross correlation between the code of the reference user and the code of a non-reference user. However when a non-reference user is closer to the receiver then the reference-user, it is possible that the interference caused by this non-reference user (however suppressed) has more power the reference user. Now only the nonreference user will be received, this nasty property is called the near-far effect. One way to beat the near-far effect can be exploited in cellular systems. In such systems the base station takes care that all users have such a power that the received power at the base station is equal for all users. In non-cellular systems the influence of the near-far effect can be reduced by using the frequency-hopping spread spectrum technique.

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Frequency Hopping
When using Frequency Hopping, the carrier frequency is 'hopping' according to a known sequence (of length Nfh). In this way the bandwidth is also increased. If the channels are non-overlapping the factor of spreading is, Nfh). this factor is equal to the Processing Gain. The process of frequency hopping is shown below:

There are two kinds of Frequency Hopping Techniques. Slow Frequency Hopping (SFH) In this case one or more data bits are transmitted within one Frequency Hop. An advantage is that coherent data detection is possible. A disadvantage is that if one frequency hop channel is jammed, one or more data bits are lost. So we are forced to use error correcting codes. Fast Frequency Hopping (FFH) In this technique one data bit is divided over more Frequency Hops. Now error correcting codes are not needed. An other advantage is that diversity can be applied. Every frequency hop a decision is made whether a -1 or a 1 is transmitted, at the end of each data bit a majority decision is made. A disadvantage is that coherent data detection is not possible because of phase discontinuities. The applied modulation technique should be FSK or MFSK.

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As nearby non-reference users are not constantly in the same frequency slot a the reference user, the near-far effect has less influence.

Hybrid System: DS/(F)FH

The DS/FFH Spread Spectrum technique is a combination of direct-sequence and frequency-hopping. One data bit is divided over frequency-hop channels (carrier frequencies). In each frequency-hop channel one complete PN-code of length is added to the data signal (see figure, where Nfh is taken to be 5). Using the FFH scheme in stead of the SFH scheme causes the bandwidth to increase, this increase however is neglectable with regard to the enormous bandwidth already in use.

As the FH-sequence and the PN-codes are coupled, an address is a combination of an FHsequence and NfhPN-codes. To bound the hit-chance (the chance that two users share the same frequency channel in the same time) the frequency-hop sequences are chosen in such a way that two transmitters with different FH-sequences share at most two frequencies at the same time (timeshift is random). From Jack P.F. Glas Difference between regular CDMA and W-CDMA

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UMTS Interfaces
Many new protocols have been developed for the four new interfaces specified in UMTS: Uu, Iub, Iur, and Iu.

General Protocol Model [3G TS 25.401]

UTRAN interface consists of a set of horizontal and vertical layers (see Figure1). The UTRAN requirements are addressed in the horizontal radio network layer across different types of control and user planes. Control planes are used to control a link or a connection; user planes are used to transparently transmit user data from the higher layers. Standard transmission issues, which are independent of UTRAN requirements, are applied in the horizontal transport network layer. Figure 1 UTRAN InterfaceGeneral Protocol Model

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Five major protocol blocks are shown in Figure 1

i. ii. iii. iv.

v.

Signaling bearers are used to transmit higher layers signaling and control information. They are set up by O&M activities. Data bearers are the frame protocols used to transport user data (data streams). The transport networkcontrol plane (TNCP) sets them up. Application protocols are used to provide UMTSspecific signaling and control within UTRAN, such as to set up bearers in the radio network layer. Data streams contain the user data that is transparently transmitted between the network elements. User data is comprised of the subscribers personal data and mobility management information that are exchanged between the peer entities MSC and UE. Access link control application part (ALCAP) protocol layers are provided in the TNCP. They react to the radio network layers demands to set up, maintain, and release data bearers. The primary objective of introducing the TNCP was to totally separate the selection of the data bearer technology from the control plane (where the UTRANspecific application protocols are located). The TNCP is present in the IuCS, Iur, and Iub interfaces. In the remaining interfaces where there is no ALCAP signaling, preconfigured data bearers are activated.

Simplified UMTS coding process

This is a short overview how data stream is modified during processing in layer 2 and 1 in downlink direction. Uplink coding is done in a similar way. Ciphering happens in RCL or MAC-d part of the layer 2. f8 algorithm gets five inputs to generate a keystream block that is ciphered by binary addition to a data stream. Channel coding separates different down link connection to users within a cell. In the uplink

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direction Channel coding is used for separation of physical data and control channels. Half-rate and 1/3-rate convolutional coding is used for low data rates, turbo coding is used for higher bit rates. Channel coding includes the spreading. Rate matching is dynamic frame-by-frame operation and done either by puncturing or by repetition of the data stream. Interleaving is done in two stages. It is first done by interframe and then by intra-frame. Scrambling is used to separate base stations in downlink direction and user terminal is uplink direction. After scrambling down link channels are summarised, synchronisation code is added and signal is QSPK modulated.

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Main UMTS Codes

Here us a summary of the main UMTS codes:

Synchronisation Codes Gold Codes Primary Synchronization Codes (PSC) and Secondary Synchronization Codes (SSC) 256 chips 66.67 s

Channelisation Codes

Scrambling Codes, UL

Scrambling Codes, DL

Type

Complex-Valued Orthogonal Gold Code ComplexVariable Spreading Segments (long) Valued Gold Factor (OVSF) or ComplexCode Segments codes Valued S(2) Codes (short) Pseudo Noise sometimes called (PN) codes Walsh Codes Pseudo Noise (PN) codes 4-512 chips 1.04 s 133.34 s = spreading factor 4 ... 256 UL, 4 ... 512 DL Yes, increases bandwidth 38400 chips / 256 chips 10 ms / 66.67 s 38400 chips 10 ms 512 primary / 15 secondary for each primary code No, does not change bandwidth

Length Duration

Number of 1 primary code / 16 codes secondary codes No, does not change Spreading bandwidth

16,777,216 No, does not change bandwidth

Usage

UL: to separate physical data and To enable terminals to control data from locate and same terminal synchronise to the DL: to separate cells' main control connection to channels different terminals in a same cell

Separation of terminal

Separation of sectors

NETWORK DEVELOPMENT
The development of UMTS has got two aspects, the radio access network and the core network. The radio access network comprises the mobile station (handy), the base station

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(transceiver, antenna, controller) and the radio interface between them. The core network consists of nodes (switches) with connecting lines. This core network does not only connect the base stations with each other but offers also gateways to other networks (ISDN, Internet,..) The core network of UMTS is an evolution of the present GSM-core network. The radio access network of UMTS, especially the method of radio transmission (radio interface), is revolutionary new. The UMTS radio access network URAN will not be an evolution of the GSM radio access network. However, the GSM radio acces network will be in use and also under development even after the introduction of UMTS. This means that there will be a common core network but two independent radio access networks for UMTS and for GSM. The UMTS radio access network will allow for multimedia applications because of the larger bandwith of the radio channels (5 MHz instead of 200 kHz in GSM) and the new access method CDMA (Code division multiple access). Multimedia in UMTS means that the simultaneous transfer of speech, data, text, pictures, audio and video with a maximum data rate of 2 Mbit/s will be possible. Transmission of speech and low data rate applications will go on to be carried out by GSM (lower price); at least during the first years after the introduction of UMTS around 2002.

Data rate

The maximum data rate and the maximum speed of the user are different in each hierarchical layer. In the macro layer at least 144 kbit/s with maximum speed of 500 km/h shall be possible. In the micro layer 384 kbit/s with maximum speed of 120 km/h shall be supported. The Pico layer offers up to 2 Mbit/s with a maximum speed of 10 km/h. It shall be possible for the user to trade off bit error rate versus delay in certain limits. For real-time applications with constant delay (speech, video) the bit error rate can be in the range of 10-3 to 10-7, the maximum delay can be in the range of 20 ms to 300 ms. For non-real-time applications (e-mail, SMS) with variable delay the bit error rate can be in the range of 10-5 and 10-8. The maximum delay can be 150 ms and more

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Spectrum
The spectrum for UMTS lies between 1900 MHz to 2025 MHz and 2110 MHz to 2200 MHz. For the satellite service an own sub band in the UMTS spectrum is reserved (uplink 1980 MHz to 2010 MHz, downlink 2170 MHz to 2200 MHz). The remaining spectrum for terrestrial use is divided between two modes of operation. In the FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) mode, there are two equal bands for the uplink (1920 MHz to 1980 MHz) and for the downlink (2110 MHz to 2170 MHz). In the operation mode, TDD (Time division duplex) uplink and downlink are not divided by use of different frequency carriers but by using different timeslots on the same carrier. Therefore, there is no need for a symmetrical spectrum but the remaining unpaired spectrum can be used.

Spectrum for UMTS 1920 MHz - 1980 MHz 2110 MHz - 2170 MHz 1900 MHz - 1920 MHz 2010 MHz - 2025 MHz 1980 MHz - 2010 MHz 2170 MHz - 2200 MHz

FDD Uplink FDD Downlink TDD MSS (Mobile Satellite Service) Uplink MSS Downlink

Operation modes
The operation in FDD mode is assigned for macro- and micro cells, the operation in TDD mode is assigned for Pico cells. The TDD mode does not allow large propagation delays between mobile station and base station, as this would cause a collision between transmitand receive timeslots. Therefore this mode can only be used in environments where the propagation delay is small (Pico cells). Yet the TDD mode has the advantage that a large asymmetry of data transfer between uplink and downlink is possible. Many internet applications are characterized by large asymmetry of data transfer as more data is received (downlink) than transmitted (uplink). The FDD mode uses a different multiple access method (W-CDMA) than the TDD mode (TD-CDMA Time Division CDMA). This decision has not only technology reasons but it is a political compromise between different groups in ETSI (European Telecommunication Standards Institute).

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THE SPREADING PROCESS

WCDMA uses Direct Sequence spreading, where spreading process is done by directly combining the baseband information to high chip rate binary code. The Spreading Factor is the ratio of the chips (UMTS = 3.84Mchips/s) to baseband information rate. Spreading factors vary from 4 to 512 in FDD UMTS. Spreading process gain can in expressed in dBs (Spreading factor 128 = 21dB gain).

HANDOVER
When a mobile phone is moving, it will be traveling through different cells. If the mobile phone is not engaged in a call, it will tell the network every now and then, that it has moved to another cell. If the mobile phone is engaged in a call, the call of course needs to be maintained while the phone is moving. The process of replacing communication with one cellular radio station with another is called handover. Even while engaged in a call, the mobile phone is scanning the frequencies for other cells, and reporting the signal strength received from those cells to the cellular network. When the cellular network sees the mobile phone moving closer and closer to another cell, it will initiate the handover process, during which the call will be transferred from one cellular radio station to another. Handover occurs when a call has to be passed from one cell to another as the user moves between cells. In a traditional "hard" handover, the connection to the current cell is broken, and then the connection to the new cell is made. This is known as a "breakbefore-make" handover. Since all cells in CDMA use the same frequency, it is possible to make the connection to the new cell before leaving the current cell. This is known as a "make-before-break" or "soft" handover. Soft handovers require less power, which reduces interference and increases capacity. Mobile can be connected to more that two BTS the handover. "Softer" handover is a special case of soft handover where the radio

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links

that

are

added

and

removed

belong

to

the

same

Node

B.

CDMA soft handover

UMTS

Power

Control

Open loop power control is the ability of the UE transmitter to sets its output power to a specific value. It is used for setting initial uplink and downlink transmission powers when a UE is accessing the network. The open loop power control tolerance is 9 dB (normal conditions) or 12 dB (extreme conditions) Inner loop power control (also called fast closed loop power control) in the uplink is the ability of the UE transmitter to adjust its output power in accordance with one or more Transmit Power Control (TPC) commands received in the downlink, in order to keep the received uplink Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) at a given SIR target. The UE transmitter is capable of changing the output power with a step size of 1, 2 and 3 dB, in the slot immediately after the TPC_cmd can be derived. Inner loop power control frequency is 1500Hz. The serving cells estimate SIR of the received uplink DPCH, generate TPC commands (TPC_cmd) and transmit the commands once per slot according to the following rule: if SIRest > SIRtarget then the TPC command to transmit is "0", while if SIRest < SIRtarget then the TPC command to transmit is "1". Upon reception of one or more TPC commands in a slot, the UE derives a single TPC command for each slot, combining multiple TPC commands if more than one is received in a slot. Two algorithms are supported by the UE for deriving a TPC_cmd. Which of these two algorithms is used, is determined by a UE-specific

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higher-layer

parameter,

"PowerControlAlgorithm".

Algorithm 1: The power control step is the change in the UE transmitter output power in response to a single TPC command Algorithm 2: If all five estimated TPC command are "down" the transmit power is reduced by 1 dB If all five estimated TPC command are "up" the transmit power is increased by 1 dB Otherwise the transmit power is not changed

Transmitter power control range The transmit power of the downlink channels is determined by the network. The power control step size can take four values: 0.5, 1, 1.5 or 2 dB. It is mandatory for UTRAN to support step size of 1 dB, while support of other step sizes is optional. The UE generates TPC commands to control the network transmit power and send them in the TPC field of the uplink DPCCH. Upon receiving the TPC commands UTRAN adjusts its downlink DPCCH/DPDCH power accordingly. Outer loop power control is used to maintain the quality of communication at the level of bearer service quality requirement, while using as low power as possible. The uplink outer loop power control is responsible for setting a target SIR in the Node B for each individual uplink inner loop power control. This target SIR is updated for each UE according to the estimated uplink quality (BLock Error Ration, Bit Error Ratio) for each Radio Resource Control connection. The downlink outer loop power control is the ability of the UE receiver to converge to required link quality (BLER) set by the network (RNC) in downlink. Power control of the downlink common channels are determined by the network. In general the ratio of the transmit power between different downlink channels is not specified in 3GPP specifications and may change with time, even dynamically.

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Services

From the user point of view the main advantage of UMTS will be a broad offer of services. Speed, variety and user-friendliness of the services will be significantly improved as compared with GSM. For example the download of a foto from the internet that takes one minute in GSM with 9.6 kbit/s will last only half a second in UMTS with 2 Mbit/s. In order to increase the variety of services and the competition between operators ETSI defines only a framework for the services. Only so-called bearer services will be standardized specifying bit rate, bit error rate and delay time. The actual application (incl. man-machine interface) from the users point of view is called teleservice. A teleservice can make use of several bearer services. Teleservices can be created independently by each service provider or network operator and offered in the network to the customers. Exception: Four UMTS teleservices will be standardized completely by ETSI, these are speech, fax, SMS and emergency call.

In the following some examples of UMTS (tele-) services are given:

Information services:-

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www-browsing interactive shopping on-line newspaper on-line translation location based broadcasting services intelligent search- and filtering facilities

Education

virtual schools on-line science lab on-line library on-line language labs training

Entertainment

audio on demand games video clips virtual sightseeing

Business services

mobile office narrowcast business TV virtual workgroups

Finance services

virtual banking on-line billing universal USIM card and credit card

Community services

emergency call administration services democratic procedures

Telemetric

Road transport logistics Remote Control

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Terminal and USIM card The user service identity module USIM stores the identity of the subscriber (user), operator and service provider and (at least one) user service profile. This service profile defines the services that a customer is subscribed to, the time and the network where he can use them. The USIM-card is a modular IC-card (integrated circuit card). It contains one or more USIMs and possibly other applications (e.g. credit card functionality). By inserting the USIM-card into a UMTS terminal the user is recognised by the UMTS network and can be addressed on this terminal either via his personal telephone number or his personal email address. In contrast to GSM there will be a multitude of different types of terminals in UMTS, e.g. multi-mode or multi-band handies, notebook-like communicators or UMTS-laptops with camera, speakers and microphone all equipped with a USIM-card. There will be terminals too where more than one USIM-card can be inserted. This means that some terminals (e.g. fax terminals) shall be used by several UMTS-customers simultaneously. Convergence UMTS stands also for the convergence of mobile and fixed line communication networks. If the user is close to a fixed line network termination he will be registered automatically in the fixed line network and will communicate via fixed line (with fixed line tariff). His UMTS-handy works then as a cordless terminal. If he leaves the coverage of the fixed line network termination he will be registered automatically in the mobile (cellular) network and will communicate via UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network). His telephone number is always the same (UPT Universal Personal Telecommunication). The term "convergence" is often used in another meaning too. During the next decades computing, telecommunication, broadcast and television will merge together. UMTS is the mobile part of this scenario and a milestone towards its realization.

UMTS Location Based Services

UMTS networks will support location service features, to allow new and innovative location based services to be developed. It will be possible to identify and report in a standard format (e.g. geographical co-ordinates) the current location of the user's terminal and to make the information available to the user, ME, network operator, service provider, value added service providers and for PLMN internal operations. The location is provided to identify the likely location of specific MEs. This is meant to be used for charging, location-based services, lawful interception, emergency calls, etc., as well as the positioning services. Location Information consists of: Geographic Location

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 Velocity (the combination of speed and heading) Quality of Service information (horizontal & vertical accuracy and response time) 3GPP specification also describes location based service reliability, priority, security, privacy and other related aspects. Locationindependent PLMN or country Regional (up to 200km) District (up to 20km) Up to 1 km 500m to 1km 100m (67%) 300m (95%) 75m-125m 50m (67%) 150m (95%) 10m-50m Most existing cellular services, stock prices, sports reports Services that are restricted to one country or one PLMN Weather reports, localized weather warnings, traffic information (pre-trip) Local news, traffic reports Vehicle asset management, targeted congestion avoidance advice Rural and suburban emergency services, manpower planning, information services (where are?) U.S. FCC mandate (99-245) for wireless emergency calls using network based positioning methods Urban SOS, localized advertising, home zone pricing, network maintenance, network demand monitoring, asset tracking, information services (where is the nearest?) U.S. FCC mandate (99-245) for wireless emergency calls using handset based positioning methods Asset Location, route guidance, navigation Example of location services

The table below lists the attributes of specific location based services as determined by the GSM Alliance Services Working Group. It is possible for the network operator or service provider to define additional, non-standardised service types.

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Location based services categories Public Safety Services Location Sensitive Charging Tracking Services Traffic Monitoring Enhanced Call Routing

Standardized Service Types Emergency Services Emergency Alert Services Person Tracking Fleet Management Asset Management Traffic Congestion Reporting Roadside Assistance Routing to Nearest Commercial Enterprise Navigation City Sightseeing Localized Advertising Mobile Yellow Pages

Location Based Information Service Service Provider Specific Services

UE locations are reported periodically. The periodic reporting function is generally applicable for asset management services and exists as several variants, each applicable to different value added services: Location reporting only within predetermined period Periodic location reporting within specified period and reporting triggered by a specific event Periodic location reporting triggered by a specific event e.g. commercial asset tracking and, subject to provision of privacy, manpower planning. e.g. high value asset security, stolen vehicle monitoring, home zone charging. e.g. 24hr depot management, transit passenger information systems

A LCS Client is a logical functional entity that makes a request to the PLMN LCS server for the location information of one or more than one target UEs. A LCS server consists of a number of location service components and bearers needed to serve the LCS clients. The LCS server shall provide a platform which will enable the support of location based services in parallel to other telecommunication services such as speech, data, messaging, other teleservices, user applications and supplementary services. Using the Location Service Request, an LCS client communicates with the LCS server to request the location information for one or more target UEs within a specified set of quality of service

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parameters. As shown in below, a location service may be specified as immediate or deferred. Request Type Immediate Deferred Response Time Immediate Delayed (event driven) Number of Responses Single One or More

Location Service Requests

The LCS Server will provide, on request, the current or most recent Location Information (if available) of the Target UE or, if positioning fails, an error indication plus optional reason for the failure. For emergency services (where required by local regulatory requirements), the geographic location may be provided to an emergency services LCS Client either without any request from the client at certain points in an emergency services call (e.g. following receipt of the emergency call request, when the call is answered, when the call is released) or following an explicit request from the client. The former type of provision is referred to as a push while the latter is known as a pull. Type of Access Information Items Current Geographic Location (if available) MSISDN IMSI IMEI NA-ESRK NA-ESRD State of emergency call: unanswered, answered, released Geographic location, either: - Current location - Initial location at start of emergency call Location information that may be provided The specification Release '99 specifies the following LCS positioning methods: Cell coverage based positioning method

Push

Pull

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 Observed Time Difference Of Arrival (OTDOA) method with network configurable idle periods Network assisted GPS methods

OTDOA Location Method

UMTS Security
the security functions of UMTS are based on what was implemented in GSM. Some of the security functions have been added and some existing have been improved. Encryption algorithm is stronger and included in base station (NODE-B) to radio network controller (RNC) interface , the application of authentication algorithms is stricter and subscriber confidentially is tighter. The main security elements that are from GSM: Authentication of subscribers Subscriber identity confidentially Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) to be removable from terminal hardware

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 Radio interface encryption Additional UMTS security features: Security against using false base stations with mutual authentication Encryption extended from air interface only to include Node-B to RNC connection Security data in the network will be protected in data storages and while transmitting ciphering keys and authentication data in the system. Mechanism for upgrading security features. Core network traffic between RNCs, MSCs and other networks is not ciphered and operators can to implement protections for their core network transmission links, but that is unlike to happen. MSCs will have by design a lawful interception capabilities and access to Call Data Records (SDR), so all switches will have to have security measures against unlawful access. UMTS specification has five security feature groups: Network access security: the set of security features that provide users with secure access to 3G services, and which in particular protect against attacks on the (radio) access link; Network domain security: the set of security features that enable nodes in the provider domain to securely exchange signalling data, and protect against attacks on the wireline network; User domain security: the set of security features that secure access to mobile stations Application domain security: the set of security features that enable applications in the user and in the provider domain to securely exchange messages. Visibility and configurability of security: the set of features that enables the user to inform himself whether a security feature is in operation or not and whether the use and provision of services should depend on the security feature. UMTS specification has the following user identity confidentiality security features: User identity confidentiality: the property that the permanent user identity (IMSI) of a user to whom a services is delivered cannot be eavesdropped on the radio access link; User location confidentiality: the property that the presence or the arrival of a user in a certain area cannot be determined by eavesdropping on the radio access link;

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 User untraceability: the property that an intruder cannot deduce whether different services are delivered to the same user by eavesdropping on the radio access link. Air interface ciphering/deciphering in performed in RNC in the network side and in mobile terminals. Ciphering in function of air interface protocol Radio Link Control (RLC) layer or Medium Access control (MAC) layer.

Live 3G Networks, Updated 9th October 2002

Here is the list of officially launched WCDMA networks: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. NTT DoCoMo, Japan, October 1, 2001 Telenor, Norway, December 1, 2001 *) Manx Telecom, Isle of Man (UK), December 5, 2001 *) Europolitan, Sweden, December 31, 2001 *) Sonera, Finland, January 1, 2002 *) Radiolinja, Finland, January 3, 2002 *) Mobilkom, Austria, September 25, 2002 *) Network started operation to satisfy licensing requirements, in limited areas; beginning of commercial service depends on handset availability. Other UMTS network that should have started operation to satisfy licensing requirements: Netcom, Norway, December 2001 Tele2, Norway, December 2001 Orange Sverige, Sweden, January 2002 Hi3g, Sweden, January 2002 Tele2, Sweden, January 2002 Kolmegee, Finland, January 2002 Telia, Finland, January 2002

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Conclusion
Allowing operators to offer mass-market mobile multimedia services, UMTS provides a route for the information technology and content industries to deliver new, innovative, non-voice based services. UMTS is a future-looking technology but one which recognizes and builds upon the massive investments that have already been made in today's 2nd generation systems, notably GSM . It takes a fresh approach to optimal use of valuable radio spectrum, achieving greater spectrum efficiency and capacity compared to todays 2nd generation systems. Thanks to UMTS, mobile users will have access to pictures, graphics, video communications and other wide-band information - as well as voice and data. UMTS will build on and extend the capability of todays mobile technologies (like digital cellular and cordless) by providing increased capacity, data capability and a far greater range of services using an innovative radio access scheme and an enhanced, evolving core network. UMTS will enable tomorrows wireless Information Society, delivering high-value broadband information, commerce and entertainment services to mobile users via fixed, wireless and satellite networks. It will speed convergence between telecommunications, IT, media and content industries to deliver new services and create fresh revenuegenerating opportunities. UMTS will offer low-cost, high-capacity mobile communication with global roaming and other advanced capabilities. Never before has the telecommunications industry faced such an opportunity that is Third Generation Mobile Telephony. 3G is the convergence of mobile, telephony and information systems which promises to change people's lives by enabling them to access information when, where and how they want. This is the world of mobile multimedia. It will be a revolution in communications that has the potential to change all our lives. However there are huge challenges for the players in the mobile telecommunications field as they rollout and deploy 3G mobile networks and services, both from technological and economical point of view.

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REFERENCE:WWW.UMTSWORLD.COM WWW.UMTS-FOURM.NET WWW.IBM.COM WWW.3G.UK.ORG BOOKS: COMMUNICATION SYSTEM -by IYAN WILLY PERSONAL MOBILE COMMUNICATION SERVICE & SYSTEM -by RAJ PANDYA

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