Reliability based design of Transmission Line

Design philosophy

Reliability Security Safety

Types of towers

Suspension towers Tangent towers (0o) with suspension string for straight runs only. Intermediate towers ( 0o to 2o) with suspension string for straight runs and upto 2o line deviation. Light angle towers (0o to 5o) with suspension string on straight runs and upto 5o line deviation

Tension towers 1. Small angle towers (0o to 15o ) with tension string for line deviation from 0o to 15o. 2. Medium angle towers (0o to 30o) for line deviation 0o to 30o. 3. Large angle towers (30o to 60o) for line deviation from 30o to 60o.

4. Dead end towers with tension string for use as dead end ( terminal) tower or anchor tower. 5. Large angle and dead end towers with tension string for line deviation from 30o to 60o or for dead ends.

Reliability levels

Return period level 50 years 150 years 500 years

Reliability

1 2 3

Reliability level 1 - for EHV lines upto 400kV class Reliability level 2 for EHV lines above 400kV class and for triple and quadruple circuit towers upto 400kV lines Reliability level 3 for tall river crossing towers and special towers.

Wind effects

Basic Wind Speed Meteorological Reference Wind Speed Design Wind Speed Risk Coefficient K1 Terrain Roughness coefficient K2

Terrain categories
1. Exposed open terrain seacoasts, open stretch of water, deserts and flat treeless plains 2. Open terrain - normal country lines with very few obstacles. 3. Terrain with numerous obstructions built up areas and forest areas

Design Wind Pressure

Design wind pressure (N/m2) = 0.6 Vd2

Where Vd = design wind speed in m/s

Wind loads

Wind load on tower Wind load on conductor and ground wire Wind load on insulator strings

Temperature variations

Maximum and minimum temperatures as per isopleths Average everyday temperature shall be 32o C Maximum conductor temperature for design 75o for ACSR 85o for AAAC

Sag and Tension

As per IS 5613( Part 2 / Sec 1) : 1985 100% Design Wind Pressure at Everyday Temperature 36% Design Wind Pressure at minimum temperature

Loads on tower

Climatic loads Failure containment loads Construction and maintenance loads

Computation of loads

Transverse loads Reliability requirements Security requirements Safety requirements

Vertical loads Reliability requirements Security requirements Safety requirements

Longitudinal loads Reliability requirements Security requirements Safety requirements

Loading combinations

Reliability condition Transverse loads Vertical loads Longitudinal loads

Loading combinations

Security condition Transverse loads Vertical loads Longitudinal loads

Loading combinations

Safety condition Transverse loads Vertical loads Longitudinal loads

Anti cascading checks

All angle towers shall be checked for the following anti cascading conditions with all conductors and ground wire intact only on one side of the tower Transverse loads Vertical loads Longitudinal loads

Tension limits

Conductor / Ground wire tension at everyday temperature and without external load should not exceed the following percentages of Ultimate Tensile Strength Initial unloaded tension Final unloaded tension 35% 25%

The ultimate tension under everyday temperature and 100% design wind pressure Or Minimum temperature and 36% design wind pressure Shall not exceed 70% of Ultimate Tensile Strength of the Conductor / Ground wire

Broken wire conditions

Single circuit towers Any one phase or ground wire broken whichever is more stringent for a particular member

Double , Triple and Quadruple circuit towers

Suspension towers Any one phase or ground wire broken whichever is more stringent for a particular member

Small and medium angle towers Any two phases broken on the same side and same span or any one phase and one ground wire broken on the same side and same span whichever is more stringent for a particular member

Large angle tension towers / Dead end towers Any three phases broken on the same side and same span or any two of the phases and one ground wire broken on the same side and same span, whichever is more stringent for a particular member